Directory of United States Standardization Activities

Sophie J. Chumas, Editor

Institute for Applied Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234

Supersedes Miscelleous Publication 288

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary

James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assisfanf Secretary for Sc/ence and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued November 1975 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Chumas, Sophie J Directory of United States standardization activities (NBS Special Publication; 417) Supersedes a publication of the same title by J. E. Hartman, issued in 1967 as the Bureau's Miscellaneous publication No. 288. "CODEN: XNBSAV." Includes indexes. Supt. of Docs. No. C 13.10:417. 1. Standardization—United States—Directories. I. Hartman, Joan E. Directory of United States standardization activities. II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special Publication; 417. QC100.U57 No. 417 389'.08s [389'.6'02573] 75-619012

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 417

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 417, 228 pages (Nov. 1975) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1975

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.10:417 ). Price $6.75. (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing) Stock No. 003-003-01395 Foreword

Standards are critical to the smooth, efficient functioning of our highly technical society. So important are standards that over 580 organizations in this country consider standardization to be a major or important part of their work. Their efforts in developing and disseminating standards contribute directly to the success of our nation's standardization programs. This directory describes their activities in the fields, products, and services in which they specialize. The National Bureau of Standards assists these organizations under Congressional authorization which directs "cooperation with other Government Agencies and with private organizations in the establishment of standard practices, incorporated in codes and specifications." Special needs of standardizing groups are met through additional Bureau functions which include provision of new and better standards for measurement, determination of physical constants and properties of materials and development of methods for testing.

This Directory is designed to serve the needs of those interested or engaged in national standardization activities. It should be of particular value to manufacturers, engineers, purchasing agents, and writers of standards and specifications.

Ernest Ambler Acting Director

iii I Contents

Page

Foreword iii

1. Introduction 1

2. Associations 3

3. State Governments 169 4. Federal Governments 176

5. Indexes

5.1. Association Index by Subject Heading Areas 197 5.2. Subject Index 209

V I Directory of United States Standardization Activities

Sophie J. Chumas, Editor*

This Directory serves as a guide to standardization activities in the United States. It supersedes a Directory of the same title, issued in 1967, as National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 288. Included in the Directory are summaries of the standardization activities of trade associations, technical and other professional societies representing industry and commerce, and state and Federal governments. For the first time this Directory covers nonengineering and nonindustry organizations. SP 417 contains current descriptive summaries of more than 580 organizations. Criteria for inclusion are that the organizations have standardization activities such as standards- writing groups, that they assist in the development of standards, or that they issue standards or disseminate standards information. The standardization activities summaries are grouped into three sections: associations, states, and agencies of the Federal Government. In each section, the summaries are arranged alphabetically by organization. Two types of indexes are included in SP 417 to assist the reader in identifying an activity: (1) a subject index of key words taken from the summaries; and (2) a listing of organizations classified into 24 subject heading areas.

Key words: Codes; consensus system; Directory; Federal Government—standardization; industry standards activities; national standards activities; recommended practices; specifications; standardization activities; standards; states—standardization activities; test methods.

Directory includes a key word subject index and a 1 . Introduction subject area heading index. For the this Directory, the term "stand- History purpose of ards" encompasses the following words: specifications, tests and test methods, analyses, assays, reference sam- This revised Directory has been compiled at the di- ples, recommended practices, guides to good practice, rection of WilHam E. Andrus, Jr., while he was Pro- nomenclature, symbols, grading rules, codes, forms and gram Manager for Engineering and Information contracts, criteria, methods and codes of practice. Processing Standards. This Directory of U.S. standardization activities was first published in 1941, as Criteria Standardization Activities of National Technical and Trade Organizations, National Bureau of Standards Criteria for inclusion are that the organizations have (NBS) Miscellaneous Publication (MP) 169, edited by standardization activities such as standards-writing Robert A. Martino. The second edition was issued in groups, that they contribute toward the development 1960 and entitled Standardization Activities in the of standards, or that they issue standards or dissemi- United States—a Descriptive Directory, NBS MP 230, nate standards information. International groups were edited by Sherman Booth. This publication supersedes included if they involved a large American member- the third edition, Directory of United States Standard- ship and conducted a major portion of their stand- ization Activities, NBS MP 288, edited by Joan Hart- ardization activities in the United States. man, issued in 1967. Standards Information Services of the Institute for Applied Technology has since as- The Survey sumed the responsibility of updating the standards information contained in SP 417 and will continue to A survey was conducted to gather the information revise and issue the Directory. needed to assemble this Directory. The survey included inquiries to all organizations listed in MP 288, or- Scope ganizations selected from Gale's Encyclopedia of Asso- ciations that appeared likely to have standardization This Directory provides summaries of the standard- programs, states and territories, and Federal Govern- ization activities of private associations, state government agencies which were considered to possibly have ments, and the Federal Government. In previous either voluntary or mandatory standardization pro- editions, the associations covered were primarily tech- grams. Government approval for the survey was ob- nical and trade groups representing industry and com- tained from the Office of Management and Budget. merce. The scope of this current edition has been There were 966 technical and trade organizations, 50 broadened to include the standardization activities of states and three outlying U.S. areas, and 109 Federal professional groups in such areas as medicine, health, Government departments and independent agencies and education, recreation, and athletics and sports. The offices therein surveyed for this project. Submission of information for consideration for inclusion in this Present address: Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, D.C. 20201. Directory was voluntary. The results of the project

1 provided this Directory with current descriptive sum- The section entitled State Governments (sec. 3) in- maries of 506 technical and nontechnical, trade, and cludes all states that responded affirmatively to the other professional organizations; 26 state agencies; survey. Almost all of the summary entries in that sec- and 50 Federal Government agencies that met .the tion pertain to purchasing offices. Some states are in criteria for inclusion. The survey forms varied the stage of developing standards activities and a few slightly depending on the type of organization sur- do not yet have any program. The summaries are in- veyed. For the associations, the form requested dexed under the name of the state, followed by its legal information on the scope of the association's activities; form of address, whether state or commonwealth. the percentage of its standardization program to the The section entitled Federal Government (sec. 4) total program; the names of the groups within the contains information on all the Government agencies association that administer the standardization activi- that responded affirmatively to the survey. They include ties; the association's participation in international the agencies which are involved with mandatory stand- programs; the involvement of the association with the ardization activities as well as voluntary. Unless they Federal Government; the association's certification are independent agencies, offices are in alphabetical program activities; the total number of current stand- order under major department and then agency; for ards issued and their titles; the active standards com- example. Commerce, Department of. National Bureau mittees and new projects under consideration; the of Standards, Office of Engineering Standards Services. promotional methods for the standards; and the former Committees and conferences with Government agency names of the association. sponsors or secretariats, regardless of their legislative

The state inquiry differed in that it requested the authority, are listed in alphabetical order by their commencement date of the standardization program. exact name, followed by the name of the sponsor or

An attempt was also made to determine whether the secretariat of the committee, i.e.. Interdepartmental state had a standardization program other than that Screw Thread Committee, National Bureau of Stand- for purchasing. The Federal Government inquiry dif- ards. fered in that it requested the legislative authority for the agency's standardization programs. Finally, a fol- Use of Indexes low-up letter was sent to all organizations that did not respond to the original inquiry. The indexes are an important and integral key to the use of this Directory. Since the organizations are arranged in alphabetical order by exact name in their Explanation of the Sections respective sections, a name in its entirety does not appear in the Subject Index (sec. 5.2). Instead, key The section entitled Associations (sec. 2) consists words extracted from the names of the organizations primarily of trade and professional organizations re- appear in the Subject Index as well as other key words lated to industry and commerce; however, other pro- taken from the summaries. Exceptions to this are the fessional groups meeting the criteria of this Directory names of subordinate or constituent societies, institutes have been listed. and bureaus of a listed association, and the state and These include: groups dedicated to a cause such as Federal Government agencies (Federal Government protection of the environment; service-oriented or- offices are by key words only). It is suggested that the ganizations; pet clubs and animal laboratories; barber reader consult the Subject Heading Areas listing (sec. and beautician groups; organizations that certify pro- 5.1). fessional individuals, institutions, companies or labo- Organizations which are not included in this Direc- ratories; and sports and recreation organizations. tory are asked to send information on their standard- The survey did not uncover any standards-writing ization activities to the National Bureau of Standards, consumer groups. However, included are professional Standards Information Services (SIS). SIS can thus groups that write standards for consumer products and be kept abreast of current information and continue the consumer organizations that assist in the develop- to serve as the national source of information and re- ment of these standards. ferral for standardization activities in the United Care was taken to screen the organizations for assur- States. A request is also made to organizations already ance that actual standardization efforts existed and included to keep SIS informed of organizational name that the word "standards" was not used merely in an and address changes; and continue to send current ethical (code of conduct) sense of the word. copies of standards for the SIS collection to the: Most of the organizations included are nonprofit. There was no attempt to survey independent testing Standards Information Services laboratories concerned with standardization since there National Bureau of Standards are special publications devoted to the subject; how- Building 225. Room B162 ever, a few do appear in the Directory. Washington, D.C. 20234

2 2. Associations nized accrediting agency of schools teaching medical laboratory technician and medical assistant tducation ABRASIVE GRAIN ASSOCIATION, programs below the baccalaureate degree levlf (Junior and Community College through the private sector), 2130 Keith Building, establish criteria and standards for the Cleveland, Ohio 44115 to administration and operation of medical laboratory and medical assistant schools, to enhance the profession through This organization was founded in the early thirties the improvement of schools, courses and quality of and its members include manufacturers of natural and graduates, to provide sound business and ethical stand- manufactured abrasives, i.e., silicon carbide, aluminum ards in the field of medical laboratory technician and oxide, corundum, emery, garnet, etc. The membership medical assistant education and, finally, to maintain is national in scope. standards consistent with the philosophies and best- Its standardization activities represent approximately known practices of other educational accrediting 50 percent of its total program. These activities are agencies. administered by the Standards Committee and several The Accrediting Bureau of Medical Laboratory subcommittees operating thereunder. It participates in Schools is the agency recognized by the U.S. Office of international standardization work cooperating with Education to accredit medical laboratory technician the International Organization for Standardization education programs below the baccalaureate degree (ISO) and the Federation of European Producers of level and it, at the present time, has a petition pending Abrasives (FEPA). It cooperates with various Federal before the U.S. Office of Education for an expansion of agencies such as the U.S. Department of the Navy. its scope to include recognition in the medical assistant No certification programs are in existence nor being education area. contemplated. All decisions relative to accreditation of school pro- The association has published nine standards grams are made by nine commissioners who are through the American National Standards Institute. selected in the following manner: three by the accred- These are: ited schools, three by the American Medical Technolo- gists and three by the Bureau Commissioners. B74.4-1964 (R1971) Bulk Density of Abrasive Accrediting manuals which list the criteria and Grains, Test for standards for evaluation by the Accrediting Bureau are B74.5-1964 (R1971) Capillarity of Abrasive Grains, available upon request as are training guides, bro- Test for chures and documents relative to the accrediting proc- B74.6-1964 (R1971) Sampling of Abrasive Grains, ess. Procedure for B74.8-1965 (R1971) Friability of Abrasive Grain, ACOUSTICAL AND BOARD Ball Mill Test for PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION, B74.10-1972 Abrasive Microgrits, Grading of 205 West Touhy Avenue, B74.11-1967 Tumbling Chip Abrasives, Specification Park Ridge, lUinois 60068 for B74.12-1968 Checking the Size of Abrasive Grain This is an association of manufacturers of fiber- for Grinding Wheels, Polishing and General board sheathings, sound deadening board; ceiling tile Industrial Uses and lay-in panels; and mineral and nonwood ceiling B74.14-1971 Chemical Analysis of Aluminum Oxide tile and lay-in panels. Abrasive Grain and Abrasive Crude, Methods of The association began operations on January 1, 1969 B74.15-1971 Chemical Analysis of Silicon Carbide and assumed many functions of the former Acoustical Abrasive Grain and Abrasive Crude, Methods of Materials Association and Insulation Board Institute. The association and its members are concerned with These industry standards are promoted by member combating noise pollution and providing protection companies and the association office, and in the latter against excessive heat and cold in buildings. case, as new standards are issued, announcements are AIMA sponsors a U.S. Department of Commerce sent to the trade press advising industry of their Voluntary Product Standard for Insulation Board PS availability. 57-73, as well as American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and test methods—i.e., ACCREDITING BUREAU OF C208 and C209 for insulation board. In addition the MEDICAL LABORATORY SCHOOLS, association issues product and application specifica- Oak Manor Offices, tions (Tech Specs.) for many industry products. The 3038 West Lexington, AIMA bulletin. Performance Data for Architectural Elkhart, Indiana 46514 Acoustical Materials, is used by architects and specifiers involved in ceilings for commercial building. This The Accrediting Bureau of Medical Laboratory publication also covers fire-rated floor ceiling assem- Schools established in 1964 is an independent accredit- blies. ing agency of the American Medical Technologists. Its AIMA actively participates in ASTM; American primary objectives are to serve as a nationally recog- Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

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Engineers (ASHRAE) and other technical organiza- charged with the establishment of practical and real- tions in the development of standards and test istic product performance and end use standards for procedures. adhesives and sealants sold primarily for resale to users Formed by merger of: Acoustical Materials Associa- who lack testing facilities and who do not purchase to tion (founded 1933) and Insulation Board Institute specifications, but are desirous of procuring to a con- (founded 1932). sistent and known quality standard. The council was founded in 1957. As a matter of policy, the council serves its industry through coopera- ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, tive activities of national and international standardi- 335 East 45th Street, zation bodies, and/or other industry trade groups. The New York, New York 10017 council devotes 25 percent of the total program to its standardization activities. Currently the council is Since 1932, this society has sponsored sectional com- cooperating with the aluminum industry in developing mittees of the American National Standards Institute a performance standard for backerboard adhesives. for the purpose of preparing standards in the broad Formerly: Rubber and Plastic Adhesives and Sealant field of acoustics. Manufacturers' Council. In 1969, the Acoustical Society formed a secretariat to administer the three committees of the American AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, National Standards Institute concerned with domestic 1725 DeSales Street NW., and international standardization activities in acous- Washington, D C. 20036 tics; nationally, to foster development of American National Standards and, internationally, to act as tech- The Aerospace Industries Association of America, nical advisory groups for the International Organiza- Inc. (AIA) is the national trade association of com- tion for Standardization, ISO/TC 43 Acoustics, ISO/ panies in the United States presently engaged in the TC 108 Mechanical Vibration and Shock, and Interna- research, development, and manufacture of aerospace tional Electrotechnical Commission, lEC/TC 29, and aircraft vehicles and equipment. AIA was founded Electroacoustics. The three committees are: (1) in 1919 as the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce. Acoustics—standards, specifications, methods of meas- Current membership is 50 manufacturing companies. urement and test, and terminology, in the fields of AIA's primary function is to provide an effective two- physical acoustics, including noise, architectural acous- way communication link between the member com- tics, electroacoustics, sonics and ultrasonics, and panies and their customers, including Goverrmient underwater sound, but excluding those aspects which agencies. pertain to safety, tolerance and comfort. (2) Mechani- The standardization activity comprises approxi- cal Shock and Vibration (for which the American mately 10 percent of the total AIA program, and is Society of Mechanical Engineers is cosecretariat) — administered principally through the Technical Spe- standards, specifications, methods of measurement and cifications Division of the Aerospace Technical Coun- test, and terminology, in the fields of mechanical shock cil, and its Standards Management Policy Group. The and vibration, but excluding those aspects which per- National Aerospace Standards Committee (NASC) is tain to biological safety, tolerance and comfort. (3) responsible for the development, maintenance, and pro- Bioacoustics—standards, specifications, methods of motion of the AIA standards document series of measurement and test, and terminology, in the fields National Aerospace Standards (NAS). Standards in of psychological and physiological acoustics, including the NAS series are also developed under the Manufac- aspects of general acoustics, noise and shock and turing Committee (machine tools) and the Transport vibration which pertain to biological safety, tolerance Airworthiness Requirements Committee (transport and comfort. and cargo) Standards developed by these three committees are AIA, through a number of its technical committees, listed in the catalog of the American National Stand- participates actively in the international standardiza- ards Institute, which is responsible for this publication. tion activities of the International Organization for When new standards become available, they are pub- Standardization, ISO/TC20 Committee on Aircraft licized in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of and Space Vehicles. America. Current activities center on noise, particularly The standardization activities of the association are on community noise, and hearing conservation criteria. predicted on a base policy of effectively fulfilling industry requirements without duplication of Govern- ADHESIVE AND SEALANT COUNCIL, ment agency or other industrial programs. A close 1410 Higgins Road, working alliance exists with the Department of Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 Defense, National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion, and other Government agencies and industry The purpose and object of the council is to promote, organizations to insure that AIA standards are not encourage, and advance the uses of products of the duplicative of existing Government or industry stand- industry. In the field of specification writing and ards, and will meet all the necessary requirements of endorsement, the council achieves this purpose Government and industry. This liaison involves the through its Technical Committee. This committee is direct participation of these agency representatives in

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the meetings and activities of the National Aerospace standards specifying acceptable installation criteria, Standards Committee. Similarly, the NASC as well as including initial selection of equipment. Safety stand- other AIA committees, review and make recommenda- ards—standards containing provisions intended to safe- tions on Government standards documents. Govern- guard life, health and property. ment agencies participating in the NASC program At the present time, ARI has issued standards cover- include: Defense Supply Agency, Defense Item Entry ing the following types of equipment and components Control Office, Defense Electronics Supply Center, unitary air-conditioning equipment and heat pumps, Defense Industrial Supply Center. Air Force Systems air-cooling and air-heating coils, forced-circulation, Command, Air Force Logistics Command, Aeronauti- free-delivery air-coolers for refrigeration, central sta- cal Systems Division (AFSC), Army Aviation Systems tion air-handling units, room air-induction units, re- Command, Army Missile Command, Army Weapons frigerant condensers, refrigerant-cooled liquid coolers, Command, Naval Air Systems Command, Naval Air liquid receivers, ammonia compressors and compressor Engineering Center, and the Marshall Space Flight units, refrigerant compressor and condensing units, cen- Center (NASA). trifugal liquid-chilling packages, reciprocating chilling National Aerospace Standards are nationally recog- packages, liquid line driers, self-contained mechani- nized and used by manufacturers, airlines and mainte- cally-refrigerated drinking water coolers, transport re- nance facilities for civil transport and general aviation frigeration units, and sound rating and application aircraft, and are generally accepted by military and standards. Government agencies in lieu of developing new Gov- In addition to equipment standards, ARI has pub- ernment standards. More than 1200 NAS documents lished a number of application standards, including have been published since 1946, with approximately cooling load estimate forms for various applications, 840 of these currently active. and a standard for application, installation and servic- National Aerospace Standards are published and dis- ing of unitary air-conditioning systems. tributed through the documentation services of: ARI also administers many certification programs National Standards Association, Inc., 1321 Fourteenth for certain types of equipment, and these programs Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. involve the use of an ARI seal of approval of equip- Formerly: Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of ment manufactured and rated in accordance with the

America (1945) ; Aircraft Industries Association of applicable ARI standards, following validation by an America (1959). independent laboratory.

AIR-CONDITIONING AND AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL, REFRIGERATION INSTITUTE, 435 North Michigan Avenue, 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Arlington, Virginia 22209 This is a trade association formed in 1961, whose The institute, known in the industry as ARI, is a members are manufacturers of grilles, registers, ceiling trade association of manufacturers of air-conditioning, diffusers, high velocity terminal control devices, and heating, and commercial and industrial refrigeration flexible ducts used in conjunction with air-conditioning equipment and components, but does not include systems in commercial construction. Four test codes within its scope such appliances as room air-condition- have been developed through Air Diffusion Council ers, household freezers and refrigerators, portable (ADC) action. humidifiers and dehumidifiers, etc. The major standardization activity of the council It was formed in May 1953 by a merger of the has been the promulgation of a code to standardize the Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers' Association testing and rating of products manufactured by the (REMA) and the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration industry to establish a basis of performance character- Machinery Association (ACRMA). In 1965 its scope istics. Under the provisions of this code, ADC Equip- was further enlarged when manufacturer members of ment Test Code 1062R3, testing is performed in com- the National Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning pany laboratories which have been previously certified Association voted to transfer their memberships to as meeting minimum industry standards in compliance ARI. During this year the Air Filter Institute also dis- with the code. The test data thus developed, utilizing banded and most of its members became members of the test procedure established by the code, may be the Air Filters Section of ARI. submitted to the council for certification under the The standardization activities of ARI fall into the code. following general classification: Equipment standards A second code developed by the council for the pur- —standards pertaining to the physical and operating pose of testing sound transmission through air-condi- characteristics of items and equipment. Testing stand- tioning plenum systems is entitled. Measurement of ards—standard procedures for testing equipment in Room-to-Room Sound Transmission (AD-63). This order to determine its performance and operating char- code establishes test procedures for the testing of sound acteristics. Rating standards—standards containing transmission through plenum systems by the two provisions for converting data into general statements room method. of capacity and performance which can be applied to A third code standardizes testing procedures for the a series of production items. Application standards— testing of heat rejecting characteristics in troffer light

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fixtures and is entitled Air Diffusing Troffer Heat tions, manufacturers of control equipment and instru- Removal Test Code TC 66R1. mentation, scientific and educational institutions, and A fourth code establishes the requirements for the consultants. It is through this variety of disciplines in determination and presentation of air friction loss, the membership that the technical proficiency and leakage, and sound data for flexible air ducting used as forum capability of the 66-year old association is a means of conveying conditioned air in heating and maintained, thereby making APCA a prime resource in air-conditioning systems. This code is entitled Flexible the field of air pollution control. Air Duct Test Code (FD-72) The Air Pollution Control Association contributes to the development of standards through representation AIR MOVING AND CONDITIONING in the following committees of standards-setting orga- ASSOCIATION, nizations: American National Standards Committee 30 West University Drive, Z-21; Subcommittee on Standards for Domestic Gas- Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004 Fired Incinerators; American National Standards Z-105; Air Cleaning Equipment Committee; American This association was formed in 1955 by a merger of National Standards Z-91; Committee of Installation several organizations, including the National Associa- Standards for Oil Burners and Oil Burning Equipment; tion of Fan Manufacturers, the Power Fan Manufac- American National Standards Z-228; Incinerator Com- turers' Association and the Industrial Unit Heater mittee; International Organization for Standardization; Association. Its membership comprises some 70 Technical Committee ISO/TC 146; Air Purity and companies in the U.S. and Canada which manufacture Intersociety Committee (Manual of Methods of Ambi- air moving and conditioning devices. ent Air Sampling Analysis) The main technical effort of the association is aimed To summarize, APCA is a technical society, educa- at the development of accurate and reliable testing tional in nature and international in scope with the procedures which are adopted as standard test codes capability to consider air pollution scientifically, not and are used as a basis for rating the industry's politically, and to take effective action based on fact products. Codes have been adopted to measure the not conjecture. In 1974, for example, APCA will performance of all air moving devices and steam and sponsor or will be directly involved with over 100 sep- hot water unit heaters, and the sound power of this arate technical meetings throughout the States and equipment. The codes are periodically reviewed and Canada at the local, national and international levels. revised when further knowledge and experience show that this is necessary. Other technical standards cover a wide variety of AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION OF subjects including nomenclature and arrangements, AMERICA, standard sizes, spark resistant construction, operating 1709 New York Avenue NW., limits for centrifugal fans, and flue gas and air Washington, D.C. 20006 densities. As a service to users of the industry's products, This association, founded in 1936, is concerned AMCA publishes information on the application of with the following areas of standardization: fa) various types of equipment. Subjects covered include Engineering and maintenance—The association has the installation and maintenance of unit heaters and published ATA Spec 100, the industry standard specifi- the application of sound power and sound loudness cation for the preparation of aircraft manuals by ratings. manufacturers for the use of airline operators; and Products which have been performance rated in ATA Spec 101, the industry standard specification for accordance with AMCA standards are eligible to be the preparation of ground equipment manuals by licensed under the Certified Ratings Program and are manufacturers for the use of airline operators, (b) identified by the display of the AMCA Certified Ratings Supply—The association publishes ATA Spec 200, the Seal. The certification program includes provisions for industry integrated data processing standard specifica- approval of test laboratories, checking of published tion for the procurement of aircraft parts; and ATA ratings and a recheck procedure to insure continuing Spec 300, the industry standard for packaging of product performance. parts and components of aircraft and aircraft systems, (c) Communications—The ATA and the Interna- AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION, tional Air Transport Association (lATA) jointly 4400 Fifth Avenue, prepare and issue an ATA/IATA Interline Communi- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 cations Manual prescribing standard methods for interline communication of record communications APCA is the only voluntary, cooperative, nonprofit and data. Included are standards covering message organization devoted solely to air pollution control. It composition (including machinable texts), message is an expanding organization both in number, more handling procedures for stations and switching cen- than 6600 members and 20 local sections, and in influ- ters, standard addressing using either the ATA/IATA ence. five or seven bit code, asynchronous and synchronous The growing membership is composed of engineers, link control procedures, and additional characteristics scientists, enforcement officials, industrial organiza- and procedures for network operation, (d) Airborne

6 navigation and communications equipment—The air- American Society for Metals, a monthly abstract line industry, through the Airlines Electronics Engi- journal of the world's technical literature on neering Committee of Aeronautical Radio, Inc. aluminum. (ARINC) develops standard characteristics, including case sizes and wiring for much of the radio com- AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION OF THE munications and navigation and other electronics UNITED STATES, INC., equipment installed in airline aircraft. The Air 3400 West 86th Street, Transport Association guides and advises ARINC in Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 the preparation of these ARINC Specs. The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States was founded in 1888. Among the several objects of ALUMINA CERAMIC MANUFACTURERS' this organization are the establishment and mainte- ASSOCIATION, nance throughout the United States of a uniform 331 Madison Avenue, definition of amateurism, and uniform rules for the New York, New York 10017 administration and conduct of all athletic sports within its jurisdiction, the institution, regulation, and The Alumina Ceramic Manufacturers' Association awarding of amateur athletic championships of the (ACMA) is a group of manufacturers engaged in the United States in the sports under its jurisdiction and production of high quality impervious, high alumina the institution of a bureau of records for the sports ceramics for a wide variety of dielectric, mechanical, of swimming, track and field, and weightlifting. chemical and abrasion-resistant applications. This organization is charged with the duties and Through its Technical Committee, standards have responsibilities of administering, as the sole United been developed to help the consumer select the States member of world governing sports organiza- alumina ceramic best suited for his purpose. The tions (and as such acts as the governing body for standards include sections on properties, test proce- international purposes in these sports), the following: dures, design criteria and recommendations for the basketball, bobsled, boxing, handball, judo, karate, use of these materials. The association also has avail- luge, swimming and diving, track and field, water able other ACMA test procedures. Copies may be polo, weightlifting, and wrestling (both freestyle and obtained by writing to the secretary. greco-roman) . The union conducts championships of the United States in these sports and, as well, national programs in baton twirling, horseshoe pitch- ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION, ing, volleyball and gymnastics. The AAU is divided 750 Third Avenue, into 58 district associations encompassing all 50 States New York, New York 10017 and each district association annually conducts championships in several AAU sports. The Aluminum Association, founded November The establishment of standard definitions of rules 1933, serves the public as a source of noncommercial, for the government of athletic sports are formulated industrywide information on aluminum and the alu- by the Board of Governors, which is elected each year minum industry. Its membership embraces most and is representative of the active and allied member producers of primary ingot, most producers of sheet associations of the union. The AAU is comprised of and plate and leading extruders, foundries, secondary such allied members as the National Association of smelters, forging firms and producers of aluminum Intercollegiate Athletics, comprising nearly 600 col- electrical conductor. Approximately 95 percent of leges and universities in the United States, the Young primary aluminum shipments and 82 percent of Men's Christian Association (YMCA), Young Men's semifabricated aluminum shipments are accounted for Hebrew Association (YMHA), National Jewish Wel- by association member companies. fare Board and others. Besides the adoption of stand- Its functions include developing, publishing and dis- ard contest rules for various sports under its tributing technical data, collecting and publishing jurisdiction, the union also fixes standards on dimen- industry statistics, and conducting school programs sions, weights, material, and shapes of the various and industry seminars. implements, balls, etc. entering into athletic contests. The association currently lists over 45 titles includ- The Amateur Athletic Union also conducts annually ing the following technical publications: Aluminum Junior Olympic competition in 14 sports for athletes Standards and Data (published biennially), Drafting ages 6 to 18. Such competition annually provides Standards—Aluminum Extruded and Tubular Prod- millions of young athletes the opportunity and expo- ucts, Designation System for Aluminum Finishes and sure to compete in healthy sporting events. Moreover, Specifications for Aluminum Structures. the AAU also conducts a program of National Physical Aluminum Association standards are the basis for Fitness testing which in 1973 reached over 6 million the majority of government, American Society for youngsters. In providing age group competition across Testing and Materials, company and other specifica- the board, the AAU conducts Masters competitions tions for aluminum and aluminum alloy products. The for athletes 25 and older (in swimming) and 40 and association also publishes, in cooperation with the older (in track and field) across the nation with European Primary Aluminum Association and the national championships in these events.

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AMERICAN AMATEUR BASEBALL Certification programs are implemented at the state CONGRESS, INC., level through activities of AAHPER members. Profes- 212 Plaza Building, sional preparation programs in colleges are developed 2855 West Market Street, using AAHPER standards. P.O. Box 5332, Akron, Ohio 44313 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR REHABILITATION THERAPY, INC., The American Amateur Baseball Congress, Inc., (Registry of Medical Rehabilitation founded in 1935, is a nonprofit, tax-exempt organiza- Therapists and Specialists), tion, incorporated as such in Ohio and Michigan. Its Box No. 93, objectives are to enlarge and advance the scope of North Little Rock, Arkansas 72116 amateur baseball by stimulating interest and competition; to provide a sound, experienced organization to The American Association for Rehabilitation Ther- assist at local, state, regional and national levels to apy (AART), founded in 1950, is a national obtain the maximum health and citizenship values; organization with rehabilitation personnel from pri- and to provide standard rules of play. vate, state, and Federal agencies and institutions It is national in scope, embracing 46 states in the comprising its membership. These include: therapists, United States; plus two Canadian provinces and therapy assistants, coordinators or specialists, counsel- Puerto Rico. ors, administrators, nurses, psychologists, social It administers amateur baseball programs in five age workers, and physicians. It is the only national divisions: Stan Musial Division (unlimited age), Con- organization for the certification of Medical Rehabili- nie Mack Division (18 and under), Mickey Mantle tation Therapists and a major representative of the Division (16 and under), Sandy Koufax Division (14 field in certifying medical rehabilitation coordinators. and under) and Pee Wee Reese Division (12 and The organization devotes 15 percent of its total under) program to their standardization activities. The Regis- It provides national competition, including post- try Council administers the standardization activities. season tournaments, at state, regional and national AART is involved with the Federal Government in levels; leading to national champions in each of its standardization activities in an advisory and liaison five age divisions. capacity. Current relationships are with the Depart- Formerly: American Baseball Congress (1955). ment of Health, Education and Welfare and the Veterans Administration. Directory, No. 14, 1973, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR HEALTH, Registry of Medical Rehabilitation Therapists and PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Specialists (Coordinators), contains a list of the eight AND RECREATION, current standards. Certification programs activities are 1201 Sixteenth Street NW., university-affiliated training programs; stratified train- Washington, D.C. 20036 ing of therapists and assistants.

The American Association for Health, Physical Edu- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF cation, and Recreation (AAHPER), established in ADVERTISING AGENCIES/ 1885, is a voluntary professional organization for edu- MAGAZINE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION, cation in these related fields. Its purpose is the 200 Park Avenue, improvement of education through such professional New York, New York, 10017; services as consultation, periodicals and special publi- 575 Lexington Avenue, cations, leadership development, determination of New York, New York 10022 standards, public information and research.

Standards comprise approximately 15 percent of the Since its formation in 1948, the AAAA/MPA Joint total program and are established by the following sub- Committee on Advertising Reproduction has enlisted structures: Dance Division, Division of Girls and the cooperation of other industry organizations, and Women's Sports, Division of Men's Athletics, Physical as a result, five standards for the graphic arts industry Education Division, and the General Division. The dealing with magazine publication have been issued, International Relations Council participates in an periodically revised, and are in use today. They are as international book program and maintains a binational follows: (1) Recommended Standard Specifications commission with Mexico. for Advertising Reproduction Material in Magazine Guidelines for Professional Preparation for Person- Letterpress Wet Printing, Joint Committee Report nel Involved in Physical Education and Recreation for No. 5 dated June 1967; (2) Standard Color Control Handicapped was prepared with funds from the Bars, approved by the American Photoengravers Asso- Department of Health, Education and Welfare. ciation, October 1959, and recommended by the AAHPER has more than 30 books and pamphlets that American Association of Advertising Agencies, Maga- deal with guidelines and standards. The standards zine Publishers Association, and Printing Industries of offered by AAHPER are national in scope. They are America; and (3) AAAA/MPA Standard 4-Color promoted through the education of teachers and pro- Process Proofing Inks, issued by the National Associa- fessionals in allied fields. tion of Printing Ink Makers, September 1964, and

8 recommended and approved by the American Associa- scientific cooperation among all workers in the field of tion of Advertising Agencies, Magazine Publishers cereal science. The association's Approved Methods Association, American Business Press, American Committee supervises and coordinates the work of Photoengravers Association, and Printing Industries of technical committees on the standardization of analyt- America; (4) Production Operating Communication ical methods, laboratory baking procedures, testing Standards for Magazine Paper Mills, Printers and methods and apparatus for flours and doughs, flour Publishers issued October 1967 recommended and specifications, and sanitation methods. Results of work endorsed by Printing Paper Division, American Paper by the technical committees is embodied in the Institute, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper association's publication Approved Methods of the Industry, Printing Industries of America, Inc., Gravure AACC, now in looseleaf format with replacements and Technical Association, Magazine Publishers Associa- additions appearing annually. This publication is a tion, Inc.; (5) Recommended Standard Specifications two-volume, 872-page laboratory manual which for Advertising Production Material for Magazine Web includes 330 methods, over 90 pages of reference Offset Printing revised December 1972 issued by tables, and 45 full-color photos of insect fragments in AAAA/MPA/ABP. its Extraneous Matter section. To maintain uniformity These standards have the common purpose of the association cooperates formally with the Associa- improving the reproduction of advertisements in tion of Official Analytical Chemists, American Oil magazines, following the Joint Committee's stated Chemists' Society, and American Society for Testing objective: "The improvement of the physical presen- and Materials. Active technical committees are listed tation of advertising in magazines." annually in the journal. Cereal Science Today and in the association's membership directory. Progress on AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF current standardization projects is reported annually BIOANALYSTS, in the October issue of Cereal Science Today. The 411 North Seventh Street, association also offers a National Check Sample Service 805 Ambassador Building, which allows members to check their analytical St. Louis, Missouri 63101 techniques and provides a certification program for certified sanitation analysts. The American Association of Bioanalysts (AAB) Absorbed: American Society of Milling and Baking was founded in 1954 with the merger of the National Technology (1923). Association of Clinical Laboratories and American Bioanalysts' Association. It is an association of bioanalyst laboratory directors and is active in certifica- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF tion and accreditation of bioanalyst laboratory CLINICAL CHEMISTS, directors, laboratory supervisors and clinical laborato- P.O. Box 15053, ries as a sponsoring organization of the American Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103 Board of Bioanalysis. AAB maintains a national program of external The American Association of Clinical Chemists, quality control known as The Proficiency Testing founded 1948, is a non-profit organization of profes- Service, one of the programs in which independent sional chemists who specialize in clinical chemistry. laboratories, hospitals and physician office laboratories Its Standards Committee is a standing committee must participate as a condition for Medicare approval. which carries out background development of stand- In the Proficiency Testing Service AAB is involved in ard methodology and materials, amounting to about the developing, handling, and shipping of various 10 percent of the total association effort. The Stand- materials, and is required to examine such materials ards Committee collaborates closely with the Interna- for stability. Included also are control and standards tional Federation of Clinical Chemists, particularly in for use in the many clinical laboratory disciplines. programs on nomenclature, proteins and enzymes. AAB's program is under the guidance of the Board of Close alliance is also maintained with the clinical Scientific Advisers. laboratory programs of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards in developing specifications for new stand- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ard reference materials, and with the Center for CEREAL CHEMISTS, Disease Control and the Food and Drug Administra- 3340 Pilot Knob Road, tion in evaluating methods and their performance in St. Paul, Minnesota 55121 the field. Topics under active consideration by subcommittees are proteins and albumin, enzymes, The objectives of this association, founded in 1915, spectophotometry, nomenclature, and referee methods are to advance and encourage scientific and technical for glucose, lead and uric acid. Methods and recom- research on cereal grains and related materials, mendations are published in the journal. Clinical development and standardization of analytical meth- Chemistry or in the book series Standard Methods in ods used in cereal chemistry and technology, and Clinical Chemistry.

9 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AAMVA Equipment Approval Division; (2) Vehicle MEDICAL MILK COMMISSIONS, INC. records and procedures—Vehicle Services Division; AND CERTIFIED MILK PRODUCERS (3) Driver licensing procedures—Driver License Divi- OF AMERICA, INC., sion. In addition to AAMVA's standards development 2266 North Prospect Avenue, work, the Equipment Approval Division also applies Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202 many equipment standards in its certification program. The AAMVA Equipment Approval Program The American Association of Medical Milk Commis- certifies after market safety equipment commonly sions, Inc. and Certified Milk Producers of America, utilized in the operation of a motor vehicle. AAMVA Inc. comprise a national body consisting of physicians does not issue standards; all of its programs are coor- and owners of certified milk dairies and committee dinated through the ANSI, SAE, or National Highway members serving without pay for development of the Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) programs, on cleanest, most nutritious milk to be found anywhere. a cooperative basis. Approximately 50 to 60 percent Certified Milk originated in 1893 by the medical of the total program is devoted to standardization profession and by 1909 the Medical Milk Commissions activities. functioned in many parts of the country. At that time On an international level the AAMVA Vehicle a Manual of Methods and Standards was in use. This Services Division is involved in the effort by the Inter- manual is revised annually and copies are in the national Organization for Standardization (ISO) to libraries of every medical school in the United States. develop a system for vehicle identification numbering. Permanent committees control medical examination The Equipment Approval Program, via its certification of employees, chemical standards, bacteriological and laboratory accreditation programs, is involved standards, veterinary inspections and protection with foreign auto and equipment manufacturers and against tuberculosis. foreign testing laboratories. Other standardization Certified Milk, the name copyrighted and trade- activities are projects that are coordinated with the marked, may not be used by any dairy not certified as Federal Government. An AAMVA Driver Services producing under the stringent rules of methods and Division Task Force developed the system which the standards. Certification has familiarized state and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration incor- municipal health officials with bacteriological stand- porated into the Federal Highway Safety Program ards and has continuously raised the quality of all Standard on Driver Licensing for developing a milk on the market, even though certified dairies Classified Driver Licensing System. Both the Vehicle comprise only 6 percent of dairy products sold. Services Division and the Equipment Approval Divi- Certified raw milk and milk products, as well as sion are in close and constant contact with the pasteurized, must be the product of healthy animals appropriate elements of NHTSA in their work in

(both cows and goats) , fed carefully controlled forages standards development. in which natural Vitamins A and C and trace minerals The following is a list of active standards commit- are contained and supplemented whenever necessary tees and new projects under consideration: Society of

by seasonal change. Automotive Engineers (SAE) ; Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) Committee; American National Stand- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ards Committee D-19; for the development of model MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS, registration and certificate of ownership procedures; 1828 L Street NW., Suite 500, American National Standards Committee D-20, for the Washington, D.C. 20036 development of a state-oriented model motorist data base; International Organization for Standardization The AAMVA, founded in 1933, is a voluntary, (ISO) Technical Committee 22, on road vehicles; nonprofit organization of state and provincial officials Subcommittee 20, on identification of vehicles; Ameri- responsible for the administration and enforcement of can National Standards Committee D-7, on motor motor vehicle and traffic laws in the United States and vehicle inspection procedures; and the American Canada. Membership includes all 50 States, the Dis- National Standards Committee D-18, on training of trict of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the 10 Canadian motor vehicle inspection mechanics.

provinces, and the Northwest Yukon Territories. Note : AAMVA is either the sponsor or cosponsor of Among AAMVA's basic objectives are: to promote the American National Standards Committees D-7, uniform laws and regulations for motor vehicle D-18, D-19, and D-20 projects. It is a principal administration, traffic law enforcement, and highway participant in the SAE VIN Committee's activities, and safety; and to promote standardization and uniform a member of the ISO TC 22/SC20 project. enforcement of these laws. Under the general direction of the Executive Direc- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF tor, AAMVA works principally with the American NURSERYMEN, INCORPORATED, National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Society 230 Southern Building, of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in standards develop- Washington, D.C. 20005 ment. The subunits of AAMVA that are responsible for the development of specific standards are as fol- The association was founded in 1875, to enable lows: (1) Safety equipment and product safety—The nurserymen to jointly work on those projects and

10 activities which would foster the general welfare of the It is anticipated that the Committee on Public Educa- industry and to improve their ability to meet the tion will later devote its attention to developing aids desires of their customers. for the training of professional personnel in the pre- Through its Horticultural Standards Committee, this vention and treatment of acute poisoning. association has continued to develop grades and stand- The Committee on Operation of Centers has pre- ards for the use of nurserymen, landscape architects, pared standard recommended practices for poison landscape contractors, governmental agencies and control and poison information centers. At the third others preparing lists and specifications for trading in annual meeting of the American Association of Poison trees, shrubs, roses, vines, fruit trees, small fruit, Control Centers, these were accepted as tentative bulbs, tubers and forest tree seedlings. These became standard recommended practices for the establishment an official national standard in 1947 when they were and operation of properly qualified centers. Realizing approved by the then American Standards Association, that standards must be as specific as possible, the currently American National Standards Institute. The committee felt that certain recommendations should current edition is the Z60.1-1973. The standards con- be made which fell outside the strict definition of tain height, caliper, root size, root ball, container size "standards," but nevertheless were important in the and various other standardized means of describing overall poison control program. Accordingly, they nursery plants. termed the standard recommended practices as "recommendations." These are periodically revised. Copies THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF of these standard recommended practices have been PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS, distributed to members and to state and local health 1444 South Boulder, departments. Tulsa, Oklahoma 74119 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF The American Association of Petroleum Geologists PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES FOR CHILDREN, was founded in 1917. Two association committees are 1701 Eighteenth Street NW., involved in standardization operations. The Strati- Washington, D.C. 20009 graphic Correlations Committee has developed and published a Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1961. Founded in 1948 as the American Association of Psy- revised 1970, which has been adopted by the American chiatric Clinics for Children, the American Association Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. The of Psychiatric Services for Children's (AAPSC) cur- alphanumeric code was designed for both human and rent membership consists of 180 child psychiatric serv- computer sensibility. The Committee on Statistics of ices in all parts of the U.S. that fulfill AAPSC standards Drilling, working jointly with the American Petroleum of competence. From its inception, AAPSC has pro- Institute and various governmental agencies has devel- vided leadership in defining and maintaining standards oped and put into use a standardized form for the of clinical practice, organization of treatment, and recording of data from wells drilled for oil or gas. The specialized training. form is formatted for keypunching to three 80-column To meet AAPSC's professional standards, a child computer cards. In addition, the CSD has participated psychiatric facility must provide proof of its continuity in the development of standard definitions for the of service, together with the training background of its petroleum industry. key staff members. The AAPSC membership commit- Formerly: Southwest Association of Petroleum Geol- tee reviews treatment approaches and case histories ogists (1917). submitted by the applicant. This is followed by a site visit. Training clinics are similarly evaluated before THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF accreditation. AAPSC provides certificates to member POISON CONTROL CENTERS, services, to approved training programs in career child Childrens Memorial Hospital, psychiatry and child psychology as well as to individ- 44th and Dewey Avenue, uals who have been trained in career child psychiatry. Omaha, Nebraska 68105 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE The American Association of Poison Control Cen- HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION ters was founded in 1957. In pursuance of its main OFFICIALS, purposes of promoting and encouraging the develop- 341 National Press Building, ment of improved methods for the prevention and Washington, D.C. 20004 treatment of acute poisoning, and of furthering the exchange of information about such activities among Organized in 1914, AASHO's basic purpose is to its members, the association has established certain foster the development, operation and maintenance of committees. our nationwide integrated system of highways. To The Committee on Educational Activities has been accomplish this end, AASHO cooperates with other active in efforts to develop materials that will be of appropriate agencies in considering matters of mutual value to poison control and information centers in interest with the other modes of transportation in educating the lay public about the hazards of, and the serving the public need. prevention of acute poisoning in and about the home. The association, through its committee structure,

11 works to develop and improve methods of administra- wear, water resistance, flammability and the many tion, planning, research, design, construction, mainte- other conditions to which textiles may be subjected. nance and operation of highways; to provide the Practically all of the textile dyes, finishes and many efficient transportation of persons and goods in sup- chemicals produced in the United States are controlled port of national goals and objectives. As such, one of and checked by AATCC test methods. These test the major functions is the development of technical, methods are a major factor in insuring the satisfactory administrative and operational standards and policies performance of the billions of yards of textiles that find needed to carry out the highway program in the United their way across the retail counters and into the hands States. of the consumer. Committees are broken into two general categories: AATCC maintains cooperative relationships with Standing Committee on Administrative Practices and many other societies of kindred interests and with Standing Committee on Engineering Policies, which departments and agencies of the Federal Government. report to an Executive Committee and, in turn, to a At the international level, the association participates Policy Committee. Subcommittees under the two in the International Organization for Standardization standing committees cover such areas as legal affairs; (ISO) and the Pan American Standards Commission right-of-way; uniform accounting; computer technol- (COPANT) in an effort to bring about worldwide ogy; highway planning; public information; urban uniformity in testing procedures. affairs and socio-economic factors; highway finance The association publishes its journal. Textile Chem- policies and planning; personnel development; highway ists and Colorists, issued monthly. The annual 400- transport; roadway design; bridges and structures; page Technical Manual contains the association's test communications and electronic applications for high- methods. With its sister society in England, The ways; materials; traffic engineering; roadside develop- Society of Dyers and Colorists, AATCC collaborated ment; maintenance; construction; secondary roads; in the publication of the third edition of the five- Select Committee on Research Activities; Select Com- volume Colour Index. mittee on Highway Safety; Special Liaison Committee on Environmental Quality; as well as cooperative com- AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION, mittee with other major national associations. 1712 G Street NW., These various committees promote and develop the Washington, D.C. 20006 intimate contacts that are essential in (1) keeping their respective specifications, manuals and standards The AAA was founded in 1902 and developed inde- representative of the best current practice, (2) encour- pendently or in cooperation with other organizations, aging their adoption and use, and (3) promoting engi- numerous standards and models for motor vehicle leg- neering research in their respective fields to obtain islation in the states and cities, designed to promote factual data and improvements in materials and the safe and efficient movement of traffic. It developed practices. a Model Safety Responsibility Bill and cooperated actively in the development of the Uniform Vehicle AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF TEXTILE Code and the Model Traffic Ordinance. CHEMISTS AND COLORISTS, It developed a guide as to standards for state legisla- AATCC National Headquarters, tion on roadside development and control. P.O. Box 12215, The association participated in the development of Research Triangle Park, standards for traffic signs, signals, markings, and North Carolina 22709 islands set forth in a Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. This association (AATCC) was founded in 1921 for The association has formulated a model ordinance the purpose of promoting the increase of knowledge of for municipal regulation of offstreet parking facilities. the application of dyes and chemicals in the textile The association has developed proposed standards industry, encouraging in any practical way research of various types relating to increasing the safety and work on chemical processes and materials of impor- convenience of pedestrians in traffic. tance to the textile industry, and establishing for the It has developed detailed methods and various pro- members channels by which the interchange of profes- posed standards for training new drivers. sional knowledge among them might be increased. The AAA has representatives on committees of the The membership of the association of approxi- following organizations and associations: American mately 10,000 includes most of the leading textile Society for Testing and Materials, American National chemists and colorists in nearly every state and in Standards Institute, Highway Research Board, Illumi- 50 other countries. Some 300 companies in the textile, nating Engineering Society, National Safety Council, chemical and related industries support the association and the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws as corporate members. and Ordinances. A major purpose of most of these The association is recognized nationally and inter- committees is to develop standards which pertain to nationally for its standard methods of testing dyed and highway safety. chemically treated fibers and fabrics to measure such The association has developed, in cooperation with performance characteristics as colorfastness to light other organizations, standards for the operation of and washing, crease resistance, shrinkage, wash-and- school safety patrols.

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The association cooperates with other organizations groups, (e) Bank Identification Number Directory— in the field of traffic law enforcement, traffic training the association is the interim registration authority for procedures, etc. the issuance and maintenance of the number used by issuers of credit cards. The term "Bank" is a misnomer AMERICAN BANKERS' ASSOCIATION, since the number is used by other industries such as 1120 Connecticut Avenue NW., travel and entertainment, and airlines as well, (f) Washington, D.C. 20036 SWIFT and (g) ISO—each explained under "Interna- tional Participation." American Bankers' Association (ABA) was founded Involvement with the Federal Government—The July 20, 1875 to promote the general welfare and use- association, at the request of the Florida Bankers fulness of banks and banking institutions, and to Association, was instrumental in forming a study of the secure uniformity of action, together with the practical Florida Sear Project. This is a system of standardized benefits to be derived from personal acquaintance, and auditing reports being used by the State of Florida. from the discussion of subjects of importance to the The Federal Reserve, Comptroller of the Currency, banking and commercial interests of the country; and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and especially in order to secure the proper consideration Conference of State Bank Examiners are presently of questions regarding the financial and commercial undergoing a study to determine whether this type of usages, customs and laws which affect the banking arrangement is workable on a nationwide scale. interests of the country. ABA lists a published standard as a publication in The Standards Department of the association admin- Aids to ABA, which is a compilation of the associa- isters the standards activities. The scope of our stand- tions' publications. In addition, ABA conducts periodic ards are akin to the scope of the association in that review and update of its standards to insure their use- they are pursued to promote the general welfare of the fulness in the real world. Such a review is now under- national banking community. The extent to which way on the ABA Routing Number Standard. they are followed nationally is difficult to determine International participation of ABA consists of coop- since standards are voluntary. However, the nature of eration with the Society for Worldwide Interbank our industry with the interchange necessity makes it a Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) on the: reasonable certainty to assume that the standards pub- Board—responsible for developing plans for imple- lished by the association are followed by the U.S. menting an international bank communications net- banking industry. ABA's published standards include: work; Standards Committee—responsible for review- (a) Bank Card Standards Manual—outlines physical ing the work of the various working groups as to the specifications of a bank card and defines data informa- details of the standard; and U.S. Steering Committee tion and format; (b) MICR—standard for magnetic —establish United States position on facets of the ink character recognition to enhance processing ad standard as it progresses in formulation. The associa- interchange MICR encoded checks. The standard puts tion, in addition, is active on many International Or- parameters on the physical size and weight of checks, ganization for Standardization committees where the and specifies the location, content and signal level of work affects the U.S. banking industry. the encoding; (c) Committee on Uniform Security Interchange Procedures—standard numbering system AMERICAN BOARD FOR CERTIFICATION used as the universal identifier of stock certificates ; and IN ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHETICS, (d) ABA Routing Number—standardized numbering 1440 N Street NW., system used to identify and properly route check and Washington, D.C. 20005 other such negotiable instruments. The active Standards Committees are: (a) Banking The American Board for Certification in Orthotics X9—an American National Standards Committee, for and Prosthetics was founded in 1948 in order to estab- which the association is secretariat, on the Standardi- lish a credentials program for identifying orthotic and zation for Facilitating Domestic Banking Operations, prosthetic practitioners, as well as facilities, qualified Subcommittees 1 —Bank Data Interchange, and 2 to render essential public health services related to Bank Operations. In addition to X9, the association artificial limbs and braces. The board's activities are actively participates on many other American National sponsored by the American Orthotic and Prosthetic Standards Committees, (b) Bank Card Task Force— Association, the American Academy of Orthotists and has published the Bank Card Standards Manual and Prosthetists, and the American Academy of Orthopedic is continuing work in the area of magnetic stripe Surgeons. In addition to setting standards for profes- encoding on bank cards, (c) ABA/FRS (Federal sional practice as three discrete levels of competence, Reserve System) Routing Number Task Force—this the board also is concerned with the accreditation of committee reviews existing guidelines for the issuance, qualified educational programs for the training of such use and eligibility requirements of "the number" in practitioners. Certification is granted at the technician, the current payments system environment, (d) CUSIP assistant, and the professional practitioner levels in Board—responsible for overseeing usage and issuance the two disciplines of orthotics and prosthetics. of the CUSIP number to identify stock certificates. An Accreditation of facilities is based upon evaluation of ABA staff representative works as secretary for this physical layout of each location. Recommendations board composed of members from interested industry from three medical references, and a site appraisal by

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a competent practitioner. In many jurisdictions, facility determination of qualifications of individuals, organi- accreditation and personal certification is a requirement zations and institutions applying for Certificates of for participation in state rehabilitation service Accreditation or Clinical Competence; to establish, programs. maintain and monitor Boards of Examiners responsi- The three boards of the American Boards of Exam- ble for arranging and conducting examinations to de- iners in Speech Pathology and Audiology are: the termine the qualifications of applicants for such Education and Training Board, to whom ABESPA certificates; to grant and to issue appropriate certifi- has delegated the responsibility for receiving and evalu- cates; to maintain a registry of holders of such certifi- ating applications for the accreditation of master's agencies, lists of individuals, organizations and insti- degree programs in speech pathology and/ or audiology tutions who have been issued such certificates. and recommending to ABESPA that such accreditation be granted or withheld; the Professional Services Board, to whom ABESPA has delegated the respon- AMERICAN BOAT AND YACHT sibility for receiving and evaluating applications for COUNCIL, INC., accreditation in speech pathology and/or audiology 15 East 26th Street, Room 1603, from clinical services programs and for recommending New York, New York 10010 to ABESPA as to whether such accreditation should

be granted or withheld ; and, finally, the Clinical Certi- The American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC) is fication Board, to whom ABESPA has delegated the an independent, nonprofit, membership organization responsibility for receiving and evaluating applications founded in 1954 to be broadly representative of recrea- for the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech tional boating including members from industry, insur- Pathology and/ or Audiology submitted by individuals ance, Government and the boating public. The who wish to provide services to the communicatively council's sole activity is the development of safety handicapped. Applicants for such certificates must not standards and recommended practices for the design, only meet academic course work, clinical practicum, construction, equipage and maintenance of boats and and professional experience criteria in order to achieve their related accessories. The standards are generated certification, they must also pass the National Exami- by project technical committees and reviewed by the nation in Speech Pathology and/or Audiology, pre- ABYC Technical Board and Board of Directors prior pared by the Clinical Certification Board for Adminis- to publication. tration as an area examination of the National Teacher The council has published about 60 standards in a Examinations division of Educational Testing Service, large looseleaf volume entitled Safety Standards for Princeton, New Jersey. The American Speech and Small Craft which is continuously updated with new Hearing Association, through the American Boards revisions and supplements. These standards provide a of Examiners in Speech Pathology and Audiology, is basis for certification programs of other organizations recognized as the sole accrediting agency for master's and also are used as source material by the U.S. Coast degree programs in speech pathology and/ or audiology Guard in their development of safety regulations under by the National Commission on Accrediting and the the Boating Safety Act of 1971. Commissioner of the United States Office of Educa- The current membership consists of over 700 individ- tion. As of September 15, 1973, 85 master's degree uals and about 30 corporations and associations. The programs have been accredited in speech pathology individual members work voluntarily through commit- and/ or audiology on the recommendation of the Edu- tees and boards to implement the boating safety stand- cation and Training Board; 575 clinical services pro- ards program. grams have been accredited in speech pathology and/ or audiology on the recommendation of the Pro- fessional Services Board and 11,919 Certificates of AMERICAN BOILER MANUFACTURERS' Clinical Competence in Speech Pathology and/or Audi- ASSOCIATION, ology have been issued to individuals on the recom- 1500 Wilson Boulevard, mendation of the Clinical Certification Board. Arlington, Virginia 22209

This association, established in 1888, participates in THE AMERICAN BOARDS OF EXAMINERS the following standardization work: (1) publication IN SPEECH PATHOLOGY AND by the Technical Committee, Packaged Firetube AUDIOLOGY, Boiler Section, of ratings standards entitled Packaged American Speech and Hearing Association, Firetube Boiler Ratings for Heating Boilers; (2) lexi- 9030 Old Georgetown Road, con of industry terminology, coal analysis and acces- Washington, D.C. 20014 sory product definitions; (3) acts as secretariat to the National Fire Protection Association's Committee on The American Boards of Examiners in Speech Boiler Furnace Explosions and the Sectional Commit- Pathology and Audiology (ABESPA) of the American tees on Public Utility Units, and Industrial Units. Speech and Hearing Association was established in Formerly: American Boiler Manufacturers Associa-

1959 to formulate standards and procedures for the tion and Affiliated Industries ( 1960 )

14 .

AMERICAN BOWLING CONGRESS, Results of tests and proceedings of the New Equip- 5301 South 76th Street, ment Committee are reported to officers, directors and Greendale, Wisconsin 53129 delegates in annual convention session, in the ABC Annual Report and periodically in Bowling, the offi- The American Bowling Congress (ABC) was orga- cial monthly magazine. A list of pins approved for use nized in 1895 as a nonprofit, noncommercial member- in ABC sanctioned competition is carried monthly in ship service organization for male bowlers. Its 4 million the latter. members participate in leagues and tournaments sanc- Absorbed: As Seniors Division: United States Sen- tioned by the ABC in 50 states, Canada, Puerto Rico, iors Bowling Association. (1964) Bermuda, Grand Bahamas, Saudi Arabia and Ameri- can military bases around the world. Its specifications AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING, for playing equipment are used by the 8 million league 45 Broad Street, bowlers in the United States and Canada, including New York, New York 10004 women and children, and by the hundreds of thousands of players in the 45 countries that are members This bureau is an international ship classification of the Federation Internationale des Quilleurs, the society and nonprofit corporation organized under the world bowling tournament organization headquartered laws of the State of New York, in 1862. It has no in Europe. stockholders and pays no dividends. The bureau's work All bowling lanes (approximately 143,000 in 9,100 may be briefly summarized as follows: (1) the prepa- bowling centers) under the jurisdiction of the ABC ration of standards, called "rules" for the construction are certified annually by representatives of the 2,850 of hulls and machinery of merchant ships, including local bowling associations chartered by ABC. This material specifications and regulations for periodical means the lanes are measured and checked to make surveys. The rules are published annually and are sure their physical properties and dimensions corre- modified to keep pace with developments in shipbuild- spond to ABC specifications, including such specifics ing and marine engineering; (2) the analysis of plans as that no part of the 60 feet of playing surface from of vessels projected to be built, or conversions of foul line to head pin can be more than 40/lOOOths of existing vessels, to verify if they meet the standards set an inch from perfect levelness. When found to meet all by the rules; (3) the verification of the building to specifications, an ABC decal is issued for posting in approved plans of the new hull and its main machin- the establishment. ery, boilers and vital auxiliaries, and the conversion of Additionally, the ABC maintains an equipment existing vessels; (4) the witnessing of the testing of testing and research department that works with new materials of construction for hull and machinery as products brought to it for consideration and also required by the rules; (5) the carrying out of periodic maintains a constant check on products already in use. and damage surveys as called for by the rules; (6) The department works with an official ABC New the carrying out of load line surveys, safety equipment Equipment Committee and also uses the services of surveys, radio-telegraphy surveys and the issuance of an outside testing laboratory. tonnage certificates, all under the authority of various Over the years, in cooperation with manufacturers, governments and international conventions; (7) the ABC testing and research has been instrumental in annual publication of the Record of the American the development of the plastic base for bowling pins, Bureau of Shipping which contains essential details of the plastic coated and all-synthetic pins, the automatic hull and machinery and survey status of bureau-classed pinsetting machine, the automatic foul detector and vessels and others; (8) the issuance of certificates of the plastic bowling ball. In the early 1950's, for exam- character for bureau-classed vessels, i.e., classifica- ple, the ABC conducted tests in more than 900,000 tion certificates, seaworthy certificates, confirmation of games of bowling before it approved the first plastic class certificates, etc.; and (9) the issuance of cargo coated bowling pin. A number of criteria had to be gear registers. met among them that the application of plastic to a The operations of the bureau are worldwide in scope. maple core would not change the scoreability in com- Offices are maintained in the principal seaports and parison to the all-wood pin, that it would be at least shipbuilding centers of the world. These offices are as durable and that it would not affect the playability staffed with experienced ship surveyors. of the game. The bureau maintains technical committees in the Standardization has been a keynote of tenpin bowl- United States, Belgium, Great Britain, France Ger- ing. The height of a pin 38.10 cm (15 in), the circum- many, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Greece, Scandi- ference of a ball 68.58 cm (27 in) and many, many navia, and Spain. other specifications have remained unchanged since the ABC was organized in 1895. Synthetics have been THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, INC., accepted only after having met rigid test under league 65 Ceramic Drive, conditions and passing the major philosophical test, Columbus, Ohio 43214 "Is it good for the game?" Change has not been made merely for the sake of change. The American Ceramic Society, founded in 1899 at Equipment specifications are printed annually in the Columbus, Ohio, under the leadership of Edward ABC Constitution, Rules and Specifications book. Orton, Jr., has more than 10,000 members and sub-

15 scribers in 62 countries. The main function of the college cooperates with other recognized national society is to disseminate scientific and technical medical organizations in the accreditation of hospitals ceramic information. This is done primarily through and in the approval of graduate training programs in the society's publications and numerous yearly general surgery and the surgical specialties. Since meetings. 1953, the college has been engaged in a cooperative The Society's divisions are: Basic Science, Cements, effort to standardize hospital statistical procedures and Ceramic-Metal Systems, Electronics, Glass, Materials methods and to develop a method to evaluate the and Equipment, Nuclear, Refractories, Structural Clay quality of patient care in hospitals. The college was Products, and White Wares. It also has committees on founded in 1913 as a voluntary, nonprofit association Classification, Nomenclature and Standards. These of surgeons of the United States and Canada. It has committees cooperate with the American Society for 34,000 members (Fellows). Testing and Materials, American National Standards Institute, National Safety Council (Glass and Ceramic Section) as well as with U.S. Government agencies in AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE, the development of methods of test and standards 22400 West Seven Mile Road, related to ceramic materials and products. The spon- Detroit, Michigan 48219 soring organizations and agencies are responsible for promulgating the standards. The Ceramic Educational Since its organization in 1905, this institute has Council and the National Institute of Ceramic Engi- been devoted to the solution of technical problems neers, classes within the society, are concerned with related to the design, construction, and maintenance objective criteria in engineering education and profes- of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and to sional ethics and status respectively. the dissemination of information in this field. More than 84 technical committees study special- AMERICAN CHAIN ASSOCIATION, ized problems through the evaluation of published 101 Second Avenue North, information, reports of research, and majority opinion Room 203, based on field practices leading to the development of St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 committee reports. The eventual aim of committee activity is the evolution of the committee reports into The American Chain Association was formerly the standards after discussion by the institute member- American Chain Sprocket Chain Manufacturers' Asso- ship and consideration by the Standards Board and ciation, which was the successor to the Association of letter ballot of the members. Roller and Silent Chain Manufacturers' and Malleable Institute standards are confined to specifications Chain Manufacturers' Institute. This organization is and recommended practices related to structures as a interested in standardization of dimensions of roller, whole. Standardization of basic materials and "over- silent, engineering steel and malleable iron chains, the-counter" components are deliberately excluded sprockets and wheels for the purpose of securing inter- from the scope of its standardization procedures. changeability, and also in standard recommendations Current standards of the institute are building code for power capacity and speed for these chains. Sub- requirements for reinforced concrete; manual of committees of engineers are appointed from time to standard practice for detailing reinforced concrete time to deal with specified subjects, and their work is structures; notation for concrete; structural plain con- reviewed and approved by the entire association. The crete for buildings; specifications for concrete chim- association does not publish standards, preferring to neys and for concrete pavements and bases; and sponsor standards for adoption through the procedures cast-in-place nonreinforced concrete pipe; minimum of the American National Standards Institute standard requirements for precast concrete floor and (ANSI). It cooperates with the American Society of roof units; and recommended practices for evaluation Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engi- of strength test results of field concrete; design of eers, American Petroleum Institute, Conveyor Equip- concrete pavements, winter and hot weather concret- ment Manufacturers' Association, and the American ing; selecting proportions for normalweight, light- Gear Manufacturers' Association in standardization weight, and noslump concrete; measuring, mixing, matters of mutual interest. ANSI standards covering and placing concrete; application of portland cement chain include the following: B29.1 through B29.14. base paint to concrete surfaces; inspection of concrete; Working through ANSI, the association participates formwork for concrete; thin-shell precast concrete; in the work of Technical Committee 100 of the Inter- curing concrete; consolidation of concrete; shotcret- national Organization for Standardization. ing; and atmospheric pressure steam curing of concrete. The application of these standards is supple- AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, mented by more detailed information in such publica- 55 East Erie Street, tions as ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection, Strength Chicago, Illinois 60611 Design Handbook, Reinforced Concrete Design Hand- book, and Formwork for Concrete. The college is the only organization responsible at Work is in progress on a new standard on concrete the national level for the standardization and approval highway bridge decks and the updating and revising of hospital cancer programs in the United States. The of several previous standards.

16 The institute cooperates in related standardization Thirteen standards have been developed for precast work with the American National Standards Insti- concrete pipe and these cover small diameter non- tute, American Society for Testing and Materials, reinforced circular pipe; reinforced circular pipe; pipe American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the for irrigation or drainage; reinforced low-head pres- American Welding Society. sure pipe; drain tile; joints for circular sewer and Formerly: National Association of Cement Users culvert pipe, using flexible, watertight rubber gaskets; (1913). perforated pipe; precast manhole sections; tests to determine the physical properties of concrete pipe or tile; nonreinforced irrigation pipe with rubber gasket AMERICAN CONCRETE PAVING joints; reinforced arch pipe; reinforced horizontal and ASSOCIATION, vertical elliptical pipe; and a specification for rein- 1211 22na Street, West forced concrete D-load culvert, storm drain, and sewer Oak Brook, Illinois 60523 pipe. ACPA cooperates with Federal, state and local The American Concrete Paving Association (ACPA) government agencies and other specifying agencies to was formed in 1964 as a national organization promote the use of these standards. The association representing the concrete paving industry. Its mem- also publishes technical information on the hydraulic bership includes contractors, equipment manufactur- and structural design and instaUation of concrete pipe ers, suppliers of materials and essential services to the for sewers, culverts, irrigation and drainage. This is concrete paving industry, and allied associations and augmented by the conduct and participation in tech- individuals. The high standards to which this nonprofit nical seminars for producers, consumers and general organization aspires are reflected in its statement of interest groups. purpose: "To develop a source of information that will maintain and improve quality of workmanship; to promote and advance the use of proven new developments and improved equipment and construction AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF methods; to diligently act upon all needs to achieve GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS, the highest interests and quality performance of the P.O. Box 1937, concrete industry." Cincinnati, Ohio 45201 The association's standardization activities are carried out by its Technical Committee which is made This conference, founded in 1938, is a national pro- up of subcommittees concentrating on specific facets fessional association of practicing industrial hygiene of concrete paving for roads, streets, and airports. The personnel in Federal, state, and local agencies. Technical Committee issues recommendations on the Through its committees, the ACGIH assembles guides, design and construction of concrete pavements. It recommended practices, and methods for the evalua- reviews concrete pavement specifications for Federal tion and control of the industrial environment. agencies such as the Federal Highway Administration, The conference publishes an annual listing, Thresh- Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Army Corps of old Limit Values, containing TLVs for over 500 sub- Engineers, and U.S. Navy, plus state highway depart- stances (mostly chemicals and chemical compounds) ments. in dusts, fumes, gases, vapors, mists, and physical ACPA is also active in the standardization work of agents. The values, which are under continuous other national associations such as the American Con- review, are used as guides in the control of health crete Institute, American Road Builders' Association, hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines and Highway Research Board. between safe and dangerous concentrations. Several ACPA recommendations are published in technical states, the U.S. Department of Labor, and the British bulletins and special publications. Ministry of Labour incorporate the TLVs in codes or regulations. The Manual of Recommended Analytical Methods AMERICAN CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION, describes chemical procedures and techniques for 1501 Wilson Boulevard, analysis of airborne contaminants (inplant as opposed Arlington, Virginia 22209 to air pollution) which can be performed without expensive specialized equipment. Fifteen methods The American Concrete Pipe Association (ACPA) is have been published to date and are verified in a an international trade association, founded in 1907, to number of cooperating laboratories. represent the precast concrete pipe industry in all The conference also publishes Industrial Ventilation matters affecting the industry's welfare. The scope of —A Manual of Recommended Practice. This manual the association includes activities in the areas of is a practical reference for the design and construction research, product specifications, technical services, of ventilation exhaust systems. Basic ventilation prin- promotion and advertising, education, safety, govern- ciples are discussed and there are about 150 illustra- ment and legislative liaison and the publication of tions. Other guides and manuals are published as technical and industry information. appropriate.

17 AMERICAN CONGRESS ON SURVEYING ACIL's Committee on Laboratory Qualification has AND MAPPING, produced a standard entitled, Recommended Require- 733 - 15th Street NW., ments for Independent Laboratory Qualification. This Suite 430, standard encompasses a quality control system for Washington, D.C. 20005 personnel and equipment evaluation as well as calibration and standardization in the system. The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping ACIL does not write standards for products or (ACSM), established in 1941, has operated as a materials but its members participate in writing test national nonprofit membership organization of more procedures and methodology in other standards-writ- than 6000 professionals in the field of land surveying, ing organizations. control surveying (including geodesy), and cartogra- ACIL has cooperated on standard programs with phy. It is incorporated in the District of Columbia. the National Bureau of Standards; Department of Membership in ACSM is through one of three pro- Defense and particularly the Army Corps of Engi- fessional Divisions on Land Surveys, Control Surveys, neers; General Services Administration; Department and Cartography. Technical work is accomplished by of Transportation; Department of Housing and Urban committees within the divisions. Professional level Development; Department of Labor, Occupational committees under ACSM consider problems involving Safety and Health Administration; Department of all three divisions. National contacts are maintained Health, Education and Welfare; Food and Drug through 46 institutionally affiliated state land surveyor Administration; and the Department of Agriculture. societies and through 26 geographical sections of Many of our member firms work on certification ACSM. programs for Government agencies but the ACIL itself ACSM is a participating member of the National does not conduct certification work except for a minor Council of Engineering Examiners (NCEE), the Inter- program with the Food and Drug Administration that national Federation of Surveyors (IFS), and the involved training for certain selected personnel. International Cartographic Association (ICA), and From its founding in 1937 until 1954, the council maintains liaison with the National Research Council was known as the American Council of Commercial (Division of Earth Sciences), the American Society of Laboratories. Photogrammetry, and the American Society of Civil Engineers. AMERICAN CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ACSM has nationally issued Technical Standards for ASSOCIATION, Property Surveys, Minimum Standard Detail Require- 335 East 45th Street, ments and Land Title Surveys, and National Guide- New York, New York 10017 lines for the Procedure and Requirements of Perform- ing Mortgage Inspections. The American Crystallographic Association (ACA) Promotion of ACSM standards is by liaison with was founded in 1949 by merger of the Crystallogra- other professional societies and publicity via pages of phic Society of America and the American Society for ACSM publications: Surveying and Mapping, ACSM X-Ray and Electron Difl^raction. The objective of the Bulletin, and ACSM's The American Cartographer. association is to promote the study of the arrangement of the atoms in matter, its causes, its nature and its AMERICAN COUNCIL OF INDEPENDENT consequences, and of the tools and methods used in LABORATORIES, INC., such studies. 1725 K Street NW., Prevalent notions of the nature of the scientific role Washington, D.C. 20006 played by the modern crystallographer are apt to be both foggy and erroneous. The present-day crystallog- The American Council of Independent Laboratories, rapher, like his predecessors, is interested in the form Inc. (ACIL) was established in 1937. It is a profes- and symmetry of ideal crystals as well as in the sional association of independent scientific laborato- growth of crystals and the measurement of their ries. Its membership includes many of the leading physical properties. However, the range of his inter- testing and inspection firms in the United States, some ests encompasses vastly more than this. He appre- of which operate also in Mexico, Central America, hends nearly all solid objects as being more or less Japan and Canada. fully crystalline, and he uses the powerful techniques ACIL promotes standards of ethics employed by of X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction to establish independent laboratories in special fields of interest their lattice types and to determine the positions of and activity. These include sampling, inspection, their constituent atoms in the lattice. He is aware physical or nondestructive testing and chemical that actual crystals deviate more or less from ideality, analysis of raw, intermediate and finished materials and he devotes much effort to diagnosing the nature and products; research and development; the improve- and extent of the imperfections prevailing in the ment of products or processes; the quality control actual structures of crystals. of composition and performance; and professional Such quantitative studies of crystalline structure consulation in various fields of scientific technology. require prodigious amounts of mathematical calcula- These are published periodically by ACIL and are tions, which are, however, quite feasible because of available from the council. the present accessibility of large electronic computers.

18 Thus we find crystallographers unravelling the atomic project to handle standards for dental radiographic arrangements and molecular structures of such film. All of the ADA specifications and standards have diverse substances as minerals, metals and alloys, been adopted as American National Standards. The building materials, antibiotics, proteins, transistors, ADA also sponsors participation of ANSI in activities missile materials, and polymers. A great many crystal- of the International Organization for Standardization lographers are busy extending our fundamental (ISO) Technical Committee 106 on Dentistry and knowledge in these areas, while a much greater num- acts as secretariat for ANSI for Working Group 2 of ber are engaged in the technological applications and ISO/TC-106. Thus, the ADA works bo'th nationally to a small extent standardize some of the instrumen- and internationally in the formulation of standards for tation used in their field. dental materials and devices. The Apparatus and Standards Committee has The association also operates two evaluation pro- promulgated standards for camera tracks, and bases grams: a certification program based upon the and has adopted dimensional specifications for goni- physical standards, and an acceptance program based ometer heads. upon proof of biological and clinical safety and An ACA appointed representative serves as a liaison effectiveness. The certification program involves the to the National Bureau of Standards for the issuance testing by ADA of materials certified by manufacturers of Crystal Data. Although this compiled publication is to comply with specifications of the ADA. If found to not exactly a standard, it does give a quite complete comply with the specification the product is added to list of crystalline substances as identified from unit either the List of Certified Dental Materials and cell dimensions. Devices for the certification program, or the List of Classified Dental Materials and Devices for the acceptance program. AMERICAN DEFENSE PREPAREDNESS The Guide to Dental Materials and Devices, pub- ASSOCIATION, lished biannually by ADA and of about 300 pages, Union Trust Building, gives pertinent information on dental materials and 15th and H Streets NW., devices, details about specification and evaluation Washington, D.C. 20005 programs, the specifications and the lists of certified and classified dental materials and devices. Over 700 Founded in 1919 as the Army Ordnance Associa- products currently are listed. tion, then after changing its name to American Formerly: National Dental Association (1897- Ordnance Association in 1948, this organization 1922). assumed its current name in 1973. The successive Absorbed: Southern Dental Association (1897). name changes reflect its ever expanding area of interest. Included within the technical divisions of the ADPA, AMERICAN DENTAL TRADE ASSOCIATION, in addition to divisions covering all types of armament 1140 Connecticut Avenue NW., systems, are the following: standards and metrology; Washington, D.C. 20036 materials; mobilization readiness; quality and reliability; technical documentation; value engineering; This association was founded in 1882. For the past safety; and the packaging, handling, and transporta- 40 years the association has maintained a Standard tion functions. Manual of Accounting for Dental Dealers which is

revised about every five years to keep it up to date with modern accounting practices and procedures. AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611 AMERICAN DIE CASTING INSTITUTE, 366 Madison Avenue, This association (ADA), through first its Council on New York, New York 10017 Dental Research and now through its Council on Dental Materials and Devices, has had a specification This institute (ADCI) was founded in 1923, as a and certification program for dental materials and service to the customers of the die casting industry. devices since 1928. To date, 25 specifications and 5 ADCI publishes Product Standards for Die Castings standards, national in scope, have been adopted. The to guide designers and engineers to the most econom- council acts as administrative secretariat and sponsor ical use of die castings. These product standards are of American National Standards Committee Z156 for not intended as maximal specifications. The informa- Dental Materials and Devices which acts as the tion set forth is based on normal practices of the die principal consultant to the Council on Dental Materials casting industry which, if followed, can bring about and Devices in revision and formulation of ADA the production of serviceable and quality die castings specifications for dental materials and devices with on the most economical basis. Product Standards for submission to American National Standards Institute Die Castings is composed of three series covering (ANSI) for adoption as American National Standards. engineering, metallurgical and commercial practice In addition the ADA acts as proprietary sponsor on a data. A quality control series was introduced in 1973.

19 .

AMERICAN DRY MILK INSTITUTE, AMERICAN ELECTROPLATERS' SOCIETY, 130 North Franklin Street, 56 Melmore Gardens, Chicago, Illinois 60606 East Orange, New Jersey 07017

The American Dry Milk Institute (ADMI), estab- This society founded in 1909, is actively interested lished in 1928, is a national trade association of dry in standards pertaining to electroplated coatings. It milk manufacturers. The purposes are: to stimulate relies on the work of American Society for Testing and conduct research and educational work for the and Materials (ASTM) Committee B-8 on Electro- education of the public and consumer as to the char- deposited Metallic Coatings and endorses the stand- acter, quality, convenience, economy and general ards prepared by Committee B-8, whose members virtue of dry milk products and related products, and are for the most part, members of the American to promote the use and consumption of such products, Electroplaters' Society. Formal representation is also and collect and disseminate such statistics and infor- maintained on ASTM Committees A-5 on Corrosion of mation as will further such purposes. Iron and Steel, D-19 on Industrial Water, and B-7 on The standardization activities are from 25-30 per- the Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum and Magnesium cent of the total ADMI program. Active committees Alloys, as well as American National Standards contributing to the standardization program are the Institute Committee Z9 on Safety Codes for Exhaust Buttermilk, Dry Whole Milk, the Instant Nonfat Dry Systems. Milk, and Standards/Research Committees. ADMI is Formerly: National Electro-Platers' Association of internationally involved, as advisable, with the Codex the United States and Canada ( 1913) Alimentarius. ADMI is also involved in standardization with the AMERICAN FEED MANUFACTURERS' U.S. Department of Agriculture, the National Bureau ASSOCIATION, of Standards, and the Food and Drug Administration. 1701 North Fort Myer Drive, ADMI has no certification program activities. ADMI Arlington, Virginia 22209 has issued standards on product definition and nomenclature; specifications and grade classification; The association is the national trade association of and promotes the use of its standards through publica- the animal feed manufacturing industry, which is one tions and publicity. of the nation's 20 largest manufacturing industries. The association was founded in 1909 and carries out AMERICAN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPfflC substantial activities in the fields of transportation, SOCIETY, animal nutrition, feed production, state and Federal 36391 Maple Grove Road, legislation and regulations, liquid feed, computers, WiUoughby Hills, Ohio 44094 public relations, state and Federal feed control, marketing, purchasing, environmental controls, occu- The American Electroencephalographic Society was pational safety and health, and market research. founded in 1946. The bylaws of this society state that, The association cooperates very closely with the "The purposes of this Society shall be to promote Association of American Feed Control Officials. The personal contacts between investigators in Electro- two organizations work together and have developed a encephalography and in closely related fields of model state feed law, and model state feed regula- interest, and between this society and other similar tions. The objective is to bring as much uniformity as societies throughout the world, thus facilitating the possible into the state feed laws and regulations. Every exchange of scientific and professional information state but one has legislation which regulates the and opinions; to further in this way the greater production and distribution of commercial feed. understanding and knowledge of electroencephalogra- AFMA also cooperates closely with the U.S. Food and phy and related studies; to arrange for the exchange Drug Administration in its enforcement of the Federal of journals and other public data in these fields, and Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. to review manuscripts for any interested publication; to assist in the formation of international committees AMERICAN FISHING TACKLE or the establishment of uniform standards, tech- MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, niques, and procedure throughout the world; to assist 20 North Waeker Drive, in setting up standards for training, examination, Suite 2014, and qualification of clinical electroencephalographers Chicago, Illinois 60606 and technicians, and to draw up minimum specifications for apparatus used, in order that high standards American Fishing Tackle Manufacturers' Associa- of clinical electroencephalography may be established tion (AFTMA) was founded in 1933. The basic objec- and maintained." tive of AFTMA is to educate, guide, and assist the Currently, the society has 620 members. The members of the association in matters of common membership is composed primarily of physicians and interest so that the members shall maintain a high Ph.D. scientists. The physician members are primarily standard of conduct, efficiency, and usefulness to the neurologists and psychiatrists. The Ph.D. are primarily industry, to the Government, and to the public. psychologists and neurophysiologists. The fly line standards which were administered by

20 the AFTMA Fly Line Standards Committee, are uni- Foundry Ventilation; (d) Exhaust Systems and Hood versal standards which were prepared in cooperation Design; (e) Design of Sand-Handling Systems; (f) the with the American Casting Association and Molding, Coremaking and Pattern-making; (g) Melt- International Casting Federation. These standards are ing and Pouring; (h) Cleaning Room; (i) Mainte- universally accepted by the manufacturers of fly lines. nance, Fans and Testing Ventilation Systems; (j) supplied each manufacturer with these stand- AFTMA Industrial Hygiene; (k) Ionizing Radiations; and (1) ards for packaging with their fly lines. Control of Noise. A second volume to be published will be based on AMERICAN FOOTWEAR INDUSTRIES foundry environmental control outside of the shop ASSOCIATION, and will concern itself with air pollution control, 1611 North Kent Street, water pollution control, neighborhood noise and simi- Arlington,Virginia 22209 lar environmental subjects. As a result of representation on a sizable number The American Footwear Industries Association of technical committees of ASTM, it has cooperated (AFIA) has developed recommended manufacturing in the development of specifications dealing with both standards for the United States footwear industry. cast metallic and nonmetallic materials covering a These standards relate to the lasts on which the shoes broad range of commodities. are produced and thus affect all related components. AFS is indirectly involved with the International They now refer to both men's and women's shoes. Organization for Standardization through the Ameri- Each recommendation has been based on a consenus can National Standards Institute and also internation- after a study by working parties and a review by the ally involved with the International Committee of AFIA Technical Committee on Standards. Foundry Technical Associations which in a sense has The standards will be of great benefit to the con- some influence on standardization. sumer as well as to the footwear manufacturer. It will The society's involvement with standards has provide the consumer with a more consistent product always been on a national basis or with technical as well as contribute to the widest possible choice in standards affecting the entire industry, many of which shoe styling, shoe construction, and materials. The are used outside of this country. recommended standards will create greater opportuni- Formerly: Foundrymen's Association (1948). ties for all footwear manufacturers to assure product improvement and to create greater operator efficiency. AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION, Formerly: National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Headquarters: 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Association; National Shoe Manufacturers' Association Arlington, Virginia 22209; (1965); National Footwear Manufacturers' Associa- Standardization Laboratories, tion Footwear Manufacturers' (1969) ; and American 8501 East Pleasant Valley Road, Association (1972). Cleveland, Ohio 44131

AMERICAN FOUNDRYMEN'S SOCIETY, The American Gas Association (AGA), a trade asso- Golf and Wolf Roads, ciation of the gas distribution industry in the United Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 States was established in 1918. The association coordinates gas industry activities concerning research, The American Foundrymen's Society was founded standardization and information related to the pro- in 1896. With the exception of standards which the duction, distribution and utilization of gas. society has developed for the evaluation of foundry A committee of the Board of Directors of the sands, standardization has been carried out in coop- American Gas Association supervises the association's eration with the American Society for Testing and participation in the development of national standards Materials (ASTM) and the American National Stand- for gas utilization equipment, installation of gas utili- ards Institute (ANSI) by the appointment of repre- zation equipment, and gas operating equipment and sentatives to serve on committees of these supplies. Under the direction of this AGA Standards organizations. Committee, the American Gas Association functions Realizing the need for having industry-developed as secretariat to four independent American National foundry process codes, it has continued its activities Standards Committees operating under the principles in the fields of safety, hygiene, and air pollution established by the American National Standards Insti- control. Currently, at the request of the Government tute (ANSI) and the membership of each committee and in conjunction with ANSI, the society is writing is of a balanced representation in accordance with vertical safety standards, which will be followed at a ANSI's procedures. Support of American National later date by noise and ventilation standards. As a Standards Committees comprises less than one percent result of its program in environmental affairs, the of the association's activities. society has published Control of Internal Foundry American National Standards Committee Z21 is Environment. This publication is comprised of 12 responsible for developing and maintaining standards basic sections on the subjects of: (a) Visual Environ- for domestic type gas equipment and some types of ment—Light and Color; (b) Heat Stress and commercial gas equipment and presently has 18 sub- Nonionizing Radiation; (c) General Principles of committees which develop and maintain 45 existing

21 Z21 standards covering a variety of gas-burning appli- Directory of Certified Appliances and Accessories, ances, related accessories and certain installations. As which is updated in monthly supplements. necessary, this committee authorizes its subcommittees Formed by merger of: Gas Institute; National Com- or appoints additional subcommittees to develop stand- mercial Gas Association (1918). ards for new types of gas utilization equipment within its scope. New or revised draft standards developed by AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS' these subcommittees, following distribution for review ASSOCIATION, and comment to all known interested parties, are 1330 Massachusetts Avenue NW., reviewed by the Z21 committee and, if approved, are Washington, D.C. 20005 submitted to the American National Standards Insti- tute for consideration for approval as American This association was founded in 1916; its member- National Standards. ship includes a majority of the principal manufacturers American National Standards Committee Z83 is of gears, speed reducers and increasers in the United responsible for developing and maintaining standards States and Canada. for industrial types of gas equipment and presently has One of the objectives of American Gear Manufac- four technical subcommittees which develop and main- turers' Association (AGMA) is the creation and maintain six Z83 standards covering several types of gas tenance of gearing standards. These standards are equipment and certain installations. This Z83 commit- intended to create a common-language bridge between tee and its subcommittees function in much the same the manufacturer, designer, and user so that they may manner as the Z21 committee and the standards devel- better understand one another to the end that the oped are submitted to the American National Stand- gears will fit the users' needs. ards Institute. These standards cover such areas as: gear industry American National Standards Committee Z223 is nomenclature; gear specification drawings; hobs and

responsible for developing and maintaining a National shaper-cutters ; application classification of gear motors Fuel Gas Code which covers gas piping systems having and other types of speed reducers; standards on tooth a maximum operating pressure of 60 psig and the form geometry; strength and durability formulas; installation of gas utilization equipment, related acces- inspection methods and practices; gear blank materi- sories, and their ventilation and venting on customer's als; lubrication of open or enclosed gearing; design premises. The standards developed by this committee and rating of speed reducers; spur, helical, herring- are submitted to the American National Standards bone, worm, bevel, fine pitch, aircraft, rocket, and mis- Institute. sile gears. About 50 percent of the association's pro- American National Standards Committee B109 is gram is expended on its standardization activities. responsible for developing and maintaining standards Currently there are 80 AGMA standards that are con- for gas displacement metering. The standards developed sidered national in scope. The active standards com- by this committee are submitted to the American mittees are included in the Annual AGMA Directory. National Standards Institute. Among the best gear-engineering brains in the The composition of these independent American United States and Canada representing manufacturers, National Standards Committees include representa- designers and users, as well as teachers of mechanical tion from gas companies, manufacturing interests. engineering and the gear art in the major universities Federal Government agencies, insurance companies, have contributed to the creation of this literature. and other organizations which have expressed an inter- AGMA has always maintained close liaison with the est in a particular committee's activities. It is through American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Amer- its support of these independent standards-making ican Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Auto- committees, which have representation from several motive Engineers, Metal Cutters' Institute, Cooling agencies of the Federal Government, that the American Tower Institute, Machinery and Allied Products Insti- Gas Association is only indirectly involved in stand- tute, National Machine Tool Builders' Association, ardization activities with the Federal Government. American Petroleum Institute, and other such techni- The American Gas Association also operates and cal organizations. Recently AGMA has agreed to par- maintains a nationally recognized certification program ticipate in the International Organization for Standard- for gas equipment. This certification program is con- ization (ISO), through the facilities of ANSI. From ducted by AGA Testing Laboratories in Cleveland, time to time AGMA participates with the Federal Ohio, and Los Angeles, California. Under this certifi- Government in standardization activities, specifically, cation program, gas equipment is submitted to the the Naval Ships Engineering Center in Hyattsville, AGA Laboratories voluntarily by manufacturers for Maryland. test under applicable American National Standards, the laboratories certify those designs found to comply AMERICAN GEM SOCIETY, with the standards, and regular inspections are made 3142 Wilshire Boulevard, to monitor construction in accordance with the design Los Angeles, California 90005 certified. Those appliances and appliance accessories certified by the AGA Laboratories carry the certifica- This society numbers among its committees a tion seal or the listing symbol of the American Gas Nomenclature Committee, whose personnel consist Association and are included in the AGA Laboratories' primarily of retail jewelers throughout the United

22 States and Canada, and advisory groups of diamond untary Product Standard PS 54-72, Body Measure- importers and jewelry manufacturers. This committee ments for the Sizing of Girls' Apparel, and other considers recommendations from its members in the standards by NBS. various branches of the trade, and makes recommendations regarding definitions, standards, and practices AMERICAN HOME LIGHTING INSTITUTE, for consideration and adoption by the entire member- 230 North Michigan Avenue, ship of the society at its annual meetings. In carrying Chicago, Illinois 60601 forth its work, this committee cooperates with the

recommendations and rules of the Jewelers' Vigilance This institute (AHLI), founded in 1940, is com- Committee, National Association of Better Business posed of manufacturers of residential lighting fixtures, Bureaus and its affiliated bodies, and the Federal Trade distributor showrooms and component parts manufac- Commission. turers. The AHLI introduced its Minimum Light for Liv- AMERICAN HARDBOARD ASSOCIATION, ing Standards for houses and apartments in 1957 and 20 North Waeker Drive, revised them in 1965. With comfort, beauty, con- Chicago, Illinois 60606 venience and security as criteria, the standards recommend locations and wattages for lighting fixtures This association, organized in 1952, comprises nine for various rooms and exterior. domestic companies operating 24 plants and represents The standards are cited as a guide in the Minimum approximately 90 percent of the domestic production Property Standards for One and Two Family Dwell- of hardboard. ings of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban In cooperation with the Office of Engineering Development, Federal Housing Administration. They Standards Services of the National Bureau of Stand- are recommended in the National Minimum Medal- ards, the association assisted in the promulgation of lion Home Standards, and are widely required as a three new Voluntary Product Standards: Basic Hard- qualification for the medallion. board, PS58-73; Prefinished Hardboard Paneling, Builders who meet the standards qualify for the PS59-73; and Hardboard Siding, PS60-73; issued in Light for Living Award of the American Home Light- 1973 and which succeeded former Commercial Stand- ing Institute. ards CS252-63 and CS176-58. The standards are continually reprinted or quoted in Formerly: Hardboard Association (1959). numerous publications. The AHLI distributes single and bulk copies to builders, electrical contractors, AMERICAN HOME ECONOMICS architects, interior designers, lighting consultants, ASSOCIATION, home service advisors and consumers. 2010 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20036 AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION, 840 North Lake Shore Drive, This association, founded in 1909, is an educational Chicago, Illinois 60611 and scientific organization of approximately 50,000 men and women; 35,000 with bachelors or advanced "Better health care for all the people" is the goal of degrees in home economics or one of its specializa- the American Hospital Association, which was tions, and 15,000 college student members enrolled in founded in 1898. In support of this goal, the associa- undergraduate programs in home economics. Its pur- tion provides education, research and representation pose is to improve the quality and standards of individ- services for 7,000 institutional and 17.000 personal ual and family life through education, research, members. cooperative programs, and public information. The Bureau of Management and Planning, through AHEA is the administrative secretariat of the Amer- its Division of Design and Construction, has primary ican National Standard Z61. 1-1970—Dimensions, Tol- responsibility for standardization activities related to erances, and Terminology for Home Cooking and hospital supplies, equipment and facilities. The associa- Baking Utensils. In addition, the association expresses tion maintains liaison with over 30 national organiza- its interest in standards through representation on the tions and Government agencies concerned with the American National Metric Council and the American development of standards. Government agencies National Standards Institute's Consumer Council. include the National Bureau of Standards, Secretariat Miscellaneous Technical Advisory Board, Textile of the National Conference of States on Building Technical Advisory Board, and the following commit- Codes and Standards, and appropriate agencies within tees dealing with such subjects as household refriger- the Departments of Health, Education and Welfare, ators, electric ranges, textile test methods, and heat and the Department of Labor. In representing the producing portable household appliances. AHEA is hospital industry, the association seeks the develop- represented on two International Organization for ment of standards which create the least expense for Standardization committees: ISO/TC 133, Clothing member institutions without compromising safety. Sizes: and ISO/TC 38, Textiles. Liaison activities include recommendation, review AHEA works closely with the National Bureau of and revision of standards after consultation with mem- Standards (NBS) and assisted in developing the Vol- bership and the appropriate agency or organization.

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The association has been active in the development of and specifications for refrigerators, and on minimum standards for all manner of hospital supplies, equip- requirements for plumbing and standardization of ment and facilities, including bedding materials, clini- plumbing equipment. cal and surgical instruments, electrical fixtures and Between 1950 and April 1958 the association spon- disposal systems. Concerns range from flammability, ored a project under the auspices of ANSI to develop to structural integrity to infection control—all those minimum performance requirements for institutional factors which pose a threat to the safety of hospital textiles, which resulted in the establishment of Amer- patients and employees. ican National Standard L24, Performance Require- Formerly: Association of Hospital Superintendents ments for Institutional Textiles. of United States and Canada (1906) AHMA is represented on various committees of ANSI, the American Society for Testing and Materials, Underwriters' Laboratories and the National Fire AMERICAN HOT DIP GALVAMZERS' Protection Association for the purpose of assisting in ASSOCIATION, the development of standards of interest and impor- Avenue, 1000 Vermont tance to the industry. It continues as sponsor of Washington, D.C. 20005 American National Standards Committee L24; and is represented on the ANSI Consumer Council, and the This association was founded in 1935. The objec- American National Standards Committee X4, Office tives of this association are to improve the efficiency of Machines and Supplies. the after-fabrication galvanizing industry, to encourage Formerly: American Hotel Protective Association the application of the latest advances in technology, (1917) ; American Hotel Association (1962). and to promote the wider use of hot dip galvanized products. The association supports and maintains extensive technical and market development programs on the AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE evaluation and application of new materials and tech- ASSOCIATION, niques to existing and emerging markets. It also main- 66 South Miller Road, tains an active participative interest in the preparation Akron, Ohio 44313 of codes, specifications, and recommended practices. The association serves as the focal point for techni- The association was established in 1939 by leading cally related inquiries from both the industry and industrial hygienists as a result of need for an associa- from users of hot dip galvanized products. tion devoted exclusively to industrial hygiene. The association is represented on American Society The objectives of the association are: (1) to increase for Testing and Materials subcommittees concerned the knowledge of industrial hygiene through inter- with development and review of specifications for gal- change and dissemination of information; (2) to pro- vanizing and corrosion protection. It is also a member mote the study and control of environmental factors of the American Road Builders' Association and the affecting the health and well-being of industrial work- National Association of Corrosion Engineers. ers; (3) to correlate such activities as are conducted by individuals and agencies throughout industrial, educational, and governmental groups; and (4) to bring AMERICAN HOTEL AND MOTEL together persons interested in the various phases of ASSOCIATION, industrial hygiene. 888 Seventh Avenue, The association speaks or acts for industrial hygien- New York, New York 10019 ists in matters of general interest, e.g., dissemination of information on the fundamentals of industrial American Hotel and Motel Association The hygiene; definition of the scope of industrial hygiene; (AHMA) was founded in 1910 as an international development of nomenclature in industrial hygiene; trade association representing the hotel and motel improvement of the education, training, and status of industry with primary efforts directed to the United industrial hygienists; solutions of problems of indus- States. The activities of AHMA in the field of stand- trial hygiene in national and other emergencies, in ardization are carried out in cooperation with other part by encouraging the optimum use of available organizations, and are administered and coordinated industrial hygienists and the training of new ones; through the AHMA's Director of Membership Service cooperation with various organizations such as the and Research. American National Standards Institute and govern- Under the procedure of the United States of Amer- mental agencies in the preparation of various codes ica Standards Institute, now the American National approval schedules; presentation of to Standards Institute (ANSI), it cooperated through and and awards representation on sectional committees, in the devel- members of the association for outstanding service in opment of USA Standard Safety Code for Elevators, the field of industrial hygiene. Dumbwaiters, and Escalators; and USA Recommended The association publishes a monthly journal con- Practice for the Inspection of Elevators. It is also rep- taining not only professional articles, but guides for resented on ANSI sectional committees on standards industrial health practices and procedures.

24 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, ber Body Council and on American National Stand- Department of Professional Practice, ards Technical Advisory Boards operating in the areas AIA Codes and Regulations Center, of interest to chemical engineers and the chemical 1735 New York Avenue NW., industry, (2) by liaison representation on the board of Washington, D.C. 20006 the chairman of any AIChE committees having active standardization programs, (3) by specific action within The American Institute of Architects was founded the committee itself in such fields as symbols and in 1857 and is the nationally recognized society of nomenclature, and (4) by working participation in the over 24,000 licensed architects in the United States. standards-writing activities of over 20 American The AIA maintains active liaison with over 80 National Standards committees. The American Insti- national professional and Federal organizations tute of Chemical Engineers sponsors Subcommittee involved in the art and science of building code and N46, Nuclear Reactor Fuel Cycle, of the American standards-writing as related to the practice of architec- National Standards Institute and has published 15 ture. Approximately 300 AIA members, working standards originating in this committee and its within the framework of the Codes and Regulations predecessors. Center, serve as advisory and active members on numerous national committees dealing with standardi- AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, zation and simplification of construction, materials METALLURGICAL, AND PETROLEUM and building techniques. The institute is represented ENGINEERS, on approximately 25 individual committees of the 345 East 47th Street, American National Standards Institute, 25 committees New York, New York 10017 of the American Society for Testing and Materials and 25 committees of the National Fire Protection AIME was founded in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania,

Association. May 1871. Organizationally, it is composed of three AIA issues a variety of contract forms and has been constituent societies: the Society of Mining Engineers, instrumental in the formulation of recommendations The Metallurgical Society, and the Society of Petro- concerning size and character of building product liter- leum Engineers. ature directed to the architect. It has also been active Briefly, the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME in development of a uniform system for correlation of deals with the discovery, mining, and initial processing a specifications outline, a filing system for product of ferrous and nonferrous minerals; The Metallurgical data, and project cost accounting guide. Society of AIME encompasses the science and technologies involved in the making of metals and other AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL materials such as metal alloys; and the Society of ENGINEERS, Petroleum Engineers of AIME covers the drilling and 345 East 47 Street, production of oil and natural gas but not the refining New York, New York 10017 process. Many of the standards, specifications and codes that The active standards work of this institute (AIChE) have engaged the attention of this institute were devel- began in the late 1940's when a committee was estab- oped in cooperation with national technical bodies, lished to formulate procedures for testing chemical principally the American National Standards Institute engineering equipment under unideal conditions that and the American Society for Testing and Materials. partici- occur in plants using the equipment. At the present In February 1968, the AIME delegated the of the time, this Equipment Testing Procedures Committee pation on any of the standards committees National Standards Institute or the Ameri- performs its work through seven equipment subcom- American its constituent mittees: distillation columns, dryers, evaporators and can Society for Testing and Materials to of Petroleum Engineers crystallizers, heat exchangers, filters, fired heaters, mix- societies. Presently, the Society of the American National ers, and pumps; and one staff/ service subcommittee, has representatives on one measurements. Twelve testing procedures have been Standards Institute Committees. and Metal- published. Formerly: American Institute of Mining In December 1954, a Standards Committee was lurgical Engineers (1952). created which was designed to cooperate with and contribute to the program, carried out under American AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL National Standards Institute procedures, of developing CONSTRUCTION, INC., and promoting national standards affecting the chemi- 1221 Avenue of the Americas, cal and related industries. New York, New York 10020 To carry out and strengthen its standards program, an Executive Board was created in 1964, each member The American Institute of Steel Construction is a of which has direct responsibilities for some area of nonprofit trade association representing and serving standardization activity. Through this board, the insti- the fabricated structural steel industry in the United tute controls and monitors its participation in stand- States. Its purpose is to improve and advance the use ards activities (1) by representation of certain of its of fabricated structural steel and, through research and members on the American National Standards Mem- engineering studies, to develop the most efficient, safe,

25 and economical design and fabrication of steel framed AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, structures. 85 John Street, The institute provides a wide variety of services to New York, New York 10038 the design professions, the construction industry, and

the steel fabricating companies who sponsor and sup- The American Insurance Association is a nonprofit port its activities. These include specifications, techni- trade association created in 1964 by the merger of cal publications, computer design aids, regional three organizations: the National Board of Fire Under- engineering services, research and development, tech- writers, founded in 1866; the Association of Casualty nical seminars, design award competitions, engineer- and Surety Companies, organized in 1926; and the ing fellowship awards, and programs of quality control former American Insurance Association, founded in and safety in both shop and field. 1952. It is the largest business association serving The institute promotes steel construction through property and casualty insurance companies and acts as the efforts of a large national engineering staff of regis- spokesman for the industry. Through its work in acci- tered professional engineers, all expert in structural dent and fire prevention, loss and claim adjustment steel design, and it enjoys a unique relationship with practices, research, and a variety of other services, the engineers, architects, building code officials and educa- association contributes to public safety and helps keep tors, who recognize its professional status in the fields insurance services at a high level of performance. of specification writing, structural research, design Standardization activities are administered by its development, and performance standards. Engineering and Safety Committee. Current codes Its two major documents are The AISC Specifica- issued by the association are the National Building tion for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Code, Fire Prevention Code, and Code for Installation Structural Steel for Buildings, and the Manual of Steel of Heat Producing Appliances, Heating, Ventilating, Construction. In addition, it publishes the AISC Code Air Conditioning, Blower and Exhaust Systems. The of Standard Practice, and a number of specifications association is represented on more than 175 standards- for materials, products, and assemblies which may be writing committees of the American National Stand- used in steel framed structures. The specifications and ards Institute, National Fire Protection Association, the manual are accepted and used universally by American Society for Testing and Materials, and architects, engineers, building code bodies, and Gov- others. Information on standards is disseminated to ernment agencies. the American Insurance Association's subscriber insurance companies, and municipal officials.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF TIMBER AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE, CONSTRUCTION, 1000 16th Street NW., 333 West Hampden Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20036 Englewood, Colorado 80110 A major activity of the American Iron and Steel This institute was founded 1952. AITC is the Institute, founded in 1908. involves the selection and national trade association of the structural timber standardization of a group of steels known as standard fabricating industry. About 25 percent of its activities steels. This work is carried on under the auspices of relate to standardization. Standardization activities are the institute by product technical committees which administered by the institute's staff with the advice cover carbon and alloy steel bars, sheet, strip, plate, and assistance of the AITC Technical Advisory pipe and tubing, wire, and structural shapes as well Committee. as tool steel, stainless steel, and railroad materials. Under the procedures of the U.S. Department of Each of these individual technical committees does Commerce, AITC has worked with the National considerable work in classifying and defining the Bureau of Standards to develop Voluntary Product products, in collecting and compiling manufacturing Standard PS 56-73 for structural glued laminated tim- tolerances and methods relative to standard methods ber. The institute maintains a quality control and of inspection for the respective products, and in inspection program for structural glued laminated tim- reviewing existing specifications with a view toward ber based on PS 56-73 and the Inspection Manual, standardizing those which are found to be most com- AITC 200. Under the program, AITC licenses quali- mon. The work of the respective committees is fied laminators to stamp and certify their products as presented in a series of sections of the Steel Products being in conformance with PS 56-73. Manual. These committees cooperate with agencies of AITC has about 20 current standards on various the Federal Government, including the Department of phases of structural timber fabrication and, particu- Defense and Department of Commerce, as well as larly, on structural glued laminated timber. These with technical and trade organizations in matters standards are listed in AITC publications lists and. relating to technical problems and specifications. in addition, are promoted through various construc- The institute has developed and published manuals tion-industry filing systems such as the Sweet's Archi- containing recommended design criteria for cold- tectural and Industrial Construction Catalog files and formed steel structural members, light gauge cold- the Construction Specifications Institute Spec-Data formed stainless steel structural members and programs. structural applications of steel cables for buildings.

26 .

These design standards are widely recognized and AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, adopted in building codes throughout the United 50 East Huron Street, States. Chicago, Illinois 60611 The American Iron and Steel Institute is officially represented on standards committees of the American This association (ALA), founded in 1876, has long National Standards Institute, American Society for been active in developing standards and guidelines, Testing and Materials, National Fire Protection Asso- both quantitative and qualitative, for library service ciation, and many other organizations. and librarianship. Standards are developed by perti-

Absorbed : American Iron and Steel Association nent units of the association. The following publica- (1912). tions are some of the standards and guidelines adopted by ALA or its units: AAJC-ACRL Guidelines for Two-Year College Library Learning Resource Centers; ALA Standards for College AMERICAN LADDER INSTITUTE, Libraries (under revision) ; Guidelines for Audio-Visual Materials and 111 East Wacker Drive, Services for Public Libraries; Guidelines for Audio- Chicago, Illinois 60601 Visual Services in Academic Libraries; Interim Stand- ards for Small Public Libraries: Guidelines toward The American Ladder Institute (ALI) was founded achieving the goals of Public Library Service; in the early 1930's. The institute represents manu- Library Education and Manpower: a Statement of facturers of portable steel and extension ladders made Policy; Library Statistics: A Handbook of Concepts, from wood, metal, and fiberglass. A substantial part of Definitions, and Terminology (under revision) ; The the association's activities and programming is the Measurement and Comparison of Physical Facilities cosponsorship of the American National Standards for Libraries; Minimum Standards for Public Library Institute Safety Code for Portable Wood Ladders, Systems, 1966 (Statistical Standards, Addenda to A14.1. In addition, the ALI fosters safe ladder usage above, 1967) (under revision) ; Standards for Accredi- through the development and distribution of a tation, 1972; Standards for Children's Services in pamphlet, Ladder Safety and You, and the distribution Public Libraries; Standards for Library Functions at of a point of purchase ladder selection chart for the the State Level; Standards for Library Services for the assistance of retail dealers and consumers in selecting Blind and Visually Handicapped; Standards for Li- the right ladder for the right job. The ALI also spon- brary Services in Health Care Institutions; and Stand- sors educational meetings for its members. ards for School Media Programs (under revision) The association also sponsors Sectional Committee Z85 of the American National Standards Institute. AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS' The Library Technology Reports (of the testing ASSOCIATION, programs) are available from ALA. c/o University of Cincinnati, The ALA also assists in the development of uniform Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 codes for analyzing and cataloging information.

This association, organized in 1903, is the technical AMERICAN LUMBER STANDARDS society of the tanning and leather industry. Its COMMITTEE, membership consists of active and associate members 340 Hungerfortl Drive, and also subscribers to its journal. Rockville, Maryland 20850 The association has a number of technical committees which develop methods of analyses and testing. This committee is the successor to the Central The final methods are published as the official Committee on Lumber Standards. It consists of 23 methods of the association. The American Leather representatives and 23 alternate representatives of Chemists' Association and the American Society for groups of lumber manufacturers, lumber inspection Testing and Materials have a joint committee on the agencies, engineers, architects, contractors, home coordination of physical test methods. The ALCA is a builders, wholesalers, retailers, millwork manufactur- member of the International Union of Leather ers, and other consumers as well as five ex officio Chemists' Society and participates in the development nonvoting government agency representatives, all of of methods of international use. which are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce. The methods of ALCA which are reviewed and The latest standard, NBS Voluntary Product Stand- amended as necessary, are incorporated in industry ard 20-70, the American Softwood Lumber Standard specifications. Full cooperation is maintained with its became effective September 1, 1970. This edition sets members which include representatives from practi- the purpose, formation and functions of the commit- cally every Government agency concerned with tee and its Board of Review. It provides for classifica- leather or leather products. ALCA is closely affiliated tion of American standard lumber, standards for with the Tanners' Council of America, the national grading, standards for grademarking, size standards, trade association of the leather industry. The member- and has appendices on nomenclature, definitions, and ship of ALCA includes members from the United abbreviations. It also contains a brief history of lum- States, Canada, Mexico, and 34 foreign countries. ber standardization.

27 One of the functions of the American Lumber of medical science and the health of the American Standards Committee is to act as the standing people. AMA's standardization activities are adminis- committee for the purpose of considering revisions or tered by the Division of Medical Education and the amendments to voluntary Product Standard 20-70. It Division of Scientific Activities. Many of the standards also elects a Board of Review and adopts policies are advisory only : drug evaluation, medical terminol- used by the Board of Revievi' in carrying out is ogy, guides to evaluation of physical impairment, functions. physical fitness standards for industry, undergraduate The principal functions of the Board of Review are medical education, hospital residency training pro- to: (1) review and approve rules submitted by grams, and continuing medical education. The associa- agencies if they conform to the American Lumber tion has established liaison with the Federal Standards requirements; (2) review and approve Government in matters of drug nomenclature. United agencies to grade under approved rules if agencies States Adopted Names Council, and drug evaluation, demonstrate necessary competency; and to (3) sit in Food and Drug Administration. continuing review of adequacy, competency and COUNCIL ON MEDICAL EDUCATION OF THE reliability of approved agencies. AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The committee and its Board of Review set the standards under which virtually all of the lumber in The Council on Medical Education, a standing the United States and Canada is produced. committee of the House of Delegates of the American Standards Formerly: Central Committee on Lumber Medical Association, since 1904 has functioned to (1941). develop and maintain standards of medical education, as well as education in fields allied to medicine. The AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION, council, in cooperation with the Executive Council of 1740 Broadway, the Association of American Medical Colleges, through New York, New York 10019 the Liaison Committee on Medical Education accredits all medical schools in the United States and Canada. The American Lung Association, composed of its One of the important functions of accreditation is to national office as well as state and local lung associa- establish minimum standards for use by various Gov- tions is devoted to the prevention and control of lung ernment agencies such as state licensing bodies. Other disease. The American Thoracic Society, as the medi- Government agencies, such as the Bureau of Health cal section of this association, is a professional society Manpower Education and the Veterans Administra- dedicated to all aspects of respiratory disease. Both tion, consult with the Liaison Committee for recom- the ALA and the ATS, either jointly or singularly, mendations regarding grants to establish new schools publish standards, guidelines, and statements relating and to develop existing schools. The document to all aspects of lung disease prevention, control and Functions and Structure of a Medical School describes patient care, including respiratory therapy and medi- standards for accreditation of medical schools in the cal devices. United States and Canada. Current publications include: fl) Diagnostic Stand- The Council on Medical Education, in cooperation ards and Classification of Tuberculosis; (2) Standards with specialty boards, specialty societies, and other for the Care of Patients with Chronic Respiratory national organizations, through 24 committees accred- Disease; (3) Standards for Tuberculosis Treatment in its graduate training programs throughout the United the 1970's; (4) Guidelines for the General Hospital in States. The council through the Liaison Committee for Admission and Care of Tuberculosis Patients; and (5) Specialty Boards also sets the standards for the Bacteriologic Standards for Discharge of Patients. examining boards of medical specialties. In collabora- The various standards and guidelines are developed tion with 28 organizations the council also sets the by the various committees of the ALA and Scientific standards for approval of educational programs in 24 Assemblies of the ATS. Publication of such standards allied health occupations. The council certifies con- is made in the American Review of Respiratory Dis- tinuing education courses offered for the practicing ease and reprints are made available nationally for physician. A list of the accrediting committees and distribution throughout the entire ALA-ATS organiza- copies of the standards may be obtained from the tion at the state and local level. All such standards Secretary of the Council on Medical Education. and statements are of national scope. No participation is devoted to international standardization activities. AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS, Formerly: National Tuberculosis and Respiratory 1100 Ring Building, Disease Association. Washington, D.C. 20036

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, AMC was founded in 1897 to foster, promote and 535 North Dearljorn Street, develop the welfare of the minerals industries in all Chicago, Illinois 60610 their various branches within the LTnited States, to cooperate with Government in furthering the national The American Medical Association (AMA) was welfare and in developing mining and metallurgy, and founded in 1846 as a national organization of physi- to encourage and provide a medium for education in cians whose objectives are to foster the advancement practical and scientific mining and metallurgy. It is

28 deeply involved in standardization efforts through the Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, and the Interna- activities of various staff members including those tional Organization for Standardization. The AESC's involved in safety, environmental control, Coal Divi- initial purpose was to provide means for coordinating sion, Manufacturers Division projects, the Mining the standards issued by its founders, eliminating Congress Journal, and all other technical endeavors. confusion and duplication among those standards. Its AMC works with other organizations and agencies first act was to invite three Government departments such as the National Bureau of Standards, American to join on an equal footing with the founder societies. National Standards Institute, the Department of the The War Department, the Navy Department, and the Interior, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Standards Department of Commerce accepted the invitation, activities of AMC are generally national in scope and and the three representatives from each of these eight not specifically intended to be applied internationally. groups developed the principles and procedures which basically applied to the work of the American AMERICAN MUTUAL INSURANCE Standards Association through August 1966. Enlarged ALLIANCE, in 1920 by the addition of trade associations, as well as additional technical and professional societies, the 20 North Wacker Drive, AESC in 1928 was reorganized as the American Chicago, Illinois 60606 Standards Association in order to provide a more workable structure. Without significant structural The standardization work of this organization change the association became the American Stand- (AMIA) pertaining to occupational safety and health, ards Association, Inc, in 1948. In 1966 the associa- and traffic safety, is carried on with the American tion was reorganized as the United States of America National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which it is a Standards Institute, with a new constitution and member body. It is officially represented on the ANSI bylaws. Its present name was adopted in 1969. Board of Directors, Board of Standards Review, The institute serves as the national clearinghouse Safety Technical Advisory Board, Highway Traffic for standards and provides the machinery for develop- Advisory Board, Nuclear Technical Advisory Board, ing and approving standards which are supported by a Member Body Council and over 75 technical standards national consensus. Article C3 of the American committees. The organization is administrative spon- National Standards Institute Constitution states: "In sor of the Safety Standard for Ladders and the Safety standardization practice a consensus is achieved when Standard for Ladder Towers and Rolling Scaffolds. substantial agreement is reached by concerned inter- In the fire safety field, all standardization work is ests according to the judgment of a duly appointed carried on with the National Fire Protection Associa- authority. Consensus implies much more than the tion of which the AMIA is an organizational member concept of a simple majority, but not necessarily and is officially represented on the Board of Directors. unanimity." This association is represented on approximately 37 Technical societies, trade associations, consumer NFPA technical committees engaged in the develop- groups, and the like make up the organizational ment of codes and standards in the fire prevention members of the institute. Other classes of members and fire protection fields. In addition, many member are governmental members, company members, sus- company engineers are members of NFPA technical taining members (organizations not otherwise eligible committees in the name of their company or under a for membership but interested in standards develop- personal membership. The American Mutual Insur- ment or certification), individual members (persons ance Alliance was founded in 1922. interested in development of standards or in certifica- Formerly: American Mutual Alliance (1956). tion), and honorary members. Five councils, a board, and a committee make up the operating arms of the AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS institute: The Board of Standards Review has the INSTITUTE, responsibility for the approval of standards. The 1430 Broadway, Executive Standards Council is responsible for stand- New York, New York 10018 ards activities of the institute except for approval or withdrawal of standards as American National Stand- This is a nonprofit organization whose bylaws ards. The Organizational Member Council, Company provide for membership from national trade, techni- Member Council, and the Consumer Council represent cal, professional, and labor groups; firms from the interests of these groups in the activities of the commerce and industry; governmental agencies and institute and have an input into the standards program departments; consumer groups; and similar organiza- of the organization in that they can recommend stand- tions and individuals. ards projects to be developed. The International This institute, which replaced the LTnited States of Standards Council sets administrative and technical American Standards Institute in 1969, was originally policy for the institute's international activities. The organized as the American Engineering Standards Certification Committee administers the authorized Committee (AESC) in 1918 by five engineering socie- certification activities of the institute. Each of these ties: the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, operating arms may establish such boards and com- American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American mittees as are considered necessary to accomplish its Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of programs.

29 The Board of Directors is the governing body of the In addition to American National Standards and the institute. Ex officio members are the president; the annual catalog thereof, the institute publishes the immediate past president; three vice-presidents; the ANSI Reporter, a biweekly general newsletter; and director of the National Bureau of Standards or his Standards Action, a biweekly newsletter that sum- designated alternate; the chairmen of the seven marizes standards that have been submitted to ANSI operating arms of the institute listed in the preceding for approval as new or revised American National paragraph; and the chairman of the Government Standards; lists standards that have been approved, Liaison and Support Committee, one of the three reaffirmed, withdrawn, or not approved by the Board standing committees of the board (along with the of Standards Review; reports information on Amer- Executive Committee and the Finance Committee), ican National Standards Committees and technical whose function is to develop policies and programs advisory boards, proposals for formation of new ISO designed to improve and strengthen liaison with and lEC technical committees, and proposed certifica- Federal, state, and local governments. Of the elected tion programs; and lists newly published standards. directors twelve are nominated by organizational These publications are a part of the membership serv- members, twelve are nominated by company mem- ice for all members. Subscriptions are also available bers, nine are nominated by the Government Liaison to individuals without company affiliations, institu- and Support Committee from among Federal Govern- tions, libraries, schools, and the like. The institute also ment members and other representatives of Govern- holds various regional conferences on topics of interest ment organizations qualified for membership, three in the field of standardization. are nominated by the Consumer Council, and three directors-at-large are nominated by the Board Nomi- nating Committee. AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY, The managing director, who devotes his full time to 244 East Ogden Avenue, the affairs of the institute, is its chief administrative Hinsdale, Illinois 60521 officer and also serves as its secretary. Under his direction the staff provides technical and other This society was founded in 1954. The American support to the board, committees, councils, and other Nuclear Society Standards Committee is responsible operating groups of the institute in carrying out its for ascertaining the need for standards in the nuclear programs. field, for developing or assisting in the development of As of September 1974 there were nearly 6,000 such standards, for representing the society in activi- American National Standards on the organization's ties with other organizations engaging in coopera- books. Of these, approximately two-thirds have tive or similar activities, and for coordinating all resulted from submittals by competent organizations aspects of standards activities and interests within the of standards which they have developed through their society. own procedures, together with evidence as to the The over 100 standardization projects are managed existence of consensus in support of such standards. by subcommittees of the Standards Committee as The balance have come through the work of American follows: ANS-1, Performance of Critical Experi- National Standards Committees. A few—mostly simple ments; ANS-2, Site Evaluation; ANS-3, Reactor standards—have been approved after acceptance by a Operations; ANS-4, Reactor Dynamics and Control; general conference. Many of the standards on the ANS-5, Energy and Fission-Product Release; ANS-6, current list have been revised a number of times. Shielding; ANS-8, Fissionable Materials Outside Reac- Standards approved by the institute are given the title tors; ANS-9, Nuclear Terminology and Units; ANS-10, "American National Standard." Mathematics and Computation; ANS-11, Radioactive The American National Standards Institute is the Materials Handling Facility and Specialized Equip- United States member of the International Organiza- ment; ANS-13, Fuel Assemblies Criteria; ANS-14, tion for Standardization (ISO). The United States Operation of Pulse Nuclear Reactors; ANS-15, Opera- viewpoints to be presented in the technical work of tion of Research Reactors; ANS-16, Isotopes and ISO are developed through the interested American Radiation; ANS-18, Environmental Impact Evaluation; National Standards Committees or through a competent ANS-19, Physics of Reactors Design; ANS-20, Systems committee of another organization or, if none of these Engineering; ANS-21, PWR Design Criteria; ANS-22, is available, through a committee especially organized BWR Design Criteria: ANS-23, GCR Design Criteria; as a technical advisory group for a particular ISO ANS-24, LMFBR Design Criteria; ANS-30, Power technical committee. The work of the ISO technical Plant Systems; ANS-31, Engineered Safety Features; committees results eventually in ISO standards which ANS-32, Reactor Plant Process Systems; ANS-33, Con- may be embodied in the national standards of the tainment; ANS-34, Radioactive Waste Systems; and ISO's member bodies. In addition, the institute is also ANS-35, Fuel Handling and Storage. affiliated with the International Electrotechnical Com- Three ANS standards and 12 American National mission, which is responsible for international stand- Standards have been published. Some draft and trial ardization in the electrical and electronics fields. use standards are also available. In addition, the Financial support of the institute comes from the American Nuclear Society serves as secretariat for dues paid by the members. An additional source of five American National Standards Committees of the income is the sale of American National Standards. Nuclear Technical Advisory Board.

30 AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS' SOCIETY, association and its members participate extensively in 508 South Sixth Street, various American National Standards committees, Champaign, Illinois 61820 establishing standards in various areas, some of which include first quality ophthalmic prescription lenses; This society, founded in 1909, is a scientific orga- requirements for first quality prescription contact nization concerned with basic research on animal, lenses; model motorists; data base standards; stand- marine and vegetable oils and fats; with their ards for safe use of lasers; occupational face and eye extraction, refining, and use in consumer and indus- protection, as well as standards for lighting, color, etc. trial products; and with safety, packaging and quality AOA also works with the National Academy of Sciences control. The society publishes the Journal of the Committees in establishing standardization for visual American Oil Chemists' Society and Lipids, offering acuity and visual fields testing. AOA participates in original research manuscripts from the aforemen- International Standards Programs through ANSI as tioned areas, often attributed to methodology. It also well as through optometric organizations throughout publishes the Official and Tentative Methods of the the world. Generally, AOA has been a leader in American Oil Chemists' Society, a two-volume, loose- establishing optometric professional standards and leaf set, annually amended by official Additions and ophthalmic material standards. AOA works with the Revisions. This volume is a result of work by various Food and Drug Administration in establishing stand- society technical committees. In an effort to offer ards for soft contact lenses, both directly and through increased uniformity, this society offers accurately American National Standards Committee Z-80, Sub- tested and graded natural bleaching earth, activated committee on Contact Lenses; also with the Depart- bleaching earth, diatomaceous earth, refining cups ment of Transportation in establishing highway safety and other materials, all designed for use with specific standards specifically relating to vision, illumination/ methodology. The society also maintains a list of visibility of highway signs, driver licensing standards, sources of commercially available materials, instru- etc.; Department of Labor in helping to establish ments, and other products necessary to application of standards for vision requirements in construction jobs methodology. In addition, the society certifies referee and other industries; and with the National Institute chemists through its Examination Board and sponsors of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in joint committees with the American Society for establishing eye and face protection standards. AOA Testing and Materials, Inter-Society Color Council, has also coordinated work with American ophthalmic Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, and lense manufacturers and is active in developing American Association of Cereal Chemists. Representa- appropriate Federal Government standards relating to tion is also maintained on committees of the eyewear, including Federal Specifications, FF-S-620A, American Association for the Advancement of Sci- as well as military services standards for optometric ence, National Fire Protection Association, National clinical performance. Standards are promoted through Research Council, American National Standards Com- our various news media—American Optometric Asso- mittees for ISO/TC 48 and ISO/TC 91, and the ciation News and The Journal of the American Advisory Board, Office of Critical Tables, National Optometric Association as well as national optometric Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. news media, state association journals and bulletins Formerly: Society of Cotton Products Analysts to our state association as well as through confer- (1922). ences and seminars. The Council on Optometric Education (COE) AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION, accredits and certifies schools and colleges of optome- 7000 Chippewa Street, try throughout the United States and Canada, for the St. Louis, Missouri 63119 (Headquarters); four year professional degree program. COE is 1730 M Street NW., recognized by the National Commission on Accredit- Washington, D.C. 20036 (Washington Office) ing and the United States Office of Education as the accrediting body for the profession of optometry. COE The American Optometric Association (AOA) was also accredits the one and two year paraprofessional founded October 10, 1898. AOA consists of doctors of programs at various schools and colleges throughout optometry from throughout the United States, and the United States. The Council on Optometric Educa- although national in scope, there are numerous mem- tion establishes educational standards and has pub- bers from various countries throughout the world. lished a manual of accrediting. Currently the association has over 17,800 members. The Council on Clinical Optometric Care (CCOC) The standardization program activities are approxi- has established standards for clinical performance and mately 20 percent of AOA's total program. Standardi- published a manual on clinical standards. CCOC zation activities are administered primarily by AOA's accredits and certifies professional performance as Professional Development Division (Committee on well as facilities with regard to optometric clinics,

Research and Development) ; Education and Man- centers, and clinical service units. a national registry power Division (Council on Optometric Education) ; The association also maintains and Community Health Division (Council on Clinical and certification for paraoptometric personnel. It is Optometric Care). AOA is a member body of the anticipated that future certification programs will American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The involve speciality areas of the profession. AOA's Com-

31 mittee on Clinical Standards also establishes standards API works closely with various Federal and state agen- in the area of optometric clinical performance—peer cies in the development of product specifications, par- review, utilization review, and evaluation of care, etc. ticularly the General Services Administration and the They are also becoming involved in professional Joint Committee on Printing of Congress. standards review activities nationwide. Guidelines and The API also works closely with the American Soci- standards are also elaborated in Vision Care in ety for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in the develop- Prepaid Group Practice, a joint publication with the ment of its specifications and standardization activities, Group Health Association of America, outlining pro- as well as in the formulation of safety codes for pulp fessional standards for optometric care. The associa- and paper mills. tion has also evolved Vision Screening Standards for Formerly: Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Institute compliance with Title XIX under the Social Security U.S.A. (1965). Act which requires all persons under the age of 21 receive a vision screening evaluation. AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, The scope of our standards is generally national, 1801 K Street NW., however, numerous international optometric organiza- Washington, D.C. 20006 tions have also developed and adopted the standards association coordinates promulgated by AOA. The The American Petroleum Institute was founded in of its in setting material standards with much work 1919 and was the first national petroleum trade asso- American lens, equipment manufacturers, frames and ciation to encompass all branches of the industry: eye numerous governmental agencies, as well as other producing, transporting, refining, and marketing. care organizations. The institute can and does concern itself with tech- New projects projected include further develop- nical matters affecting the petroleum industry when- ment of clinical performance standards as well as the ever there is substantial agreement among its members. publication of Current Optometric Information and Only significant problems which have broad industry standards of care and Terminology manual indicating application and are not likely to be resolved by some all procedures in diagno- performance for optometric other group or individual, are considered in the insti- sis and treatment. tute's standardization program. From the early years of its first half-century, the AMERICAN PAPER INSTITUTE, American Petroleum Institute has maintained an 260 Madison Avenue, extensive program which encompasses not only stand- New York, New York 10016 ards for hardware and equipment, but also recommended practices, operating procedures, technical This institute, formed January 1966, is the successor bulletins and even standard reference materials. World- organization of the former American Paper and Pulp wide acceptance and use of the over 300 standards Association and its divisions, and the National Paper- formulated by API are attributed to their balanced board Association. Because of the numerous grades of emphasis on sound engineering, operability, perform- paper and paperboard and their various uses, there ance and safety considerations. have been no quality standardization programs engaged Authority and responsibility for management and in by the American Paper Institute or its predecessor coordination of the institute's standardization pro- organizations. However, standards for testing certain gram, including relationships with other domestic, physical characteristics such as bursting strength, tear, national and international standards organizations, is brightness, opacity, etc., have been developed for many by delegation of the Board of Directors, vested in the grades of paper. These specifications are officially pub- API Interdivisional Committee on Standardization. lished by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Preparation, publication, revision and maintenance of Paper Industry, One Dunwoody Park, Atlanta, Georgia an individual standard is further delegated to the most 30341. Standard gauge lists for combination paper- appropriate operating division (industry branch) of board were revised effective January 1969 and adopted the institute. by members of the Combination Paperboard Division The institute administers a licensing or monogram of the Paperboard Group, API. program within selected divisions for all manufacturers Although not directly related to standardization who desire to use the API monogram on equipment itself, the Dictionary of Paper, third edition (1965), and materials fabricated in accordance with published contains over 500 pages of concise descriptions of pulp standards. The sole consideration in the issuance of a and other raw papermaking materials, papers, paper- license is provision by the applicant of reasonable evi- boards, paper and properties and papermaking terms. dence of technical competence, adequate plant facility A fourth edition of this dictionary is now in process and financial stability. Application of the monogram with a target publication date of 1975. The contents constitutes warranty by the manufacturer alone, as to of this publication afford considerable guidance in the compliance. appraisal of paper grades, specifications or standards. API maintains an affirmative attitude toward par- The API is an active member of the American ticipation in international standardization and actively National Standards Paper Committee, P-3, and through participates in the preparation of international stand- this committee maintains contact with respect to inter- ards in areas related to fields of API technical activity. national standardization activities. Additionally, the Principle efforts are directed to the International Orga-

32 in nization for Standardization (ISO), although some United States must comply with standards set forth instances API standards themselves are accepted both for them in the NF; that the methods of determining nationally and internationally. such compliance should be those specified in the NF; Active standards committees are estimated to num- and that the Secretary of the Department of Health, ber over 250 with approximately 50 new projects under Education and Welfare is assigned the specific respon- consideration. Participants are drawn from oil com- sibility to ascertain that marketed drugs are in such panies, industry supplier and consultant organizations, compliance. Furthermore, the law addresses the subject user groups, and government agencies at all levels. of the development and recognition of drug names. In Federal, state, and local. On the order of 5000 volun- all of these activities, major contact is with the Food tary contributors are currently engaged in assessing the and Drug Administration. These programs also involve institute's standardization programs. many other agencies within the Government such as All technical and research data including standards the Treasury Department, Alcohol and Tobacco Divi- are indexed in the institute's Publications and Mate- sion; the Social Security Administration, Medicare rials Guide, issued annually. Projects culminated dur- Division; and the Justice Department, Drug Enforce- ing the year are announced through publication ment Administration; etc., but to a relatively limited releases sent to all news media and directly interested degree. parties. The guide is offerd free of charge to anyone Certification Program Activities—The authentic sub. having an interest in the institute's publications. stances which are distributed as standards of reference (NF Reference Standards) are in a sense certified as AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL to their suitability for the intended purpose. Other- ASSOCIATION, wise, it is the responsibility of the drug manufacturer 2215 Constitution Avenue NW., to ensure that their products meet the standards pro- Washington, D.C. 20037 vided and are otherwise in compliance with the specifications developed. The American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA), There are approximately 1,000 separate monographs founded in 1852, is the national professional society of comprising standards of identity, quality, purity, and individual pharmacists in the United States. It con- strength for individual articles in the official National cerns itself with matters affecting the professional, Formulary and supplements to it. In addition, there technical, legal and scientific aspects of the practice of are approximately 200 NF Reference Standards cur- pharmacy. The primary standardization programs rently in distribution. The number of standardized administered by the association pertain to drugs and drug names developed through the USAN program is drug products intended for medicinal use, with ap- of the order of several thousand. The scope of the proximately 10-15 percent of the total association's standards are national in character by virtue of Federal program and annual budget being devoted to standard- law. Moreover, each individual state takes note of ization activities. these standards in the pertinent state drug laws there-

The Scientific Division is the organizational staff by making them a requirement in interstate as well as unit within APhA that administers the standardization intrastate commerce. A number of foreign countries activities. Within the Scientific Division the principal such as Canada, have also adopted the National For- activity is the program of supplementing, revising, and mulary as a legal standard for drugs marketed, and publishing the National Formulary, (NF), and the even in those countries where the NF is not a stand- supplying of samples of authentic specimens of sub- ard by law, it is frequently looked upon as an unoffi- stances of known purity for use in conducting the cial or voluntary standard of reference. various tests and assays specified by the NF. Through The National Formulary Thirteenth Edition-1970 the Scientific Division, APhA jointly participates with (NF XIII), along with four supplements to the vol- several other organizations in sponsoring and conduct- ume are distributed for APhA by the Mack Publishing ing a program, known as the United States Adopted Company of Easton, Pennsylvania. Lists of NF Refer- Names Council (USAN), for the establishment of ence Standards are available from the NF office at standardized nonproprietary nomenclature for drugs. A the APhA address on written request. relatively small testing laboratory is maintained, the primary program of which pertains to the development AMERICAN PLYWOOD ASSOCIATION, of, and standardization of analytical methodology. By 1119 A Street, virtue of the NF program, and to an extent the USAN Tacoma, Washington 98401 program, our organization is involved with the World Health Organization in developing international spe- American Plywood Association (APA) was founded cifications for drugs and international nomenclature May 16, 1933, as the Douglas Fir Plywood Association for the naming of drugs. Although to a lesser degree, (DFPA) . The organization is a nonprofit industry trade APhA participates in programs of the Pan-American association engaged in advertising, promotion, quality Health Organization and the Federation Internationale testing and inspection, product and applied research, Pharmaceutique. In both the NF and USAN activities, and code and standards activities. The association there is considerable involvement with the Federal membership consists of plywood mills involved in tlie Government since the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos- manufacture of softwood plywood produced in con- metic Act mandates that marketed drugs in the formance to Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-66,

33 Softwood Plywood, Construction and Industrial. random basis each week, covering all shifts. The neces- DFPA grade-trademarks have been applied to plywood sary laboratory tests on specimens taken from produc- since 1938, as evidence that the product has been sub- tion by the quality supervisor is done at eight jected to association quality inspection and testing. strategically located laboratories for testing to check APA's standardization activities are administered by conformance of the specimens with the requirements the Technical Services Division, secretariat to the of Voluntary Product Standard PS-1. Industry Standards Committee. The plywood industry APA is active on an international level as a partici- committee was organized to review and keep current pating Member of the International Organization for the text of Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-66; and Standardization, Technical Committee ISO/TC 139- the Division for Product Approval which administers Plywood. the quality testing, inspection and product certification validation programs for the association. Through coop- AMERICAN PODIATRY ASSOCIATION, eration with the Department of Commerce, National 20 Chevy Chase Circle NW., Bureau of Standards; the Department of Housing and Washington, D.C. 20015 Urban Development, FHA; Department of Transpor- The American Podiatry tation; Department of Defense; and the General Serv- Association was founded in 1912 as a voluntary, nonprofit corporation and is orga- ices Administration, APA is involved with the nized under the laws development of their respective standards. of the District of Columbia. The objects of the association The following are the engineering design standards are to promote the art and science of podiatry and the betterment of public and use specifications of APA: (1) Plywood Design health. The membership is composed of podiatrists Standards: Plywood Design Specification—Supplement who are licensed to practice in one of the states and No. 1, Design of Plywood Curved Panels; Supplement are members of a component society. Component No. 2, Design of Plywood Beams; Supplement No. 3, societies exist in each state, Design of Plywood Stressed-Skin Panels; and Supple- the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. There is also a component society of ment No. 4, Design of Plywood Sandwich Panels. podiatrists in Federal service. (2) Plywood Fabrication Standards: Fabrication of The association's Trussed Rafters with Plywood Gussets—GT-8; Fabri- Council on Podiatry Education is the accrediting agency for podiatry education is recog- cation of Plywood Beams—BB-8; Fabrication of Ply- nized as such by the U.S. Office of Education and the wood Stressed-Skin Panels—SS-8; Fabrication of National Commission on Accrediting. Curved Panels—CP-8; Fabrication of Plywood Sand- The council maintains standards in wich Panels—SP-61; and Fabrication of Plywood accrediting procedures by publishing two documents for each activity Folded Plates—^FP-62. (3) Specifications: 303 Special- of accrediting or approval. These documents are ty Siding Specification, and DFPA Special Use Panel entitled Criteria and Guidelines and Manual of Proce- Specification. These APA standards are submitted for dures. The council accredits colleges of podiatric medi- reference and adoption in building codes and construc- cine and podiatric assistants' training programs. It tion standards. In addition, Voluntary Product Stand- approves podiatric residency programs and speciality ard PS 1-66, a voluntary consensus standard promul- boards in related fields of education. gated by the Department of Commerce, is also repro- The council's criteria and procedures are subject to duced and distributed by APA for use by the plywood the approval of the House of Delegates of the Ameri- industry to identify its products. can Podiatry Association. Currently the Industry Standards Committee is Formerly: National Association of Chiropodists working on a revision to Voluntary Product Standard (1958). PS-1 and the Association Products Committee is working on association proprietary product standards. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, Certification Program Activities In order for a — 1700 18th Street NW., member mill to use association grade-trademarks, it Washington, D.C. 20009 must pass initial tests of gluebond quality and maintain a minimum level of gluebond quality in order to The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is a continue to apply these grade-trademarks to plywood. medical specialty organization, representing over 20,000 When a mill complies with the requirements of the members. It was established in 1844 as the Association association's quality inspection and testing program, of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions they are issued the appropriate grade-trademarks. The for the Insane. In 1892 it became the American association arranges for the grade-trademarks to be Medico-Psychological Association, and in 1921 the manufactured and maintains ownership of the grade- present name was adopted. trademarks issued to a mill. Should a mill fail to meet One of the association's objectives as stated in the ". the requirements of the quality assurance program, the Constitution is . . to advance the standards of all quality supervisor is directed to physically remove the psychiatric services and facilities." The standards pro- grade-trademarks from the plant. The grade-trademark- gram comprises about eight percent of the organiza- ing service provided to association mills is adminis- tion's total activity. Publications include Standards for tered by the Department of Product Approval which Psychiatric Facilities (1969) and Standards for Psy- utilizes quality supervisors directed by regional man- chiatric Facilities Serving Children and Adolescents agers who make inspection calls on each mill on a (1971).

34 APA is a member organization of the Accreditation standing committees all of which are concerned with Council for Psychiatric Facilities and the Accreditation the setting and maintaining of standards in psycho- Council for Facilities for the Mentally Retarded of the analysis. These are: Child Analysis; Institutes; mem- Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. It is bership; New Training Facilities; Psychoanalytic Edu- active participant in development of standard classi- cation an ; Research and Special Training. Standards have fication for mental illness and the Diagnostic and been published for Training in Psychoanalysis and for Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-11), Training in Child Psychoanalysis. These standards are published by the APA, and the manual used through- complied with by the training institutes which are out much of the world. It serves as consultant to the approved by the association. World Health Organization on the publication, Inter- national Classification of Diseases. It joins with the AMA Council on Medical Educa- AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, tion and the Residency Review Committee for 1015 18th Street NW., Psychiatry and Neurology in establishing standards for Washington, D.C. 20036 approval of residency training programs in psychiatry and is a member organization of the American Board The American Public Health Association was of Psychiatry and Neurology which gives examinations founded in 1872. A major contribution of this associa- to certify physicians as qualified in psychiatry. tion is the development of standards of procedure, Standard-setting activities are operated through the personnel qualifications and practice. It publishes and APA Council on Medical Education and its Commit- continually updates Standard Methods for the Exam- tees on Medical Education, Graduate Education, and ination of Dairy Products; Standard Methods for the Continuing Education; the Council on Mental Health Examination of Water and Wastewater; and Standards Services and its Task Force on Standards for Psychiat- for Healthful Housing. It publishes other works where ric Facilities, Ad Hoc Committee on Professional standards are included, for example. Suggested Ordi- Standards Review Organizations; and the Council on nance and Recommendations Covering Public Swim- Research and Development and its Task Force on ming Pools. It also publishes standard methods for the Nomenclature and Statistics. Microbiological Examination of Foods and Recom- Formerly: Association of Medical Superintendents mended Methods for the Examination of Ambient Air.

of American Institutes for Insane (1892) ; American APHA is presently developing guidelines for medical Medicopsychological Association (1921). experimentation on captive populations. The APHA has representatives on various boards of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYTIC and cosponsors their Sectional Committee A40 on ASSOCIATION, Minimum Requirements for Plumbing. APHA's Com- One East Fifty-Seventh Street, mittee on Professional Education has developed a series New York, New York 10022 of educational qualifications for various kinds of public health workers as well as standards of accreditation The American Psychoanalytic Association was for schools of public health. APHA committees also founded in 1911 and is a national, nonprofit, member- develop publications on such diverse subjects as TB ship organization of medical psychoanalysts. It is the control, radiological health and chronic disease which purpose of the organization to study and advance psy- serve as guides for practitioners, scientists, technolo- choanalysis; to advocate and maintain standards for gists, administrators and others concerned with public the training of psychoanalysts and for the practice of health problems. psychoanalysis; to foster the integration of psychoanalysis with other branches of medicine and to encourage research in all fields having to do with the AMERICAN ROAD BUILDERS' scientific knowledge and welfare of man. ASSOCIATION, There is a current individual membership of 1,375 525 School Street SW., active members; 222 associate members; and 293 affili- Washington, D.C. 20024 ate members. There are 31 local affiliate psychoanalytic societies in the United States and 21 approved The American Road Builders' Association was psychoanalytic training institutes. The American Psy- founded in 1902. The association has, as a major objec- choanalytic Association is a Regional Association of tive, the fostering and encouraging of the full utiliza- the International Psycho-Analytical Association. tion of scientific and educational measures toward the The Board on Professional Standards' duties are: to accomplishment of an integrated national highway, set up standards for the training of physicians in psy- airport and urban public transportation system ade- choanalysis and standards for approved institutes; to quate to accomodate the growth and advancement of set requirements for character and ethical and profes- transportation necessary for the civil economy and the sional standards for membership in the association and national defense. to receive applications for membership and certify the Membership in the American Road Builders' Asso- qualifications of applicants for membership. Subsumed ciation, working through seven operating divisions, under the Board on Professional Standards are its includes Federal, state, county, and city highway engi-

35 ;

neers and administrators as well as consulting engi- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR ARTIFICIAL neers. It includes also highway contractors, producers INTERNAL ORGANS, of highway materials, manufacturers and distributors National Office, of highway machinery, and educators in civil engineer- Box 777, ing colleges and universities. Boca Raton, Florida 33432 Committees study problems relating to highway legislation; finance, design, construction, maintenance, The ASAIO was founded in 1954 as an organization equipment, and operation. All efforts are constantly to promote the development and safe usage of artificial directed toward development of improved standards to internal organs. The society includes strong representa- bring about utilization of new materials and eliminate tions from both medical and engineering specialists. waste and improper methods, thereby accomplishing The society holds an annual scientific meeting where greater economy in the highway and airport fields. current advances in all fields of artificial internal organ Every effort is made to avoid duplication in areas of development are reported. In recent years major inter- activity of other associations. The association has coop- ests have focused upon work with artificial kidneys erated and will continue to cooperate with other asso- and artificial hearts, but research has been reported in ciations in joint activities. It has published numerous a variety of other fields. bulletins dealing with practical application of technical The Standards and Specifications Committee is a and semitechnical developments. standing committee of the society charged with devel- Formerly: American Road Makers (1910). oping voluntary standards for devices within the main scope of interest of the society. At present, four subcommittees are working on standards development in the areas of artificial kidney hemodialyzers, dialysis AMERICAN SKI TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION membranes, intra-aortic balloon augmentation, and OF NATUR TEKNIK, membrane oxygenators. A committee for standardiza- Big Boulder Ski Area, tion of blood access devices is being formed. In these Lake Harmony, Pennsylvania 18624 areas, the ASAIO standards subcommittees are the only ones active on a national scale. The ASAIO is ASTAN, founded 1960, has a membership of 348. It represented on the Medical Devices Technical Advi- is a group of certified ski instructors united to: bring sory Board of the American National Standards Insti- the best type of people into the ski teaching profession tute (ANSI), and on the International Organization promote high standards of ski instruction; keep these for Standardization ISO/TC 150-SC2, Cardiovascular standards and improve the teaching system; and pro- Devices. Standards developed by the subcommittees mote good relations between instructors and ski schools are submitted to the national and international orga- of each ski area. ASTAN maintains a library and nizations for review and dissemination. placement service; sponsors competitions; and certifies ski instructors. The Board of Examiners Committee gives certification courses. Publications: (1) News- Director of Certified Instructors, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL letter, three/year ; (2) annual; Skiing for Beginners; and the ASTAN Teach- TECHNOLOGY, ing Manual. Holds annual Instructors Rally, always in Hermann Professional Building, April. Suite 1600, Formerly: American Ski Teachers' Association Houston, Texas 77025 (1970). The American Society for Medical Technology (ASMT) established in 1932, is a national professional organization composed of approximately 18,000 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR ABRASIVE METHODS, members engaged in the supervision and performance of clinical laboratory tests. The organization recognizes 1049 South Main Street, its major responsibilities as increasing technical knowl- Plymouth, Michigan 48170 edge, providing a means for the members to evaluate and improve their performance, and the education of The American Society for Abrasive Methods was students entering the various levels of clinical labora- founded in 1956. Its purpose is to promote and inter- tory practice. The ultimate goal of the society is the pret to business and to the public, the scope and provision of the best possible care to the patient at potentialities of abrasives; and to promote and seek to economically sound levels. maintain industry-wide standards. Since ASMT's function is to provide for the total The Society's National Standards Committee is the individuals practicing within the pro- responsible for the formulation and development of concerns of technology, the greater portion of standards for abrasives. It cooperates with the Ameri- fession of medical can National Standards Institute (ANSI) and serves the programs, either directly or indirectly, are involved on American National Standards Committee B74 on with standards, their function, updating, and their Abrasives. The standards are issued by ANSI. acceptance. These standards are all national in scope.

36 In the area of preparation for the profession, ASMT, a large measure these handbooks point up recom- in cooperation with the American Society of Clinical mended practices, or summarize data that will be of Pathologists (ASCP), the American Medical Associa- value to groups working on standardization. The soci- tion, and the U.S. Office of Education determines the ety maintains representation on the Engineer's Joint accreditation of education programs. This is function Council, and the Joint Committee on Definitions of carried through out a body called the Board of Schools. Terms Relating to the Heat Treatment of Metals. This Also, certification for individuals who have passed the committee reports to the American Foundrymen's national examination is carried out by ASMT and Society, American Society for Metals, American Society ASCP through the Board of Registry. for Testing and Materials, and to the Society of Auto- Continuing education for practitioners is monitored motive Engineers. by ASMT through its national program called PACE. Formerly: American Society for Steel Treating State and local affiliate societies cooperate in this (1934). program. Standards for day to day practice are covered in documents such as: (1) ASMT Recommended Mini- Personnel Practices (updated each year) mum ; (2) THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR ASMT National Minimum Standards for Clinical NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, INC., Laboratories; and (3) National Committee for Clinical 914 Chicago Avenue, Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) specifications for Evanston, Illinois 60202 biology and chemistry reagents or reference materials, controls for equipment, etc. ASMT is very active in The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, the individual committees preparing these specifica- Inc. (ASNT), was founded in 1941 as the American tions. Within ASMT, individuals from the appropriate Industrial Radium and X-Ray Society, Inc., as a non- scientific assemblies evaluate the proposals before the profit, nongovernment organization operating under society casts its official vote for acceptance of the the charter issued by the Commonwealth of Massachu- standards. setts. Subsequent to the changed name in 1945, the ASMT is also a member of the Medical Device society was re-chartered in Illinois. Its primary efforts Technical Advisory Board of the American National are in the field of education and spreading the word Standards Institute. International involvement in of the many facets of nondestructive testing and mate- standards for ASMT is through NCCLS which coop- rials evaluation through educational institutions, erates, where appropriate, in proposals for technical industry and the membership of the society. It has standards. Other types of joint concerns for ASMT assisted in the preparation of standards and specifica- and the international picture are carried out through tions through its members being involved in the activi- participation in the International Association of Medi- ties of American National Standards Institute and cal Laboratory Technologists, which in turn, is a mem- American Society for Testing and Materials. Its only ber of the World Health Organization. At present, self-produced document that some might consider a ASMT is working with the Food and Drug Adminis- standard is SNT-TC-IA, a five-volume set entitled tration in conducting a pilot project for surveillance of Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing products used in clinical laboratories. Personnel Qualification and Certification. The actual Prior to 1972, ASMT was the American Society of certification of the personnel involved is the responsi- Medical Technologists. In 1972, the society officially bility of the employer. changed its to the American Society for Medical name Close liaison is maintained with many governmental Technology. bodies through committee activity and membership on Formerly: American Society of Clinical Laboratory pertinent committees. Technicians (1936). The society's active work is produced through the established councils, technical and educational, and the many committees and divisions of these councils. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS, These concern themselves with every facet of the methodologies of nondestructive testing and with the Metals Park, Ohio 44073 preparation of technical programs for conferences, seminars and symposia. The Educational Council works closely with colleges and other educational insti- This society, founded in 1920, publishes the ASM tutions in the also assists in Metals Handbook, a multiple-volume series. Eight field of curriculum and volumes of the eighth edition are now available. These the teaching of such courses wherever possible. eight volumes are comprised of over 5000 pages of data The society publishes a journal. Materials Evalua- prepared by technical committees and individual tion, on a monthly basis; a Newsletter on a monthly authors. Comprehensive coverage is given to properties, basis; maintains a large number of titles of technical selection, heat treating, cleaning, finishing, machining, books for sale as well as its own two-volume Non- forming, forging, casting and welding of metals, and to destructive Testing Handbook. This last item is now subjects of a more scientific nature such as metal- undergoing a complete revision and will appear in lography, crystal structures, and alloy constitutions. In multi-volumes as prepared and printed.

37 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR ing some 13,500 of the country's leading engineers, QUALITY CONTROL, scientists, research workers and educators. All of this 161 West Wisconsin Avenue, activity is of tremendous import to American indus- Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203 try, municipal, state and Federal governments, and other bodies and nations. Its standards and other As the professional organization in the quality activities are used throughout the world. control field, ASQC has actively developed and pub- Membership—Of the more than 20,000 regular lished standards since its organization in 1946. It members of the society, about 2,600 are corporate assumed cognizance of American War Standards memberships, and the balance are individuals, univer- Zl.l and Zl.2-1941, Guide for Quality Control and sities, technical schools, technical societies and librar- Control Chart Method of Analyzing Data, and Z1.3- ies; 15 percent of which is from outside of the United 1942, Control Chart Method of Controlling Quality States. Of these members, approximately 13,500 During Production, which were revised in 1958 as occupy 44,000 berths on the society's 120 main and ASQC Standards Bl, B2, B3 (ASA Zl.l, 1.2, 1.3- 1300 subcommittees. 1958) and reaffirmed by the American National Purpose and Activity—In both phases of activity, Standards Institute in 1968. The society, has also standardization and research, the ASTM standing published the following standards: Al-1971, Defini- technical committees occupy a most important positions and Symbols for Control Charts (American tion. It has been rightly said that these committees

National Standard Zl.5-1971) ; A2-1972, Definitions are the heart of ASTM. An understanding of their and Symbols for Acceptance Sampling by Attributes organization and how they function in relation to the

(American National Standard Zl.6-1971) ; A3-1971, parent society is essential. At the outset, it should be Glossary of General Terms Used in Quality Control stated that the activity is of a cooperative nature, and

(American National Standard Zl. 7-1971) ; and all members of the committees serve voluntarily. The Cl-1968 (American National Standard Zl.8-1971) committees function under definite regulations, gov- Specification of General Requirements for a Quality erning the personnel and methods of procedure. Each Program. It also has cognizance over American committee is made up of three main classes of mem- National Standard Zl.4-1971, Sampling Procedures bership—producers, users, and general interests. This and Tables for Inspection by Attributes, and American latter class is comprised of independent authorities National Standard Zl.9-1972, Sampling Procedures who have expert knowledge of the materials to be and Tables for Inspection by Variables for Percent studied, but who are not concerned directly with their Defective. ASQC participates in international stand- production or use. The producer group may not ardization through its members who are accredited by exceed the combined total of users and general inter- the American National Standards Institute as dele- est groups in any committee. It is recognized that no gates to International Organization for Standardiza- specification covering the quality and methods of test- tion Committee TC 69 and International Electrotech- ing a material or product will come into wide usage nical Committee TC 56. unless it is satisfactory to both the consumer and The society's Standards Committee is required to producer. The ASTM setup is thus fundamental in its keep under observation concepts, symbols, nomencla- standardization procedure, whereby the producrs and ture, terms, definitions and procedures in use in the consumers are brought together on an equal footing. quality control field; to select, prepare and recommend Standardization Procedure—Proposed standards or those items which the society would find advantageous revisions of existing standards originate in the com- to standardize; and to provide liaison with national mittee having jurisdiction in that particular field. and international standards programs in the quality After detailed study and work involving methods of engineering field. determining properties of materials, nomenclature, etc., a proposed standard is evolved which is submitted AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING at a meeting of the committee. Actions affecting the AND MATERIALS, proposed standard are subject to a nine-tenths 1916 Race Street, approval by letter ballot vote of the entire committee. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 Each standard, before adoption by the society, is then submitted to a letter ballot vote of the entire society ASTM is a nonprofit corporation formed for the membership, and a nine-tenths favorable vote of development of standards on the characteristics and those voting is necessary before adoption. performance of materials, products, systems, and Research, Knowledge of Materials—Obviously, services, and the promotion of related knowledge. In research and standardization go hand-in-hand. C. B. ASTM terminology, standards include test methods, Dudley, the society's first president and a pioneer in definitions, recommended practices, classifications, the development of specifications, after enumerating and specifications. Founded in 1898, ASTM was certain requirements of a workable specification for a formally incorporated in 1902, and has an interna- material, states that "above all it should embody tional membership of over 20,000. within itself the results of the latest and best studies As of July, 1973, over 4900 standard specifications, of the properties of the material which it covers." methods of tests, and definitions were in effect and Early recognition of this fact and its continued hundreds of research projects were underway involv- recognition through the years undoubtedly has con-

38 tributed more basically than any other factor to the Agencies including the General Services Administra- wide use and established authority of the society's tion, Environmental Protection Agency, Atomic standards. Energy Commission, National Aeronautics and Space Painstaking investigation and study of experience Administration, National Science Foundation, Federal accumulated over years of service are often required Trade Commission, Consumer Product Safety Com- before an adequate specification can be prepared. mission, and Veterans Administration have rendered Agreement must be reached on the properties of much service. All of these groups, of course, receive materials to be specified and the methods of testing benefits from their work since many ASTM standards them. Due cognizance of manufacturing details, meth- are used by the Federal Government; and the society, ods of inspection, and marking, should be given. by publishing various technical contributions from the The society sponsors research in different ways, but Government, helps to disseminate knowledge. primarily through the extensive activities of its many Particular mention should be made of the coopera- standard and research committees. These are corre- tion of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and lated by a Standing Committee on Research. This its personnel. The latter is a relatively large group of group also has charge of the research fund from scientists and engineers of broad training and experi- which contributions are made, as the need arises, to ence concerned especially with developing factual further worthy research projects. information on many problems related to materials, An important factor also, is the opportunity afforded and as such bring to the large number of ASTM technical and research investigators to give results of technical committees on which they are active, an their work in papers at ASTM meetings. Each year invaluable background. The NBS personnel is the many such contributions containing important data largest "general interest" group in the society. and information on the properties of materials and Service branches of the Federal Government are their testing are published. This activity is a vital active in ASTM work, with the Army, Navy and Air factor in the continuing education of engineers and Force being represented on committees. They help scientists concerned with materials. with various research projects and are vitally con- Cooperation with Other Groups and the Federal cerned with the requirements in ASTM specifications Government—The society recognizes the value and and tests. importance of cooperating with other organizations Marking Requirements in ASTM Standards—Many wherever a common interest exists. Accordingly, the of the ASTM specifications require that the product society has joined with other national and interna- covered shall be marked or identified as to name or tional bodies in a great many investigative move- brand of the manufacturer, kind of material (in case ments. A phase of cooperation which ASTM believes of different grades or classes), certain testing informa- is most important in advancing the knowledge of tion (hydrostatic test pressure, in case of pipe), and engineering materials, is the joint sponsorship with the ASTM serial designation identifying the specific other groups of symposia held on important engineer- standard. ing topics. The society has cooperated with such bodies Publications—The methods of publishing standards as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the very widespread distribution of these publica- American Foundrymen's Society, Society of Automo- tions aid greatly in facilitating their use. For ease of tive Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, reference, the standards are published in collective Soil Science Society of America, and many others. form and each is also issued in separate pamphlet Among other societies and activities in which ASTM form. Predominant in interest is the Book of ASTM is officially represented are the following: National Standards. Each of its present 33 parts is published Research Council, Metal Properties Council, Textile annually in various months of the year. A listing of Research Institute, National Safety Council, Interna- their titles will give some idea of the tremendous tional Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for breadth of the society's interest in materials, products, Materials and Structure, Inter-Society Color Council, systems, and services. Part 1 on Steel Piping Mate- and others. rials; Part 2 on Ferrous Castings; Part 3 on Steel The society was one of the five originators of the Sheet, Strip, Bar, Rod, Wire, Chain and Springs; American Standards Association (now the American Wrought Iron Bar and Sheet; Metallic Coated Prod- National Standards Institute), a clearinghouse for ucts; Part 4 on Structural Steel, Concrete Reinforcing standardization activities. Approximately one-half of Steel; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Plate, Steel Rails, the standards recognized as American National Stand- Wheels, and Tires; Bearing Steel; Steel Forgings; ards were developed by ASTM committees. Ferrous Filler Metal; Ferro-AUoys; Part 5 on Copper

ASTM also plays a major role in United States and Copper alloys (including Electrical Conductors) ; participation in international standardization through Part 6 on Light Metals and Alloys (including Elec- the personnel of its technical committees, and the trical Conductors) ; Part 7 on Nonferrous Metals and worldwide use of ASTM standards. Alloys (including Corrosion Tests) ; Die Cast Metals; Numerous divisions of the Federal Government, Electrodeposited Metallic Coatings; Metal Powders; including virtually every federal department, cooper- Nonferrous Filler Metal; Part 8 on Magnetic Prop- ate closely with the society and its technical erties; Metallic Materials for Thermostats and for committees, and the assistance rendered by the Fed- Electrical Resistance, Heating, and Contacts; Materi- eral, state, and municipal governments is invaluable. als for Electron Devices and Microelectronics; Part 9

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on Cement; Lime; Gypsum; Part 10 on Concrete and standards when the published material is used for Mineral Aggregates; Part 11 on Bituminous Materials commercial purposes. for Highway Construction, Waterproofing, and Roof- Especially notable has been the widespread use of ing; Soils; Skid Resistance; Part 12 on Mortars; Clay ASTM standards in various building codes such as and Concrete Pipe and Tile; Masonry Units; Asbestos- those recommended by the Building Officials Confer- Cement Products; Building Stone; Part 13 on Refrac- ence of America Inc., Southern Building Congress, tories; Glass, Ceramic Materials; Part 14 on Thermal American Insurance Association, International Build- Insulation, Acoustical Materials; Joint Sealants; Fire ing Officials Conference, the codes issued by New Tests; Building Constructions; Part 15 on Paper; Pack- York City, Chicago, Boston, and others. The Materials aging; Cellulose; Casein; Flexible Barrier Materials; Section of the Boiler Code Committee of the Ameri- Leather; Part 16 on Structural Sandwich Construc- can Society of Mechanical Engineers is based on tions; Wood; Adhesives; Part 17 on Petroleum Prod- ASTM specifications. There are numerous other re- ucts—Fuels, Solvents, Engine Tests, Burner Fuel Oils, lated ways in which ASTM specifications are used. Lubricating Oils, Cutting Oils, Lubricating Greases, The society's technical magazine, Journal of Test- Hydraulic Fluids; Part 18 on Petroleum Products ing and Evaluation, is published bimonthly and is Measurement and Sampling, Liquefied Petroleum effective in promoting the knowledge of the society's Gases, Light Hydrocarbons, Plant Spray Oils, Sulfo- activities and stimulating the use of its specifications nates, Crude Petroleum, Petrolatum, Wax, Graphite; and tests. In addition, there is a monthly news maga- Part 19 on Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke; Part 20 on zine, ASTM Standardization News, and two quarter- Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products—Ma- lies, Journal of Forensic Science and Tire Science and terials Specifications and Tests; Naval Stores; Indus- Technology. ASTM publishes over 30 books on various trial Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Part 21 on Paint, Var- technical topics each year. Through numerous meet- nish, Lacquer and Related Products— Tests for Formu- ings, the Annual Meeting and Committee Weeks of lated Products and Applied Coatings; Part 22 on Sorp- the Society, and various local and national meetings, tive Mineral Materials; Soap; Engine Antifreezes ; Wax the importance of standardization is stressed. Mention Polishes; Halogenated Organic Solvents; Part 23 on should be made of the close cooperation of a great Industrial Water; Atmospheric Analysis, Part 24 on many technical and business journals that, with Textile Materials—Yarns, Fabrics, General Methods; knowledge of the essential nature of the society's Part 25 on Textile Materials—Fibers, Tire Cords, work, include technical articles and new accounts of Felts, Nonwoven Fabrics, Floor Coverings, Zippers; the progress in the field of engineering materials Part 26 on Plastics—General Methods of Testing; Part where ASTM functions. 28 on Rubber; Carbon Black; Gaskets; Part 29 on Formerly: American Section, International Associ- Electrical Insulating Materials; Part 30 on General ation for Testing Materials (1902).

Testing Methods ; Fatigue; Statistical Methods; Appear- ance Tests; Temperature Measurement; Effect of Tem- AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL perature; Part 31 on Metallography; Nondestructive ENGINEERS, Testing; Radioisotopes and Radiation Effects; Indus- 2950 Niles Road, trial Chemicals; Emission, Absorption and Mass Spec- St. Joseph, Michigan 49085 troscopy; Part 32 on Chemical Analysis of Metal; Sampling and Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores; and The American Society of Agricultural Engineers was Part 33, Index. founded in 1907. ASAE is a technical and professional In addition to these, there are several hundred society for engineers with interest relating to the production processing adjuncts to the Book of ASTM Standards. These are and of food, feed and fiber. The society has five comparison standards that cannot be included in the technical divisions: Power and Machinery, Soil and Water, Electric book and must be made available separately. They Power and Processing, Structures and Environment, and include such things as reference photographs for Food Engineering. The society's standardization effort, con- metallic grain size and microstructures, for appear- sisting of 10-25 percent of the total program, relates ance of cotton yarns, for paint blistering, for inclusions to the development and distribution of officially in steel and for magnetic-particle indications of faults adopted voluntary standards, recommendations and in metals. They include actual specimens of mica for data. This activity is coordinated by the Assistant grading visual and electrical quality, and sets of Secretary for Technical Activities. aluminum strips on which have been lithographed ASAE participates on U.S. Technical Advisory colors typical of the corrosion products on copper Groups for International Organization for Standardiza- after exposure to gasoline and other fuels. They also tion, ISO/TC 23, Agricultural Tractors and Machinery, include replicas of the color standard to determine and ISO/TC 131, Fluid Power Systems and Compo- the thermal stability of aviation turbine fuels. nents. ASAE standards form the basis of numerous A great many of the society's standards are draft proposals for the LInited States on agricultural reprinted by industrial companies and are used in tractors and machinery. textbooks and reference publications. Permission to ASAE participated heavily in the recent Department reprint is frequently given; however, the society has of Transportation study concerning the need for invoked a modest charge for the right to reprint regulations on agricultural tractors operated on public

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highways. ASAE, through its members, provides The American Society of Anesthesiologists has, in technical support for the development of needed addition, a Committee on Mechanical Equipment regulations for agriculture under the Department of which maintains liaison with the standardization work Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Act. ASAE of other professional and technical bodies in the standards serve as the basis for regulations being pro- medical field. posed to the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis- Formerly: Long Island Society of Anesthetists tration by its Agricultural Advisory Committee. (1912); New York Society of Anesthetists (1935); All ASAE standards, recommendations and data are American Society of Anesthetists (1935). published in the Agricultural Engineers Yearbook. The 1973 edition includes 130 standards. An index and AMERICAN SOCIETY OF price list is available from ASAE Headquarters on CINEMATOGRAPHERS, request. 1782 North Orange Drive, Since ASAE is the principle organization in the Hollywood, California 90028 United States developing standards for agriculture, ASAE standards are considered national in scope. As a The American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) member organization of the American National Stand- was founded in 1919. The Research and Educational ards Institute (ANSI), ASAE has promulgated several Committee of this society is engaged in standardiza- standards through ANSI. The Agricultural Engineers tion activities on an interdepartmental basis within the Yearbook includes a roster of ASAE committees. Infor- motion picture industry. mation concerning standardization projects is avail- The versatility and rapid expansion of present day able from ASAE Headquarters on request. wide screen motion picture production methods neces- sitate immediate standardization of procedures within THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF the industry for methods, equipment and/ or agree- ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, ments on aperture dimensions. One example of the 515 Busse Highway, society's work in this regard is ASC Recommendation Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 No. 13, covering the newly developed Techniscope wide screen production method which is at present This society, founded in 1905, is the sponsor of the followed by all major studios throughout the world. American National Standards Sectional Committee This document sets forth technical facts as well as Z79 on Standards for Anesthesia and Respiratory dimensions for camera aperture and ground glass Equipment. The work of this committee is devoted to: and/ or finder markings. terminology, definition, units of measure, identification, dimensions and tolerances, and methods of test AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, of anesthesia and breathing machine connecting 345 East 47th Street, pieces—including breathing tubes, masks and bags New York, New York 10017 from the patient to the machine. The committee has produced Standard Specifications for Endotracheal The ASCE was founded in 1852 for the advance- Tubes Z79.1-1960, and Specifications for Endotracheal ment of the science and profession of engineering. Tube Connectors and Adaptors Z79.2-1961. In the Under certain circumstances it produces national final preparation stage, after approval by ballot are standards, but in general participates through standards Tracheal Tubes and Cuffs Z79.1, Oropha- appointed representatives to standards-producing orga- ryngeal Airways Z79.3, and Anesthetic Reservoir Bags nizations, as well as through review of new standards Z79.4. The American Society of Anesthesiologists was and codes as they are formulated. host to a plenary meeting in Boston on October 9th National issues on standards are the concern of the and 12th, 1972 of International Organization for ASCE Committee on Standards and its Task Commit- Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 121 tees on building codes, metrication, nuclear standards, which covers the same work as the American National and performance standards for excavations and Standards Committee Z79. The ISO draft standards foundations. approved on October 12th, 1972 were: Tracheal Presently more than 150 members of ASCE repre- Tubes, 121/WG 2 N 67; Anaesthetic Reservoir Bags. sent the society on over 75 standards and code activi- 121/WG 2 N 68; Oropharyngeal Airways, 121/WG ties of other organizations, including the American N 69; Breathing Machines for Medical Use, 121/WG National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American

3 N 96; and Terminology, 121 N 69 ( = 121/WG N 41 Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Amer- —Terms Relating to Anaesthetic Equipment. Subject ican Iron and Steel Institute, the National Sanitation to small amendments agreed by ISO/TC 121 WG 4 Foundation, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the including the title to be Terms Relating to Anaes- American Institute of Architects, and the National thesiology, 121/WG 4 N 51E—Terms Relating to Association of Home Builders. ASCE is also repre- Breathing Machines. Subject to small amendments, sented on several International Organization for Stand- 121/WG 4 N 52—Terms Relating to Modes of Ad- ardization (ISO) Technical Committees. ministration of Anaesthetics. In working with these organizations, ASCE pre- In each case they are almost identical to the Ameri- pares, publishes and votes on materials as appropriate can National Standards Z79 drafts. to the society, and these usually result in some form

41 of published American National Standard or other suit- methods of analysis applicable to wine are studied, able standards media. The Manuals and Reports on collaboratively, and recommended if found satisfac- Engineering Practice listed in the General Information tory. Their most recent publication Uniform Methods Section of the ASCE Register provide some informa- of Analyses for Wines and Spirits, American Society tion on ASCE publications related to standards. of Enologists, 1972, lists 11 methods for alcohol, Brix, Formerly: American Society of Civil Engineers and pH, sulfur dioxide, copper, iron total and volatile acid. Architects (1868). Other methods are under study. Other activities include sponsorship of scholarships AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ELECTROPLATED and an annual meeting with presentation of research PLASTICS, INC., papers and exhibition of apparatus and equipment. 1000 Vermont Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20005 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND The American Society of Electroplated Plastics is a AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, nonprofit organization devoted to improving the United Engineering Center, efficiency of its industry and to promoting the use of 345 East 47th Street, electroplated plastics. ASEP was organized in 1966 New York, New York 10017 and incorporated in the State of Pennsylvania in 1967. As the only national association representing the elec- ASHRAE, founded in 1894, has contributed stand- troplated plastics industry in the U.S., ASEP has a ards vital to man's well-being and comfort—in office domestic and foreign membership of 65 companies. buildings, factories, school and home construction; in The standardization program accounts for roughly food and beverage processing, storage and distribu- 70 percent of ASEP's activities. ASEP's Standards and tion; in solar energy utilization; and, more recently, in Guidelines, first promulgated in 1967, has approxi- the nation's space program. The society is organized mately doubled in size as the technology of this new and operated for the exclusive purpose of advancing industry has grown. Since the inception of the the arts and sciences of heating, refrigeration, air- standardization program, ASEP has worked with the conditioning and ventilation, the allied arts and sci- American Society for Testing and Materials in ences, and related human factors for the benefit of developing specifications, four of which have already the general public. To fulfill its role, the society shall received ASTM approval. ASEP standards and guide- recognize the effect of its technology on the environ- lines govern such considerations as: parts design; ment and natural resources to protect the welfare of mold design; substrate fabrication requisites; plastic posterity. product qualification; test procedures and standards Probably no ASHRAE activity or accomplishment (including standard test panel, adhesion, corrosion, has a more direct influence upon living conditions thermal cycling, and appearance) ; performance capa- than its standards. ASHRAE standards are developed bilities (including substrate, plate construction, and to assist industry and public by offering a uniform for proven applications) ; handling of molded parts method of testing equipment for rating purposes, by plating; and industry terms. ASEP's Industry Stand- suggesting safe practices in designing and installing ards Committee is responsible for coordinating changes such equipment, by providing other information which to Standards and Guidelines. Registered holders of may serve to guide the industry. ASHRAE standards ASEP's Standards and Guidelines automatically have been referred to by national and international receive new specifications and other changes as they agencies, as well as being source documents for the are developed. development of American National Standards (ANSI). No formal international standards agreements exist. The prime responsibility for the development of However, several overseas firms hold copies of Stand- standards is within the scope of the ASHRAE ards and Guidelines for their information and use. Standards Committee. This committee is supported by a staff organization administered by the Director of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ENOLOGISTS, Standards. ASHRAE Standards Project Committees P.O. Box 411, are continually in the process of promulgating new Davis, California 95616 standards, as well as reviewing current standards so that they will reflect technical advances in the areas The American Society of Enologists is an association which they cover. At present the society has 35 of trained enologists, viticulturists and other wine standards available. ASHRAE has for many years specialists organized in 1950 and incorporated in 1951 been a member of the American National Standards in California, as a nonprofit corporation exclusively Institute (ANSI). The society holds a secretariat for a for scientific and literary purposes in this field. It number of International Organization for Standardiza- publishes the American Journal of Enology and tion (ISO) technical committees and has taken the Viticulture, a quarterly devoted primarily to original lead in submitting several standards for consideration research papers, but also with short abstracts or as international standards. The standardization pro- reviews of books and research papers related to gram has grown tremendously since 1940 with the enology. increased cooperation among countries in the stand- Under the Technical Projects Committee uniform ardization field. About one third of the total society

42 program is related to the national and international addition, ASME sponsors several USA Technical standardization program. Advisory Groups for activities which do not have ASHRAE has cooperated with a number of Govern- corresponding American National Standards Commit- ment agencies, principally with the National Bureau tees. of Standards in supporting technical programs, but Many branches of the Federal Government are there has not been any involvement with Govern- represented on standards committees sponsored by ment agencies in the development of specific ASME. Among these are: U.S. Department of Agricul- standards. ture, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department Formed by merger of: American Society of Heating of Defense, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. and the Ameri- and Welfare, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. can Society of Refrigerating Engineers (1959) Department of Labor, Atomic Energy Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Power AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LUBRICATION Commission, General Services Administration, Na- ENGINEERS, tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, Tennes- 838 Busse Highway, see Valley Authority, Veterans Administration, and Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 the U.S. Postal Service. In addition, liaison is maintained with the U.S. Department of Transporta- This society was organized in 1944 to encourage the tion. ASME operates a certification program in active cooperation of industry and the professions in connection with its boiler code activity for boilers, advancing the knowledge and application of the art of pressure vessels, and nuclear plant components. The lubrication in all its branches. To support and stimu- society authorizes manufacturers to apply ASME Code late the study and development of the theory and Symbol Stamps to their product, indicating compli- practice of the techniques of lubrication, this society ance with the ASME Boiler Code. develops and promulgates standards on industrial The society currently published 360 standards in all lubricants and lubrication practices. This activity fields of mechanical engineering. The ASME Publica- began in 1962. A total of twenty standards have been tions Catalog lists ASME publications as well as its published to date. These standards are national in standards. scope. A list of standards may be obtained by writing ASME sponsors the following standards commit- to the above address. tees: Boiler Code; Performance Test Code; Controls and Safety Devices for Automatically Fired Boilers THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF and Warm Air Furnaces; Decompression Chambers MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, and Transfer Capsules; Codes and Standards Educa- United Engineering Center, tion; Gas Pipeline Committee; Food, Drug and Bever- 345 East 47th Street, age Equipment Committee; Steam Turbines; Stand- New York, New York 10017 ardization of Therbligs, Process Charts, and Their Symbols; Piston Rings; Diaphragm Actuated Control The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was Valve Terminology; Turbine Water Damage Preven- incorporated on December 24, 1881. tion; Air Pollution Standards; Shielded Ignition ASME is a professional society organized to: pro- Systems for Industrial Engineers; A13-Scheme for mote the art and science of mechanical engineering the Identification of Piping Systems; A17-Safety Code and the allied arts and sciences; encourage original for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Moving research; foster engineering education; advance the Walks; A40-National Plumbing Code; A90-Safety Code standards of engineering; promote the intercourse of for Manlifts; A112-Standardization of Plumbing Mate- engineers among themselves and with allied techno- rials and Equipment; AllB-Safety Code for Mech- logists; broaden the usefulness of the engineering pro- anized Parking Garage Equipment; A120-Power fession in cooperation with other engineering and Operated Platforms Used for Exterior Building technical societies; and promote a high level of ethical Maintenance; Bl-Standardization and Unification of practice. Screw Threads; B2-Pipe and Hose Coupling Threads; The development of codes and standards is an 4-Allowances and Tolerances for Cylindrical Parts important part of the society's activity to promote the and Limit Gages; B5-Machine Tool, Components, art and science of mechanical engineering. The ASME Elements, Performance and Equipment; B15-Safety Policy Board, Codes and Standards, supervises the Code for Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus; standardization activities of the society under the B16-Standardization of Flanges, Fittings and Valves; authority delegated to it by the ASME Council which is Bl7-Keys and Keyseats; B18-Standardization of Bolts, the governing board of ASME. The Managing Director, Nuts, Rivets, Screws, Washers, and Similar Fasteners; Codes and Standards, serves as the Secretary of the B19-Safety Standards for Compressor Systems; B20- Policy Board, Codes and Standards. Safety Code for Conveyors and Related Equipment; The organization participates actively in interna- B27-Standardization of Retaining Rings, Retaining tional standardization through its sponsorship of Clips, and Similar Devices; B29-Transmission Chains American National Standards Committees which serve and Sprocket Teeth; BSO-Safety Code for Cranes, as the USA Technical Advisory Groups for the Inter- Derricks, Hoists, Jacks and Slings; B31-Code for national Organization for Standardization (ISO). In Pressure Piping; B32-Standardization of Wire Diam-

43 eters and Metal Thicknesses; B36-Standarclization of The society is a member of and participates actively Wrought-Iron and Wrought-Steel Tubing and Pipe; in the work of the International Society for Photo- B40-Specifications for Pressure and Vacuum Gauges; grammetry. B46-Classification and Designation of Surface Quali- ties; B47-Gage Blanks; B55-V-Belts and V-Belt Drives; AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLUMBING B56-Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks; ENGINEERS, B73-Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical Industry Use; 16161 Ventura Boulevard, BSS-Calibration of Measuring Systems for Pressure, Suite 105, Temperature, Fluid Flow and, Liquid Level; B89- Encino, California 91316 Dimensional Metrology; B94-Cutting Tools, Holders, Drivers and Bushings; B95-Terminology for Pressure The American Society of Plumbing Engineers Relief Devices; B102-Industrial Corundum Bearings; (ASPE) is a professional technical society organized B106-Design of Transmission Shafting; BIOT-Socket to elevate the field of plumbing to professional status. Wrenches and Socket Wrench Drives; B118-0verrun- ASPE was incorporated in 1964 as a nonprofit organi- ning Clutches; B133-Gas Turbines—Procurement; zation. It is the only international organization C85-Terminology for Automatic Control; MHl-Stand- devoted exclusively to the interests and concerns of ardization of Pallets; MH5-Standardization of Freight plumbing engineering.

Containers; MHll-Power or Hand Operated Handling Although ASPE does not publish standards, it is Trucks; MH14-Industrial Loading Ramps; N45-Reac- engaged in the important work of advising builders, tor Plants and Their Maintenance; Yl-Abbreviations; architects and property owners in the value, to them YlO-Letter Symbols; Y14-Standards for Drawings and and to their projects, of well conceived, carefully pre- Drafting Practice; Y15-Preferred Practice for the pared plumbing drawings and clear, concise specifica- Preparation of Graphs, Charts, and Other Technical tions. The society is actively represented on committees Illustrations; Y32-Graphic Symbols and Designations; such as the National Standards Plumbing Code Com- Z94-Industrial Engineering Teririinology ; Z228-Incin- mittee of the National Association of Plumbing-Heat- eration; Technical Advisory Groups for ISO/TCll, ing-Cooling Contractors, the American National Boilers and Pressure Vessels; ISO/TC30, Measurement Standards Institute (ANSI), the American National of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits; IEC/TC4, Hydraulic Standards Committee A40; International Association Turbines; and IEC/TC5, Steam Turbines. In addition, of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (lAPMO) and ASME has representation on 101 standards writing the American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE), committees sponsored by other organizations. and on the local level, on numerous code and adminis- The society promotes the use of its standards trative authorities. through press releases to technical magazines and by ASPE's code committees: (a) examine all regula- direct mail publicity to its 66,000 members. tory codes pertaining to the plumbing industry to bring them into AMERICAN SOCIETY OF sharp focus. Thus, the plumbing engi- PHOTOGRAMMETRY, neer can join with governmental authorities to interpret and administer codes so that systems can be de- 105 North Virginia Avenue, signed with a minimum of corrections or revisions Falls Church, Virginia 22046 during the construction phase of the project, eliminat- Founded in 1934, the American Society of Photo- ing unnecessary costs; (b) submit proposed revisions grammetry is primarily concerned with the art, science or clarifications of codes to code writing authorities in and technology of measuring and interpreting photo- their campaign to simplify, standardize and modernize graphic images. Its scope of interest includes the fields all codes; and (c) offer advisory services to other or- of aerial photography, photogrammetric surveys, pho- ganizations or to governmental agencies involved in tographic interpretation and remote sensing. A writing or enacting codes. monthly journal, Photogrammetric Engineering, is devoted to new developments, equipment, techniques, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY and applications in these areas. ENGINEERS, The society publishes manuals which are generally 850 Busse Highway, accepted as standards of reference. These include the Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 Manual of Photogrammetry, the Manual of Photo- graphic Interpretation, and the Manual of Color Aerial The society, founded in 1911, is composed of career Photography. A two-volume Manual of Remote Sens- safety specialists, organized to promote and foster the ing is now in preparation. advancement of the profession and the well-being and A Committee on Standardization is currently devel- professional development of its members. oping the basis for a program of standardization within In 1973 the American Society of Safety Engineers

the society's scope of interest. The Professional Activi- (ASSE) adopted the position that as an organization it ties Committee is concerned with ethical standards and would no longer participate in the development of the certification of professional photogrammetrists. A individual technical standards, however, it would con- nomenclature committee contributes to Government tinue to develop standards for the profession and/or programs aimed at the standardization of definitions the professional safety engineer and participate in and terminology. standards policy bodies. These standards activities

44 remain under the supervision of the Vice-President of that is available in specifying the best adapted sod and Professional Affairs. its proper installation. In this regard, national guide- ASSE promotes the participation of industry, com- line specifications were drafted, printed and made merce, Government, labor, educational institutions, available for distribution. Assistance has been pro- etc., in the development of technical standards by vided to various state and Federal agencies as well as pointing out to the membership the need for them to architects, landscapers, and a wide variety of profes- urge their individual companies or organizations to sional turfgrass managers with sodding specifications. become involved in such activities, to assure that any Copies of the printed specifications are available from resulting standards are effective and operable. The the Executive Secretary. In addition, assistance can be society uses its limited resources for participation on provided in writing specifications as well as advising broader, policy-making committees of these organiza- on the proper use of sod. tions where representation of the profession is appropriate. It also recommends highly qualified specialists AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOCIATION, to the standards advisory committees being established P.O. Box 158 by Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hudson, Iowa 50643 (OSHA). Absorbed: United Association of Casualty Inspec- This association, founded in 1920, is the nationwide tors (1914). organization of soybean producers and is particularly concerned with standardization of grades for soybeans AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SANITARY and soybean products, both for domestic sale and sale ENGINEERING, into the export markets. Because the United States at 960 Illuminating Building, present supplies about 90 percent of the soybeans that

Cleveland, Ohio 44113 move into world markets, it is essential that buyers and handlers in other countries understand the stand- This society was established in 1906 primarily for ards established for U.S. beans. Therefore, one major the purpose of promoting health, welfare and safety activity of the association is in the field of grading of the public through better sanitary principles as standards for soybeans. The association works closely related to plumbing. The society has endeavored to with the Grain Division of the Department of Agri- develop rules and regulations for the advancement of culture on this standards activity. sanitary science in plumbing, encourage standardiza- The association has a direct interest in the stand- tion and project the need for practical and scientifically ards established for 44 percent protein soybean meal, developed plumbing installations. As a help to both 50 percent protein soybean meal, soy flour, and soy manufacturers and local officials, the ASSE established grits. With a shortage of protein throughout the world, the Seal Program. This seal, displayed on a product, it is important that there be established standards for will indicate that the product has been tested and the new soy protein products, such as extruded and certified for compliance with the standard having the texturized proteins, meat analogues and other com- consensus of manufacturers of that class of product muted new foods. These are new food products and and is acceptable to the ASSE. The Standards Com- not substitutes for meats and other animal products. mittee is presently working to develop standards for Soy oil is the major source of edible vegetable oil products relating to plumbing and sanitation. throughout the world and, therefore, standards are Formerly: American Society of Inspectors of Plumb- important for crude, semirefined, and refined grades. ing and Sanitary Engineering. Soy oil is well qualified to serve in many other food products such as margarine, shortenings, salad dress- AMERICAN SOD PRODUCERS' ings, and cooking and salad oil. Since U.S. soybeans ASSOCIATION, and soybean products are relatively new commodities Garmo Inc., Association Building, in the world markets, there is the problem of acquaint- 9th and Minnesota, ing buyers with U.S. grading standards, establishing Hastings, Nebraska 68901 grading standards which are practical from our standpoint and from those of the buyer, and of changing the The American Sod Producers' Association (ASPA) standards when it is deemed desirable. is the national organization representing the sod industry. It was formally organized in 1967 with 40 charter AMERICAN SPICE TRADE ASSOCIATION, members as a nonprofit organization under the Statutes P.O. Box 1267, of Ohio. Membership consists of sod producers and 580 Sylvan Avenue, associated interests such as equipment, seed, and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 chemical suppliers and landscapers. ASPA was formed with two broad objectives This association, founded in 1907, maintains a encompassing the interests of its members in a united Quality Control Committee whose function it is to effort toward (1) the production of better quality sod adopt standards of quality for whole spices, seeds, and more efficiently and economically, and (2) to promote herbs imported at American ports of entry. Also, the proper use of sod. In promoting the proper use of through the ASTA's Research Committee, in coopera- sod, a major accomplishment is the advisory assistance tion with RESEARCH 900, the values of the base

45 nutrient composition of spices have been developed. monthly newsletter, and maintenance of the Packard These include not only ash, fat, fiber, moisture, pro- watch collection. AWI lends slide and film-illustrated tein, and calories, but the vitamin content as well. In scripts to its members. another Research Committee project conducted in In general, the activity of the institute is involved in cooperation with the Wisconsin Alumni Research standards of craftsmenship. This is achieved through Foundation, the content of twenty-one mineral ele- the dissemination of technical bulletins, and certifica- ments in a number of spices has been determined. tion examinations—two types: certified watchmaker The association has developed a publication known and master certified watchmakers, and finally, partici- as Official Analytical Methods for analyzing spices. pation in state licensing. Former activities were: These methods contain twelve general methods for Standards Committee participation in the United analyzing spices, eleven methods for analyzing specific States of America Standards Institute's (now the spices, and a method for the determination of ethylene American National Standards Institute) program on oxide in spices. the Standardization of Corundum Bearings in Horol- ogy, a request from the Department of the Army to AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY, review standards on chronometers, and a request from 335 East 45th Street, the U.S. Bureau of Standards to review railroad time New York, New York 10017 standards. On an international plane, the British Horo- logical Society had requested an opinion from the The American Vacuum Society (AVS) was founded institute in regard to the proper placement of jewels in 1953 as the Committee on Vacuum Techniques, in a 17 jewel watch. Inc. In 1958, the name was changed to the American Finally the institute aims to standardize the techni- Vacuum Society. AVS seeks to advance and dissemi- cal teaching techniques in the United States through nate knowledge concerning vacuum science and tech- its Education Committee which operates through the nology, thin films, vacuum metallurgy and surface schools. science. The Standards Committee, one of seven standing AMERICAN WATER WORKS committees of AVS, administers the standardization ASSOCIATION, activities. There are currently 25 vacuum standards 6666 West Quincy Avenue, issued by the society which are considered national in Denver, Colorado 80235 scope. The new AVS standards are published in the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology and even- The American Water Works Association (AWWA) tually will be submitted to the American National was founded March 29, 1881 to advance the knowledge Standards Institute (ANSI) for adoption. of the design, construction, operation and management The new current projects of the Standards Commit- of water utilities in the production and distribution tee are: procedures for calibrating McLeod gauges; of safe and adequate community water supplies. procedures for calibrating equipment used in evapora- AWWA's standards program, the largest national tion processes; and design and fabrication of rugged direct participation program of the association, involves ionization gauge suitable as transfer standards. approximately 680 committee members. This standards The Standards Committee maintains liaison with program is administered by the AWWA Standards the American Society for Testing and Materials and Council and operates under procedures approved by other standards-writing bodies whose interest border the AWWA Board of Directors. Early in 1973 the pro- on vacuum technology. On an international level, AVS cedures were approved by the American National serves as an advisory body to ANSI for representation Standards Institute Board of Standards Review as on the Vacuum Technology Committee, TC/112, of adequate for the development of a national consensus. the International Organization for Standardization The procedures apply to standards and related publica- (ISO). tions such as books, manuals, handbooks and reports developed by conmiittees of the Standards Council or AMERICAN WATCHMAKERS by committees jointly sponsored with other organiza- INSTITUTE INC., tions. A brief report of the Standards Council appears P.O. Box 11011, in the AWWA Yearbook. Since AWWA is the major Cincinnati, Ohio 45211 national representative of the water utility industry in the United States, its standards are considered national Founded in 1960 after a merger of two earlier orga- in scope. The association is publisher of the standards nizations, the Horological Institute of America and for design and installation, painting, and inspection the United Horological Association of America. AWI and repair of steel tanks produced by the Joint Com- is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to the advance- mittee on Steel Tanks which is jointly sponsored by ment of horology. Its more than 4,000 members are AWWA, the American Welding Society, and the New watchmakers and others who have acquired a horologi- England Water Works Association. In cooperation with cal background through selling, servicing or collecting committees of the American Public Health Association horological items. Activities include technical bulletins, and the Water Pollution Control Federation, a commit- a certification program, professional seminars, regional tee of this association assists in the preparation and meetings, vocational brochures, technical service, a periodic revision of the 874-page book. Standard Meth-

46 ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, pare standards such as codes, specifications, recom- now in its 13th edition. The 14th edition is scheduled mended practices and technical reports. The standards for publication in late 1974 or early 1975. Future edi- emanating from these committees represent four broad tions will be published every two years. AWWA holds categories: (1) Welding Fundamentals—including the Administrative Secretariat for American National symbols, testing, definitions, filler metals, and safety Standards Committee B58 on Vertical Turbine Pumps and health; (2) Welding Processes—including resist- and American National Standards Committee A21 on ance welding; thermal spraying, brazing and soldering; Cast-iron Pipe and Fittings. Cosecretariats for Ameri- (3) Inspection of Welds, and Qualification of Welders can National Standards Committee A21 are the Amer- and Procedures; and (4) Industrial Applications of ican Gas Association and the New England Water Welding—pertaining to buildings, bridges, ships, stor- Works Association. The AWWA currently has repre- age tanks, automotive, piping and aerospace. The tech- sentatives on 12 standards committees of other nical committees are composed of approximately 700 organizations. experts from the academic community and industry, The AWWA Yearbook contains a complete list of including producers and consumers, to ensure that the standards committees, including their scopes and mem- standards reflect the best industrial practices. Sym- bership. Currently there are 68 standards for products posiums and technical meetings are held to gather and materials and 132 standard test methods for exam- information for standards. The society has published ination of water. The product and material standards more than 70 standards, and cooperates with other are listed in the AWWA Publications Catalog which is organizations in the preparation and review of stand- published as a part of the AWWA Yearbook, and is ards if they include welding. available free of charge to anyone who requests it. The The society is also involved in the preparation of water test methods are a part of a larger book entitled standards on the international level. As an active mem- Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and ber of the International Institute of Welding, the soci- Wastewater. ety maintains liaison with the ISO committee on weld- Presently there is no certification program, however, ing. The society sponsors a Technical Advisory Group the Standards Committee on Steel Tanks is attempting to ISO/TC44—Welding, which participates through to develop a self-certification program for manufac- the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in turers and formulators of paint systems for steel water establishing the USA position for voting on draft storage tanks. international standards. The society acts as technical Federal Government activities are part of the stand- advisor to the American representation on the lEC ardization program of the association. To this end Committee on Welding. AWWA cooperates with the Department of Defense The society participates in the ANSI Welding Tech- Standardization Program Analysis, Federal Supply nical Advisory Board (WTAB) which it helps to orga- Class 6810, Chemicals. nize. The objective of the WTAB is to coordinate There is also an active international program. The welding standards development nationally. association participates in the International Organiza- tion for Standardization (ISO) TC5/SC2, Cast Iron AMERICAN WOOD INSPECTION AGENCY, and Ductile Iron Pipe; ISO TC 147, Water Quality; P.O. Box 5824, and ISO/TC 30/SC7, Water Meters. Spartanhurg, South Carolina 29301

This organization is a nonprofit, nongovernment AMERICAN WAX IMPORTERS AND corporation organized in 1973 to administrate a quality REFINERS' ASSOCIATION, control program for treating plants manufacturing 225 West 34th Street, pressure preserved wood products. The five voting New York, New York 10001 Directors of the corporation are technical people knowledgeable in wood preservation and quality control, and The association was formed in 1948 for the purpose employed in an associated technical capacity. Tlie of establishing and maintaining a cordial and friendly members of the corporation are the pressure treating relationship among the members, and by united and companies subscribing to the quality control services cooperative effort to develop, promote and protect the of the agency. Members are authorized to mark their interest of the industry. products with the AWIA quality mark if the quality of It has established specifications, sampling and test their products, as determined by modern statistical methods for carnauba, candelilla and ouricury waxes methods, meet or exceed the minimum requirements together with color standards for carnauba wax. of the American Wood-Preservers' Association. The agency contracts with various chemical laboratories for the inspection of the preserved wood samples sub- AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, mitted by member treating plants. The results of these 2501 NW. 7th Street, inspections are used by the AWIA to rate the quality Miami, Florida 33125 of the material produced by the treating plants. The AWIA has a quality control manual which sets forth The American Welding Society was founded in in detail the standard sampling and inspection proce- 1919. The technical committees of this society pre- dures required for the AWIA quality control program.

47 —;

This manual also contains the applicable American Solvent-Penta Solution (LP-77). (2) AWPB FDN, Wood-Preservers' Association standards that set forth Quality Control Program for Softwood Lumber, Tim- the minimum treatment requirements for pressure ber and Plywood Pressure Treated with Water-Borne preserved wood. Preservatives for Ground Contact Use in Residential and Light Commercial Foundations, issued February AMERICAN WOOD-PRESERVERS' 1972. (3) AWPB Quality Mark Marine Piling, issued ASSOCIATION, July 1971. 1625 Eye Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20006 ANTI FRICTION BEARING MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, This association, in its seventieth year, has among 60 East 42nd Street, its principal objectives the standardization of specifi- New York, New York 10017 cations for wood preservatives and their introduction into the materials to be preserved, and the improve- The Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers' Asso- ment of materials and methods used in construction ciation was founded in 1933. The Annular Bearing with preserved wood. In carrying out its aims, the Engineers Committee, Roller Bearing Engineers Com- association has published and keeps current 64 stand- mittee, and Ball Manufacturers Engineers Committee ards covering preservatives, treatment of commodities, are sponsored by this association. These engineering analysis methods, conversion tables and other miscel- committees develop and maintain the AFBMA Stand- laneous standards. These standards are contained in ards for Ball and Roller Bearings and Balls, which are the AWPA's Book of Standards. The standards are published as a set of 13 booklets covering: terminology; referenced in state and Federal specifications and are boundary dimensions; tolerances; definitions and gag- widely used throughout the using and producing fields ing practices; bearing identification code; packaging of the industry. recommended method for domestic and export; shaft and housing fits; mounting accessories; load ratings AMERICAN WOOD-PRESERVERS BUREAU, and fatigue life for ball bearings; balls; load ratings P.O. Box 6085, and fatigue life for roller bearings; instrument ball 2772 S. Randolph Street, bearings; and rolling bearing vibration and noise. Arlington, Virginia 22206 AFBMA cooperates with the American National Standards Institute and International Organization for AWPB, a nonprofit organization cooperating with Standardization on the development of national and the American Wood-Preservers' Association and the international standards. It also works with Government American Wood-Preservers Institute, it provides a agencies on the improvement of Federal specifications. nationally known Quality Mark that, when affixed to a piece of wood certifies a definite preservative treatment. ARCHERY MANUFACTURERS' The American Wood-Preservers Bureau has issued ORGANIZATION, quality control standards for water-borne and creosote 618 Chalmers Street, preservatives to assist specifiers and users in obtaining Flint, Michigan 48503 properly pressure-treated products. Each standard stipu- lates the types and quantities of wood against termites The Archery Manufacturers' Organization was and decay for the end-use applications outlined in each established in 1950 and it is a private, nonprofit, nonstandard. governmental organization. The primary purpose of the Standards published are: (1) AWPB Quality Mark corporation is to improve and promote the sport of Lumber, Timber, Plywood, issued June 1973. The archery, improve and promote the business of archery standards include those for Softwood Lumber, Timber manufacturers; to further the business interests of and and Plywood for Above Ground Use: Pressure Treated promote friendly relationships with its members; to with Water-Borne Preservatives (LP-2), Pressure study ways and means of improving business methods Treated with Light Petroleum Solvent-Penta Solution and to establish trade standards and to compile and (LP-3), Pressure Treated with Volatile Solvent (LPG) - distribute to its members statistics and information Penta Solution (LP-4), Pressure Treated with Creosote regarding the archery manufacturing industry. or Creosote Coal Tar Solutions (LP-5), Pressure The Standards Committee has provided the industry Treated with Heavy Petroleum Solvent-Penta Solution with a series of carefully planned standards that

(LP-7) ; and those for Softwood Lumber, Timber and encompass: bow length, bow weights, arrow spine Plywood for Ground Contact Use: Pressure Treated charts, arrow length, arrow point taper, arrow nock with Water-Borne Preservatives (LP-22), Pressure taper, bow string lengths, and bow and arrow nomen- Treated with Light Petroleum Solvent-Penta Solution clature. The committee serves the organization in an (LP-33), Pressure Treated with Volatile Petroleum advisory capacity and also as an investigating unit. Solvent (LPG) -Penta Solution {LP-44), Pressure Formerly: Archery Manufacturers and Dealers' Treated with Creosote or Creosote Coal Tar Solutions Association; Archery Manufacturers' Association (LP-55), and Pressure Treated with Heavy Petroleum (1968).

48 .

ARCHITECTURAL PRECAST Terms and ASTM Specifications and Methods of Test- ASSOCIATION, ing for asbestos textiles. 825 East 64th Street, Another pamphlet available from the ATI, prepared Indianapolis, Indiana 46220 under the auspices of the institute's Air Hygiene and Manufacturing Committee, is entided Measurement of The Architectural Precast Association (APA) was Airborne Aslsestos Fiber by the Membrane Filter founded in 1966, for manufacturers of precast concrete Method and is concerned with the accurate measure- panels and their suppliers, to: ( promote the dissemi- 1 ) ment of airborne asbestos fiber in order to conform nation of educational materials related to the manu- with Federal, state or provincial statutory requirements facture and use of precast concrete; (2) promote for asbestos threshold limit value. interest in precast concrete throughout the construc- The institute, joindy with the Quebec Asbestos tion industry; and (3) encourage the adoption of the Mining Association and the Asbestos Cement Products standards and specifications of the association. Association, publishes a Manual of Testing Procedures APA, with contributions from the Pikes Peak Chap- for Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre which provides standard ter of The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI), methods for testing the physical and chemical proper- prepared Specifying: Precast Concrete Panels, CSI ties of chrysotile asbestos fiber. Specification Series 03410, issued March, 1973 by CSI. THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE, ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK INSTITUTE, Asphalt Institute Building, College Park, 5055 South Chesterfiekl Road, Maryland 20740 Arlington, Virginia 22206 The institute, founded in 1919, has a technical committee structure consisting of an International This institute was formed in 1953 and in 1958 Technical Committee composed of representatives of absorbed the Millwork Cost Bureau, which was estab- institute member companies located in the U.S., lished in 1914. AWI carries on a sustained program of Canada and overseas, and of institute engineers, who standardization in the fields of cost accounting, esti- serve ex officio. This committee coordinates all insti- mating, detailing and billing, and the fabrication of tute technical committee activities. In addition, com- architectural woodwork, sometimes known as special mittees on asphalt materials, design, and construction millwork, detail millwork or contract millwork. This is technology, as well as ad hoc committees created by done through the following publications: AWI Cost the International Technical Committee, exist to handle Accounting Manual (1963); AWI Operational Cost specific assignments. Other technical committees, Estimating Book (1960) Quality Standards for Archi- ; either standing or ad hoc, concern themselves with tectural Woodwork (1973); Guide Specification for technical matters within the four geographical divi- Architectural Woodwork ( 1973 ) sions of the institute. The institute also maintains and offers correspond- In addition, the institute maintains a Research and ence course training for estimators and detailers and Development Department including well equipped billers. Likewise, it publishes and distributes to archi- laboratories, at its headquarters building. tects and specification writers a series of brochures and The technical committees and the Research and technical bulletins to aid and inform them on the Development Department, as well as other institute proper design-use and specifying of architectural engineers, participate in a wide variety of technical woodwork. society activities concerned with standardization of test procedures and material specifications related to ASBESTOS TEXTILE INSTITUTE, asphaltic products and their use. The institute has P.O. Box 471, published construction specifications for a wide variety 131 North York Road, of asphalt applications in highway and airfield con- Willow Grove, Pennsylvania 19090 struction, uses of asphalt in hydraulic structures, asphalt protective coatings for pipe lines, uses of The Asbestos Textile Institute, founded 1944, acts asphalt in recreational areas, and others. It cooperates as a clearinghouse for information on asbestos textiles with the American Society for Testing and Materials, and serves in an advisory capacity to various Govern- the American Association of State Highway Officials ment agencies in the preparation and revision of pur- and with state and Federal agencies in laboratory and chase specifications. In addition, it works closely with committee work related to standardization activities. the American Society for Testing and Materials Sub- Formerly: Asphalt Association (1929). committee D13.14 (A-4 on Asbestos) concerning specifications, methods of test and recommended practices ASPHALT ROOFING MANUFACTURERS' for asbestos textiles. ASSOCIATION, The ATI publishes a Handbook of Asbestos Tex- 757 Third Avenue, tiles which sets forth various styles and properties of New York, New York 10017 asbestos textiles and lists the standard grades, weaves and weights of many of the textile products. Included The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers' Association in the handbook is a Glossary of Asbestos Textile (ARMA) was founded in 1919. The Technical Com-

49 mittee of this association cooperates actively in the of the total program is now involved with standardiza- formulation and improvement of standards and specifi- tion. cations covering asphalt roofing products which are The Security Standards Committee administers the developed by the Federal Government, the American standardization activity and is now working on Society for Testing and Materials, and the Underwrit- standards for security devices in relation to locks. ers' Laboratories. Through its Simplification Commit- ALA is closely allied with, and active in, the American tee, ARMA made studies and analyses designed to Society for Testing and Materials' program for volun- show the multiplicity of items produced in the tary standards in locking devices, Committee F-12 on industry and their relative importance from a sales Security Systems and Equipment. Several years ago, volume standpoint. The purpose of these studies was to in 1960, ALA was successful in getting industry enable manufacturers to intelligently accomplish such support to standardize and improve the quality of individual simplification and standardization of their packaging for key blanks. In 1973 the Security own lines as circumstances seemed to warrant. Standards Committee recommended a Standard City Formerly: Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau (1970). Ordinance on Building Security. At present, the organization is working on a recommended standard for state licensing or registration of locksmiths. The Key THE ASSOCIATED COOPERAGE Blank Boxes, Building Security, and Locksmith INDUSTRIES OF AMERICA, INC., License are the three current standards of ALA, that Street, 818 Olive are considered national in scope. St. Louis, Missouri 63101

This association, founded in 1915, carries on its ASSOCIATED MASTER BARBERS AND standardization work through committees appointed BEAUTICIANS OF AMERICA, especially for that purpose; namely, the Tight Grade 219 Greenwich Road, Rules Committee and the Slack Grade Rules Com- P.O. Box 17782, mittee. The association maintains strict standards, Charlotte, North Carolina 28211 that are national in scope, to assure the quality of products of the cooperage industry. These standards, The Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of frequently revised and kept up-to-date, are incorpo- America (AMBBA) was founded in 1924 to provide rated in two booklets: Grade Rules and Specifications, Tight Barrel Staves and Heading, and Grade Rules benefits and professionalize the industry through education standardization. and Specifications, Slack Barrel Staves, Heading and and AMBBA's standardiza- Hoops. tion activities are approximately 20 percent of the Transactions throughout the industry are based on entire association program, are administered by the these grade rules which in addition, form the basis National Educational Council and recommended to for Federal specifications for barrels and kegs. the Executive Committee for approval. The standard Rules are provided by the association governing rules and regulations are written for and apply to inspection service in cases of controversy. The associa- barber colleges, individual students and barbers, hair- tion also maintains standards governing sales and stylists, textbooks, and for judging contestants in settlements for the use of its members. contests. The members of this association are constantly The rules and regulations for standardized schools cooperating with container users in the development of the National Educational Council are written and of barrels suitable for their products. These barrels adopted to protect the student and professionalize the are made from material produced in accordance with industry, through the concept of setting a proper the association's standard grades and specifications. example whereby the student obtains his first impres- sions. It is understood by all involved that state regulations supersede the standardized rules and ASSOCIATED LOCKSMITHS OF regulations of AMBBA. In addition, there is a barber AMERICA, INC. stylist standardized examination and a standardized C.P.O. 729, educational program for the profession. Current 11 Elmendorf Street, projects underway are standardization of advanced Kingston, New York 12401 educational methods in barber schools as well as for shows and educational seminars. Associated Locksmiths of America (ALA) was AMBBA promotes its standards through promo- founded in December 1955, to encourage and pro- tional mailings; personal contact; the monthly maga- mote the voluntary exchange among locksmiths of zine, The Professional Men's Hairstylists and Barber's technical service data on security products; to elevate Journal; and barber shows. the position of the locksmith in the security industry; Certification Program Activities—Examinations to to establish a uniform code of ethics and to conduct certify ability to do hair piece work, styling, coloring, trade promotion activities. ALA held its first meeting relaxing and merchandizing are required for the and election of officers in July, 1956. About 10 percent professional certification of barbers.

50 ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION OF tinuing interdisciplinary communication as a primary THE VISUALLY HANDICAPPED, objective for all its members and as a vital element 1604 Spruce Street, in the standards making process. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 One of the primary coordination efforts of AAMI is to develop and promulgate medical device standards. First known as the Instructors of the Blind, and This is a significant professional attempt to provide later as the American Association of Instructors of the direction in the standards area for developing volun- Blind, the Association for Education of the Visually tary consensus safety and performance standards, and Handicapped (AEVH) began in 1853 with a national includes the active participation and services of meeting of superintendents of the 16 residential individuals from both the private and public sector. schools for the blind. AEVH was incorporated in AAMI currently has 13 active standards subcom- Kentucky in 1957 and assumed its current name in mittees as follows: Cardiac Valve; Catheter; Dialyzer; 1968. With a membership of 2500, AEVH is the Electrical Safety; Kidney; Pacemaker; Laser; Oph- educators of professional organization which serves thalmology ; Reliability of Medical Instruments ; Sterile the visually handicapped throughout the United States Disposables; Ultrasound; Vascular Prostheses; and and Canada with additional members in several Neurological Instrumentation. foreign countries. In addition to publishing a profes- Several draft standards have already been issued by sional quarterly, Education of the Visually Handi- various of the subcommittees listed above. capped, and a bulletin, Fountainhead, AEVH prints selected papers from each of its biennial conferences. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN FEED The organization participates actively in training CONTROL OFFICIALS, INC., institutes, the development of special standards, the Box 3160, encouragement and report of research in the field, College Station, Texas 77840 cooperates with national and international agencies and organizations interested in the education of The Association of American Feed Control Officials visually handicapped children and youth, and main- (AAFCO) is a private nonprofit association of State tains a certification service for teachers and child care Feed Control Officials maintaining its registered office workers/houseparents. This certification service, coor- and a registered agent in the District of Columbia as dinated by a standing committee of the Board of required by the District of Columbia nonprofit corpora- Directors, originated to fill a need of establishing tion act. standards for individuals working in the field. Of the The association was founded in 1905 and includes current membership, approximately 500 are certified. all officers charged by law with the execution of the The standards for each type of certification are state, provincial, dominion and Federal laws in the reviewed annually and the Board of Directors, upon continent of North America, Hawaii and Puerto Rico the recommendation of the Certification Committee, regulating the production labeling, distribution, and makes changes in line with the changing emphases in sale of animal feeds and livestock remedies. It also the field of education of the visually handicapped. includes the heads or chiefs of experiment stations, departments of agriculture, bureaus, divisions, sec- ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT tions, laboratories, and employees thereof and OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, research workers charged by law with the examination 1500 Wilson Boulevard, of animal feeds and livestock remedies. Suite 417, A uniform bill is provided for ttie implementation Arlington, Virginia 22209 by the various states for consumer protection. The association has advised and will advise in the future The Association for the Advancement of Medical control services of many nations concerning their Instrumentation (AAMI) founded in 1965 is a profes- control program. sional association; a nonprofit, international organiza- Many of the states have contracted with the Federal tion established with the objective of improving Food and Drug Administration to perform the activi- patient care through the application of technology to ties of this agency with regard to animal feeds and medicine. Presently AAMI has a membership of over drugs used in animal feeds. The Association of Amer- 3,000 individuals including physicians, engineers, ican Feed Control Officials publishes an official publi- scientists, other health professionals, researchers, cation annually with official terms and definitions for educators. Government representatives, and industry feeds and feed ingredients and additives for commer- officials. In addition. AAMI has over 200 corporations cial feeds which is available from the Chief Chemist, and institutions as members. Division of Agricultural Chemistry, P.O. Box 16390-A, AAMI by its charter and bylaws, is a multidisci- Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. The standards pub- plinary organization representing all interests and lished by this organization are international in scope disciplines in the medical instrumentation field. as outlined above. These standards are adopted uni- Through the formation of its Standards Committee versally and used substantially throughout production, and Standards Committee Council, its Standards labeling, distribution, and sale of animal feeds and Subcommittees, its professional journal, and other livestock remedies. official publications, AAMI strives to promote con- AAFCO has annual meetings of the Board of Direc-

51 tors and the association to provide open discussions Communication and Signal Section (Washington) : regarding uniformity. This section coordinates the principles and practices ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS, of American railroads; revises and keeps up to date American Railroads Building, drawings, specifications, requisites and other miscellaneous 1920 L Street NW., information contained in its manuals of recommended practice Washington, D.C. 20036 covering design, construction, maintenance and operation of railway communications and signaling devices; and is developing stand- This association is the central coordinating and ards for inductive interference. The C&S Section has research agency of the American raihoad industry. It the responsibility for the assignment of radio frequen- was established in 1934 as an outgrowth of numerous cies to all railroads and the protection of these earlier organizations, many of which dated back to frequencies. 1867 and were created for the purpose of standard- The section investigates the development of new izing various features of railroad service. The associa- devices, improvement of existing equipment, and new tion was formed in the interest of adequate and methods of installation, maintenance, and operation efficient railroad service and to enable the railroads to pertinent to the arts of communications and signaling, better contribute to the accomplishment of the pur- through its standing committees under the following poses of the national transportation policy. The subject titles: Wire and Cable Lines; Practices association represents the railroads in appropriate and Operation; Electronics; Instructions and cases before the courts, administrative tribunals, Con- Radio; Shop Practice; Designs; Inside Plant; Highway Grade Cross- gressional committees, and other Government bodies. ing Protection; Transmission and Interlocking, Traffic It serves as the joint agency of the railroads concern- Control and Block Signaling. ing such matters as research, operation, railway The Communication and Signal Section has repre- economics and statistics, accounting and financing, sentatives on many technical committees, both as well as industrywide problems in the data process- Government and private. ing field, which may require joint handling in furtherance of the national transportation policy. Intermodal Transportation Section (Washington) : For functional purposes, the association is organized by departments which span the fields of law, Development of uniform procedures and practices operations and maintenance, research and testing, rail- relating to trailers and containers in the rail-highway way economics and statistics, finance and accounting, transportation field is the objective of this section. railway information and public affairs, legislation, and management systems and procedures. Those depart- Station and Terminal Committee (Washington) : ments which include standardization as a major part of their activities are described in the following This committee assists roads paragraphs. member in the development of important practices and procedures affecting station and terminal operations. Operations and Maintenance Department,

Operating-Transportation Division (Washington) :

Safety and Special Services Division (Washington) : This general committee (which also serves as This division is charged General Committee, Operations and Maintenance with responsibility for safety in all areas of railroading. The division is comprised of Department, composed of 16 chief operating officers the following sections, committees or bureaus. and one representative of the American Short Line Railroad Association) conducts the activities of this Safety Section (Washington) : division and supervises the activities of the department. Other work of the Operating-Transportation This section assists member roads in safety pro- Division is carried on by sections and standing com- grams to promote preventive activities for reducing mittees which study and report on the various special- accidents and personal injuries. It has worked to ized problems that arise. The efforts of the General develop clarification and standardization in railroads' Committee and the standing committees are directed reporting accidents under Federal regulations. toward standardization of various operations and maintenance practices. Committee on Operating Rules (Washington) : The Committee on Compensation is composed of 16 chief transportation officers and a representative of The functions of this committee relate to the the American Short Line Railroad Association. The development of standard rules and practices regard- efforts of this committee are directed toward the ing the operating phase of railroading. standardization of rates and rules pertaining to mile- age allowances for privately owned freight cars, Medical Section (Washington) : demurrage and storage. The sections that follow are interested in standard- This section maintains contact with chief medical ization of the fields indicated. and surgical officers of member roads to promote

52 )

standards in the medical field and standardization of specific phases of freight loss and damage prevention procedures relating to the health of railroad employ- and make recommendations to the National Freight ees and patrons. It cooperates with state and Federal Loss and Damage Prevention Committee. agencies in formulating standards.

Freight Loading and Container Section (Chicago) :

Police and Security Section (Washington) :

The objective of this section is to provide improved This section handles problems of importance to the packaging or carloading methods for nondangerous railroad industry attempts, and where possible to commodities moving in rail freight cars. This section develop standard practices in matters relating to law conducts surveys with shippers or receivers of freight enforcement practices, national emergency conditions, in order to develop recommended practices for load- trespassing, safety education and training. ing and packing of freight. These activities include performance of tests for

Bureau of Explosives (Washington) : the purpose of comparing packaging or loading methods. This bureau also functions as a part of the Safety To provide interchange of information, the section and Special Services Division and is an agency for participates in activities of trade associations or indus- cooperation between shippers, carriers, the Interstate trial organizations representing manufacturers of Commerce Commission and the Department of Trans- shipping containers or commodities moving as freight portation to promote the safe transportation of as well as groups or associations developing standards. hazardous materials. It maintains a chemical laboratory for the study of explosives and dangerous articles Mechanical Division (Washington) : and containers. A staff of traveling inspectors insures

compliance with the requirements of regulations and Through the activities of its various committees, specifications. this division has adopted standards and recommended practices covering materials for cars and locomotives Engineering Division (Chicago) : which are incorporated in a manual. This manual, which is revised and supplemented annually, includes The several committees of this division are involved specifications for materials. The division also issues with track standards; roadbed; ties; railroad track periodic revisions of individual manuals relating to scales; and all other practices relating to maintenance- specific components. of-way matters and establishes standard practices for construction or installation and of maintenance. Economics and Finance Department (Washington) :

Freight Claim Division (Chicago) : This department deals with standardization and simplification of railroad accounting and treasury This division publishes a Freight Claim Rule Book, practices and requirements. This department prepares

or Manual of Practices, in which are set forth ( 1 various publications embracing rules, standard forms, rules and standards prescribed for the investigation, procedures and codes, as well as economic and adjustment, and interline apportionment of claims statistical data covering railroad operations and their paid; (2) lists of freight claim and prevention officers financing. of member carriers; (3) standard forms used to file claims and furnish statistical information of freight Management Systems Department,

loss and damage; (4) recommended practices in loss Data Systems Division (Washington) : and damage prevention work and (5) other information for use in the freight claim offices of member The objectives are (1) to encourage and facilitate carriers. There are also published and distributed the interchange of information systems and data annually, in printed form, interpretations of freight processing ideas and practices; (2) to stimulate the claim rules as handed down by the committees of the development and application of data processing and division as the result of arbitration procedure. information techniques and establish orderly procedures which will promote their efficient and produc-

Freight Loss and Damage Prevention Section (Chicago) : tive use and simplify the interchange of data; and (3) to provide an organization for prompt consider- The Freight Loss and Damage Prevention Section ation and resolution of problems that require concerted is responsible for all freight loss and damage preven- action by the railroads. tion activities. It maintains close coordination with This division serves as the principal railroad shippers, shipper organizations, and member roads for representative to American National Standards Com- the purpose of developing and establishing practical mittee X3 and the Transportation Data Coordinating ways and means to reduce loss and damage to freight. Committee. The section's activities are directed by a National Through the Divisions Standards and Coding Com- Freight Loss and Damage Prevention Committee mittee there is being conducted an examination of the which reports to the General Committee of the industry's coding and standards need and development Freight Claim Division. Special committees deal with of the following: Standard Point Location Code

53 (SPLC) ; Standard Route Code; Standard Patron ASSOCIATION OF BEDDING AND Code; Standard Commodity Code; Standard Packaging FURNITURE LAW OFFICIALS, Code; and the Standard Carrier Code. c/o Utah Department of Agriculture Room 412, State Capitol Building, Research and Test Department (Washington) Salt Lake City, Utah 84114 and AAR Research Center, 3140 South Federal Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616: This association provides a national forum for the discussion of all questions relating to the administra- The objectives of this department, which has tion of bedding and upholstered furniture laws as charge of technical research on problems affecting carried on by regulatory officials of the states, com- carriers, are to increase the profitability of the rail- monwealths, territories and possessions of the United roads; to provide cost-effective approaches to safety States, their political subdivisions, the District of requirements; and to develop responses to environ- Columbia and the Dominion of Canada. The associ- mental requirements. The principal fields of research ation encourages and promotes the adoption of are (1) improvements in designs and specifications uniform bedding and upholstered furniture laws, for equipment, track, and facilities; (2) optimization rules, regulations, nomenclature, labeling require- of design to accommodate dynamic interaction of ments and enforcement procedures. It secures, equipment and tracks; (3) analysis and system devises, tests and adopts standard methods of inspec- studies of railroad operations and maintenance prac- tion and sampling of bedding and upholstered tices; and (4) research on improvements in safety furniture and the analyses of filling materials used and on environmental problems. therein. Other purposes of the association are to secure, devise, test and adopt standard methods of determining the efficiency of insecticides, fumigants, sterilizing ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN STATE and disinfecting processes and equipment as applied to BOARDS OF EXAMINERS IN articles of bedding, upholstered furniture and filling VETERINARY MEDICINE, materials used therein; to secure uniformity in the 1680 Teaneck Road, statement of analytical results; to promote, conduct Teaneck, New Jersey 07666 and encourage research in chemistry and allied fields as these relate to analyses of filling materials used in The Association of American State Boards of Exam- bedding and upholstered furniture. iners in Veterinary Medicine was estabished in 1957, is a nonprofit, nongovernment organization operating under a State of Illinois charter granted in August ASSOCIATION OF EDISON ILLUMINATING 1960. Affiliated members are State Boards of Veteri- COMPANIES, nary Medical Examiners. Individual board appointed 51 East 42nd Street, members are invited to participate. Thirty-eight of the New York, New York 10017 44 member states utilize a standard written examination prepared by the Professional Examining Service, The Association of Edison Illuminating Companies labeled National Boards. (AEIC) was founded in 1885. The association has close representative liaison with Much of the AEIC's work in standardization is the American Veterinary Medical Association for the carried on in cooperation with other technical orga- purpose of standardizing objective criteria for evaluat- nizations, notably: the American National Standards ing graduates of foreign veterinary schools, accredit- Institute. The association is officially represented on ing programs for the development and training of the following American National Standards Commit- animal health technicians, and ascertaining the tees: B16, B31, B36, B49, Cl, C2, C8, C12, C29, C34, national needs for veterinary services. Through work- C37, C50 C55, C76, and 05; and on Committees A-1 ing committees, progress is being made toward further and D22 of the American Society for Testing and standardization of qualifying practical as well as Materials. written examinations. Common dates for examination In consultation with the Insulated Power Cable further this objective. Engineers Association, the Cable Engineering Section Standing committees include: Reciprocity, Advisory of the Association's Committee on Power Distribution, Law, Advisory Board on Veterinary Specialties, Edu- prepared: specifications for impregnated paper insu- cation, Examination, and Grievance. lated cable—solid, low-pressure gas-filled and oil-filled Surveys are conducted and reports are prepared types (all lead covered), high pressure pipe type; and circularized to all 50 states, Puerto Rico and specifications for polyethylene and cross-linked poly- Guam. ethylene, and ethylene propylene rubber insulated The association is a member of licensing National shielded cables; a guide for application of maximum Associations Representing State Licensing Agencies in insulation temperatures at the conductor for impreg- the Health Field. nated-paper-insulated cables; and a guide for electrical Formerly: Association of American Boards of tests of cable joints 138 kV and above. All were Examiners in Veterinary Medicine (1968). printed by the association.

54 ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING press releases, through certification, and by the Ameri- GEOLOGISTS, can National Standards Institute's recognition of P.O. Box 21-4164, AHAM standards as American National Standards. Sacramento, California 95821 ASSOCIATION OF IRON AND STEEL The Association of Engineering Geologists was ENGINEERS, founded in 1957, to promote high ethical and profes- Suite 2350, Three Gateway Center, sional standards. There are two committees engaged Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 in standardization activities. The Building Codes Committee stresses the contri- This association was founded in 1907 as a means of bution that can be made by engineering geologists fostering an exchange of ideas toward the advance- through the intelligent formulation of practical build- ment of the iron and steel producing industry. The ing code provisions. The committee is active on a scope of the AISE now embraces all the various divi- local level as advisors to county and municipal sions of steel plant engineering, maintenance and oper- government groups who are considering code revi- ations. Engineering divisions include electrical, sions. Code provisions for development of floodplain mechanical, welding, combustion, operating practice, and tidal marshland are also within the scope of this lubrication, safety, rolling mill, standardization and committee. research. Sixteen district sections are scattered at steel The Committee on Engineering Geology Mapping producing centers throughout the country. Symbols works on the standardization of Engineering The association has developed standards for the steel Geology map symbols for utilization by all states and industry which include such items as motors, surface countries. finish, cranes, wiring, brakes, bearings, mill buildings, etc. In some cases these are detailed standards, in ASSOCIATION OF HOME APPLIANCE other cases they are recommended practices. A list of MANUFACTURERS, current standards is as follows: D-C Mill Motor Stand- 20 North Wacker Drive, ards, A-C Mill Motor Standards, Standard for Ma- Chicago, Illinois 60606 chined Surface Finishes, Alloy Steel Chain and Alloy Steel Chain Slings for Overhead Lifting, Specification AHAM, a nonprofit association comprised of U.S. for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes for Steel Mill manufacturers of over 90 percent of major and port- Service, Specification for Design of Ladle Hooks, able appliances, was formed in 1966 by merger of the Crane and Mill Auxiliary Drive Motor Cable Size American Home Laundry Manufacturers' Association Wiring Standard, Standard for Design of Hot Metal and the Consumer Products Division of the National Ladles, Brake Standards for Mill Motors, Plain Bear- Electrical Manufacturers' Association. ing Recommended Practice, Specifications for Design AHAM develops voluntary appliance performance and Construction of Mill Buildings. standards and makes safety recommendations to The AISE also sponsors research activities at Underwriters' Laboratories and American Gas Associa- research institutions for the purpose of developing tion, represents the industry in consumer and Govern- data for future standards and for the improvement of ment relations, compiles statistics, sponsors certifica- steel mill operating practice. tion programs and provides consumer appliance Formerly: Association of Iron and Steel Electrical information, educational materials and teaching aids. Engineers (1936). AHAM's Engineering, Standards and Safety Board includes engineering executives of member companies ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL who determine policy and direct nine product engi- CHEMISTS, neering committees and determine type of contents of Box 540 Benjamin Franklin Station, standards to be developed with special consideration Washington, D.C. 20044 on product safety. AHAM helps develop international standards The association, founded as the Association of Offi- through representation on technical committees of the cial Agricultural Chemists, is a professional organiza- International Electrotechnical Commission. tion of state and federal chemists devoted to Liaison is maintained on standardization with the developing, testing, and sponsoring standard methods Federal Government's National Bureau of Standards, for the analysis of fertilizers, foods, feeds, pesticides, General Services Administration, Food and Drug drugs, cosmetics, hazardous substances, and other Administration, Federal Trade Commission, and Con- materials related to agriculture and public health. It sumer Product Safety Commission. was organized in 1884 by the state and federal chemists AHAM's product certification programs cover key who were in charge of enforcement of state fertilizer performance characteristics of room air-conditioners, laws, or who, as members of agricultural experiment refrigerators/freezers, dehumidifiers, and humidifiers. stations or the U.S. Department of Agriculture, were AHAM standards are national in scope. Fourteen interested in practical and scientific applications of have been published and 25 are under development fertilizers to crops. The form of organization is one in in AHAM engineering committees. which voting is restricted to official chemists, but dis- Standards use is promoted through publications and cussion is open to all chemists. Four meetings prior to

55 1884 had failed to produce a cohesive and stable orga- association are embodied in its primary publication. nization of both official and commercial chemists. This Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of final organization form was settled upon with the full Official Analytical Chemists, now in its 11th edition cooperation and even insistence of commercial chem- (1970). This publication is a 1000-page laboratory ists. They agreed on the principle that since it was the manual which includes 45 chapters, 78 pages of tables, official chemists who had the responsibility for the and 51 pages of index. It is an authoritative source of enforcement of the laws, they also had the responsibil- methods of analysis for the regulatory chemist and the ity for the choice of valid methods of analysis for this agricultural scientist throughout the world. It is sup- purpose. plemented by the bimonthly journal which publishes As the regulatory control of other commodities such the transactions of the association, including the as foods, feeds, drugs, cosmetics, hazardous substances, annual changes in methods adopted by the association, and pesticides became a recognized governmental func- the reports of the referees, and contributed papers con- tion, the work of the association expanded. It has taining new methods, new applications and authentic accepted the responsibility of providing the regulatory or interpretive data. and research scientist with accurate and reproducible The association deals with only methods of analysis. methods of analysis that are required for the enforce- Matters involving legislation, definition, administrative ment of laws and regulations. This is accomplished policy, and interpretation of laws are dealt with in through adherence to a fundamental constitutional related official organizations: The Association of Food requirement that methods approved by the association and Drug Officials of the United States, Association of be subjected to collaborative study. In this, a number American Plant Food Control Officials, Association of of representative chemists analyze the same samples American Feed Control Officials, and Association of by the proposed method to demonstrate its accuracy American Pesticide Control Officials. The AOAC and reproducibility in their hands. At the present time maintains formal and informal cooperative arrange- about 600 chemists, designated as "Associate Refer- ments with other scientific societies dealing with meth- ees," are studying methods of analysis grouped in ods of analysis to maintain uniformity. Among these about 60 general categories from "Agricultural Liming are the American Public Health Association (standard Materials" to "Waters." Not all of them are official methods for the examination of dairy products), chemists; many are industry chemists, who because of American Oil Chemists' Society (fats and oils), Amer- their specialized knowledge and experience, also par- ican Society of Brewing Chemists (malt beverages), ticipate in the development and testing of methods of American Society of Enologists (wines), American analysis. The results of the studies of these associate Association of Cereal Chemists, American Society for referees form the basis for the actions of the associa- Testing and Materials, National Plant Food Institute, tion in its approval or disapproval of methods. and Flavoring Extract Manufacturers' Association. In All state chemists including those of universities the international area, cooperation has developed with and experiment stations are members of the associa- the Collaborative Pesticide Analytical Committee, Pes- tion. Federal organizations represented in the associa- ticides Analysis Committee of the Ministry of Agricul- tion are: Food and Drug Administration, Public Health ture in the United Kingdom, the Food and Agriculture Service, Department of Agriculture, Department of Organization of the United Nations, International Defense, Internal Revenue Service, Fish and Wildlife Dairy Federation and International Organization for Service, National Bureau of Standards, Atomic Energy Standardization. Commission, Department of Justice, and Environmen- tal Protection Agency. ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL SEED The laws enforced by the AOAC members require ANALYSTS, objective scientific evidence for their successful appli- Federal Seed Laboratory, cation. The AOAC attempts to provide for both indus- P.O. Box 1705, try and Government a common meeting ground for North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902 discussion, at a scientific level, of methods of analysis that will be used to obtain this evidence. That this has The Association of Official Seed Analysts was been successful is indicated by the facts that many founded 1908. The activities of this association in the state laws specify the use of the AOAC methods, field of standardization of methods of seed testing are where applicable ; the Federal definitions and standards carried out primarily by the following standing com- of identity for many foods incorporate AOAC methods mittees: (a) Research, (b) Rules, (c) Referee, and into their requirements; many Federal specifications (d) Public Service. The principal objective in this field and private contracts use AOAC methods; and AOAC is to develop reliable procedures for testing seeds that methods have been quite generally accorded a preferred will permit duplication of results when the same sam- status in court testimony. Most important of all, the ple is tested by different stations. Quality factors for general recognition of AOAC methods removes from which tests are made include: purity of sample, per- the realm of controversy the scientific question of rela- centage germination, rate of occurrence of noxious tive validity of methods of analysis. This is settled by weed seeds, varietal purity, and assaying for fungicidal the scientists themselves on the basis of the facts seed treatment. The Research Committee conducts developed during their collaborative studies. research and reviews literature to make technical infor- Results of 78 years of work by the members of the mation available to the Rules Committee which pre-

I pares a new draft revision of the rules about every fifth organizations. The writing and publication of stand- year for approval or rejection by the entire association. ards and the registration certification of equipment The Rules Committee also interprets questionable and promoting the sanitary design, construction, and instal- disputed points of the Rules for Testing Seeds. The lation of food-processing equipment are the only pur- Referee Committee circulates samples among the poses and functions of this committee. member stations to determine whether stations are To date, 35 sanitation standards on various types of testing in accordance with the rules and to point up baking equipment have been carefully developed, any weaknesses in the rules. The Public Service Com- approved and published. Other standards are in the mittee encourages association members to publicize development process. the benefits of our work and stimulate interest in seed BISSC is the recognized sanitation standards organi- testing. A publicity kit has been prepared and added zation for the baking industry. Government and indus- to over the years and is circulated for use by member try representatives work together in preparing and laboratories. editing these standards. Task committees are appointed The association works closely with other associations for each specific standard or revision. Final task com- and Government agencies, such as the International mittee proposals are acted on by the general commit- Seed Testing Association, United States Department tee and the BISSC Board of Directors. of Agriculture and the Canada Department of Agricul- Upon application, equipment is certified in accord- ture, in an effort to closely coordinate the rules for ance with the procedure setforth by the Certification testing seeds used by each. Voting membership in the Board. Standards are used by manufacturers and AOSA consists of Federal and state laboratories in enforcement agencies. the United States and Canada. The Governments of the United States and Canada hold membership in BARRE GRANITE ASSOCIATION, the International Seed Testing Association. 51 Church Street, Barre, Vermont 05641 ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL FORUM, 475 Park Avenue South, In 1937 this association created the first set of qual- New York, New York 10016 ity standards covering the physical properties of granite and quality standards of workmanship on granite mon- The AIF, founded in 1953, is a nonprofit member- uments. This action had become necessary due to the ship association of industry, business research, labor, wide quality differences prevalent in granite and the and educational institutions concerned with the devel- difficulty of the public in distinguishing quality. A opment and utilization of nuclear energy for construc- copyrighted trade name called the Barre Guild was tive purposes. The forum's membership includes nearly placed on all monuments inspected by the Barre Gran- 600 organizations in the United States and 19 other ite Association, and Certificates of Guarantee were countries of the free world. The forum's main activity issued on these monuments. Today, nearly 50,000 centers on solving the problems facing broad segments individual inspections are made each year, and the of the atomic industry. Its purposes are: to foster and Barre Guild trademark signifies a standard of quality in encourage atomic energy development; to provide a the finished monument. forum in which individuals and organizations may cooperate in resolving problems; to promote dissemina- BATTERY COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL, tion of knowledge and understanding of atomic energy; 1801 Murchison Drive, and to foster and encourage atomic energy research and Burlingame, California 94010 development. Toward this end a major part of the work of the forum is handled by committees supple- The forerunner of this association. The National mented by study or working groups. They do not Battery Manufacturers' Association was formed in write standards; however, the forum does sponsor the 1924. In 1940 the name was changed to The Associa- work of American National Standards Committees tion of American Battery Manufacturers. To reflect N12 and N13. The forum has a staff of 55 and pub- the fact that an increasing number of members were lishes a monthly report to members. joining the association from outside of the United States, the name was again changed in January, 1970 BAKING INDUSTRY SANITATION to Battery Council International (BCI). STANDARDS COMMITTEE, The council collects information of interest to its 521 Fifth Avenue, members and distributes such information through a New York, New York 10017 medium of newsletters approximately once each week. Through committees, battery standards and specifi- The Baking Industry Sanitation Standards Commit- cations are recommended for use by the industry. tee (BISSC) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to Committees active in association affairs are as follows: the achieving of sanitation in the baking industry. It Air and Water Standards, Data Book, Industrial was established in 1949 and is supported by those Health, Industrial Relations, Marketing, Materials, trade associations representing the manufacturers of Membership, Statistical, Technical, and Traffic. baking machinery for wholesale and retail uses, and As their names imply, these committees meet two or the interested professional sanitarian and engineering more times per year to make recommendations which

57 will enable the membership to comply with the eco- Administration) in the development of a Federal logical, industrial health and safety measures, as well standard for bicycle manufacture. as facilitate economical methods of handling shipments. The council publishes a Battery Replacement BIOLOGICAL STAIN COMMISSION, INC., Data Book which is revised yearly, outlining the types Research and Assay Lal)oratorie8, of battery sizes and specifications used in automobiles, The University of Rochester Medical Center, including foreign cars as well as domestic. Rochester, New York 14642 BCI encourages manufacturers and related battery industries to become members of BCI internationally. The commission was incorporated as a nonprofit These efforts on our part have been gaining results. organization in 1944 and supersedes the (1922) Com- To further encourage foreign participation in our activ- mission on Standardization of Biological Stains. Its ities, BCI is holding an International Convention in powers are vested in an eleven-membered Board of London, England in 1974. Trustees, four of whom are officers. Membership in the The council, particularly the Technical, Air and commission is by invitation and includes approxi- Water, and the Industrial Health Committees cooper- mately 100 members. ate with Government organizations in efforts to help The objectives of the commission are the establish- set realistic standards and regulations affecting the ment of standard specifications for the identification, industry. These committees have met on several occa- purity, performance and labeling of the more impor- sions and plan frequent future meetings with Federal tant biological stains, in order that they may be relied agencies interested in related activities. upon as standard tools in biological and medical The Technical Committee is currently holding research. The commission is national in scope and has meetings in order to establish specifications covering the active cooperation of the scientific societies whose plastic containers for storage batteries. This committee interests lie in this field, as well as the interest and has met on several occasions with the General Services cooperation of the manufacturers and distributors of Administration in the formulation of Federal Specifica- biological stains. tion W-B-00131J. The commission exerts its influence to the above ends through a program of stain certification. Manu- BICYCLE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION facturers and distributors voluntarily submit samples OF AMERICA, INC., for examination. If the sample meets the commission's 1101 15th Street NW., specifications, it is approved for marketing as a Certi- Washington, D.C. 20005 fied Biological Stain, and the commission issues certification labels to be affixed to bottles in which it is The Bicycle Manufacturers' Association of America sold. Certification is on a batch basis, the labels issued (BMA), is a voluntary, private, nonprofit organization, by the commission bearing distinctive certification founded in 1916. Its member companies produce some numbers identifying the specific batches with which 85 percent of all domestically manufactured bicycles, they are to be used. A sample of each batch is kept on which in 1972, totaled nearly 9 million. As the trade permanent file, and the commission will investigate association for this vital industry, BMA represents the complaints of any unsatisfactory results obtained with industry in matters of trade and tariff; retains legal a certified stain. counsel; gathers and disseminates sales, wage and The commission's standards are given in the appen- hour, and other statistical information; and conducts dix of Conn's Biological Stains, 8th edition, 1969, by wide-ranging programs of internal communication and R. D. Lillie, published under the auspices of the com- public relations. Principal among these is the bicycle mission by the Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, safety education program, which provides publication Md. Fifty-nine stains are currently certified by the and distribution of more than 10 million pieces of free commission. safety literature each year, and cooperates in safety Formerly: Commission on Standardization of Bio- education programs with the National Safety Council, logical Stains. Boy and Girl Scouts, police, civic and service organizations, individual schools and state departments of BITUMINOUS PIPE INSTITUTE, education. 8 South Michigan Avenue, The BMA Safety and Standards Committee, begin- Chicago, Illinois 60603 ning in 1969, developed a broad standard for the manufacture and assembly of bicycles and their various Through the institute's Research and Technical subassemblies, designed to protect the consumer from Committee, all member companies' pitch-fibre pipe possible injury and property damage. By January 1971, products have been standardized. Continuous and rigid all member companies agreed to produce their full line inspection procedures have been established by the of regular bicycles to the specifications of the standard Research and Technical Committee over the years to known as BMA/6, and to submit to its certification ensure high levels of manufacturing procedure. program which includes regular and random inspection The institute cooperates closely with the American by an independent testing laboratory. The committee Society for Testing and Materials, National Bureau of has worked closely with the Consumer Product Safety Standards, American Society of Sanitary Engineers, Commission (and formerly with the Food and Drug Southern Building Code Congress, Western Plumbing

58 Officials Association, and all other major standards- knowledge regarding Border Terriers; (b) to urge setting organizations within the plumbing, sewage, members and breeders to accept the standard of the and sanitary engineering fields. breed as approved by the American Kennel Club as the only standard of excellence by which Border Terriers BLUE ANCHOR, INC., shall be judged; (c) to protect and advance the inter- 730 Howe Avenue, ests of the breed by encouraging sportsmanlike compe- P.O. Box 15498, tition at dog shows; (d) to conduct sanctioned and Sacramento, California 95813 licensed specialty shows under the rules of the Ameri- can Kennel Club (AKC). Blue Anchor, Inc. was founded in 1901 as the Cali- The official standard for the Border Terrier contains fornia Fruit Exchange. It is a fresh fruit marketing a description of the breed which covers the general cooperative handling of the fruit of approximately appearance as well as specific parts of the body, move- 1,000 growers organized into 64 local associations and ment, color and the scale of points relating to each. contract shippers. All fruit is subject to the standardi- While there are very few breeders in America, the zation program. Blue Anchor issues standards on all of club has a membership of approximately 100 members. our deciduous tree fruit and table grape commodities. Four Yearbooks containing articles by British and The Rules and Regulations are updated for each American breeders, judges and members, photographs annual season. The standardization policy is set by a and pedigrees of every American Champion of record, Standardization Committee, organized in 1930, and and the winner of every Obedience Degree since the enforced by authorized agents of the Field Department. breed was recognized by the AKC in 1930, have been Although the standards are required for company mem- published by the club. In addition, the official publica- bers only. Blue Anchor works with various Federal and tion of the AKC, Pure-Bred Dogs—The American Ken- state marketing orders covering pears, plums, peaches, nel Gazette in which a monthly column on the breed nectarines and grapes. appears, is sent to members as well as frequent newsletters. BOOK MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, Annual Specialty Shows are held in conjunction 904 Ethan Allen Highway, with an all-breed club with the Border Terrier classes P.O. Box 368, being judged by licensed American judges and an Ridgefield, Coimecticut 06877 occasional breeder-judge from Britain.

BMI is a trade association formed in 1933 for book manufacturers and suppliers of book materials and BRASS AND BRONZE INGOT INSTITUTE, book manufacturing equipment. This institute, Room 3500, One North La Salle Street, together with the Association of American Publishers Chicago, Illinois 60602 and the National Association of State Textbook Administrators, provides delegates to the Advisory The Metallurgists' Advisory Committee of the insti- Commission on Textbook Specifications (ACTS) tute cooperates with and/ or serves on the Standards which meets twice each year. Over the years, ACTS and Specifications Committee of the American Society has developed a set of manufacturing standards and for Testing and Materials, the Society of Automotive specifications which must be met before the purchase Engineers, the Copper Development Association, both of a particular textbook will be considered by most military and Federal specification bodies, and other state adoption agencies. This booklet, entitled Manu- specification bodies, in the development of standards facturing Standards and Specifications for Textbooks, and specifications covering ingot brass and bronze. contains quality standards and specifications for paper, Tliese standards cover the chemical content, the printing, and binding, and provides sample forms mechanical and physical properties of copper base which should be used by both the state agencies and alloys in the ingot form for use in nonferrous foun- the publishers of textbooks. The specifications are dries. distributed through the BMI office. The institute further finances, sponsors and directs The institute is the sponsor of the Voluntary Prod- basic research in such institutions as the Batelle uct Standard PS 9-68, Fabrics for Book Covers. Memorial Institute, and the University of Michigan. Formerly: Employing Bookbinders of America Some of these projects are a cooperative effort with the (1933). American Foundrymen's Society. The purpose of these research projects is to assist nonferrous foundries BORDER TERRIER CLUB OF AMERICA, throughout the country in the setting of methodology R.R. 1, and standards for the production of copper base alloy Box 276, castings. North Windham, Connecticut 06256 Through its Air Pollution Control Committee, the institute cooperates with the U.S. Environmental Pro- The Border Terrier Club of America was organized tection Agency in the setting up of standards and in 1949 and is a nonprofit dog club whose objectives methods of control of emissions in the brass and are (a) to encourage and promote the breeding of bronze ingot industry. purebred Border Terriers and the dissemination of Formerly: Non-Ferrous Ingot Metal Institute.

59 THE BRICK INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, organizations to publish and distribute cooperative 1750 Old Meadow Road, standards. In addition, BIA works closely with the McLean, Virginia 22101 model building code groups toward the adoption of these standards into building codes and regulations. The Brick Institute of America (BIA), formerly BIA also works with state and local building codes Structural Clay Products Institute (SCPI) was towards the adoption of these standards. founded in 1934. It is the national authority on brick construction. As BIA is the national association of BUILDERS HARDWARE MANUFACTURERS' brick manufacturers, its purpose is to promote the fur- ASSOCIATION, ther and proper use of brick. Approximately 15 percent 60 East 42nd Street, of staff time and budgets is devoted either directly or New York, New York 10017 indirectly to standards activities. Standards development, review, writing and promulgation are the respon- This association founded in 1926, serves the interests sibilities of the Engineering and Research Division. of all builders hardware manufacturers located in the Although BIA does not generally participate in inter- United States. One of its active programs is the devel- national standards activities, it does, however, maintain opment of product standards. Thirteen have been pro- an exchange and liaison with similar organizations in duced and of these six have been approved by the other countries. BIA also maintains close liaison with American National Standards Institute (ANSI). They most of the Federal Government agencies writing are, to the extent practical for builders hardware prod- standards in the construction industry field; i.e.. ucts, performance standards. National Bureau of Standards, Housing and Urban A certification program for the BHMA Cabinet Development, Health, Education and Welfare, Depart- Hardware Standard No. 201 has been operating since ment of Defense, Department of Labor, and the 1968. The testing and administration are performed Department of Commerce. At this time, BIA is not by an independent third party, the Electrical Testing involved in any certification activities for the brick Laboratories, Inc. The program is open to all manu- industry. It does offer independent testing services in facturers whether or not they are members of BHMA. the field of masonry for a fee. BIA has two current Several proposed Federal specifications contain refer- standards which are: Building Code Requirements for ences to BHMA standards which were approved by Engineered Brick Masonry, (SCPI) BIA, August 1969, ANSI. and Standard Specifications for Portland Cement-Lime Formerly : Hardware Manufacturers' Statistical Asso- Mortar for Brick Masonry, BIA Ml-72, October- ciation (1961). November 1973 (TN 8A). These standards are national in scope. BIA also actively works with other BUILDING OFFICIALS AND CODE standards-writing organizations in the development of ADMINISTRATORS INTERNATIONAL, INC., standards involving or related to Brick Masonry as 1313 East 60th Street, follows: American Society for Testing and Materials Chicago, Illinois 60637 (ASTM)—E-5 on Fire Tests, E-6 on Evaluation of Construction, C-7 on Lime, C-12 on Mortar for LTnit Founded in 1915, Building Officials and Code Masonry, C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units, and Administrators International is a nonprofit municipal C-32 on Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation; service organization vitally involved in the field of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) —AlO, building code administration and enforcement in par- Safety Requirements for Construction and Demoli- ticular, and community development in general. The tion, A41, Building Code Requirements and Good association's goals encompass two main areas: (a) to Practice Recommendations for Masonry, A58, Design serve the public by advocating the use of safe, suitable, Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, and A62, modern construction techniques and materials, Pre-Coordination of Building Components and Sys- through its model codes program; and (b) to serve tems; International Masonry Industry AU-Weather jurisdictions and their code administrators by provid- Council—Recommended Practice for Cold Weather ing technological know-how and services related to all Masonry Construction, and Guide Specifications for specialty areas of code administration and enforce- Cold Weather Masonry Construction. ment, in addition to a complete model codes mainte- In addition to these, BIA is presently engaged in nance program. Because of the scope of its membership, research for the development of at least three addi- ideas and experiences are exchanged by code adminis- tional standards: Building Code Requirements for trators all over the country and the world. Engineered Hollow Brick Masonry; A Design Stand- It is governed by building officials and code admin- ard for Composite (Brick and Block) Masonry, in istrators, its officers, the executive committee and two cooperation with the National Concrete Masonry Asso- past presidents. Its programs and activities are carried ciation and the American Concrete Institute; and on by the technical and professional staff under the Seismic Design Procedures for Masonry, in cooperation direction of its Executive Director, appointed by the with the National Bureau of Standards, other Federal Executive Committee. agencies and other masonry associations. It established performance requirements. Instead of The Brick Institute of America publishes and dis- specifying in detail the materials to be used and meth- tributes its own standards and works with cooperating ods of utilizing them, the BOCA codes state the

60 requirements for the performance that materials and currently represented on American National Stand- assemblies of materials shall produce under given con- ards sectional committees. ditions, and establish the evaluation criteria for deter- Formerly: National Association of Building Owners that this performance will be mining in advance and Managers (1908) ; Building Owners and Man- attained. This often results in reduced construction agers Association International (1968). costs and allows ingenuity on the part of the designer. It cooperates with other organizations in developing standards under the procedures of the American CAN MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, Society for Testing and Materials, American National 1625 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Standards Institute, National Fire Protection Associa- Washington, D.C. 20036 tion, American Standards Institute, Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Canadian Standards Association, The Can Manufacturers' Institute (CMI) was estab- the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Port- lished in 1939 as a nonprofit membership corporation. land Cement Association, Gypsum Association, Ameri- The institute represents U.S. manufacturers of all- can Plywood Association and many other accredited metal cans in the standards area, and is primarily authoritative agencies which are listed in all of the concerned with government specifications for cans appendices of the BOCA codes. and legislation affecting cans and can standards. BOCA is also represented on numerous committees CMI has a standing Can Standards Committee of the National Fire Protection Association, Chicago which seeks to develop standards on sanitary cans for High Rise Committee, American Society for Testing sizes in general demand. Ad hoc subcommittees are and Materials, Council of American Building Officials, created as necessary to study and/or recommend American Concrete Institute, American Institute of specific standards for full committee action. The Architects, American National Standards Institute, institute maintains contact with the National Bureau National Safety Council, Model Codes Standardization of Standards and the International Organization for Council, Model Code Research Board, American Soci- Standardization in the formation of standards. ety of Civil Engineers, National Conference of States The standards are published in Recommended on Building Codes and Standards, Safety Glazing CMI Voluntary Industry Can Standards. As of this Certification Council and the Chicago Association of writing there are 12 published standards, and an Commerce and Industry. additional 4 or 5 are scheduled for publication in Formerly: Building Officials Conference of America 1974. (1970). Conformity to the CMI recommended standards is strictly voluntary, but is encouraged as being for the general benefit of can manufacturers and can users. BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, 224 South Michigan Avenue, CANVAS PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION Chicago, Illinois 60604 INTERNATIONAL, 600 Endicott Building, This association is essentially a service organization, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 and its membership represents a substantial part of the larger commercial office building properties of the CPAI, founded in 1912, is the trade association for U.S., Canada, Australia, and South Africa. In connec- the industrial fabric industry. Vertical in structure, its tion with its other activities, this organization devotes members include fiber producers, weavers, fabric time and attention to matters relating to standardiza- finishers, coaters, laminators and manufacturers of tion. As long ago as 1915, BOMA International industrial fabric products. adopted a standard method of floor measurements for The association's structure includes seventeen divi- the office building industry, and has developed standard sions, several of which are involved in standardization methods of rating space. It has also prepared standard activities. The Camping Products Manufacturers' methods of accounting and a uniform chart of accounts. Division, in cooperation with the Finishers Division The association makes studies of operating costs, and other fabric suppliers, has developed a model rental conditions, and kindred matters for the pur- flammability code for materials used in camping pose of developing standard types of information for tentage. This code, designated CPAI-84, has gained the guidance of the industry. It publishes an annual acceptance as a mandatory standard in two states, Office Building Experience Exchange Report dealing and the Consumer Product Safety Commission is with economics, and conducts a Building Planning being asked to consider it as a basis for similar Service applicable to new construction, feasibility, and Federal regulations. modernization. The Tarpaulin Division, again with assistance from It has cooperated with various sectional committees suppliers, is in the process of revising CPAI-63, its ten functioning under the procedures of the American year old quality assurance standard for domestic National Standards Institute, acting as cosponsor of cotton tarpaulins. The revised standard will be proposals for American National Standards on floor expanded to include synthetics and imported mate- measurement in buildings of different types, and being rials, and will set strength, water resistance, flame

61 resistance, and breathability performance require- standardization activities. The Cast Iron Soil Pipe ments for the various types of tarpaulins. Institute is dedicated to aiding and improving the The Air Structures Division has written a Minimum plumbing industry in the United States. Through a Performance Standard for Single Wall Air Supported cooperative effort of the soil pipe manufacturers, the Structures as a guide to manufacturers, prospective institute works to improve the industry's products, users, architects, and regulatory agencies. This stand- achieve a standardization of soil pipe and fittings, and ard sets many requirements for the materials, design, provide a continuous program of program testing, construction, and erection of these structures. evaluation and development. In addition, standards in several other areas are being developed by the related divisions. One of these which is nearing completion is an erection standard CASTER AND FLOOR TRUCK for large rental tents. Copies of current standards MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, are available from CPAI headquarters. 1717 Howard Street, Formerly: National Canvas Goods Manufacturers' Evanston, Illinois 60202 Association (1956). The Caster and Floor Truck Manufacturers' Associa- ation (CFTMA) was founded in 1933. Manufacturers CARPET AND RUG INSTITUTE, in this association produce industrial casters, wheels, P.O. Box 2048, and manually operated materials handling equipment. Dalton, Georgia 30720 CFTMA has published a Combined Industrial Wheel Standard, and an Industrial Caster Standard, as well The institute is the national trade association for as standards for trailer trucks, platform trucks, and U.S. manufacturers of carpet and rugs, formed in two-wheel hand trucks. 1969 through a merger of the American Carpet Insti- Approximately 50 percent of CFTMA's program is tute and the Tufted Textile Manufacturers' Associa- devoted to standardization work. This standardization tion. Through activities of its technical committee and work is administered by the Standards and Engineer- subcommittees, and in cooperation with Federal ing Committee of CFTMA. Government agencies such as General Services Admin- CFTMA is actively involved with such Government stration, Federal Housing Administration, and the agencies as the Defense Supply Agency, Department National Bureau of Standards, and private standards- of the Army (Natick Laboratories), and the General setting organizations such as American Society for Services Administration. CFTMA is also involved with Testing and Materials, National Fire Protection Asso- international programs, such as International Orga- ciation, and American Association of Textile Chemists nization for Standardization, ISO/TC 41. and Colorists, the institute develops and proposes The Caster and Floor Truck Manufacturers Associa- standards covering the construction and performance tion is currently revising the CFTMA Engineering and of carpet and rugs for acceptance and promulgation Purchasing Planbook, which should be completed by by these agencies or by the industry on a voluntary 1974. basis. Current and future activities of CRI committees and subcommittees are published each year in the institute's Directory and Report. Other technical CEILINGS AND INTERIOR SYSTEMS publications include: Carpet Specifier's Handbook and CONTRACTORS' ASSOCIATION, Regulations, and Specifications for Carpet and Rugs. 1201 Waukegan Road, Glenview, Illinois 60025

CAST IRON SOIL PIPE INSTITUTE, The Ceilings and Interior Systems Contractors' 2029 K Street NW., Association is an international organization consisting Washington, D.C. 20006 of major specialty subcontractors who, as a significant part of their business, sell and install ceiling systems This institute (CISPI) was founded May, 1949, as well as other related products and systems. has developed standards for cast iron soil pipe and Members include contractors from throughout the fittings which are accepted throughout the United LTnited States, Canada, Europe, South Africa and States. The American Society for Testing and Mate- Australia. The association is fortunate in having as rials (ASTM) A74-72 covers hub and spigot cast iron associate members virtually all major suppliers of soil pipe and fittings for extra heavy and service, ceiling materials and related products and systems. and is the same as CISPI Standard HS-72. The Hub- The Association goals are: to improve contractor less Cast Iron Sanitary System is covered by CISPI net profit and return on invested capital by improving

Standard 301-72. Compression Gaskets are covered by management skills of members ; to recruit high quality CISPI Standard HSN-72. These standards set forth personnel for careers in the ceiling and interior dimensions and specifications which provide inter- contracting industry and upgrade the professional changeability between all manufacturer's pipes and skills of personnel at all levels within the industry; to fittings. The CISPI standards are national in scope. share knowledge among CISCA member firms of all The Technical Committee administers CISPI's sizes in a spirit of genuine cooperation, confidence,

62 and participation ; to provide programs for exchanging CHAIN LINK FENCE MANUFACTURERS' information among members about the industry and INSTITUTE, its trends and to develop working alliances with other One Stone Place, organizations within the construction contracting Bronxville, New York 10708 industry to deal with common external problems. The association was founded in 1949 and until 1969 was The Chain Link Fence Manfacturers' Institute known as the National Acoustical Contractors' Asso- (CLFMI) was founded in 1960. Although in the past ciation. CLFMI has had several fence specifications that were The only CISCA activities relating to standardization produced with the National Bureau of Standards at are two official specifications of the American Society their request, we are now actively reviewing the entire for Testing and Materials: Standard Specification for specification field with the American Society for Test- Metal Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and ing and Materials (ASTM). Key representatives of the Lay-in Panel Ceilings (ASTM C 635-69) and Stand- fencing industry met with the American Society for ard Recommended Practice for Installation of Metal Testing and Materials in February 1973 to grapple Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and with the problem of setting universal standards for

Lay-in Panels (ASTM C 636-69) . CISA actively partici- fence specification. CLFMI will join with ASTM in pated in the development of these. The other standard the development of voluntary full-consensus stand- activity has been the Recommended Standards for ards that will be adopted nationally. Through this Seismic Restraint of Direct-Hung Suspended Ceiling transitional period, and until the publication of the Assemblies dated November 15, 1972. new standards and specifications, CLFMI continues to offer its current standards which are: Specification for Galvanized Steel Chain Link Fence Fabric; Indus- trial Steel Specifications for Fence-Posts, Gates, and CEMENTED CARBIDE PRODUCERS Accessories; Commercial Standard for Industrial ASSOCIATION, Aluminum Alloy Chain Link Fencing; and Standards 2130 Keith Building, for China Link Fence Installation. Cleveland, Ohio 44115

This organization was founded on March 2, 1955 and its members are made up of manufacturers of CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES cemented tungsten carbide cutting tools, dies and MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, wear parts. 50 East 4l8t Street, Standardization activities are a very important part New York, New York 10017 of the association's program and represent approximately 50 percent of its efforts. The standardization The Chemical Specialties Manufacturers' Associa- programs are conducted through American National tion (CSMA), founded in 1914, is a national trade Standards Committee B94, TC-1 and deal with dimen- association representing 400 suppliers, manufacturers sional standardization of the products of the industry. and marketers of aerosols, cleaning compounds, disin- The technical activities are handled by the Technical fectants, insecticides, transportation products, and pol- Committee of the association in conjunction with the ishes and floor finishes. All methods and procedures American Society for Testing and Materials B09:06, used are either national consensus standards or CSMA Cemented Carbides. This work deals with the physical, tentative standards. metallurgical and chemical aspects of the products of CSMA has a General Standards and Specifications the industry. The association is actively participating Appraisal Committee which administers all standardi- in international standards work, working in conjunc- zation activity. CSMA maintains liaison with inter- tion with the International Organization for Standard- national and national organizations through members ization, ISO/TC 29/WG 9 Turning Tools, ISO/TC who are active in the International Organization for 29/WG 19 Wire, Bar and Tube Drawing Dies, ISO/TC Standardization (ISO) and such national consensus 119/WG 4 Sampling and Testing Methods for Hard standards bodies as American Society for Testing and Metals. The Technical Committee is working with the Materials (ASTM) and American National Standards National Bureau of Standards on certain physical Institute (ANSI). It also maintains liaison with Gen- measurements for the products of the industry. There eral Services Administration (GSA) and other agen- are no certification programs or activities. The associa- cies through members in areas of specific interest. tion has been responsible for the issuance of 12 dimen- CSMA standardization activities are national in sional standards and 18 physical, chemical and/ or scope. Some standards originated and promoted by metallurgical standards. The standards developed by CSMA are now ASTM, Association of Official Analyti- the industry are promoted primarily through member cal Chemists (AOAC), Society of Automotive Engi- companies and announcements in the trade press as neers (SAE) or other standards as well. Currently, and when new standards are available. Copies of all wherever possible, CSMA specifications are being standards can be obtained from the association office. processed through ASTM for national consensus

63 —

approval. Information on active standards committees analyzing coffee, some of which are widely used and and new projects under consideration is available becoming more or less standard for the industry. through the CSMA main offices. Standards Development—Liaison is maintained From 1914 to 1949 CSMA was known as the with other technical and trade associations toward the National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant development of standards for coffeemakers and Manufacturers (NAIDM). related systems as they apply to both the food service and consumer fields. The work underway at the THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC., present time involves: (1) filter paper standard sizes 342 Madison Avenue, for coffeemakers; (2) coffee grind standards; (3) New York, New York 10017 cup size standards for home coffeemakers. Equipment Evaluation Program—The Coffee Brew- The Chlorine Institute, Inc., founded in 1924, is an ing Center has established a coffee brewing equip- international association, concerned with the safe ment evoluation service and seal of approval program manufacture, shipping and handling of chlorine. Of that covers all types of coffee brewing equipment its total program, approximately one-quarter involves institutional, home type, and vending. standardization, administered by its Committee on The seal of approval is awarded to that equipment Container Specifications and Safety, and its Product submitted by manufacturers for laboratory analysis, Analysis and Specifications Committee. The institute and found capable of brewing coffee according to has developed and adopted some 40 standards. These CBS standards. The award is given only to individual cover safety, angle and excess flow valves and man- designs or models and not necessarily to the entire way covers for chlorine tank cars, tank trucks and range of a manufacturer's equipment. Brewing instru- tank barges ; valves and fusible plugs for chlorine cylin- tions furnished with the equipment must also comply ders and ton containers; piping and equipment for with the CBC's recommended procedures. handling chlorine, recommended methods for unload- The Library—An extensive file of literature avail- ing chlorine tank cars, maintenance of tank car valves, able to industry, students, writers and others inter- operation of tank trucks and design of stationary stor- ested in learning more about coffee. age tanks. These standards are outlined in the institute's list of publications. COLLEGE OF AMERICAN PATHOLOGISTS, The institute cooperates actively with the national Standards Committee, standards bodies and various branches of the U.S. 230 North Michigan Avenue, Department of Transportation on transportation safety Chicago, Illinois 60601 matters, the Army Corp of Engineers on cylinder valve standards, the Environmental Protection Agency The Standards Committee of the College of Ameri- on air and water standards and with the Department can Pathologists (CAP) is concerned with standards of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Adminis- useful in all phases of laboratory medicine, including tration and the National Institute of Occupational anatomic and clinical pathology. These include: (1) Safety and Health on occupational health and safety national proficiency survey programs, now adminis- standards. The Chlorine Institute is national in scope tered by a separate Surveys Committee; these go to in both the United States and Canada. Internation- about 8000 laboratories; (2) inspection and accredita- ally, the institute participates indirectly in other pro- tion programs for clinical laboratories—administered grams through its overseas members and via the by a separate CAP Committee; (3) batch certification Compressed Gas Association. of cyanmethemoglobin standards for the National The standards are promoted through publication Academy of Sciences—National Research Council; of the Chlorine Manual which has gone into four edi- (4) distribution of pure primary standard solutions tions, and by a public information program. whose content we have verified; (5) standards for laboratory test reports and sample handling; (6) COFFEE BREWING CENTER, standards for medical usefulness needs and screening 1350 Avenue of the Americas, tests; and (7) product evaluation of laboratory New York, New York 10019 products. International program—The committee actively col- The Pan-American Coffee Bureau is an instru- laborates with the International Commission for mentality of the governments of 12 Latin American Standardization in Hematology in the fields of cyan- coffee growing nations. The Coffee Brewing Center methemoglobin standards and blood coagulation and (CBC) is a department of the bureau concerned with with the commission on World Standards of the World research and education on coffee. Its work involves Association of Pathology Societies. standards for production and utilization of coffee, Federal involvement—The committee and its indi- both for the consumer and the food service industry. vidual members collaborate actively with the National Coffee Laboratory—The laboratory serves as the Bureau of Standards, Food and Drug Administration, basis for analytical work for brewing and equipment the Center for Disease Control as consultants and evaluation awards, provides direct service to industry committee members. in such areas as grind analysis, roast color measure- Standards issued—A list of standard solutions ment, bulk density, etc., and develops methods for marketed may be obtained thorugh the CAP office.

64 They are national in scope. Standards in other fields compendium of standards is available from commis- are ordinarily channelled through the National Com- sion headquarters. A facility's compliance with the mittee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Numerous standards is assessed in an objective on-site survey out publications are found in indexed literature. of which accreditation may be awarded. Approxi- Active committees—The active committees are mately 700 standards have been developed, covering named above. New projects include revision of medi- nine basic aspects of a facility's operations, including cal usefulness standards; microbiology standards; purposes; organization and administration; services; normal values; quality assurance program for clinical personnel; records and reports; fiscal management, laboratories; laboratory reports systems and delivery physical facilities; community relations; and program of reports. An extensive subcommittee and a resource evaluation. A periodic newsletter, entitled the Carf

committee are supportive. ' Report, is distributed at no charge to persons who Promoting the use of standards—This is conducted wish to be kept apprised of the organization's activi- through direct mailing to the membership; articles in ties. Partial funding is provided by the Rehabilitation indexed literature; the CAP publication, pathologists; Services Administration of the Department of Health, and the trade magazines. Education and Welfare.

ASSOCIATION OF THE THE COLOR COMPOSITE CAN AND TUBE INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES, INC., 1725 Eye Street NW., 200 Madison Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20006 New York, New York 10016

The Composite Can and Tube Institute was founded The Color Association of the United States, Inc. in 1933 as a nonprofit organization to foster the (CAUS) is a nonprofit organization established in collective interests of the composite can and tube 1915, with members in all fields from around the industry. In addition to technical activities, CCTI world. Its major function is color forecasting with its holds national, area and committee meetings; prepares scope of activities including: (a) seasonal color fore- and circulates bulletins containing items of general casts applicable to industry in the advertising, automo- interest; surveys labor fringes and hourly rates in the tive, cosmetic, dyestuff and colorants, fiber, paper industry; sponsors statistical, plant safety, traffic and products, and plastics areas—these seasonal color environmental control programs; and is active in forecasts include color cards for textiles, women's and many fields customarily included in association efforts children's wear, accessories, hosiery and socks, men's such as public relations and preparation of various wear, men's socks, and home furnishings, which are industry directories. issued twice a year; (b) general color information, Approximately 10 percent of the total institute pro- market research and color consultations; and (c) gram is devoted to standards. This portion of the Standard Color Cards. Other than the Standard Color program is administered by the Technical Committee Card, which is in its 9th edition, CAUS cooperates made up of technically oriented persons divided about with the Government and industry as a service to equally between those representing companies produc- industry. Some of the standard color cards that are ing composite tubes and cores and those producing developed in association with the United States Gov- composite cans. The Composite Can Committee also ernment are with the Department of Defense, for oversees certain of these activities on occasion. thread, buttons, tapes, and embroidery yarns; and for CCTI does not participate in international programs the branches and agencies, arms and services. All nor with Federal government standardization activi- standard colors are listed by color name and cable ties, except when requests are received for specific number; CAUS does not issue a catalog of color stand- information. CCTI has no certification program ards. activities. On an international level, this association maintains Presently, CCTI publishes standard testing proce- a membership in Intercolor, International Color Fore- dures to provide uniform methods for both manu- casts; and in Intersociety Color Council, which has facturers and users to measure and test the physical international activities. Our standards are national characteristics of composite cans, tubes and cores. and international in scope. Further, the institute has developed and published Formerly: Textile Color Card Association of the recommended industry standards covering dimensions United States (1954). for certain high volume types of composite cans to accommodate customers' closing and handling equip- COMMISSION ON ACCREDITATION OF ment. Finally, CCTI has published guidelines as REHABILITATION FACILITIES, sources of information for manufacturers and users of 6510 North Lincoln Avenue, industry products. CCTI has published 26 standard Chicago, Illinois 60645 testing procedures and is in the process of preparing four new and revising six standard testing procedures. The commission, established in 1966, is a national It has published 17 recommended industry standards, private, nonprofit organization setting standards for has no new recommended industry standards under the operation of rehabilitation facilities. A resource consideration, but is in the process of revising three.

65 CCTI has published three guidelines, and has no new Formerly: Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Associa- ones nor any revisions under consideration. Scope of tion (1949) the work is national. As standard testing procedures, recommended industry standards and guidelines are COMPUTER AND BUSINESS EQUIPMENT published or revised, they are publicized in the trade MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, press. 1828 L Street NW., Formerly: National Fibre Can and Tube Association Suite 1200, (1970). Washington, D.C. 20036

CBEMA was organized in 1916 as the Office Equip- COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC., ment Manufacturers' Institute, reorganized in 1961 500 Fifth Avenue, as the Business Equipment Manufacturers' Associa- New York, New York 10036 tion, and in 1972 adopted its present name. CBEMA is a nonprofit organization that provides its Founded in 1913, CGA's major purpose is to pro- members a forum for industry consultation and united vide, develop, and coordinate technical activities in the action; a means for communicating facts and views of compressed gas industries, including end-uses of the industry to Government, to other industries and products, in the interest of safety and efficiency, and the public. CBEMA does not publish standards in its to the end that they may serve, to the fullest extent, own name but does participate actively with national the best interest of the public and industry. CGA is standards bodies. CBEMA is an organizational mem- active primarily in the fields of safety and technical ber of the American National Standards Institute specifications pertaining to the compressed gas and (ANSI) and serves as the secretariat of two standards related product and service industries. This includes committees operated under ANSI procedures: X3, the medical fields of anesthesia and respiration. Computers and Information Processing and X4, Office Specific standardization activities: The Association Machines and Supplies. Through its Environment and collaborates with national organizations such as the Safety Committee, CBEMA represents its members National Fire Protection Association, the National to other American National Standards Committees, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Association, the American including Bll, Safety Standards for Machine Tools; Society for Testing and Materials, the American ClOl, Leakage Current for Appliances; D20, Model National Standards Institute, Association of American Motorist Data Base; P3, Pulp and Paper; X9, Bank- Railroads, and the American Society of Anesthesiolo- ing; Y14, Drafting; and Y32, Graphic Symbols. It also gists, to develop far-reaching specifications and stand- participates in the Underwriters' Laboratories Industry ards of safety to benefit industry and the public. Advisory Conference, Office Appliance and Data Proc- CGA compiles information and publishes material essing Equipment sections. such as the Handbook of Compressed Gases and many CBEMA devotes approximately 25 percent of its pamphlets which contain a description of the most total program to standardization activities. CBEMA's widely used gases and give in detail the safest recog- Standards Department, headed by the Director of nized methods, many developed by CGA, for handling Standards, administers the standardization activities. and storing gases. The standards are promoted through publicity in CGA conducts national and regional technical meet- association communications and the technical and ings and seminars to discuss practices, standards, and trade press; distribution by member companies; problems related to the broad spectrum of the com- reference to, and incorporation of, standards in mem- pressed gas industries. ber company public and internal technical publica- It submits recommendations to appropriate Govern- tions; and through implementation of standards in ment agencies, to improve safety standards and member company products. Active standards com- methods of handling, transporting, and storing gases. mittees and projects are listed in CBEMA annual and CGA acts as advisor to authorities, some of which are periodic activity reports. regulatory such as the U.S. Department of Transpor- International Standards Participation—Through tation, the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission, American National Standards Committees X3 and X4, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Food and Drug Administra- CBEMA participates in the corresponding Interna- tion, Canada's Board of Transport Commissioners and tional Organizatin for Standardization (ISO) Techni- Department of Transport, and state, provincial, munic- cal Committees 97 and 9.5 respectively, providing ipal, and local agencies concerned with the safe direct support to ANSI as Secretariat for TC 97 and a handling of compressed gases. In addition there is number of Subcommittees of each. Through the some activity on an international level withparticipa- Underwriters' Laboratories and the U.S. National handling of compressed gases. In addition there is Committees for each, CBEMA supports International some activity on an international level with participa- Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committees: tion in committees of the United Nations and the 61, Safety of Household Electrical Appliances; 65, International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Industrial Process Measurement and Control; and the CGA's standards are national in scope. News reports newly formed TC 74, Safety of Office Machines and are published in Compressions, CGA's newsletter at Data Processing Equipment. CBEMA also maintains approximately monthly intervals. active liaison and cooperation with the standards pro-

66 grams of the European Computer Manufacturers' (withdrawn 2-19-74). Current standard activities are Association (ECMA) and with national industry conducted by the CRSI Engineering Practice Commit- standards bodies of Japan and the European countries. tee and subcommittees on bar supports, placing rein- Federal Government Standards Relations—CBEMA forcing bars, concrete joist construction, detailing cooperates with the Federal Information Processing -reinforced concrete, and splicing reinforcing steel. Standards (FIPS) program by direct liaison and exchange of documents between X3 and X4 and the CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY National Bureau of Standards, and by providing mem- MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, bership, upon invitation, on industry advisory com- 111 East Wisconsin Avenue, mittees to the FIPS Program. The National Bureau of Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202 Standards, General Services Administration and Department of Defense are organizational members of CIMA is a U.S. based association of more than 170 X3 and X4. Additionally, staff members of these agen- firms that manufacture construction equipment and cies are members of X3 and X4 technical subcom- related components and supplies. The membership mittees, together with others from the Departments of also includes leading construction industry publica-

Agriculture, Commerce, Health, Education and Wel- tions. CIMA can trace its history back to 1921 when it fare, Interior, Labor, Transportation, Treasury, and was known as the Highway Industries Association. the U.S. Postal Service, National Communications It was incorporated under its present name in 1949. Service, National Aeronautics and Space Administra- CIMA acts as a clearinghouse for the construction tion, Civil Service Commission, Federal Reserve System equipment manufacturing industry in the areas of and Library of Congress. CBEMA also represents the safety, health and environmental performance stand- industry views to, and cooperates with, the standards ards for construction machines. The term "perform- program of the Occupational Safety and Health ance standards" refers to performance criteria for Administration, Department of Labor and related machine safety, protective devices, noise characteris- activities of the Department of Health, Education and tics, etc., as opposed to engineering standards which Welfare. dictate design. The total number of standards issued are: by X3, as The main leadership for this task is provided by a American National Standards—33, with 12 additional Performance Standards Committee of the CIMA standards in final stages of approval; by X4, as Amer- Board of Directors composed of 12 industry execu- ican National Standards—16, with five others nearing tives who work with CIMA's Technical and Safety completion. Services staff. This board committee is assisted by a large 150-man panel of specially named and highly CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL qualified performance standards representatives from INSTITUTE, each participating member company. These technical 180 North La Salle Street, representatives are organized within product-line Chicago, Illinois 60601 committees consisting of eight machinery segment groups covering the following product areas: crawler The CRSI was organized in 1924 and has operated tractors, rubber tired loaders and dozers, motor grad- continuously as a national trade association. It con- ers, off-highway trucks, scrapers, crane carriers, sists of and represents mill producers, fabricators, and asphalt and crushing equipment, and rollers and suppliers of reinforcing bars. Associated members compactors. include producers and suppliers of other products An important fact to note is that CIMA does not used in concrete construction and fabricating equip- write these performance standards itself since it ment manufacturing. The purpose of CRSI is to believes these standards should represent a consensus increase the use of reinforcing bars through research, of all interested parties. Accordingly, this task is education, promotion, improved efficiency for lower turned over to nationally recognized standards-writing final costs through better design, improved materials, bodies such as the Society of Automotive Engineers. and construction techniques. CIMA is dedicated to avoid duplicating standards Reducing cost through standardization has been a work being pursued by other national or interna- continuing activity of CRSI for 50 years and involves tional organizations. As a result, it has "listening post" up to five percent of CRSI efforts. Beginning with committees providing input and output to and from Steel Reinforcing Bars—R26-30, CRSI has sponsored other trade associations and technical societies work- development, through the procedures of the National ing on problems such as engine emissions, dust and Bureau of Standards, of Simplified Practice Recom- solids' pollution of air, vibration, visibility and many mendation R53-63—Steel Spirals for Reinforced others.

Concrete Columns (withdrawn 7-2-72) ; Simplified CIMA is also active in the broad area of "commer- Practice Recommendation R265-63—Forms for Two- cial" standards that cover product maintenance, usage, Way Concrete Joist Floor and Roof Construction certification, test, inspection, etc. Certain product- (withdrawn 5-15-73); Product Standard PS 16-69— oriented groups within CIMA known as Bureaus write Types and Sizes of Forms for One-Way Concrete Joist and publish commercial standards which, in practice Construction; and Product Standard PS7-66—Wire become guidelines for bodies such as the American Bar Supports for Reinforced Concrete Construction National Standards Institute in development of con-

67 sensus standards. CIMA's PCSA Bureau, formerly the the use of standards is through advertising in industry Power Crane & Shovel Association, has published three publications. commercial standards: No. 1, Mobile Power Crane &

Excavator Standards (1968) ; No. 2, Mobile Hydraulic Crane Standards (1969); No. 3, Mobile Hydraulic CONVEYOR EQUIPMENT Excavator Standards (1969). PCSA's Technical Com- MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, mittee works actively with national and international 1000 Vermont Avenue NW., organizations. Washington, D.C. 20005 Formerly: Construction Industries Association. CEMA was organized in 1933 and incorporated in

1935. Among the association's purposes is, stand- THE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS ardization of design, manufacture, and application on INSTITUTE, a voluntary basis and in such manner as will not 1150 17th Street NW., Suite 300, impede development of conveying machinery and Washington, D.C. 20036 component parts or lessen competition. Standardiza- tion activities are administered by the CEMA Product The institute founded in 1948, is a nationwide tech- Sections and CEMA Engineering Conference. Cur- nical society dedicated to improving and coordinating rently there are 14 CEMA standards. all aspects of construction specifications and commu- CEMA works with the Federation Europeenne de la nications. From its founding goal of improving specifi- Manutention (FEM) to enhance exchange of infor- cation writing practices, the institute has provided mation with European conveyor manufacturers and leadership for standardization in specifications and in- participates in FEM conferences on an observer basis. dustry communications and a common forum for all CEMA is a member of the American National Stand- members of the construction team to meet, discuss, ards Institute and several CEMA standards have been and formulate industry direction in construction prac- adopted as American National Standards. CEMA also tices. works with other organizations, such as the American CSI is a horizontally structured organization encom- Society of Mechanical Engineers, and with such passing all segments of the construction industry Federal Government organizations as the Occupational including architects, engineers, contractors, material Safety and Health Administration, Office of Standards suppliers, students, educators and others. In 1973, the and the Bureau of Mines wherever possible. institute had a membership of over 11,000 and 122 Formerly: Association of Conveyor and Material chapters throughout the 50 States. Preparation Equipment Manufacturers (1935) ; Con- CSI publishes a monthly magazine The Construction veyor Association (1945). Specifier, which is distributed to members as a member service. The institute also publishes technical documents dealing with specific portions of construc- COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE, INC., tion specifications. The institute is involved through 3003 Yale Street, The Construction Sciences Research Foundation in Suite 107, research work in the construction industry and has Houston, Texas 77018 developed a comprehensive and complete product information retrieval system and an automated com- The institute, organized in 1950, is an international puterized system for specification text manipulation self-governing, nonprofit technical association of cool- adaptable to all types of master specification programs. ing tower manufacturers, owners, and suppliers of related chemicals and equipment. Its standards program is planned around the development of a series of CONTRACTOR'S PUMP BUREAU, individual standards which, taken together, constitute 13975 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 310, a specification for a CTI Code Tower. Silver Spring, Maryland 20906 Published CTI Standards are: STD-103, Redwood Lumber Specifications: Recommended grades, grading The Contractor's Pump Bureau (CPB) was founded rules, and allowable design stresses for redwood lum- 1937. The organization is made up of 13 major manu- ber; ATP-105, Acceptance Test Procedure: Methods facturers of pumps for the contracting industry. The and instrumentation for determining water cooling standards program is the primary purpose of the capability of mechanical draft towers; NCL-109, organization and is administered directly by the Board Nomenclature: Terms and definitions describing cool- of Directors. ing tower components, design and performance; STD- Standards currently issued are the 14th Revision, 111, Gear Speed Reducers: Rating practice and operat- dated January 17, 1970 for the following types of ing considerations for use with propeller type fans; contractors pumps: self-priming centrifugal, dia- WMS-112, Pressure Preservative Treatment of Lum- phragm pumps, submersible pumps and trash pumps. ber: Minimum retentions and penetrations in These standards are national in scope. application of AWPA treatment standards; STD-114, Currently the Board of Directors is reviewing stand- Douglas Fir Lumber: Grades, recommended stress, ards for submersible and trash pumps. Promotion for nonframework grades and grading rules in applica- .

tion of WCLA grades; STD-115, Southern Pine Lum- THE CORDAGE INSTITUTE, ber: Grades, recommended stress, nonframework 2300 Calvert Street NW., grades and grading rules in application of SPIB Washington, D.C. 20008 grades; STD-119, Timber Fastener Specifications: Recommended material, manufacturing limitations, The Cordage Institute was founded on June 17, design requirements and allowable loads for timber 1920. The membership of the Cordage Institute is fasteners; STD-127, Asbestos Cement Materials: composed of substantially all of the rope and twine Establishes grades and dimensions of incombustible manufacturers in the United States, with some Cana- asbestos cement materials for industrial field assem- dian manufacturers and Cordemex of Mexico as bled water cooling towers when used for casings, special members. The objectives of the institute are splash bar fill, evaporative surface fill, air inlet louvers voluntarily and without pecuniary profit to: promote and corner roll; STD-201, Certification Standard for the interests of the industry and improve its services Commercial Water Cooling Towers: Sets forth proce- to the public; compile and distribute information dure whereby CTI may certify that a line of towers throughout the membership and to interested mem- will perform in accordance with the manufacturer's bers of the public; and to cooperate in the handling published ratings. of problems common to the industry. CTI has been working closely with the Environ- The institute's standardization program receives mental Protection Agency in an effort to control ther- substantial attention, is the subject of many mailings man and chemical pollution. to the members of the institute, and has a prominent place on the agenda of the institute's meetings. The COPPER DEVELOPMENT standardization activities are carried on by its Tech- ASSOCIATION INC., nical Committee. This program is under the policy 405 Lexington Avenue, direction and supervision of the Executive Committee New York, New York 10017 of the institute. The Technical Committee has developed or participated in developing specifications for The Copper Development Association Inc. was hard fiber and synthetic rope and twine with Govern- established in 1963. It is the long-range engineering ment agencies since 1924. Close working relationships development and market development arm of the on standards have been maintained with the U.S. U. S. copper and brass industry. Its primary efforts Army, U.S. Navy, the Maritime Administration, the are in the development of new markets for copper and Coast Guard, the General Services Administration, copper alloys; major emphasis is directed at creating and others. Most recently relationships have been new concepts, building prototypes and proving com- with: the Defense Supply Agency (Defense Industrial mercial feasibility for these new applications for cop- Supply Center) in regard to military specifications for per, brass and bronze. In addition, CDA provides natural and synthetic fiber ropes; U.S. Naval Ship extensive technical support to users of copper and and Engineering Center in regard to military specifica- copper alloys. As part of its technical support work, tions; and with the U.S. Army Natick Laboratory also CDA carries out standardization activities for brass in regard to military specifications. mill and foundry products. CDA publishes the Stand- The list of the seven principal Cordage Institute ards Handbook, for the U. S. copper and brass publications, each of which contains many individual industry, in seven parts covering: tolerances; alloy standards, is: Quality Control—Minimum Standards; data, both wrought and cast; terminology; engineering Specifications for Synthetic Ropes; Standard Test data; sources; and a specifications cross index. Stand- Methods for Stranded and Plaited Synthetic Fiber ards constitute less than 10 percent of CDA's total Ropes; Bend Tests Made on Natural and Synthetic activities. Fiber Ropes; Fiber Rope Slings—Load Ratings and CDA participates in international standards pro- Safe Practices; The Cordage Industry Product Catalog; grams through the U. S. A. National Committee for and The Safe Use of Rope—A User's Guide to the Safe Copper and Copper Alloys and is the Secretariat. In Application of Fiber Ropes. These are all national in this way, it is helping in the development of Interna- scope and considered advisory to Mexican and Cana- tional Organization for Standardization (ISO) stand- dian members as well as to U. S. members. ards and Pan American standards, via Pan American The Technical Committee has also worked with Standards Commission (COPANT). CDA is involved private organizations such as the following on specifi- in Federal Government standardization activities pri- cations and standards: American Merchant Marine marily through the review of Federal and military Association (towing hawsers on ocean-going vessels) ; standards submitted to it for that purpose. CDA is not American Society of Mechanical Engineers (sling involved in certification programs. specifications) ; National Ski Area Association (rope

The 7-part CDA Standards Handbook is national in tow and rescue rope specifications) ; New York City scope and is available free of charge. A Standards Fire Department (rescue ropes) ; and public utility Advisory Committee within the association provides companies (specifications and test methods) guidance for all CDA's standards publications and for The following is a list of active standards commit- CDA activity in U. S. voluntary standards organiza- tees and new projects under consideration: the Tech- tions. nical Committee is actively pursuing standards devel- Supersedes: Copper and Brass Research Association. opment. The current projects include: revision of the

69 .

Product Catalog; review of testing procedures for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, in the develop- hardness, ultraviolet degradation, acid degradation and ment of international standards. breaking; development of a list of expert witnesses The Raw Materials Committee works with the Grain and testing laboratories; preliminary review of subject Division of the United States Department of Agricul- of permanent elongation and elasticity; preparation of ture on grain standards. sample specifications on working loads; conducting Formerly: American Manufacturers' Association of of determination of testing speeds for polyethylene Products from Corn (1923) ; Associated Corn Products rope; and completion of polypropylene specifications Manufacturers (1932); Corn Industries Research for use by the utility industry, and procedures for Foundation (1966) testing electrical leakage. In international programs, the institute and its COTTON WAREHOUSE ASSOCIATION OF Technical Committee have participated in the activi- AMERICA, ties of Technical Committee 38-Textiles, of the Inter- 1707 L Street NW., national Organization Standardization (ISO) and for Suite 540, in the work of the American Society for Testing and Washington, D.C. 20036 Materials with the ISO. The standards work of the institute has special international significance because The Cotton Warehouse Association of America of the special membership by Canadian manufactur- (CWAA) was formed in 1969. The new association ers and Cordemex of Mexico. resulted as a merger of the National Cotton Compress and Cotton Warehouse Association (founded in 1937) and the American Cotton Compress and Warehouse CORN REFINERS ASSOCIATION, INC., Association. The association's regular members con- and its research division, CORN INDUSTRIES RESEARCH sist of cotton compress and cotton warehouse own- FOUNDATION, ers and operators in the cotton belt states from the Carolinas to California. Associate membership is 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW., available to industry-related businesses such as insur- Washington, D.C. 20036 ance companies, banks, equipment dealers, manufacturers, steamship and truck lines. The association, formerly Corn Industries Research CWAA has Special Committees on Bale Prepara- Foundation, Inc., was incorporated February 9, 1932. tion, Insurance and Standards, and Research and Governed by a Board of Directors, two from each of Engineering. For a number of years, the Research the 11 corporate members, the association conducts and Engineering Committee worked closely with U.S. industrywide programs of research, technical service, manufacturers of cotton bale ties and buckles, with a and public information. Its varied activities include view to improving their quality, strength and reliabil- the development of standardized procedures, terminol- ity. The resulting standards, which have been widely ogy, instrumentation, methods of measurement, and used by manufacturers since 1956, cover width of the like on behalf of industry members and the con- ties, thickness of ties, minimum elongation of ties sumers of industry products. under stress, flatness of ties, weight and minimum An Analytical Procedures Committee develops the tensile breaking strength of both ties and buckles. Standard Analytical Methods of the member companies of Corn Industries Research Foundation on a continuing basis. Members of this committee serve as COUNCIL OF NATIONAL LIBRARY associate referees for various Association of Official ASSOCIATIONS, Analytical Chemists (AOAC) product categories. A Chairman, American National Standards reference volume. Critical Data Tables, compiled by Committee Z39, the Scientific Committee, is available from the associa- c/o School of Library Science, tion at cost. The University of North Carolina, The Applied Development Committee and its sub- Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 committees gives attention to broad technical service problems. It recently cooperated with the Food Chemi- This association includes in its membership 13 cals Codex in developing monographs for modified major library associations in the United States. Nearly starches. On a continuing basis, it assists the Depart- all of these associations are concerned with standardi- ment of Defense in the development of military zation in various aspects of librarianship. specifications. Cooperative work is now underway with CNLA's principal concern with standardization is as the United States Pharamacopeia on monographs for the Secretariat, since 1950, of the American National industry products as well as with the Joint Expert Standards Committee Z39 on Library Work, Documen- Committee of the Food and Agricultural Organiza- tation and Related Publishing Practices. The work of tion of the United Nations/World Health Organization this committee has been assigned to subcommittees (FAO/WHO). The association has also worked for having the following titles: Program; Machine Input over ten years with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimen- Records; Bibliographic References; Transliteration; tarius Commission, the International Organization for Library Statistics; Proof Corrections; Arrangement of Standardization, and the International Commission for Periodicals; Trade Catalogs and Directories; Binding;

70 Standard Book Numbers; Book Publishing Statistics; National Standards Committee B30, Safety Code for Library Materials Price Indexes; Report Literature Cranes, Derricks and Hoists. Format; Thesaurus Rules and Conventions; Identifica- tion Codes; Publicity and Promotion; Standard CRAYON, WATER COLOR AND CRAFT Account Numbers; Music Industry Code; Technical INSTITUTE, Report Numbering; Bibliographic Entries for Micro- Eden Hill Road, fiche Headers; Journal Article Citations; Advertising Newtown, Connecticut 06470 Microform Publications; and Standard Order Form. In recent years the American National Standards The Crayon, Water Color and Craft Institute Committee Z39, representing the American National (CWCCI), Inc. was founded in 1936. It is an associa- Standards Institute (ANSI), has reviewed and formu- tion of manufacturers of children's art materials lated the position on draft International Organization which conducts a wide range of activities. for Standardization (ISO) standards in the following Standardization activities represent approximately areas: Bibliographic References for Patents, Contents 20 percent of the total program. CWCCI's Certifica- Pages in Serials, Abstracts, Bibliographic Information tion Committee is responsible for the standardization Interchange Format for Magnetic Tape Recording, — activities. Transliteration of Yiddish International Library Statis- Since 1943, the institute has worked with the tics and International List of Periodical Title Abbrevia- National Bureau of Standards in the development and tions. The committee holds the Secretariat for ISO/ updating of commercial and more recently Voluntary TC46 Subcommittee 2, Conversion of Languages, and Product Standards for the products within the scope the Secretariat for Working Group 1, Character Sets of the institute. The two current standards are: for Documentation and Bibliographic Use, of the CS130-60, Color Materials for Art Education in newly organized TC 46 Subcommittee 4 on Automa- Schools and PS30-70, School Chalk. It is presently tion in Documentation. planned to replace CS130-60 with five separate Fifteen Z39 American National Standards have standards. School chalk was the first to be issued. been approved and published (they are available from Standards for school paste and paints and inks for use the American National Standards Institute) ; Z39.1- in schools are in process. Standards for crayons and 1967, Periodicals: Format and Arrangement; Z39.2- for modeling clay will be initiated upon the comple- 1971, Bibliographic Information Interchange on tion of the two pending standards. Magneitc Tape; Z39.4-1968, Basic Criteria for Indexes; The Certified Products Bureau of the institute, Z39.5-1969, Abbreviation of Titles of Periodicals; initiated in 1940, insures the safety and quality of the Z39.6-1965, Trade Catalogs; Z39.7-1968, Library products of subscribers to the bureau. Certified Statistics; Z39.8-1968, Compiling Book Publishing products are identified by a CP or AP Seal, both Statistics; Z39.9-1971, Identification Number for registered trademarks. The CP Seal insures both Serial Publications; Z39.10-1971, Directories of Libra- nontoxicity and specific quality requirements; the AP ries and Information Centers; Z39.11-1972, System Seal insures nontoxicity only. Nonmember manufac- for the Romanization of Japanese; Z39. 12-1972, turers may subscribe and be authorized to use the CP System for the Romanization of Arabic; Z39.13-1971, and AP Seals of the bureau if they meet the rigid Advertising of Books; Z39.14-1971, Writing Abstracts; requirements. The products covered by the seals are Z39.15-1971, Title Leaves of A Book and; Z39.16- crayons, chalk, finger paints, modeling clay, liquid 1972, Preparation of Scientific Papers for Written or and powdered tempera, semimoist water colors, block Oral Presentation. printing ink, school paste and related school art products. CRANE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC., DFA OF CALIFORNIA, 1326 Freeport Road, 303 Brokaw Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 P.O. Box 270A, Santa Clara, California 95052 The Crane Manufacturers' Association of America (CMAA), formerly the Electric Overhead Crane Insti- Since 1909 this trade association has established tute, is the organization of leading electric overhead grade standards, for dried fruits and tree nuts, that traveling crane manufacturers of the United States are considered national in scope. These standards for the purpose of promoting standardization and comply with both the domestic and foreign need to providing a basis for uniform quality and perform- know that goods shipped comply with contract ance. descriptions. The standards of this type defy explicit The current standards of CMAA are: Specifications definition since the goods are inspected according to for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes, specification the buyer's specifications and his acceptance of the number 70; Crane Operator's Manual; and Specifica- merchandise. Certificates issued as a result of this tions for top running and Underhung Single Girder type of inspection have achieved worldwide accept- Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes, specification ance and establish a prime focal evidence of a number 74. CMAA is represented on the American "delivery" by the shipper.

71 This organization has for many years participated used in the processing of liquid eggs. This is cospon- in the establishment of written specifications defining sored by DFISA and the Poultry and Egg Institute of defects and certain quality standards as set forth in America. The program was initiated in 1968, and 12 U.S.D.A. grades and industry specifications. It also standards have been issued. Current activity is con- acts as the research agency in developing such stand- centrated on egg breakers, egg washers, and HTST ards as may be required for new products developed pasteurization for liquid eggs. in the dried fruit industry. The 3-A program for dairy equipment is the result DFA of California cooperates with foreign govern- of cooperation among dairy processors, the users of ments and submits food additives petitions used in the equipment; dairy industrial suppliers and equippers, dried fruit and tree nut industries. the manufacturers and sellers of dairy equipment; Services rendered by this association now include and public health officials and sanitarians, the prune, walnut, and fig inspections as required by regulatory officials under whose jurisdiction the Federal or state marketing orders governing these equipment is installed and used. products, and under private contract, inspections of Voluntarily supported by the national trade associa- the majority of dried apples and cut fruits produced tions in the dairy processing industry, the program in California. has resulted in the adoption of a total of 37 Stand-

Formerly : Dried Fruit Association of California. ards and Practices for dairy equipment. Equipment complying with the standards may carry the 3-A DAIRY AND FOOD INDUSTRIES Symbol, provided its manufacturer received authoriza- SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, tion to do so from the 3-A Symbol Council. 5530 Wisconsin Avenue, Generally speaking, the 3-A Standards and Practices Washington, D.C. 20015 are acceptable in public health jurisdictions in nearly every town, city and state in the United States. The This Association (DFISA) was founded in 1912 to 3-A Sanitary Standards and Practices are cited in the represent the manufacturers of supplies and equip- recommended Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance ment for the dairy industry. It has today expanded of the U.S. Public Health Service. into the supplier organization for the board spectrum of the food industry. The principal activity of the Asso- DATA PROCESSING MANAGEMENT ciation is to sponsor and stage a biennial trade show, ASSOCIATION, the largest in the food field, with 200,000 square feet 505 Busse Highway, of floor space and 15,000 registered viewers. The 3-A Park Ridge, lUinois 60068 Sanitary Standards program is cosponsored by DFISA and other dairy processor trade associations in the This is an organization both national and interna- industry. The Association houses the secretary of the tional in scope, founded in 1951, and composed of program and coordinates the work of thirty specific 25,000 data processing and systems personnel task committees which develop the substance of the engaged in the use and management of computers standard. In a staff of seventeen, the standards work and related equipment. The standardization activities occupies the time of three staff people. The standards comprise about 10 percent of the total program. activity is implemented within the Association by the DPMA assists in the development of standards in the DFISA Technical Committee, and "satellite" task data processing field through its membership and committees. active participation on the American National Stand- The 3-A program involves participation by repre- ards Committee X3 on Computers and Information sentatives from the U.S. Public Health Service, the Processing. Through this membership and through U.S. Department of Agriculture and state and local DPMA's official monthly publication, "Data Manage- regulatory health offices. In addition to 3-A standards ment," the association encourages and publicizes for specific equipment, the program develops a cate- efforts toward the development of standards in data gory of accepted practices which provides for a processing equipment, terminology, data codes, analy- method instead of for a single piece of equipment. To sis, documentation and computer programming date there are approximately 37 standards, of which languages. five are not yet in print. The standards are national in DPMA solicits review and comment by its members scope and are voluntary for the industry. They are, on proposed standards. These are discussed at meet- however, frequently adopted for regulatory enforce- ings of X3 where the DPMA delegate is empowered ment at the local level. The standards are published to register DPMA's vote. officially in the Journal of Milk and Food Technology, The certification program outlined in Certificate in the official publication of the International Association Data Processing (CDP), consists of certification by of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians. Current examination of individuals recognized to be knowl- activity is reflected in tentative 3-A sanitary standards edgeable in data processing management. The CDP for blenders, colloid mills, dry product bins and program is intended to aid in the establishment of conveyors, dry product hopper trucks, sanitary tubing, recognized professional standards within the data and farm tanks. processing industry. A parallel activity is represented by the E-3-A Sani- Formerly: National Machine Accountants' Associa- tary Standards which are developed for equipment tion (1965).

72 —

DIAMOND WALNUT GROWERS, INC., is administered by the Standards and Safety Commit- 1050 South Diamond Street, tee. The industry is actively engaged in international P.O. Box 1727, standardization through International Organization Stockton, California 95201 for Standardization, ISO/TC 29/WG 5. There is no activity of a standards nature in conjunction with the Diamond Walnut Growers, Inc. (DWGI) was Federal Government, nor is there a certification pro- founded in 1912 under the name California Walnut gram. Currently there are four standards issued under Growers Association. It is a nonprofit cooperative asso- the auspices of the industry: American National ciation owned by approximately 3,850 walnut growers Standard B74.1, Identification Code for Diamond who produce more than 50 percent of the walnuts Wheel Shapes; American National Standard, B74.3, grown in the State of California. (The name of the Standard Specifications for Shapes and Sizes of cooperative was changed in 1956.) Diamond Grinding Wheels, Hand Hones, and Mounted The Evaluation Committee of the Board of Direc- Wheels; American National Standard B74.16, Check- tors established 9 domestic, 5 Canadian, 15 foreign, ing the Size of Diamond Abrasive Grain; and and 70 special customer standards for shelled wal- American National Standard B74.17, Test for Bulk nuts with all statements of maximum restraints and Density of Diamond Abrasive Grain. All of the fore- definitions concerning size, color, and defective kernels going standards are national in scope, since they have from United States Standards for Shelled Walnuts been promulgated through the American National (Juglans regia), 23 F.R. 10354, January 25, 1959, Standards Institute. and Department of Agriculture, Consumer and Mar- keting Service Walnut Color Chart of 1967, except DISTILLED SPIRITS COUNCIL OF THE where superseded by the Code of Federal Regulations, UNITED STATES, INC., Title 21, Section 128.10, March 30, 1972, or other 538 Pennsylvania Building, applicable sections. Washington, D.C. 20004 The committee established four color and five size standards for inshell walnuts with all statements of In March, 1973, three independent trade associations tolerance and definitions concerning size, color, and of the distilling industry, i.e., (1) Distilled Spirits grade defects from United States Standards for Institute, (2) The Bourbon Institute and (3) Licensed Grades of Walnuts (Juglans regia) in the Shell, 29 Beverage Industries, were consolidated into a new F.R. 12865, September 12, 1964, as amended Septem- association. Distilled Spirits Council of the United ber 1, 1968, 33 F.R. 10840. States, Inc. (DISCUS) . Each of the three will retain its All standards are national in scope and DWGI mar- respective identity as an operating division of DISCUS. kets under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act One of the primary functions of this council, of 1937, as amended, with administration by the through its standing committees composed of techni- Walnut Control Board in San Mateo. DWGI's involve- cal experts from member companies, is the continuing ment with other governmental agencies also includes development and maintenance of categorical stand- the Department of Agriculture, Fruit and Vegetable ards pertinent to the industry. Ongoing studies, as Division, Food and Drug Administration, Economic needs are foreseen or dictated by developments in the Research Service, Foreign Agricultural Service, and regulatory and/or private sectors, are initiated and the Department of Commerce. pursued through standards formulation, frequently in The standards are promoted through 88 domestic cooperation with appropriate Federal agencies. Typical and 33 foreign brokers. DWGI employes a Quality projects include plant safety standards and metric Control Department and the services of the Dried size standards, both domestic and international. Other Fruit Association of California to certify products studies, with standards as a goal, involve the trans- during processing and at time of shipment. A complete portation and storage of hazardous materials, filtra- listing of standards is available through the Stockton tion processes and containers. headquarters of Diamond Walnut Growers, Inc. DOOR OPERATOR AND REMOTE DIAMOND WHEEL MANUFACTURERS' CONTROLS MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, ASSOCIATION, 2130 Keith Building, 110 North Wacker Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 Chicago, Illinois 60606

The Diamond Wheel Manufacturers' Institute was This association, frequently referred to as DORCMA, founded in 1963. The DWMI is national in scope and was established in 1959 as a national trade associa- its members are all located within the continental tion comprised of manufacturers of vehicular door United States. They manufacture from basic raw operators—residential, commercial or industrial materials, grinding wheels and blades in which the and/or remote controls for the operation of the same. abrasive used is diamonds—either natural or manu- Remote controls for automatic door operators gener- factured. ally are of the radio type. Only one standard has been The percentage of standardization to the total pro- developed by the association's Technical Committee, gram is about 30 percent and the standards program this being a Minimum Standard for Heavy Duty

73 Industrial and Commercial Draw Bar Type Electrically and marking activities of birds protected by the Bird Powered Door Operators, and national in scope. It Treaty Acts. Additionally, EBBA publishes an attrac- bears no other identification, has not been promoted tive, quarterly magazine dealing with bird banding and by the association but is available upon request. related activities, and research data, new methods and The association has cooperated with Underwriters' field techniques. Approximately 900 members are Laboratories in its development of UL 325 Standard located in the Eastern United States and other states for Safety for Door, Drapery, Gate and Window as well as foreign countries. Standardization of field Operators and Systems. It also has cooperated with the methods is of great importance to our scope of activi- Federal Communications Commission regarding the ties which further aids work done by appropriate rules and equipment authorization procedures of RF governmental agencies in the collection of field data devices. Standardization activities comprise a very and statistics of bird populations, bird migration, small percentage of the association's activities. No new breeding studies, and similar projects involving mark- standardization projects currently are under consid- ing and banding of birds as a means of gathering eration. these data. Persons permitted to tag birds in this way, are licensed by the U.S. Department of the Interior's DRY COLOR MANUFACTURERS' Fish and Wildlife Service. Information on licensing ASSOCIATION, should be obtained from the Bird Banding Laboratory, 561 Franklin Avenue, Office of Migratory Bird Management, Laurel, Mary- Nutley, New Jersey 07110 land 20810.

The Dry Color Manufacturers' Association, founded EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE, in 1925, is a nonprofit organization. It is composed of 90 Park Avenue, 33 United States producers of dry, flushed and dis- New York, New York 10016 persed inorganic and organic pigments. The association has an Ecology Committee, com- This institute founded in 1933, is the national trade prised of four subcommittees: Air and Water Pollu- association of the investor-owned electric light and tion, Heavy Metals, Rhodamine Dyes and Pigments, power companies. The major part of its standardiza- and Toxicity. These committees are working actively tion activities is carried out through representation on with Government agencies such as Occupational some 70 standards committees of the American Safety and Health Administration and Environmental National Standards Institute. Most of these are con- Protection Agency to establish standards for safe cerned with standards for electric utility equipment working conditions in handling chemicals, dyes and and customers' appliances and also codes involving pigments. industry practices, such as the National Electrical Traces of various metallic impurities are commonly Safety Code. The institute also carries on a certain found in most industrial chemical products, including amount of standardization relative to electric utility organic pigments. The concentration range of their equipment with other industry associations such as the occurrence is a matter of increasing concern. National Electrical Manufacturers' Association. Insti- A survey has been made by the Organic Pigments tute representatives also are active in standardization Subcommittee of the Dry Color Manufacturers' Asso- activities of the American Society for Testing and ciation of the trace metal content of a wide range of Materials and the National Fire Protection Association. organic pigments. Data were collected from 17 organic In some cases certain committees of the institute pigment manufacturers comprising 376 samples rep- issue specifications intended particularly for use of the resenting 140 organic pigment structures. This report member companies as an aid in preparing their own gives the result of this survey and discusses the specifications for purchase of material. The Transmis- significance of the findings. The metals surveyed sion and Distribution Committee has issued a number included arsenic, lead, mercury, barium (soluble), of these, covering various items of line hardware and cadmium, antimony and selenium. The selection of timber products. Other committees have issued several metals was based on those listed in American National specifications relating to metering and safety equip- Standard Z 66.1-1964 and Federal and local laws and ment. The titles of these various specifications are regulations, but not including the regulations for cer- shown in EEI Publications and Service Materials, tified colors covered by the Food and Drug Adminis- available from the institute. tration. ELASTIC FABRIC MANUFACTURERS' EASTERN BIRD BANDING COUNCIL OF NORTHERN TEXTILE ASSOCIATION, INC., ASSOCIATION, 58A Fairfield Lane, 211 Congress Street, Jamesburg, New Jersey 08831 Boston, Massaehusetts 02110

The association was founded in April 1923. EBBA The Elastic Fabric Manufacturers' Council became provides consultation services to professional and part of Northern Textile Association in 1970 and rep- amateur ornithologists who are active, and licensed by resents over three quarters of the elastic fabrics indus- the Fish and Wildlife Service, to engage in banding try of the United States.

74 The EFMC's Technical Committee is actively tional industry organization representing manufactur- engaged in the establishment, review, revision and ers and distributors involved with the generation, promulgation of standard test methods, performance transmission, storage and control of electrical energy standards and specifications for standard types of not directly supplied by the public utility companies. knitted, woven and braided elastic fabrics and nonelas- Under policy direction of its Board of Directors and tic braided trimming. Current standards include: operating through its various committees and staff, Woven Waistband Elastic Minimum Performance the association is to: maintain a cooperative stand- Standard/A Performance Standard for Webbing Used ards program for developing and promulgating in Men's and Boys' Underwear and Pajamas; Methods standards and specifications to serve the industry and of Testing Wide Elastic Fabrics-Tension and Stretch, its customers; provide an effective liaison between the NTA-EC-1-71. industry and its customers, both civilian and military, In addition to counseling engineering societies such for the interchange of information and ideas; and as the American Society for Testing and Materials and assist its customers in obtaining the most advanced Federal agencies, the EFMC's Technical Committee is and reliable products and scientific developments from a source for interlaboratory testing of test methods, the industry. review of product characteristics and the development Formerly: Engine Generator Set Manufacturers' of suggested tolerances and specifications. Association (1971). Formerly: Elastic Fabric Manufacturers' Institute ELECTRICAL TESTING (1970). LABORATORIES, INC., ELECTRICAL APPARATUS SERVICE 2 East End Avenue, New York, New York 10021 ASSOCIATION, INC., 7710 Carontlelet Avenue, Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. (ETL) was St. Louis, Missouri 63105 founded in 1896. It is an employee-owned, independent testing, inspection and certification agency. The Electrical Apparatus Service Association Operating as a multidisciplined organization, its divi- (EASA), founded in 1933, is a trade association of sions are acoustical, chemical, photometric, electrical/ companies engaged in the repair of electrical appara- electronic, automotive/ mechanical, air-conditioning, tus. Most of the 1900 members are in the U.S., manufactured housing and carpet certification. Canada, or Mexico, and recently EASA added mem- Somewhat in excess of 50 percent of ETL's activity bers in Europe, Asia, Australia, Central America and is in the field of product certification where its Certifi- Africa. cation Services Development group writes standard This association originally developed the following methods for the operation of safety and/ or perform- standards: (1) Electric Motor and Generator Rebuild- ance label, listing and certification programs. These ing Standards—for integral horse power motors and methods called Procedural Guides cover all aspects of electrical machinery and equipment one to one certification from initial certification, through fol- thousand KVA; (2) Transformer Rebuilding Stand- low-up inspections, quality control audit and decertifi- ards—applying only to transformers completely cation, including label and listing removal rewound; (3) Rewinding Standards for Single Phase requirements. These standards, national in scope, are Induction Motors—for ratings up to and including published by affected industries and/ or ETL. Proce- 10 H.P., 300 volts. Class A insulation; (4) Rewinding dural guides are presently published on: appliances; Standards for Three Phase Induction Motors—for air-handling and conditioning equipment; luminaires; ratings up to and including 200 H.P., 600 volts. Class medical devices; electrical cable; fluorescent ballasts A insulation and (5) Hand Power Tool Rebuilding and starters; lamps; architectural glass and aluminum; Standards. These standards have recently undergone builders hardv/are; mobile homes; recreational vehi- extensive revision by the Engineer's Advisory Commit- cles; industrialized housing and carpeting. ETL's air- tee and were incorporated into one standard. It covers conditioning activities are international. rebuilding, reconditioning, and rewinding of AC rota- ETL's certification programs are recognized and ting apparatus, DC rotating apparatus, liquid filled employed by Federal Government agencies, such as distribution transformers, air-cooled distribution trans- General Services Administration (GSA) ; Department formers, hand power tools, hermetic motors, testing, of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Housing and safety. Administration (HUD/FHA) ; and Occupational Formerly: National Industrial Service Association Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Carpet (1960). certification procedures to HUD/FHA Minimum Property Standard, Use of Materials UM 44c, were ELECTRICAL GENERATING SYSTEMS MARKETING ASSOCIATION, prepared under contract by ETL. ETL makes available its procedural guides and Tribune Tower, certified directories to all interested parties. Originally 435 N. Michigan, known as the Lamp Test Bureau (1896-1904), ETL Chicago, Illinois 60611 operated as the exclusive testing, research and The Electrical Generating Systems and Marketing standards-writing arm of the Association of Edison Association (EGSMA), founded in 1963, is an interna- Illuminating Companies until 1942.

75 .

ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, Common Names of Insects; Insecticide Terminology; 2001 Eye Street NW., Insecticide Reference Standards; Insect Survey and Washington, D.C. 20006 Losses; Professional Training, Standards and Status; and Special Committee on Insecticide Resistance. The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) was The reports of these committees are published founded in 1924. "EIA Engineering Standards are annually in the March issue of the Bulletin of the designed to serve the public interest by eliminating Entomological Society of America. Lists prepared by misunderstandings between manufacturers and pur- these committees are coordinated with the American chasers, facilitating interchangeability and improve- National Standards Institute. Lists are used on a ment of products, and assisting the purchaser in select- national basis for the purpose of standardizing the use ing and obtaining with minimum delay the proper of common names of principal insect pests, common product for his particular need. Existence of such names of insecticides, methods for determining insect standards shall not in any respect preclude any mem- loss and damage, and insecticide resistance. ber or nonmember of EIA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such standards. ESSENTIAL OIL ASSOCIATION OF Standards are proposed or adopted by EIA without U.S.A., INC., regard to whether their proposal or adoption may in 60 East 42nd Street, any way involve patents on articles, materials, or New York, New York 10017 processes. By such action, EIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any This association, founded in 1927, serves the inter- obligation whatever to parties adopting EIA Stand- est of processors, importers and dealers in essential ards." The preceding statements are the policy of EIA, oils and synthetic chemicals. reflecting the basic objectives of all EIA standardiza- Aromatic and flavor materials range from the syn- tion programs. thetic chemical compounds emerging from a modern In all cases, specific requirements and restraints research laboratory to the oil extracted from natural expressed below must govern in the development of materials. There are several hundred natural mate- EIA Standards. All standardization programs must be rials that are processed into essential oils such as shown to serve a legitimate public interest objective flowers, spices, herbs, citrus products, fruits, leaves, and that objective should be specifically stated in the roots, wood, gums and animal products. The process- context of the standard. To assure this, the program ing of these materials include distillation, extraction should relate to the achievement of one or more of with a volatile solvent, maceration and enfleurage the following objectives: (1) promotion of inter- (cold fat absorption). These natural oils contain a changeability or improvement of products; (2) elimi- multitude of chemical compounds, such as alcohols, nation of misunderstandings or confusion between esters, aldehydes, detones, phenols, lactones, terpenes, manufacturers and buyers with respect to the prod- and sesqui-terpenes. They are reasonably uniform in ucts; (3) providing assistance to the purchaser in composition and identifiable by such physical charac- selecting and obtaining with minimum delay a suitable teristics as specific gravity, refractive index, optical product for his particular need; or (4) serving a rotation, solubility in alcohol and other solvents. declared governmental or public interest. Identification of these constituents in essential oils Formerly: Radio Manufacturers' Association has led to the synthesis of many of them to duplicate

(1950) ; Radio-Electronics-Television Manufacturers' nature's chemistry. Modern research has produced a

Association ( 1957 ) number of new synthetic aromatic chemicals similar Absorbed: Magnetic Recording Industry Associa- in structure and odor to the constituents of the natural tion (1965). oils and structures not found in nature, as far as we know, as well as some that have entirely new odor ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, characteristics. In all, there are perhaps 3,000 or 4603 Calvert Road, more synthetic materials which have become impor- College Park, Maryland 20740 tant ingredients in the development of finished per- fume or flavor compounds. The Entomological Society was established in 1953 The Scientific Section of the EOA, over the past 35 by the consolidation of the American Association of years, has developed some 300 specifications with 20 Economic Entomologists (1889-1952) and the former test methods to aid in their determination. These are Entomological Society of America (1906-1952). The incorporated in the internationally accepted volume, society is a professional, scientific, nonprofit organiza- EOA Standards and Specifications. This work has tion, operating under articles of confederation dated enchanced not only the professional stature of the July 23, 1954 in Washington, D.C. The boundaries industry, but has upgraded the increasing number of that encompass Mexico, the United States and Canada new products. This service to large-scale users fills a comprise the geographical limits of the society. How- need which has not been covered previously by the ever, membership is available to entomologists in all official monographs of the United States Pharmacopeia parts of the world. (USP) and the National Formulary (NF). The following Standing Committees provide reports The Instrumental Analysis Committee evaluates that may relate to standardization activities on: new spectroscopic developments, as well as the more

76 recently introduced Gas Liquid Chromatography, in A Technical Committee comprised of engineering analytical techniques as an aid to research and quality representatives of all KAMI member companies is control. continuously involved in the development of standards. The committee cooperates with Government and EXPANDED SHALE CLAY AND SLATE private organizations that are concerned with the safe, INSTITUTE, effective and economical employment of expansion 1041 National Press Building, anchors. Washington, D.C. 20004 Examples of cooperative programs of standards development are a Research Standard for Testing The ESCSI is a nonprofit technical organization Anchors in Concrete for the International Conference supported by producers of expanded shale, clay and of Building Officials (ICBO) and proposed Standard slate using the rotary kiln process. The lightweight Methods of Test for Strength of Anchors in Concrete aggregate produced by its members conforms with all and Masonry Elements by the American Society for of the requirements of Standard Specification for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Similar standards Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete, activities are planned in conjunction with the General American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM Services Administration (GSA), the Housing and C 330-69, and in addition, meets stipulated minimum Urban Development, Federal Housing Administration, institute standards of performance in concrete. and other Federal agencies. The major objectives of the ESCSI are to: improve and extend the uses of expanded shale aggregate through research and development; disseminate the EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS' authentic data developed to the architectural and ASSOCIATION, engineering professions and to the construction 331 Madison Avenue, industry; cooperate and collaborate with other tech- New York, New York 10017 nical organizations interested and active in the field of This association concrete; and maintain standards for uniformly high was formed in April 1955 to foster and study the quality of product among the membership. These problems peculiar to expansion joints. The association objectives are pursued primarily under the auspices of operating through its Technical Com- mittee is continuously engaged in the its Technical Direction Committee, and the Asphalt improvement of its standards Applications, Masonry, Production, Special Uses, which were developed in the interest of public safety Structural Design, and Structural Properties Commit- and for guidance in design and determination of service capacities tees. and quality of Bellows Expansion Joints. Copies of the standards The institute is active in many allied technical orga- may be obtained by writing to the secretary. nizations engaged in promulgating building codes, methods of test, recommended practices, specifications and standards for structural lightweight concrete, FACING TILE INSTITUTE, lightweight concrete masonry, and/ or lightweight 500 12th Street SW., Suite 810 aggregates. Washington, D.C. 20024 Technical and promotional literature, prepared and published the institute, is available without charge by This institute, founded in 1934, is composed of in limited quantity from its members or headquarters manufacturers of ceramic glazed structural facing office. Included in its series. Concrete Lightweight tile, natural finish tile, and glazed brick. The institute Information Sheet, are two pertinent items: No. 10 has engaged in the standardization of shapes, colors, —Concrete Masonry Guide Specifications; and No. 11 and installation techniques and has recently updated —Guide Specifications for Structural Lightweight its specifications. Concrete. The institute maintains liaison with the Structural Formerly: Founded as Expanded Shale Institute Clay Products Research Institute, and Mason Con- (1952), changed in 1955 to current name. tractors Association of America. There is a continuous program of testing and certification of all members' EXPANSION ANCHOR MANUFACTURERS products covering surface appearance and finish con- INSTITUTE, ducted by Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories. 331 Madison Avenue, Formerly: Glazed Brick and Tile Institute. New York, New York 10017

Founded in 1972, KAMI is a nonprofit organization FACTORY MUTUAL ENGINEERING comprised of the major USA manufacturers of expan- AND RESEARCH, sion anchors for the construction industry. Its pur- 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike, poses are to further the development of the expansion Norwood, Massachusetts 02062 anchor industry, to promote the safe and effective application of expansion anchors, to encourage The Factory Mutual Engineering and Research is a research and to cooperate with organizations engaged wholly owned associate of the Factory Mutual System in such work. which was founded in 1835. With district offices in 17

77 major industrial centers of the United States and works closely with several government agencies and Canada, this organization provides property and pro- consults on an international basis. duction loss-prevention engineering service to industrial Formerly: Family Camping Federation. organizations insured in the four companies of the Factory Mutual System. Standards developed by this FARM AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT organization from loss experience, engineering back- INSTITUTE, ground, basic research, applied research, and indus- 410 North Michigan Avenue, trial-scale fire tests, form the basis for its services. Chicago, Illinois 60611 These numerous standards, including such subjects as installing automatic sprinklers, safeguards for The Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute flammable liquids, gases, dusts, industrial ovens and (FIEI), founded in 1893, is a nonprofit association of dryers, and protection of buildings against wind manufacturers of farm and industrial equipment, damage, are available to the public in data book form. representing over 90 percent of the North American An important group within the organization is the business. research staff who, in addition to conducting the test Its principal purpose is to serve as a coordinating portion of loss-prevention standards development, body for many matters where joint industry action is approves equipment and materials and services con- desirable to better serve its customers. FIEl is instru- cerned with property damage limitation. Items meet- mental in originating and coordinating activities con- ing their performance standards are listed in the cerned with education, engineering standards, traffic Factory Mutual publication entitled Approval Guide. and transportation, conservation, research, statistics, Most such items are marked by the manufacturers safety codes and legislation, and all such matters with a special identifying symbol to show that they which are of common interest to the industry. This are so approved. work is carried out through 42 standing committees Through memberships and committee representa- and through 13 affiliated organizations and councils, tions, assistance is given to the standardization each with their own committees. activities of other national scope organizations dealing A substantial percentage of FIEI activities involve with materials, equipment, and methods for industrial proposals for standardization relating to performance property and production loss-prevention. Included are and interchangeability. They are developed by FIEI such organizations as the American National Stand- engineering committees and approved by the FIEI ards Institute, National Fire Protection Association, Engineering Policy Committee before being submitted and American Society for Testing and Materials. to the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the Factory Mutual System was formerly: Associated Society of Automotive Engineers and the American Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. National Standards Institute for adoption as voluntary standards and publication by these professional societies to promote their use. FAMILY CAMPING FEDERATION OF FIEI also works with numerous international groups AMERICA, for the harmonization of regulations in the interest of Bradford Woods, world trade, including the International Organization Martinsville, Indiana 46151 for Standardization (ISO), the Organization for Eco- nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the The Family Camping Federation of America European Committee of Association of Manufacturers (FCFA) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1960 of Agricultural Machinery (CEMA), and others. FIEI for family camping leaders dedicated to the total representatives attend international meetings in other interest and needs presenting all segments of the countries many times a year, and cosponsored with industry. FCFA's standards were adopted to give direc- the American National Standards Institute an internation in the establishment and operation of family tional seminar for ISO TC-23. campgrounds, and serve as a basis for campground FIEI is involved with government standardization accreditation. activities: on the federal level with the U. S. Depart- The adopted Family Campground Standards ment of Agriculture, the Department of Transporta- presently represent the concensus of opinion of both tion, Department of Labor, Office of Special Housing professional and lay authorities and are the culmina- Assistance, Environmental Protection Agency, and the tion of over eight years of work. FCFA has 81 stand- Department of Commerce; and on the state level in ards catagorized into the following four types: (1) connection with certification and regulatory activities. Mandatory—considered to be absolutely essential to FIEI engineering committees and councils involved give assurance of campground quality; (2) Desirable in standards-proposals activities are listed in the FIEI (design standards) —considered to be highly desir- Organization and Membership Roster which is available; (3) Sanitation and (4) Administration, all of able upon request from the Farm and Industrial which are voluntary. In addition to these, the camp- Equipment Institute. ground must comply with all applicable codes and Formerly: National Association of Agricultural regulations governing the installation, construction Implement and Vehicle Manufacturers; National Asso- and operation of a family campground. The federation ciation of Farm Equipment Manufacturers (1933) ; is affiliated with the American Camping Association, Farm Equipment Institute (1965).

78 FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR THE FERTILIZER INSTITUTE, PAINT TECHNOLOGY, 1015 18th Street NW., 121 South Broad Street, Washington, D.C. 20036 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 This organization, founded in 1970, supports stand- The federation founded in 1922, is the technical ardization through simplification and uniformity of society of the decorative and protective coatings Federal and state fertilizer regulatory laws as well as industry and allied lines such as printing inks, etc. of chemical analytical methods. It also is heavily Members of the federation are chemists, chemical involved in the safety standards activities at state and engineers, and supervisory production personnel of Federal levels. The institute provides this support the industry. The federation is composed of 25 local through its staff and qualified committeemen from organizations, 22 of which are in the United States, the industry. two in Canada, and one in England. The objective of such standardization is to increase The objectives of the federation are as follows: (1) the accuracy and precision of the chemical analysis of to develop or provide practical and technical facts, fertilizers, and by means of education and safety data, and standards fundamental to the manufacture practices to prevent accidents and injury. and use of paints, varnishes, lacquers, related pro- Further, the institute supports the enactment of tective coatings, and printing inks; (2) to promote state uniform fertilizer laws as recommended by the the investigation and interchange of ideas among its Association of American Plant Food Control Officials. members and to promote research and application of Also, the institute supports further standardization of the sciences in the manufacture and use of paints, reporting and publication forms used in the various varnishes, lacquers, related protective coatings, and states to record the consumption of fertilizers by printing inks; (3) to arrange for the collection and material and grade on an annual, seminannual, quar- dissemination of information pertinent to the indus- terly or monthly basis by state and county statistics tries served by the federation and for the presentation, at least annually. discussion, and publication of papers and other contributions; (4) to encourage the establishment of FIBRE BOX ASSOCIATION, constituent clubs and to coordinate their activities 224 South Michigan Avenue, with those of the federation; (5) to cooperate with the Chicago, Illinois 60604 National Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer Association and other organizations in a manner consistent with the The Fibre Box Association, incorporated in 1940 as provisions of these bylaws; and (6) to perform a a nonprofit organization, is a trade association repre- public service by the constant improvement of prod- senting manufacturers of corrugated and solid filare- ucts and elimination of wasteful methods in manu- board. Its membership throughout the country facture. produces approximately 85 percent of the fibreboard Formerly: Federation of Paint and Varnish Produc- boxes manufactured. Its aims are to promote the tion Clubs (1960). industry's general welfare; to represent the members FELT MANUFACTURERS' COUNCIL OF before appropriate Government, transportation, indus- NORTHERN TEXTILE ASSOCIATION, trial or other agencies; to compile and disseminate statistical information; and to develop data useful to 211 Congress Street, its members in marketing their products. Boston, Massachusetts 02110 The association is a member of the International The Felt Council (FMC) became part of Northern Corrugated Case Association and participates in perti- Textile Association in 1961 and represents over 80 nent activities of the American National Standards percent of the pressed felt industry of the United Institute and the International Organization for States. Standardization. It is quite active in an advisory The FMC's Technical Committee is actively engaged capacity with Federal Government bodies preparing in the establishment, review, revision and promulga- standards and specifications involving corrugated and tion of physical and chemical specification require- solid fibreboard. The principal agencies are the Gen- ments for standard types of wool felt in both roll and eral Services Administration and the U.S. Army sheet form. The currently active specification is as Natick Laboratories. follows: Wool Felt Standard Specification, FS14- In conjunction with the Packaging Machinery 68/71. Manfacturers Institute it has issued four joint volun- In addition to counseling Federal agencies and tary standards and one recommended practices engineering societies such as the American Society bulletin. These are referenced in the FBA Handbook, for Testing and Materials and Society of Automotive available from member companies. Engineers on their wool felt specifications, the FMC's A second bulletin involving adhesives, prepared Technical Committee is a source for new technical jointly with two other associations, will be issued information and papers covering additional wool felt shortly. Copies of the standards and bulletins are performance characteristics which have not yet disseminated, upon request, to general industry. reached specification requirement status. Announcements of new standards or bulletins appear Absorbed: Felt Association of New York City. in trade journals.

79 FINE HARDWOODS-AMERICAN WALNUT standards are used nationally as the principal ASSOCIATION, specification and use document. 666 North Lake Shore Drive, The active group concerned with standards con- Chicago, Illinois 60611 tinues to be the Commercial Standards Committee, appointed annually. Current considerations are FH-AWA was founded in 1914 and merged with related to studying standardization of glass sizes to Fine Hardwoods Association on April 1, 1971. This accommodate a change to safety glass use. association cooperates in the development of grade Standards information is publicized and promoted rules for walnut lumber which are published by the in releases, mailings to the trade and product publica- National Hardwood Lumber Association. It also cooper- tions prepared and distributed by Western Wood ates with the Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Products Association, the management arm of FHDA. Association in its Rules for Measurement and Inspec- tion of Veneers and Plywood. These grade rules are States and foreign in general use both in the United FLAT GLASS MARKETING ASSOCIATION, countries. 1323 Topeka, Topeka, Kansas 66612

FINNISH PLYWOOD DEVELOPMENT The Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA) was ASSOCIATION, founded in 1949. This association has recently pub- 210 East Broad Street, lished a revised edition of their Glazing Manual. By Falls Church, Virginia 22046 virtue of its ever increasing popularity throughout the United States, the new manual has gained recognition This Association represents member mills manu- and is now being widely distributed in numerous facturing birch plywood used in various interior and foreign countries. Broadening design concepts, new exterior applications. The Technical Division of the construction methods and accelerated building mate- Association is responsible for conducting research and rial developments made the republication imperative. testing. The new manual was prepared by the FGMA The Association is a member of the American Con- Glazing Manual Committee. Its purpose is to set forth crete Institute, American National Standards Institute, in one volume the recommended basic procedures for American Society for Testing and Materials, Building glazing. The scope, however, has been enlarged to Officials and Code Administrators International, Inter- encompass plastic installation as well as the new national Conference of Building Officials, and the suspended glazing system. The format of the manual Southern Building Code Congress. has been improved, consolidating the information and In addition, the Association works cooperatively making the technical data more readily accessible. with the American National Standards Institute, as It is the aim of this manual to be of particular use well as the International Organization for Standardiza- to the architect in specifying glazing methods, mate- tion, and offers assistance in the development of other rials and procedures; to the contractor in supplying product standards or specifications which affect the the recommended materials; and to the glazier in use of birch and other hardwood plywoods used in achieving quality performance. structural applications. Formerly: Flat Glass Jobbers' Association (1969).

FIR AND HEMLOCK DOOR ASSOCIATION, FLUID CONTROLS INSTITUTE, Yeon Building, 12 Bank Street, Portland, Oregon 97204 Summit, New Jersey 07901

The Fir and Hemlock Door Association (FHDA) This institute founded in 1921 is a nonprofit was founded in September of 1965. Its primary pur- association of manufacturers of fluid control devices pose is to foster and protect the interests of consumers such as control valves, regulators, solenoid valves, in the use of fir and hemlock panel doors. steam traps, check valves, strainers and separators, Standardization activities occupy approximately and space heating specialities. FCI is engaged in 60-70 percent of the total program efforts. These activ- formulating voluntary standards and practices with ities are administered by the officers and a Commer- respect to terminology, design, function, capacity, cial Standards Committee. FHDA has cooperated with efficiency, construction, materials, manufacture, and the U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau testing of fluid control devices through the sections of Standards and other Government and private agen- engaged in various fields of activity. cies in a revision of CS 73-61 before publishing The institute has Standardization and Standards Industry Standard FHDA/4-72, which is a current Planning Committees chaired by appointees drawn industry standard. from representatives of member companies. The FHDA represents the major and majority of fir and product oriented sections also have standardization hemlock panel door manufacturers and its industry chairmen responsible for guidance of standards activi-

80 ties until the work has progressed to adoption of by FIA. Additionally, the association is represented individual standards by the institute. with the International Organization for Standardiza- The institute is a member body of the American tion on Technical Committee 17. National Standards Institute. FCI has liaison representative monitoring work being carried on by International Organization for Standardization and FRICTION MATERIALS STANDARDS International Electrotechnical Commission in the area INSTITUTE, INC., of international standards, and Instrument Society of Bergen Mall Office Center, America, National Fluid Power Association and East 210 Route 4, Scientific Apparatus Makers' Association on domestic Paramus, New Jersey 07652 standards. Fluid Controls Institute has published 17 standards The Friction Materials Standards Institute, Inc. available from the institute office. (FMSI) was founded in 1949 to promote distribution Formerly: National Association of Steam and Fluid of relevant information pertaining to automotive Specialty Manufacturers (1941); National Steam brake linings, brake shoes and clutch facings to the Specialty Club (1956). friction materials industry. FMSI has 11 regional members outside the United States. FOOD PROCESSING MACHINERY AND Standardization activities of the institute comprise SUPPLIES ASSOCIATION, 25 percent of the total program. These activities are administered by the Data Book and Technical Com- 7758 Wisconsin Avenue NW., mittee and the Quality Control Subcommittee. The Washington, D.C. 20014 institute issues catalogs using a standard numbering system for all current automotive brake linings, brake The Food Processing Machinery and Supplies Asso- shoes, and clutch facings. The copyrighted number- ciation (FPM&SA), formerly the Canning Machinery ing system is authorized for use by the institute, to its and Supplies Association, was founded in 1885. Its members and to customers of its members. In that main program is the development and presentation of manner, FMSI's standard numbering system is world- the annual National Exposition for Food Processors. wide in scope. FMSI publishes the Automotive Data Although standardization activities currently are mini- Book and Brake Shoe Identification Catalog annually. mal, the Technical and Sanitation Committee is The institute's involvement with the Government is responsible for the administration of any activities in through its promotion of the standardization of test cooperation with associations dealing with the estab- equipment, test procedures and test evaluation for the lishment of standards for materials used in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration production, preparation, processing and packaging of (NHTSA). foods and other products which are packaged in glass, Formerly: Brake Lining Manufacturers' Association. metal, fibre and/or plastic. FPM&SA has cooperated with the National Canners' Association and the Can Manufacturers' Institute in the standardization of GAS APPLIANCE MANUFACTURERS' sizes of tin cans and with the Glass Container Asso- ASSOCIATION, ciation of America in developing standard sizes of 1901 North Fort Myer Drive, glass containers. Arlington, Virginia 22209

FORGING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, This association, which was founded in 1936, repre- 55 Pul>lic Square, sents manufacturers of all types of domestic, com- Cleveland, Ohio 44113 mercial, and industrial gas equipment, appliances, and accessories. It works through the national standards The Forging Industry Association (FIA) began in promulgation procedures of other groups and orga- 1913 as the American Drop Forging Association, and nizations rather than developing its own standards. underwent several changes in organization and name In this manner, a high quality of manufacturers' until adopting the present FIA structure in 1965. input has been provided to assist committees and sub- Forging Industry Association, an Ohio corporation committees comprised of consumers, energy suppliers, not-for-profit, currently represents about 70 percent and other general interest groups in the development of the manufacturers of impression die forgings in the and constant maintenence of approximately 75 dif- United States and Canada. ferent standards for gas appliances and equipment The association is the cosponsor, along with the which have been recognized as American National National Safety Council, of the American National Standards by the American National Standards Insti- Standard B24. 1-1971 Safety Requirements for Forg- tute. ing. FIA is also represented on the American National This high quality manufacturers' input on stand- Standards Committee Bll, which is concerned with ards-related matters has also been provided through machine tools and related equipment. GAMA to many other organizations concerned with A booklet entitled Tolerances for Impression Die the development and maintenance of national stand- Forgings dated 1963, has been developed and printed ards, such as the American Society for Testing and

81 .

Materials, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, GLASS TEMPERING ASSOCIATION, National Fire Protection Association, National LP-Gas 1325 Topeka, Association, and American Gas Association. Topeka, Kansas 66612 Gas appliance and equipment manufacturers' input is also frequently provided to many Government The Glass Tempering Association was founded in agencies such as the Department of Commerce, Con- 1958, is a nonprofit organization. Its primary efforts sumer Product Safety Commission, Federal Housing are in developing specifications, standards and testing Administration, and General Services Administration. procedures for a variety of tempered glass products. A Committee Personnel List is available from The association has technical committees involved GAMA, showing the membership of American Na- in Standards and Engineering, Appliance Specifica- tional Standards Committees Z21 (domestic and tions, Construction Specifications, Spandrel Specifica- commercial gas appliances and equipment), Z83 tions and Consumer Safety Glazing Legislation. These (industrial gas equipment) and Z223 (national fuel committees meet two to three times a year to review gas code) their respective standards, and their work is compiled in the Engineering and Standards Manual published by the association. GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, 11940 San Vicente Boulevard, GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS COMPUTER Los Angeles, California 90049 ASSOCIATION, Graphic Communications Center, As a school for the purpose of training jewelers, 1730 North Lynn Street, this institute teaches diamond appraising and colored- Arlington, Virginia 22209 stone evaluation, using standard grading systems developed for this purpose. Several of the systems The Graphic Communications Computer Associa- employed are modifications of those long used in the tion, a separate international membership organization jewelry industry, but the institute's appraising system within Printing Industries of America, Inc., was developed for diamonds is based on a grading system founded in 1966 to assist the graphic communications for diamond cutting, which was possibly the first ever industry and member firms in particular in the effec- developed. Prices are set against grading standards on tive use of computer systems. Its primary functions each of the important gemstones. In addition, the include research on the application of computer tech- institute maintains gem testing and research laborato- nologies to the processes of printing and publishing, ries in Los Angeles and New York City, as well as a educational programs and seminars for industry ex- gemological library consisting of 2,000 volumes. change of information on computer use, and identification and development of areas of standardization to assist dissemination of information through pub- GLASS CONTAINER MANUFACTURERS' lishing. INSTITUTE, INC., Its Composition Committee, composed of represen- 1800 K Street NW., tation from state, Federal, and Canadian government Washington, D.C. 20006 agencies (including U.S. Government Printing Office) and private industry, continues to promote and partici- The Glass Container Manufacturers' Institute, Inc. pate in the development of standard approaches to was established in 1945 and represents the manufac- information file identification and typographic specifi- turers of glass containers and closures producing cation to maximize the application of generalized, approximately 90 percent of the United States output. hardware, independent approaches to composition The basic objective of the institute is to promote the system design. It has represented the printing and continued growth and acceptance of glass containers publishing industry in American National Standards as desirable, competitive packages for beverages, foods committee efforts to expand bit structures to encom- and other commodities. pass the full range of symbols required in text The institute has a Technical Committee augmented processing and computer assisted typographic com- by specific subcommittees and task groups. Technical position. It represents its parent organization on staff meets regularly in this committee with qualified American National Standards Committee X-3, Com- specialists from each of the participating firms to puters and Information Processing. review and investigate the unique technical problems Formerly: PI A Computer Section. developing within the industry. A current standardization activity is the initiation, through the consensus GRAY AND DUCTILE IRON FOUNDERS' route with the National Bureau of Standards of the SOCIETY, Department of Commerce, of a Voluntary Product Cast Metals Federation Building, Standard for Carbonated Soft Drink Bottles (TS-214). 20611 Center Ridge Road, This will cover the major considerations in the manu- Rocky River (Cleveland), Ohio 44116 facture and control of containers for carbonated soft drinks. Resolution of this consensus standardization The society, founded 1928, is a trade association in activity is anticipated within the year. the ferrous foundry industry serving producers of

82 gray iron, ductile iron and white iron castings. The which, together with other data, are expected to be society does not establish standards, but provides issued as an American National Standards by the active support and data to the various standards American National Standards Institute. organizations, especially the American Society for Test- ing and Materials. The society promulgates updated GYPSUM ASSOCIATION, summaries of established specifications. In addition to 201 North Wells Street, providing technical services to members and customers, Chicago, Illinois 60606 the society provides full staff services in marketing, cost accounting and financial management. The society's The Gypsum Association was organized in 1930 Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, published and is engaged in promoting the use of gypsum and in 1971, is a complete (680 pages) reference for users gypsum products. Technical research programs are of Gray, ductile, white and alloy iron castings. continually conducted in fire, sound and structural Formerly: Gray Iron Institute (1935); Gray Iron testing of gypsum products and related accessories. Founders' Society (1946). Contributions are made to building codes through education in the application and uses of gypsum products, GRINDING WHEEL INSTITUTE, and to the life-safety aspects of fire protection by 2130 Keith Building, providing advisory services in the interests of the Cleveland, Ohio 44115 industry and users of its products. The association actively participates on several The Grinding Wheel Institute was founded in 1914. American Society for Testing and Materials, Na- The standardization activities of this institute are tional Fire Protection Association, and American carried on by the Standards and the Safety Commit- National Standards Committees, as well as participa- tees. The work of the Standards Committee deals tion in the work of major model code groups, such primarily with simplification matters. It initiated the as American Insurance Association, Building Officials program for simplification of sizes of grinding wheels. and Code Administrators International, International The Standards Committee's activities also include Conference of Building Officials, Southern Building assistance in the development of American National Code Congress and National Academy of Code Offi- Standards covering the products of the industry. As cials. Membership is also maintained in the National they are finalized, they are submitted to the American Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials National Standards Institute for approval. and parallel interests are maintained with major con- This institute was joint sponsor with the Interna- tractor groups, such as International Association of tional Association of Governmental Labor Officials in Wall and Ceiling Contractors and Gypsum Drywall the development of the American National Standard Contractors International. Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of The association is organized into anumber of com- Abrasive Wheels, which was approved and issued as mittees. These are Building Code, Manufacturing and American National Standard B7.1-1970. The institute Mining, Materials Handling, Promotional, Safety, is also represented on three American National Stand- Technical and Traffic. There are representatives from ards Committees—Small Tools and Machine Tool each committee that hold membership in related Elements, Safety Code for Exhaust Systems and the national societies and committees. Mechanical Standards Board of the American National Contributions are made to Federal standards pub- Standards Institute. lished by the Department of Housing and Urban Formerly: Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Associa- Development; the Department of Health, Education tion (1948). and Welfare; Building Research Advisory Board; Gen- eral Services Administration; Occupational Safety and GUMMED INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, Health Administration; Environmental Protection INC., THE, Administration; Bureau of Mines; National Bureau of 380 North Broadway, Standards and the military services of the Depart- Jericho, New York 11753 ment of Defense. Educational and general interest publications, This association, founded in 1920, represents movies, slide programs are developed and offered to domestic manufacturers of water-activated gummed the public. Recommended practices and a variety of paper products and, through associate memberships, guides are published. these manufacturers' raw material suppliers. The GIA publishes standard test procedures and also has coop- GYPSUM ROOF DECK FOUNDATION, erated with the National Bureau of Standards, in the 5820 North Nagle Avenue, establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation Chicago, Illinois 60646 R 114-63, Gummed Kraft Paper Sealing Tape; and with the General Services Administration in the This is a national trade association, founded in preparation of Federal Specification PPP-T-45C, Tape, 1959, and the only association in this industry. Its Gummed, Paper, Reinforced and Plain, For Sealing constituent members are building contractors active in and Securing. The association is also currently devel- the promotion, sales and installation of poured-in- oping voluntary product performance standards place gypsum roof decks.

83 Members also include suppliers to the industry. The stimulate trade promotion activities; and to encourage association has developed and published the following: educational plant tours and seminars that promote Standard Installation Practices For The Gypsum Roof free exchange of manufacturing techniques and ideas Deck Industry, Design Data, Poured Gypsum Roof in the industry and among its members. Deck, and How To Inspect A Gypsum Roof Deck. Committees of this association cooperate with all This association also published and is concerned lumber manufacturing associations for both hardwood with the development of the American National and softwood, and furniture manufacturing and other Standard A 59, Specifications For Reinforced Gypsum wood using industries in bringing about standardiza- Concrete; the American Society For Testing and tion programs on grading rules for hardwood dimen- Materials Specifications, C 317, C 318, C 472, and sion parts. In this connection the association, under C 473; and the Gypsum Association's Blue Sheet on the administration of the Grade Rules Committee, Testing Samples of Gypsum Concrete. published the Rules for Measurement and Inspection of Hardwood Dimension Parts, Rules for Measurement AND BAND SAW and Inspection of Hardwood Interior Trim and Mold- HACK ings, and for Measurement of MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, Rules and Inspection Hardwood Stair Treads and Risers. These rules are 1803 South Busse Road, listed in the catalog of the National Lumber Manu- Prospect, Illinois 60056 Mount facturers Association (National Forest Products Asso- ciation), and since they are the only grading rules or The purpose of the Hack Band Saw Manufacturers' standards for the industry, are considered national in Association is to promote the common (HBSMAj scope. business of the industry and seek general improve- In order to assure purchasers that the various types ments of the products for the industry. of products covered by these grading rules and stand- This association has had standardization as the ards are in accordance with the quality and grade main objective since its founding in the 1920's as the covered by the standards, the producers of this Hack Saw Association. At that time, the association's industry may either individually, or in cooperation main purpose was to standardize the many thousands with the association, issue guarantee certificates of of sizes of hack saw blades then on the market. With classification (HDMA Certificate of Origin) for speci- the advent of band saws, the association's name was fic shipments, or grade and trademark, or each piece changed and its scope enlarged to include the stand- or bundle as conforming to the HDMA grading rules. ardization of band saws. Standardization activities consist of 30 percent of the total program, with the Standardization Committee administering those activi- HARDWOOD PLYWOOD MANUFACTURERS' ties. The two current standards: Hack Saw Blades, ASSOCIATION, American National Standard B121.1; and Band Saw P.O. Box 6246, Blades, American National Standard B122.1, are Arlington, Virginia 22206 constantly being reviewed and updated by the committee. changes needed in existing standards are The The Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association detected by means of popularity indices and non- (HPMA) was founded in 1921. HPMA is the national standards reports the first issued annually and the — trade association for hardwood plywood manufactur- second quarterly. New blades and new applications ers and prefinishers of hardwood plywood, with an make this continual "watch-dogging" imperative, for office and laboratory in Arlington, Virginia. Field thus the manufacturers remain flexible enough to fit inspectors operate out of Arlington, Virginia; Portland, their customer's needs and standardization, the by Oregon; and Los Angeles, California. number of "specials" needed cuts costs for everyone Fifty percent of HPMA's total program is in the involved. Current projects consist of cooperation with area of standardization, including inspection, testing, machine manufacturers for band saw length stand- and certifying to standards. The Technical Committee ardization, and for friction sawing sizes. for these activities is under the guidance of the Tech- International Orga- HBSMA is the Secretariat of the nical Director. HPMA issued HPMA-LF-71, Interim for Standardization, ISO/TC 29-WG15 on nization Industry Standard for Laminated Hardwood Block Band Saws. Flooring; HP-SG-71, Structural Design Guide For Formed by merger of: Hack Saw Association; Metal Hardwood Plywood ; CB-SG-73, Design Guide for Wood Cutting Band (1959). Composition Board Panels; and GP-RUD-73, Recom- mended Use Document For Two-Ply Panels For HARDWOOD DIMENSION Gussets. HPMA has inspection, testing, and certifying MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, programs for hardwood plywood, prefinished hard- 3813 Hillsboro Road, wood plywood, wood composition board panels, lami- Nashville, Tennessee 37215 nated hardwood block flooring and two-ply gusset plates. HPMA initiated the writing of the U.S. Department The Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers' Associa- of Commerce's Product Standard, PS 51-71, Hardwood tion was founded in December 1929 to write grading and Decorative Plywood. HPMA cooperates with all rules and standards for the industry; conduct and Government agencies that write Federal and military

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specifications which affect hardwood plywood and Ratings are related to air change standards for flooring. It reviewed the Department of Housing and kitchens, bathrooms and other rooms. Urban Development's Minimum Property Standards The HVI label is cited by the Department of for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, Multi-Family Housing and Urban Development, Federal Housing Dwellings, and Care-Type Housing with reference to Administration (HUD/FHA) as evidence of com- its products. pliance with test requirements of the Minimum HPMA's standards are used internationally by its Property Standards which require that all ventilating foreign members, Canada and Panama. HPMA has equipment be tested and rated according to HVI been active internationally through representation at procedures. The National Medallion Homes Standards the following meetings and conferences: the United cites HVI standards. Nations Food and Agriculture Organization meetings HVI is recognized as a quality control agency by the in Rome, the 2nd Asian Plywood Conference in Tokyo, International Conference of Building Officials and the and the 3rd Asian Plywood Conference in Seoul, Building Officials and Code Administrators Interna- Korea. tional. Formerly: Hardwood Plywood Institute (1964). Standards are being developed for powered attic space ventilators. The HVI cooperates with the Canadian Standards HOIST MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, Association and the International Electrotechnical 1326 Freeport Road, Commission in development of proposed standards. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 The HVI standards are supported in continuing press articles and HVI's guide and annual directory of The Hoist Manufacturers' Institute (HMI) was ratings. founded in 1967 as a trade association of U.S.A. manufacturers of manual and electrically operated overhead handling hoists. Approximately 60 percent ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY, of the institute's time is expended on engineering United Engineering Center, standards. The Engineering Committee administers 345 East 47th Street, HMI's standards activities with approval of the Board New York, New York 10017 of Directors. They consist of four specifications on overhead handling hoists: HMI 100—Standard Speci- Standardization work of this society, which was fications for Electric Wire Rope Hoists; HMI 200 founded in 1905, is carried on by over 80 technical Standard Specifications for Hand Operated Chain committees and subcommittees that study and report Hoists; HMI 300—Standard Specifications for Man- to its Board of Directors on lighting of all areas ually Lever Operated Chain Hoists; HMI 400—Stand- such as: airports and aircraft, farms, industrial plants, ard Specifications for Electric Chain Hoists; plus the institutions, offices, public conveyances, residences, American National Standard B30.16, Safety Code for schools, service stations and parking areas, sports Overhead (Handling) Hoists. These standards are con- and recreational areas, stores, streets and highways, sidered national in scope. theaters and television studios. The society's com- The institute cooperates with the Naval Construc- mittees are also concerned with light sources, lighting tion Battalion Center, Defense Supply Agency and and air-conditioning, lighting education programs, Naval Ship Engineering Center, by commenting on lighting progress, lighting maintenance, light control their military specifications. On an international level, and equipment design, nomenclature, quality and the organization is represented on pertinent U.S.A. quantity of light, searchlighting and testing procedures committees in presenting U.S.A. viewpoints in interna- for illumination characteristics. Standards, specifica- tional standards. tions, and reports on the above subjects are published Association. Formerly: Hoist Manufacturers' in the quarterly Lighting Design and Application journal. Six of these reports became American National Standards after processing through the chan- HOME VENTILATING INSTITUTE, nels of the American National Standards Institute. 230 North Michigan Avenue, Through an active research program the society is Chicago, Illinois 60601 able to feed to the technical committees data that are used in developing reports and standards. A voluntary organization for manufacturer self- The society is also active in related matters through regulation, founded in 1955, the Home Ventilating representation on committees of other professional Institute (HVI) conducts a program for certified organizations, some of which are the International performance standards for residential vented range Commission on Illumination, National Research Coun- hoods and wall and ceiling exhaust fans. cil, Inter-Society Color Council, Society of Motion HVI certified ratings for air delivery were intro- Engineers, American Associa- duced in 1960 and for sound emission in 1971. All Picture and Television ratings are based on independent tests at Texas tion for the Advancement of Science, American A & M University., Products bearing the HVI label National Standards Institute, and U.S. Institute for must be so certified. Theatre Technology.

85 INDIANA LIMESTONE INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS' INSTITUTE, AMERICA, INC., 1505 East Ohio Building, Stone City National Bank Building, Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Suite 400, Bedford, Indiana 47421 The Industrial Fasteners' Institute (IFI) is an association of leading North American manufacturers The Indiana Limestone Institute of America (ILIA) of bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and all types of special was founded in 1928. The institute serves the con- industrial fasteners. IFI member companies combine struction industry, the architectural profession and the technical know-how to advance fastener technology limestone industry as a coordinating agency for the and application engineering. The institute works dissemination of accurate, unbiased information on cooperatively with national and international technical limestone standards, recommended practices, grades, organizations, developing fastener standards and tech- colors, finishes, and all technical data required for nical practices. specifying, detailing, fabricating and erecting Indiana Users of fasteners in all industries benefit from limestone. The institute is supported by quarriers, advances made by IFI members in fastener design, fabricators and associates of Indiana limestone build- manufacture and application, assuring users of maxi- ing stone. mum engineering efficiency and reliability, at mini- ILIA devotes 20 percent of its activities to its stand- mum cost of assembly. There are more than 500,000 ardization program and its Technical Committee is standard and 3,000,000 special sizes, kinds, and responsible for those activities. The Indiana Limestone shapes of fasteners and engineering components. Handbook, the only ILIA standard, is the national In addition to maintaining its own standards- standard for the industry. In addition, Government writing program, IFI has historically published the agencies include reference to ILIA, as the standard Fastener Standards Book. The fifth edition of Fastener source for information on Indiana limestone, in their Standards Book represents the fifth major presenta- standards and specifications. tion since the initial publication in 1941. During this Absorbed: National Association for Indiana Lime- 29-year period, copies have been distributed to major stone. manufacturing and construction interests throughout the world. A major reference book for users of mechanical fasteners, this edition is the only single collec- INDUSTRIAL DIAMOND ASSOCIATION tion of all pertinent standards documents of all types OF AMERICA, INC., of general purpose commercial industrial fasteners. 53 East Main Street, The standards book is considered a "bible" for design Moorestown, New Jersey 08057 engineers and production managers in all industries. A principal development since publication of the This association (IDAA), established in 1945, is fourth edition was the passage in 1966 of The involved with standards for industrial diamonds. With National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. That the American Society of Manufacturing Engineers, it act has focused attention on the need for careful cosponsors American National Standards Institute selection of fasteners for all safety critical applications, (ANSI) Project B-67, Industrial Diamonds and Acces- and for use of handling, storage, initial installation sories for Their Use. Through this project, an Ameri- and subsequent maintenance procedures which pre- can National Standard for Diamond Dressing Tools serve the integrity of the fastener as originally manu- has been developed and approved. Through cospon- factured. For any safety critical applications, the user sorship with the Grinding Wheel Institute, the should consider whether fasteners manufactured to association also cosponsors ANSI Project B-74.1, commercial standard and acceptable quality levels Identification Code for Diamond Wheel Shapes. Other are adequate for such application. With respect to the American National Standards to which the association selection and handling of replacement fasteners, the has cooperated include B-74.16, Checking the Size of institute urges all users to employ the same degree of Diamond Abrasive Grain, and B-74.17, Test For Bulk care as with the original product, so that the quality Density of Diamond Abrasive Grain. Other standard- of the assembly is in no way diminished. ization projects are being studied by various commit- Formerly: American Institute of Bolt, Nut and tees with a view to presenting them to ANSI for Rivet Manufacturers. approval. In cooperation with the National Bureau of Stand- ards, the association developed a separate Commerical INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT SOCIETY, Standard for grading of diamond powder, approved 570 Northwest Highway, September 1963 and known as CS261-63, Grading of Suite 4, Diamond Powder in Sub-Sieve Sizes. It is currently Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 cooperating with NBS in reviewing this standard. IDAA's Toolmakers Industry Committee is currently Through the Occupational-Rating Research Group, revising and updating the Handbook—Diamond Tool this society, which was founded in 1934, developed Shanks, as compiled and published by the association an occupational-rating plan for hourly and salaried in 1954. occupations, which is a standard devised by the

86 .

society for standardizing and evaluating occupations. sector of medical practice, means of integrating This standard is being widely used at the present time occupational medicine into the delivery of total health throughout the country. The use and adoption of the care; and (10) to aid in the assessment of the work plan as set forth in this standard serve to establish and community environment and the control of more uniform classifications of grading occupations hazards to health. among various manufacturers concerned. The society IMA contributes to the development of standards also maintains a rental library of industrial engineer- through representation in the following American ing training and work simplification films. These films National Standards Committees: N12, N13, S3, Z4, depict "before and after" phases of method improve- Z16, Z37, Z49, Z66, Z87, Z88, Z89, Z117, Z136 and ments made on actual jobs in some of America's Z137. In addition IMA is represented on the Safety leading companies. All films are award winners from Technical Advisory Board of the American National an annual competition sponsored by the society. Also Standards Institute. developed and recently published is a new standard Formerly: American Association of Industrial Phy- for evaluating office jobs. sicians and Surgeons (1951) INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT 150 N. Wacker Drive, ASSOCIATION, Chicago, Illinois 60606 2425 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22201 The Industrial Medical Association (IMA), established in 1915, is a professional organization for all The ISEA was founded in 1927 as a trade associa- physicians concerned with the relationship between tion for the manufacturers of personal protective health and work, and the work environment. Its pur- equipment and those manufacturers of unit-type first poses are to further the education and to advance the aid kits and machinery guarding devices. The associa- knowledge and skills of its members. The association tion does not promulgate and publish its own stand- also promotes interest, stimulates research, and dis- ards but over a great many years has worked through seminates information directed toward improvement the procedures of the American National Standards and conservation of the health of employees. It Institute (ANSI) and the National Fire Protective endeavors to represent the interests of its members in Association. Membership has been represented on cooperating with industry, labor, government, and many standards committees directly or indirectly con- other medical organizations on matters pertaining to cerned with safety and fire protection. the health of people who work. The association seeks Liaison has been maintained for a long period with to unite into an active and dynamic organization all the Federal Government in coordinating Federal spec- physicians fully or partially engaged in the practice of ifications, military standards and specifications, and occupational medicine and surgery. most recently with the Occupational Safety and Health In pursuit of these purposes and objectives, individ- Administration and the National Institute of Occupa- ual physicians engaged in the practice of occupational tional Safety and Health. medicine and surgery are encouraged to develop skills Activities in the standards field of the ISEA is cen- and competence to carry out the following characteris- tered in its Product Group structure. Under the ISEA tic functions of this special field: (1) To aid in the umbrella there are 13 separate Product Groups, each placement of job applicants by ascertaining their dealing with a specific product classification. They physical, mental, and emotional capabilities for work are: Air and Oxygen; Eye Protection; Gas Masks; which they can perform with an acceptable degree of Head Protection; Hearing Protection; Machinery efficiency without hazard to themselves or others; (2) Guards; Portable Hazard and Measuring Instruments; To guide and assist all employees in achieving and Respirators; Safety Belts and Nets; Safety Footwear; maintaining optimal health so that they may perform Safety Glass; Safety Wearing Apparel; and Unit First effectively and with satisfaction until retirement; (3) Aid. to reduce the incidence, and thereby the cost to both In addition to the above, an active Certification employee and employer, of illnesses and accidents Committee is the fountainhead of the association's through the development of effective health programs; activities with outside certifying bodies. Present activi- (4) To provide for the diagnosis and treatment of ties are direct liaison with National Institute of occupational injuries and illnesses and, where indi- Occupational Safety and Health Testing and Certifica- cated or necessary, of nonoccupational disorders; (5) tion Laboratories in Morgantown, West Virginia and to promote maximal rehabilitation of all sick and the Bureau of Mines. injured employees; (6) to aid in the effective admin- The following American National Standards and istration of employee benefits concerned with health Committees, through ANSI, have been of principal and disability; (7) to cooperate with those charged interest to ISEA, and in which the membership have with establishing product safety and consumer protec- been among the principal architects: AlO.ll, Safety tion; (8) to cooperate with the health professions and Nets; A10.14, Safety Belts and Lanyards; Bll, Series with voluntary and governmental agencies concerned of Safety and Machine Tools; L18, Protective Occupa- with community health and welfare; (9) to explore, tional Clothing; Z41, Safety Shoes; Z49, Welding with health planning organizations and the private Safety; Z87, Eye and Face Devices; Z88, Series on

87 Respiratory Devices; Z89, Series on Head Protection Tapping Screw Service Bureau Devices; Z90, Road-User Helmets; and Z137, Hearing Protectors. Through its Standards Committee, this organization cooperates with the Society of Automotive Engineers THE INDUSTRIAL TRUCK ASSOCIATION, and the American National Standards Institute in the 1326 Freeport Road, development of suggested dimensional and size stand- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 ards for tapping screws. The bureau also cooperates with the military and civilian branches of the Gov- The Industrial Truck Association was established in ernment in the development of tapping screw specifications 1924. This association, through its Engineering Com- and standards. It was organized in 1950. mittee and with the approval of its Board of Directors, United States Screw has developed a Manual of Recommended Practices Cap Service Bureau which are used to advance safety and efficiency in the This bureau (USCSSB) cooperates with the U.S. design, manufacture, and use of industrial trucks. Bureau of Customs in matters relating to the proper The association cooperates with the American nomenclature and classification of industry products National Standards Institute, Inc. in working with the for customs purposes. It also cooperates with other various American National Standards committees, as Government agencies in the improvement of military well as with the National Fire Protection Association, and Federal specifications and standards for cap affecting powered industrial trucks. screws. Suggested improvements in cap screw stand- Formerly: Electric Industrial Truck Association ards also are developed by USCSSB's Standards Com- (1951). mittee, which works in close cooperation with the INDUSTRY SERVICE BUREAUS, American National Standards Institute and the Society of Automotive 331 Madison Avenue, Engineers. New York, New York 10017 United States Machine Screw Service Bureau

Aircraft Locknut Manufacturers' Association The Standards Committee of this organization con- This national organization, organized in 1952, works siders the dimensional standards of the products of closely with the military and civilian branches of the the industry and cooperates with the American Government in the development of aircraft locknut National Standards Institute and the Society of specifications, standards, and methods of cataloging. Automotive Engineers in the development of proposed additions to, and changes in existing standards in Guild Electric Fuse Manufacturers' industry products. It was organized in 1928. This national organization, founded in 1932, devel- United States Wood Screw Service Bureau ops and submits to the appropriate Government offices suggestions for the improvement of military and Fed- The Standards Committee of this organization eral specifications and standards covering electric develops proposed standards, dimensions and sizes of fuses. It also cooperates with the National Bureau of wood screws. It works in close cooperation with the Standards in matters relating to the performance and American National Standards Institute and with Gov- specifications of different types of electric fuses. In ernment agencies in matters pertaining to military and addition, the guild cooperates with the Underwriters' Federal specifications and standards for wood screws. Laboratories concerning labels and materials from It was established in 1928. which electric fuses are made. It works on Interna- tional Electrotechnical Commission standards. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND Hand Tools Institute ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, Standards Operations, represents the manufacturers of The institute USA 345 East 47th Street, mechanics' hand service tools and works closely with New York, New York 10017 the General Services Administration and other Govern- matters relating to hand service ment departments in The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers tools specifications, standards, and cataloging. It is the (IEEE) was formed by a merger, in 1963, of the leading tool association promoting safe use of hand American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), hand tools and was founded in 1935. The institute founded in 1884, and the Institute of Radio Engineers, entitled also publishes a safety standards booklet founded in 1912. Proper Care and Safe Use of Striking and Struck Tools. Standards activities within the institute are entrusted to the Standards Socket Screw Products Bureau Board which is responsible for final approval of IEEE standards and for repre- The bureau, founded in 1934, works closely with senting the IEEE in matters relating to units and the civilian and military branches of the Government standards. The Standards Board is responsible for in matters relating to socket screw and set screw authorization and coordination of standards projects cataloging, specifications, and standards. within the institute. The work of preparing IEEE

88 standards is carried out within the Technical Com- in Spectrum, the monthly magazine distributed to all mittees of the 31 groups and societies within the institute members, and standards of special interest institute. There are presently about 400 IEEE stand- to groups and societies within IEEE are publicized in ards covering electrical and electronics equipment, test their newsletters. Sets of standards on units and methods, units, symbols, definitions, and rating meth- symbols, rotating machinery, nuclear engineering, and ods. In addition, there are about 250 projects under- audio and electroacoustics are available in special way for the development of new standards. About binders, and leaflets showing the contents of these sets 10,000 of the institute's 160,000 members are active are available. in the institute's standards programs. The institute was a founder of the American National INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL Standards Institute (ANSI) and it is represented on SCIENCES, the majority of its technical advisory boards. It holds 940 East Northwest Highway, secretariats or cosecretariats of 17 American National Mt. Prospect, Illinois 60057 Standards Committees, and it has 203 representatives

on American National Standards Committees. It is the This institute (lES), founded in 1957, is devoted to policy of the institute to submit its current standards the development and promotion of standards, speci- to ANSI for approval as American National Standards. fications, research, simulation techniques, testing tech- When IEEE standards fall within the scope of existing niques, and the development of design criteria for American National Standards Committees, IEEE sub- equipment operation. mits its standards to ANSI via these committees. lES's Standards Committee considers and investi- The institute is also a member body of the National gates all matters relating to units and standards per- Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and participates taining to, or applicable in, environmental engineering, in a number of NFPA standards projects that fall coordinates the work of the technical committees with within IEEE's technical concern. Close cooperation respect to the making and reviewing of standards, and with U. S. Government activities has been traditional represents the institute in its work with other stand- since 1901, when the institute urged the U.S. Congress ardization bodies in matters relating to standards and to establish a national standardizing body in Washing- units. The committee also appoints representatives to ton, D.C. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) serve on standardizing committees sponsored by the representatives participate at all levels of IEEE institute, and on delegations for standardizing pur- standards-making activities, as members of working poses which work under the sponsorship of other groups, technical committees, delegates to American societies and technical organizations. As a representa- National Standards Committees, chairmen of American tive of the institute, the Standards Committee gives National Standards Committees under IEEE secretar- final approval to standards in the organization's name, iat, on ANSI Technical Advisory Boards, and as reports all new and revised standards, and seeks the members of the IEEE Standards Board. IEEE works guidance and approval of its department upon all closely with the Department of Defense (DoD). policy questions, including that of undertaking the Several IEEE standards have been developed jointly preparation of standards in new fields. with one or more DoD activities and have been The Institute of Environmental Sciences has mem- accepted by the military as replacements for previous bers on several American National Standards Commit- military standards. IEEE shares an American National tees such as S2 Mechanical Shock and Vibration, and Standards Committee secretariat with the U.S. Navy, is sponsor of the Z84 committee which is responsible and many representatives of the DoD participate for compiling a glossary of environmental terms. In actively in IEEE standards development. addition, the institute cooperates with many other While the major portion of IEEE membership is national technical organizations in matters regarding within the United States, the institute is transnational environmental standards, testing and engineering. in character, and its standards activities are neither Members have joined in cosponsoring meetings or limited to U.S. members, nor are its standards gener- group efforts with such organizations as the Ameri- ated for the exclusive use of the United States can Society for Testing and Materials, American engineering community. A substantial number of Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Canadian members participate actively throughout the Society for Quality Control, Institute of Electrical and broad standards program of the institute, and a num- Electronics Engineers, Department of Defense Shock ber of IEEE standards have been approved as Cana- and Vibration Information Center, and the Army dian standards by the Canadian Standards Association. Materiel Command. Globally, the institute sponsors a It is the policy of IEEE to encourage its members from representative to the International Electrotechnical nations other than the United States to offer IEEE Commission concerned with international standardiza- standards for approval as national standards of their tion of environmental test methods. countries. The Standards Board of the institute has The Institute of Environmental Sciences absorbed for many years included members from other nations the American Association for Contamination Control as well as from the United States. (AACC) on October 19, 1973. The former AACC To publicize its standards, the IEEE Standards members will make up two new divisions of lES: viz. Office publishes complete lists of its standards at the Industrial Contamination Control Division and the regular intervals. Newly published standards are listed Biosciences Division.

89 AACC's standardization program comprises approxi- tape equipment, loudspeakers, phonograph pickups, mately 25 percent of its total activities. The six record players, and headphones. technical committees that are involved in the program Formerly: Institute of High Fidelity Manufacturers. are Codes and Standards; Bio-Sciences; Design, Con- struction and Operation of Clean Rooms; Nuclear INSTITUTE OF PRINTED CIRCUITS, Energy; Particle Monitoring; and Garments and Laun- 1717 Howard Street, dry. On an international level, AACC is a member of Evanston, Illinois 60202 the International Committee of Contamination Control Societies. The Government agencies with which it Members of this international trade association collaborates on standards activities are the Atomic include producers and users of printed circuit boards. Energy Commission, Army Chemical Corps, National Membership also includes key suppliers of raw mate- Aeronautics and Space Administration and the United rials and production equipment. There is also a provi- States Air Force. The AACC has four current stand- sion for technical liaison membership for qualified ards: High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters, Laminer experts from Government agencies. Flow Clean Air Devices, Testing and Certification of One of the major functions of the IPC is to develop Clean Rooms, and High Efficiency Gas Phase Absorber comprehensive specifications and standards. To date Cells, that are considered national in scope. Currently the IPC has produced approximately 21 separate the Bio-Science Committee is developing a biological standards, and are currently working on approxi- contamination standard. mately 30 new standards. The standardization activities of the former AACC In summary, the IPC has published recommended will continue as activities of lES. dimensional tolerances for corrmiercial and military lES formed by merger of: Institute of Environ- applications. In addition, a standard for acceptability mental Engineers (founded 1955) and Society of of printed circuit boards has been published, as well Environmental Engineers; absorbed the American as a standard for repairability. Detailed standards for Association for Contamination Control (October 19, flexible flat cables, flexible circuitry, and for multi- 1973). layer printed wiring boards have been developed by the IPC. INSTITUTE OF HIGH FIDELITY, In addition to developing IPC standards for domes- 516 Fifth Avenue, tic use, the IPC is active in the International Elec- New York, New York 10036 trotechnical Commission which formulates international standards for electronic components. This institute, established in 1954, is an industry organization whose Standards Group formulates INSTITUTE OF SCRAP IRON AND STEEL, methods of measurement applicable to home elec- 1729 H Street NW., tronic entertainment devices such as amplifiers, FM Washington, D.C. 20006 and AM tuners, etc. The intent of the standards has been to set methods of measurement to include all The Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel (ISIS) was the allowances that should be made for the peculiari- founded in 1928. For many years, the institute has ties of different units. Implicit in this approach is endeavored to establish with the cooperation of Gov- freedom from a restrictive philosophy and preserva- ernment and interested parties, specifications for the tion of a forward looking attitude of a progressive iron and steel scrap grades prepared by its member industry. companies and others in the industry to meet the The IHF Standard Methods of Measurement for needs of consumers. These specifications had their Audio Amplifiers was published first in 1958 as origin in trade practices and consumer requirements Number IHFM A-200 and revised to IHF A-201 in dating back to the nation's first use of scrap in the 1966. It covers measurement methods of amplifiers, steel and foundry industries. both small signal and power, for transient and steady Formal codification of these specifications came in state, and the method of publishing these results. 1926 under the direction of U. S. Department of Block diagrams and tutorial material are included to Commerce Simplified Practice Recommendation make the methods explicit and complete. The stand- R58-26. Revisions occurred in 1928, 1936, 1953, 1959, ard pertains to single and multichannel amplifiers. It and 1961. The Simplified Practice Recommendation was updated late 1973. was withdrawn on May 15, 1973. It was superseded The IHFM Standard Methods of Measurement for by the current Specifications for Iron and Steel Scrap Tuners was published in 1958. It covers AM and FM which were promulgated by ISIS's Marketing and tuner measurements beginning with definition of Specifications Committee in October 1971. In 1973, terms, operating conditions, requirements and char- these specifications were reprinted and include an ISIS acteristics of testing apparatus, and test procedures. code number for each grade of iron and steel scrap. The committee is currently working on updating and The specifications cover basic open hearth, blast broadening this standard to cover multiplex measure- furnace, electric furnace and foundry, cast iron and ments. special grades of iron and steel scrap, and give recog- Upon completion of the tuner standard, the com- nized classifications for each grade. Offgrade material mittee plans to develop methods of measurements for and scrap containing residual material are defined and

90 the degree of cleanliness described. Provisions are annunciators, dynamic response testing; instrumen- made for deviations from the designated classification flow sheets and specification forms, panel tions. tubing; mercury handling, instrumentment purging, intrinsically safe circuits, computer hardware testing, EVSTITUTE OF TRAFFIC ENGEVEERS, computer programs, control valve sizing, and control Suite 905, valve capacity test procedures. Through 1972, ISA 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, has published 40 standards and recommended prac- Arlington, Virginia 22209 tices. The society is a member of the American National Standards Institute and contributes to ANSI The Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE) was Technical Advisory Boards and Committees for meas- founded in 1930. urement and automatic control, medical devices, The institute's principal contribution to the develop- orifice flanges, pressure gages, instrument calibration, ment of standards is through cooperative efforts with metrology, electrical measuring and reference instru- other groups such as the National Advisory Committee ments, automatic control terminology, nuclear instru- on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Council on Uni- ments, and computer components. form Traffic Control Devices for Canada, National Internationally, ISA serves on the U.S. National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances Committee for the International Electrotechnical and the American National Standards Institute. Commission (lEC) and the U.S. Technical Advisory In addition to cooperative endeavors toward stand- Group for lEC TC 65. Through its Fund for Inter- ards in the field of highway transportation and traffic national Standards Travel, ISA also supports attend- safety, the institute has developed and published a ance of LI.S. representatives to standards meetings number of standards and specifications which have abroad. been approved as American National Standards of the Formerly: American Society of Instrument Engi- American National Standards Institute. These cover neers (1939); American Society for Measurement such subjects as: Adjustable Face Pedestrian Signal Control (1944). Heads; Adjustable Face Vehicular Traffic Control Signal Heads; A Model Performance Specification for INSULATED POWER CABLE ENGINEERS' the Purchase of Reflective Pavement Marking Paint; ASSOCIATION, A Standard for Flashing and Steady-Burn Barricade 192 Washington Street, Warning Lights; Pre-timed, Fixed-cycle Traffic Signal Belmont, Massachusetts Controllers; and Traffic Signal Lamps. ITE also publishes recommended practices and technical reports IPCEA is noncommercial in its structure. It derives for the safety and efficient movement of goods and standards and technical information and makes them people. available to those interested in electrical cables. It Approved standards appear in the institute's jour- publishes standards jointly with National Electrical nal, Traffic Engineering and in the Traffic Engineering Manufacturers' Association and collaborates with other Handbook. organizations in the same field such as the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, American Society INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, for Testing and Materials, Institute of Electrical and 400 Stanwix Street, Electronics Engineers, National Electrical Code, Under- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 writers' Laboratories, and the Rural Electrification Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, etc., This society is a nonprofit, technical, scientific, and when they request assistance in developing their own educational organization of individuals interested in specifications and technical data. the theory, design, manufacture, and use of instru- The membership of the association consists of engi- ments. Areas of technical activity include measure- neers from the technical staffs of the leading Ameri- ment, data acquisition, processing, display, telemetry, can and Canadian manufacturers of wire and cable and automatic control in both industrial and labora- used for the transmission and distribution of electrical tory applications. Publications of information reports, energy. Membership is individual, not by company; recommended practices, and standards have been an and is limited to engineers who are on the technical integral part of society operations since the organiza- staff, not marketing sections, of concerns engaged in tion was formed in 1946. Technical progress in instru- the manufacture of electrical cable and are qualified mentation is also presented at conferences and sym- by technical training. posia and through ISA periodicals, proceedings, and The activities of this association are concerned with miscellaneous publications. matters relating to bare, covered, and insulated ISA maintains Standards and Practices Committees conductors including preparation of engineering in the broad areas of measurement devices, control recommendations and standards, and consultation and devices, symbology, computer hardware and software, collaboration with other technical organizations and and safety. Examples of the work of these commit- agencies in the preparation and publication of engi- tees in each area include documents on: thermocou- neering standards and technical papers for bare and ples, flowmeters, transducers, rotameters; face-to-face insulated wire and cable. Copies of lists of these dimensions, manifold designs, pneumatic circuits, publications may be obtained from the secretary.

91 INTER-SOCIETY COLOR COUNCIL, members in Canada and Japan, where there is special c/o Department of Chemistry, interest in electrical codes. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, lAEl maintains liaison with the Federal Govern- Troy, New York 12181 ment in many standardization activities, particularly for the use and application of the National Electrical The Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) was Code. Its standardization interests are mainly with the founded in 1933 to stimulate and coordinate work activities of the Department of Housing and Urban leading to the standardization, description, and spec- Development, the Consumer Product Safety Commis- ification of color, and to promote the practical sion, as well as with the Occupational Safety and application of the results of such work to color prob- Health Administration (OSHA), of the Department of lems arising in science, art, and industry. Its current Labor. membership consists of 29 delegates from national lAEl maintains an educational and certification societies and individual members, all with a common program for certain of our members who qualify for interest in color. certification. The association is concerned and The ISCC is not a standardizing body, but many of involved in establishing qualified certification pro- the results of its work are incorporated by its member grams in various states for recognition of our electrical bodies into standards which they issue or sponsor. inspector members on state levels in the form of This work is carried out by subcommittees of the licenses for electrical inspectors often called certifica- ISCC Problems Committee, to which problems are sub- tion. mitted by the member bodies. The association does not issue any standards. Examples of standardization activities in which the ISCC has participated include the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK, Names (National Bureau of Standards Circular 553, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL designations of filters for theatrical lighting; a SANITARIANS, 1955) ; Comparative List of Color Terms (1949, under revi- P.O. Box 701, sion 1973) ; Color Aptitude Test (available through the Ames, Iowa 50010

Federation of Societies for Paint Technology) ; and recommendations for illuminating and viewing condi- In the 1920's two trade associations and one profes- tions in the colorimetry of reflecting materials sional association formulated uniform standards for

(1964) ; standard methods for mounting textile sam- fittings used on milk pipe lines. The trade groups are ples for colorimetric measurement (1968) ; standard now known as Milk Industry Foundation, and Dairy practice for visual examination of small color differ- and Food Industries Supply Association; the profes- ences (1972) ; determination of the strength of sional group is now known as International Associa- colorants (1972); and the determination of sets of tion of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians. The maximally different nonfluorescent colors (1965). standards for fittings and equipment evolved in those Current activities of Problems Subcommittees are early days became popularly known as "3-A" stand- summarized in the Annual Report Issue (usually ards. Since 1944, every major dairy processing group, May/ June each year) of the ISCC Newsletter. suppliers and equippers, and the U. S. Public Health Service have taken part in the development of these standards but the results are still referred to as 3-A INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Sanitary Standards. ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS, Standards are formulated by the 3-A Sanitary 802 Busse Highway, Standards Committees which meet together once or Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 twice a year. They are: (1) The Committee on Sani- tary Procedures of International Association of Milk, The International Association of Electrical Inspec- Food and Environmental Sanitarians; (2) the Sani- tors (lAEl) was founded in 1928. tary Standards Subcommittee of the Dairy Industry The scope of this organization is to cooperate in the Committee, representing the following associations of formulation of standards for the safe installation and processors: American Butter Institute, American Dry use of electrical materials, devices and appliances. Milk Institute, Evaporated Milk Association, Interna- lAEl also promotes the uniform understanding and tional Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, Milk application of the National Electrical Code, and other Industry Foundation, and National Cheese Institute; electrical codes and standards. and also representing the association of equippers and lAEI promotes cooperation between inspectors, the suppliers: Dairy and Food Industries Supply Associa- electrical industry, and the public. The association tion; (3) representatives of the Milk Sanitation also collects and disseminate information relative to Branch, U. S. Public Health Service, Department of the safe use of electricity. About 75 percent of its Health, Education and Welfare. Invited to a regular meeting and publication program are devoted to the meeting of all the committees, moreover, are represent- work of standardization. The Board of Directors atives of all manufacturers of record (regardless of reviews and administers the standardization activi- association affiliation), of equipment of the type or ties. Liaison in electrical code work exists with its types under consideration.

92 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF in committees of the American Society for Testing PLUMBING AND MECHANICAL OFFICIALS, and Materials and the American National Standards 5032 Alhambra Avenue, Institute, the association endorses specifications pub- Los Angeles, California 90032 lished by those two organizations. The association has joint committees with four lAPMO was established in 1926 by and for inspec- international unions: United Brotherhood of Carpen- tion officials for cities, counties and states with the ters and Joiners of America; International Brotherhood goal of bringing about uniformity in plumbing codes of Painters and Allied Trades ; Operative Plasterers and and interpretation of the various sections of the codes. Cement Masons International Association; and the lAPMO promulgates and sponsors the Uniform Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers International Union Plumbing Code that is used in over 2,500 jurisdictions to establish standards for apprenticeship for drywall, in the United States and is the mandatory code for 10 drywall taping, plastering, and lathing. It also has states. The Uniform Plumbing Code protects more established a Manufacturers' Liaison people in the United States than any other plumbing Committee to improve communications between code. lAPMO also cosponsors the Uniform Mechanical the association and manufacturers Code with the International Conference of Building and associations of the industry. The association Officials. lAPMO presently writes installation stand- has an active Technical Committee ards for conventional plumbing products and main- which participates in joint meetings with technical tains existing lAPMO product standards. As a policy committees of the Gypsum Association, Metal Lath the association shall not write any new material Association, Perlite Institute, Portland Cement Asso- standards for conventional plumbing. Another division ciation, and others. This Technical Committee is of the association promulgates both installation and divided into 9 subsections, each working with its material standards for plumbing in the mobile home respective field within the wall and ceiling industry. and recreational vehicle industry. The association first Formerly: Contracting Plasters' International Asso- accepted this responsibility over 20 years ago. These ciation (1956); Contracting Plasters and Lathers' standardization activities are administered by the International Association (1970). lAPMO Standards Committee and lAPMO Trailer Standards Committee. The Government agencies with which lAPMO is involved are the Department of Hous- ing and Urban Development, the Department of INTERNATIONAL CITY MANAGEMENT Labor, and the National Bureau of Standards. Cur- ASSOCIATION, rently there are 55 standards issued by the organiza- 1140 Connecticut Avenue NW., tion, with 25 percent of the total lAPMO program Washington, D.C. 20036 being devoted to standardization. Certification activities—lAPMO produces a monthly The International City Management Association updated conventional plumbing product listing direc- (ICMA), founded in 1914, has long had an interest in tory for jurisdictions to use as a guide for approval. standardization as part of its work in increasing the The directory certifies that products have been tested proficiency of municipal administrators and strength- to comply or exceed the requirements of applicable ening the quality of urban government through pro- standards and the Uniform Plumbing Code. Over fessional management. Early efforts involved 10,000 products are listed. Certification must be measurement units for certain public works activities updated and renewed each year and manufacturers together with correlative manuals and other are subject to reinspection during the year of listing. publications. As in standards, the mobile home and recreational divi- The most recent effort, began in December 1972, is sion directory for enforce- monthly updates a listing a productivity measurement/enhancement program ment officials in this vital area of the plumbing undertaken jointly by ICMA and the Urban Institute industry. for the National Commission on Productivity, the Formerly: Los Angeles Area Plumbing Inspector U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Develop- Association (1926) Plumbing Inspectors' Association ; ment, the National Science Foundation, and the City of Southern California (1929) ; Plumbing Inspectors' of St. Petersburg, Florida, and Nashville/Davidson Association of California (1930) ; Pacific Coast Plumb- County, Tennessee. A major part of this project is to ing Inspectors' Association (1934) ; Western Plumbing review existing municipal codes and establish standards Officials Association (1945) ; International Association of performance which can serve as the basis for of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (1967). national transferable norms through which cross- INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF national performance measures may be obtained for WALL AND CEILING CONTRACTORS, municipal services. Services currently under study 1775 Church Street NW., include police, fire, solid waste and waste water man- Washington, D.C. 20036 agement, parks and recreation, local transportation systems, and library systems. The association no longer publishes standard specifi- Formerly: International City Managers' Associa- cations but, because it is a member of and participates tion (1969).

93 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF those of the American National Standards Institute; BUILDING OFFICIALS, and is represented on pertinent committees of that 5360 South Workman Mill Road, body: B31.1, Power Piping and B87.1, Decimalized Whittier, California 90601 Inch. Formerly: National District Heating Association. The International Conference of Building Officials publishes the Uniform Building Code, Uniform Mechanical Code and a Uniform Fire Code covering INTERNATIONAL MOBILE AIR minimum requirements for safe construction in build- CONDITIONING ASSOCIATION, INC., ings or structures. The objective is to furnish a com- 6116 North Central Expressway, plete set of codes for state, city and county Dallas, Texas 75206 administrative authorities and to insure a maximum amount of safety to life from fire, structural and exit Founded 1958, IMACA serves system manufactur- hazards. ers, parts and service suppliers, distributors and deal- The codes are developed and maintained through ers in mobile air conditioning applications including: national public hearings attended by state, city and auto, heavy truck, recreational vehicle, farm and off- county officials, as well as representatives from the highway vehicle, boat, aircraft, bus and railroad. Its entire construction industry. The codes are changed program includes sales promotion, public relations, each year and new editions are published on a three- engineering standards, product certification, annual year cycle. The jurisdictions which adopt these docu- trade show, monthly magazine, annual directory, tech- constitute a total population of over 50 million, ments nical papers and legislative activities. The Engineering extending Michigan in the east to the Pacific from Committee administers the standards program now Ocean, including the states of Alaska and Hawaii. consisting of 17 standards in print under the IMACA The organization is also involved in the develop- name. Sixteen of these are for automotive and one for ment of standards for acceptance of new products recreational vehicle application. IMACA standards through research activities. Hearings are held each have been sumbitted to the American National Stand- month to review data submitted in support of new ards Institute for approval as American National materials or products which are not now covered in Standards. Certification for automotive application is the modern model building codes. Recommendations available in four modes: CFM, Btu, component parts, are issued to the member jurisdictions in order that or a combination of all. There are three new standards manufacturers may obtain uniform recognition of underway for heavy truck parts, their new products. A/C and one new standard In addition to the codes, the International Confer- underway for rebuilt automotive A/C parts. ence of Building Officials is involved in the develop- IMACA Standard 200 is in use by General Services ment of standards for educational programs and Administration. All standards are national in scope. publish the following documents which are used in The use of standards is promoted through national universities and short courses available across the trade, press, publicity and the IMACA monthly country: Building Department Administration; A magazine. Training Manual in Field Inspection of Buildings and Formerly: Automotive Air Conditioning Association Structures; Plan Review Manual; and Dwelling Con- (1970). struction Under the Uniform Building Code.

INTERNATIONAL MUNICIPAL SIGNAL INTERNATIONAL DISTRICT HEATING ASSOCIATION, ASSOCIATION, 4034 Woodhaven, 5940 Baum Square, P.O. Box 20549, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206 Houston, Texas 77025

The International District Heating Association The International Municipal Signal Association (IDHA) was founded in 1909 for the purpose of (IMSA), organized in 1896, is a nonprofit, technical advancing the science, standards and knowledge of and educational association. Its active membership district heating; and for the exchange of information consists of approximately 3000 persons in the United relating to the management and operation of district States, Canada and the free countries of the world heating systems. Its scope now includes district who are directly engaged in the engineering, construc- cooling. operation of electrical, elec- Standing and technical committees investigate and tion, maintenance and tronic systems in the report on industry statistics, problems, new develop- and graphic communication used ments, etc. for the membership. Publications include public safety services such as fire and police alarm, a quarterly technical magazine. District Heating, a traffic controls, radio communication, street lighting, Handbook, Rate Reference Book, and Proceedings of signs and markings, and related systems. papers and reports presented at annual meetings. Its major objectives are: (1) to unite those inter- It does not publish standards of its own, but uses ested in those fields for the purpose of improving the

94 efficiency of public safety services; (2) to collect and published by established standards organizations such disseminate educational material and to develop and as the American Society for Testing and Materials, conduct educational and training programs for the the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper benefit of association members and the industry; (3) Industry, the American Association of Textile Chem- to cooperate in the formulation of standards for mate- ists and Colorists, the American National Standards rials and the safe installation, operation and mainte- Institute and others. Where necessary, certain modifi- nance of such systems; (4) to promote closer cations and adaptations of the published methods cooperation between all members of the industry and were made to make them specifically applicable to the encourage free and open consideration of all engineer- products of this industry. The work in this area is the ing concepts and opinions; and (5) to cooperate fully responsibility of INDA's Test Methods Subcommittee. with other organizations with similar objectives. Work is currently underway to find objective means The standing committees of IMSA are responsible for measuring softness, hand and drape. The associa- for the development of standards and manuals, in tion is currently involved in a research project to their specific areas, for use by the members and indus- determine the degree of electrostatic hazards in hospi- try. The IMSA Wire and Cable Specifications, con- tal operating rooms when flammable anesthetics are taining some 29 standards for various types of signal in use. The study is being conducted by an independ- and communications wire and cable, has been ent research firm under the joint sponsorship of INDA, accepted nationally for many years and is recognized Sterile Disposable Devices Committee of the Health by the Department of Transportation, Bureau of Pub- Industries Association and the Medical-Surgical Man- lic Roads. In cooperation with manufacturers of wire ufacturers Association. INDA publicizes the availabil- and cable, these specifications are periodically revised ity of its recommended tests in its various publications and updated by the Association's Cable Committee. including its international Directory for the Non- IMSA members represent the association on sec- woven Fabrics and Disposable Soft Goods Industries. tional committees of the National Fire Protection Formerly: The Disposables Association (1972). Association and assisted in the development of NFPA's Pamphlet 73, Municipal Fire Alarm Systems, which is accepted and recognized as the national THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR standard. The Federal Communications Commission TERRAIN-VEHICLE SYSTEMS, recognizes IMSA's Radio Committee as the represent- 711 Hudson Street, ative frequency coordinating body for the Fire Radio Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Service and, accepts and considers the committee's petitions, comments, and testimony in their rule- The society, a private, nonprofit organization com- making decisions. The association publishes two composed of about 300 members from 28 countries, was prehensive reference and training manuals, The IMSA founded in Turin, Italy, in January 1962. Its purpose is Traffic Control Manual and The IMSA Fire Alarm to provide an international forum to effect the achieve- Manual, which describe in detail the accepted prac- ment and advancement of knowledge of the mechan- tices and procedures for the proper installation, main- ics of terrain-vehicle systems and soil working tenance and operation of traffic control and fire alarm machinery in all environments. Technical papers, systems. These standards and manuals are promoted reviews, comments, and discussions in the field of in the association's bimonthly publication, the IMSA terramechanics are presented at periodic regional meet- Signal Magazine. ings and at an international conference held once every three to four years. The information is published quarterly by the society in the Journal of Terrame- INTERNATIONAL NONWOVENS AND chanics. DISPOSABLES ASSOCIATION, In April 1965 the society formed the Standardiza- 10 East 40 Street, tion Committee whose purpose was to formulate a New York, New York 10016 glossary of terrain-vehicle terms that would be used as standards for the society. The committee has grouped INDA is an international, nonprofit trade associa- terms into eight categories. Standards for three cate- tion founded in June, 1968 to represent the nonwoven gories have been published in the journal as follows: fabrics and disposable soft goods industries. The Terrain Geometry, Vehicle Physical Characteristics, association does not develop standards, but does work and Vehicle Performance Characteristics. Standards with other national technical organizations in this for two categories have been finalized and will be area. In June, 1971, INDA published its first set of published in forthcoming issues of the journal as recommended tests (DART) applicable to nonwoven follows: Soil Test Devices Associated with Soil- fabrics and disposable soft goods. The first ten DART Vehicle Tests and Terrain Characteristics Associated cover the properties of absorption, abrasion resistance, with Soils. The committee is presently working on bursting strength, optical properties, permeability, for the remaining three categories as fol- repellency, tear, tensile/elongation, thickness and standards Characteristics Associated weight. Since then, recommended tests for flammabil- lows: Standards for Terrain Symbols, and Standard Test ity have been added. The DART, for the most part, with Vegetation, Standard designate and recommend the use of proven methods Procedures.

95 . .

INVESTMENT CASTING INSTITUTE, Machine Tool Builders' Association and the large 1717 Howard Street, users of machine tools and the suppliers of accessory Evanston, Illinois 60202 equipment to the industry. The prime purpose of the organization is to provide direction, coordination and The Investment Casting Institute was founded in continuity of effort in the development and advance- 1953, for the purpose of providing an organization ment of standards which will encourage the safe and acceler- through which programs could be initiated to reliable application of controls to machines and equip- ate the growth of technology, as well as the market, ment used in industrial applications. castings. for investment The entire efforts of the organization are devoted to percent of ICI's total program is Approximately 25 writing standards and the National Machine Tool devoted to standardization work which is administered Builders' Association serves as secretariat for the orga- by the ICI Engineering Committee. nization, handling all administration. The Investment Casting Institute has been actively Committees are formed to write or to rewrite stand- involved with the British Investment Casters Techni- ards for the application of electrical, electronic, cal Association, as well as the Aerospace Material hydraulic and pneumatic devices to machine tools. Specifications Division of the Society of Automotive Currently, there are four standards in existence, one Engineers, and the American Society for Testing and for each of the above types of equipment. Materials. standards, which are entirely voluntary in The ICI has published the Investment Casting The nature, are used to a great extent by the builders and Handbook, which is their only current publication. users of the industrial equipment covered. In some JEWELERS VIGILANCE COMMITTEE, areas they are supplementary to existing codes and in 156 East 52nd Street, other areas they are the only standards which pertain New York, New York 10022 to the particular equipment. The standards are promoted through notices in the Jewelers Vigilance Committee is a national organi- pertinent trade journals and through the continued zation supported by the jewelry industry at large, use on the part of the user industries. specializing in marking, labeling, and other descrip- The current JIC supersedes the former Joint Indus- tive terminology and related trade practice problems. try Conference which had been formed by the auto- It has engaged in standardization activities as a major motive companies in Detroit in 1947. part of its work since its creation in 1913. Particular emphasis has been in the areas of the precious metals, especially in regard to their consumer uses; precious and nonprecious stones used in jewelry; and watches. JUVENILE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURERS' It was instrumental in the drafting and publication of ASSOCIATION, Commercial Standards for Marking Jewelry and Nov- 59 East Main Street, elties of Silver (1944); Marking of Articles made Moorestown, New Jersey 08057 Wholly or in Part of Platinum (1938); Marking

Articles made of Karat Gold (1938) ; Marking Articles The Juvenile Products Manufacturers' Association made of Silver in Conjunction with Gold (1935) ; and ( JPMA) is a national trade association of corporations, Marking of Gold Filled and Rolled Gold Plate Arti- firms, or individuals engaged in the manufacture of cles Other Than Watch Cases ( 1934) juvenile products. Most of the regular members man- The standardization work of the Jewelers Vigilance ufacture products which can be broadly defined as Committee also contributed significantly to the Fed- juvenile furniture, as opposed to being toy manufac- eral Trade Commission's success in developing trade turers. the practice rules for the jewelry industry (1957), for The JPMA was founded and incorporated as a industry and guides for metallic watch band (1962), nonprofit association in the state of New York in the watch industry (1968) 1962. It serves as spokesman for the industry repre- Currently a standardization study involves possible senting it in national, regional and community affairs. revision of the National Gold and Silver Stamping The industry's activities for the development of Act (15 U. S. C. 294, et. seq.) dealing with marking juvenile product safety performance standards requirements of gold and silver as well as revision of includes twelve individual subcommittees actively the above commercial standards where necessary. working on new standards or improvements to existing Absorbed: American Jewelers Protective Associa- standards. Each subcommittee deals with a particular tion (1943). major product category and is composed of manufac- JOINT INDUSTRIAL COUNCIL, turers of that product. In the present program are 7901 Westpark Drive, subcommittees for: Car Seats, High Chairs, Dressing McLean, Virginia 22101 Tables, Full Size Cribs, Crib Mattresses, Armheld Carriers, Portable Cribs, Swings, Walkers, Rigid The Joint Industrial Council (JIC) was organized Frame Back Carriers, Carriages and Strollers, and in 1962 through the cooperative efforts of the National Play Yards.

96 LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSOCIATION ON Linen supply companies are in the business of renting PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS, clean laundered items to millions of customers in EDUCATION AND ETHICAL PRACTICE, commerce, industry and the professions. 8001 Natural Bridge Road, The Linen Supply Association of America (LSAA), St. Louis, Missouri 63121 founded in 1913, is the industry's trade association. Member firms represent over 90 percent of the linen The Law Enforcement Association on Professional supply industry in the United States by sales volume. Standards, Education and Ethical Practice, estab- Standards activities of LSAA include: accounting lished in 1971, is a professional, nongovernmental, standards—setting up uniform accounting data for educational organization of college graduates in police comparison and control; marketing information includ- service, education, research, and allied specialties. ing standardized lists of customers by SIC code cate- Known as LEAPS, it has members in 25 states and gory; definitions and standards for textile rental items concerns itself with police professional matters, rented by member firms; textile standardization pro- including the upgrading of police service, setting mini- grams working in cooperation with manufacturing mum standards for practice and developing a standard mills and member companies; sanitation standardiza- code of ethical practice. LEAPS has adopted a policy tion programs in conjunction with member companies of support for use of the metric system. A Committee and the National Sanitation Foundation; standards on Standards serves in the area of professional practice. for washing and dry cleaning cleanliness through washing and dry cleaning test bundle reports measuring LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, washing and dry cleaning efficiency. 292 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10017 MTM ASSOCIATION FOR STANDARDS This organization has available recommended spe- AND RESEARCH, cifications for lead roofing and flashing, sheet lead 9-10 Saddle River Road, membranes for decorative pools and planters, lead- Fair Lawn, New Jersey 07410 asbestos anti-vibration pads, lead plumbing and other lead applications. In addition to its own work on The MTM Association for Standards and Research, standardization and simplification, this association established in 1951 is a 501 (c) 3, nonprofit, non- has representatives who serve on committees of the government association. Its primary efforts are in the American National Standards Institute and the field of research and training in a technique called American Society for Testing and Materials. It also methods-time-measurement (MTM). It is basically cooperates with various agencies of the Federal Gov- devoted to the art and science of MTM in the area of ernment in the development of specifications covering "man at work." The purposes of the association are lead products. set forth in the Articles of Incorporation and are: (1) to conduct, stimulate, and coordinate basic and LIBRARY BINDING INSTITUTE, applied research, of both members and nonmembers,

160 State Street, in the field of methods-time-measurement (MTM) ; Boston, Massachusetts 02109 (2) to compile, and make available to the public, information pertaining to the development and appli- The Library Binding Institute (LBI) founded in cation of MTM; (3) to establish standards and by all 1935, is a trade association of library book binders. other possible means to sustain the high quality of Approximately 30 percent of the program is devoted work done by all organizations and individuals in the to standardization activities which are administered use of MTM including all phases of MTM training by the Technology Committee. The Standard for and application techniques; (4) to increase acceptance Library Binding, 1971 is national in scope and has for the proper use of MTM; and (5) to sponsor, assist, become the basis for the vast amount of library and support the formation and activities of MTM rebinding of worn volumes, of periodicals, and the associations in other countries in cooperation with the prebinding of new volumes in bindings which will International MTM Directorate, Inc. which is the withstand the rigors of normal library usage. official international body for the cooperation and LBI certifies library book binders capable of pro- coordination in the field of MTM. ducing quality work that meets the institute's stand- The MTM Association for Standards and Research ards and passes its In Plant Quality Control Program. is composed of a wide variety of memberships including academicians, individual members, and corporate LINEN SUPPLY ASSOCIATION OF memberships that include various branches of the AMERICA, Government, insurance companies, manufacturing P.O. Box 2427, facilities, banks, educational institutions, consultant 975 Arthur Godfrey Road, companies, the Association for the Blind, etc. Miami Beach, Florida 33140 The activities of the MTM Association for Stand- ards and Research are conducted primarily through The linen supply industry is classified as Standard the association staff and its volunteer committees. Industrial Classification (SIC) 7213 (1972 edition). The present committees as approved by the Board of

97 Directors are as follows: Training and Qualifications work, it has sponsored the adoption of the present Committee; Membership Committee; Conference standard specifications for malleable castings of the Committee; Public Relations Committee; Adminis- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), tration and Policy Planning Committee; Research as well as those of other technical organizations. Committee; Member Services Committee; and The society is represented on the ASTM Commit- Finance Committee. tee on Malleable Iron Castings. MFS assists in the The association's standards activities are for a development of Federal and military specifications in methodology for deriving a time to perform a given its field. manual task. Projects in progress include standardization data for clerical operations, work under the microscope, and work in maintenance areas. MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY OF THE VALVE AND FITTINGS INDUSTRY, MAGAZINE PUBLISHERS' ASSOCIATION 1815 North Ft. Myer Drive, Arlington, Virginia 22209 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ADVERTISING AGENCIES This society, with its predecessor, the Committee of Manufacturers on Standardization of Pipe Fittings and Valves, has been in continuous existence for over 50 years. MAGNETIC MATERIALS PRODUCERS' The method of carrying on standardization work by ASSOCIATION, the society is by means of committees selected from 1717 Howard Street, the engineering departments of representative manu- Evanston, Illinois 60202 facturers that are directly engaged in the manufacture of valves and fittings. The Magnetic Materials Producers' Association At present, the society has about 25 committees (MMPA) is a national trade association, which was working on subjects covering threaded and flanged formed in 1959. fittings and valves (ferrous and nonferrous), marking Manufacturers in this association compound and and terminology, material, cast and malleable iron process basic magnetic materials. Their primary objec- fittings, unions and union fittings, water works, weld- tive is to promote the progress and development of the ing fittings, butterfly valves, pipe hangers, quality magnetic materials industry, through standardization standards, nuclear, valve actuators, etc. programs, and other activities as may be necessary. The society has now in force approximately 25 The Standards and Engineering Committee of standard practices which it has developed and MMPA administers all standardization programs, adopted. These are for finishes for contact faces of which totals approximately 50 percent of all the pro- connecting-end flanges of ferrous valves and fittings; grams of MMPA. This association has published two spot-facing standard; standard marking system for standards: Permanent Magnet Guidelines; MMPA valves, fittings, flanges, and unions; 125-lb. bronze gate Standard No. 0100-72—Standard Specifications for valves; specification for stainless-steel castings for Permanent Magnet Materials. This standard has been valves, flanges, and pipe fittings; 150-lb. corrosion- accepted by the military departments of the Govern- resistant cast flanges, flanged valves, and flanged fit- ment, in lieu of Federal Specification QQ-M-60. tings; stainless-steel butt-welding fittings; steel pipeline The Standard and Engineering Committee is also flanges; quality standards for steel castings for valves, conducting work on standard methods for magnetic flanges, and fittings; pipe hangers and supports, con- testing, magnetization, stabilization, and measurement necting flange joint between tapping sleeves and tap- guidelines. ping valves; hydrostatic testing of steel valves; high test Formerly: Permanent Magnet Producers' Associa- wrought welding fittings; high pressure flanges and tion. threaded stubs for use with lens gaskets; pressure temperature ratings for steel butt-welding end valves; butterfly valves; ball valves; cast iron gate, swing MALLEABLE FOUNDERS' SOCIETY, check and plug valves; silver brazing joints; and mal- 20611 Center Ridge Road, leable iron thread and pipe unions. Rocky River, Ohio 44116 In addition, the society serves as joint sponsor with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and This society (MFS), is concerned mainly with tech- the Mechanical Contractors' Association of America nical research and advisory services, assisting its mem- for the Standards Committee on Pipe Flanges and bers to maintain standard grades of products, and de- Fittings, which resulted in the approval of 32 standards veloping new applications and uses for malleable cast- by the American National Standards Institute. It is ings. MFS in the past cooperated with the National also officially represented on 11 additional American Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Simplified National Standards Committees working on the fol- Practice Recommendation R79 for malleable foundry lowing projects: scheme for the identification of pip- refractories (withdrawn 2/15/71). In carrying on this ing systems; specifications for cast iron pipe and

98 fittings; National Plumbing Code: dimensional stand- safety over a five year period, and annual awards to ardization of plumbing equipment; standardization individual plants of member firms having worked a and unification of screw threads: pipe thread; code for calendar year without an industrial injury. pressure piping; standardization of dimensions and The committee periodically sponsors safety work- materials of wrought iron and wrought steel pipe and shops for plant supervisors. A major contribution is tubing; classification and designation of surface the publication of 100 manuals known as Chemical qualities. Safety Data Sheets and 20 Safety Guides which set The society maintains unofficial representation on forth properties and essential information for safe han- committees of the American Society of Mechanical dling, storing, shipping, waste disposal, and other Engineers, American Welding Society. National matters pertaining to potentially hazardous substances. Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, These are distributed worldwide. A sound-and-color National Fire Protection Association, American Petro- film, Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, has been leum Institute and the American Water Works produced and a 234-page book. Guide for Safety in Association. the Chemical Laboratory, has been published. The Through its various committees, the society cooper- most recent project has been the publication, on an ates with a number of Federal agencies in formulating intercommittee basis, of highway transportation and revising numerous Government specifications on emergency guides known as MCA Chem-Cards, and valves and fittings for both military and civilian use. of Cargo Information Cards for Water Transportation covering barge shipments of certain hazardous chemicals. MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS' The Occupational Health Committee advises ASSOCIATION, regarding health hazards to workers in the chemical industry and to consumers 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW., of the industry's products, and assists member companies in the establishment Washington, D.C. 20009 or revision of health services. Its activities include sponsorship of workshops for industry safety engi- This association, founded in 1872, is one of the neers, industrial hygienists, toxicologists and medical oldest and most diversified chemical trade organiza- officers regarding implementation of the Occupational tions in the Western Hemisphere. It represents U.S. Safety and Health Act. and Canadian manufacturers of basic chemicals who The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Chemicals Com- sell to others a substantial portion of the chemicals mittee deals with technical and legislative matters which they produce. related to chemicals in foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, Early activities included the establishment of rec- and cosmetics. This committee, in cooperation with ommended strengths of acids with tables of physical the Public Relations Department, prepared the asso- properties; recommended specifications for laboratory ciation's booklet Food Additives: What They Are/ apparatus, graduates, and thermometers; publication How They Are Used. of a table of the elements with chemical and physical Air-Water-Solid Wastes—The Water Resources Com- data; and short historical sketches of the discovery of mittee originated in 1936, and Air Quality Committee the different elements. Assistance to the Congress of in 1949, with the Solid Wastes Management Com- the United States in tariff legislation affecting the mittee having been organized in 1969. MCA has chemical industry, development of transportation regu- supported many measures designed to aid the public lations in cooperation with the Bureau of Explosives and continually provides guidance to governmental and Interstate Commerce Commission, and other legislative bodies as well as to industry. technical work related to chemicals, were not only These environmental engineering committees part of MCA's early activities but are continuing on a inform the chemical industry concerning events and current basis. trends bearing on pollution and its prevention, abatement, and control: assist member companies in planning for effective management of environmental Environmental Management problems; and promote the development and exchange of noncompetitive technical information. Fundamen- The association has long taken a prominent part in tal guidelines are contained in MCA's policy state- both technical and legislative phases of environmental ments on environmental management, principles for management and pollution abatement. air pollution control, principles for water pollution Safety and Health—One of the most widely known control, and the chemical industry and environmental activities of MCA is its program of chemical plant health. safety administered by the Safety and Fire Protection Precautionary Labeling—The Labels and Precau- Committee. For its work in this field, the association tionary Information Committee was organized in has received awards from the American Society of 1944 to guide chemical shippers on adequate labeling Association Executives, and the National Safety and to assist governmental agencies in drafting regula- Council, four times in succession. Safety activities tions and laws governing the uniform labeling of include an annual presentation to the two member potentially hazardous materials. Manual L-1, Guide to companies showing the greatest improvement in plant Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals, is

99 .

widely used by industry and regulatory agencies, and MAPLE FLOORING MANUFACTURERS' has served as a basis for drafting regulations. ASSOCIATION, 424 Washington Avenue, Transportation and Packaging Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901

For over 65 years, through its Transportation and One of the prime objects of this association is to Distribution, Chemical Packaging, and Transporta- establish and enforce uniform grades and standards of tion Equipment Committees, the association has products; to constantly improve methods of manu- carried on research and development work which has facture; and to make the association trademark a contributed substantially to the present safe methods symbol of excellence in methods and materials. of shipping hazardous chemicals. The work includes Through its Grades Committee, this association has the development of new and specialized containers, established grading rules for hard maple, beech and equipment, handling methods, and procedures for birch flooring. For the protection of the specifier and the safe transporting of the multiplicity of chemical consumer, the association requires its members and products made by the industry. Recommendations encourages other hardwood flooring manufacturers to are presented to regulatory groups of Federal, state, properly and clearly identify species of their flooring and municipal governments and to rail and motor product. The letters MFMA on maple, beech, or carrier classification bodies. MCA periodically spon- birch flooring signify that the flooring is standardized sors technical symposia on the transportation and and guaranteed by the association to be in accordance packaging of chemicals, both independently and in with the current established grading rules. cooperation with other national organizations. Publi- This association has opened its membership to cations in this field include manuals of recommended Associate Members made up of qualified flooring con- practice for the handling of chemicals in tank cars, tractors to further improve quality of installations. tank trucks, portable tanks, drums, and other This association has also adopted specifications for containers. heavy duty and for gymnasium-type floor finishing products for maple, beech and birch floors. For this Chemtrec project, the association employs the services of a com- The association's Chemical Transportation Emer- mercial testing laboratory. The specifications are revised every three years for the gency Center, known as CHEMTREC, is a voluntary purpose of improving performance characteristics project of the chemical manufacturing industry. It of the heavy duty and was established as a public service for the purpose of gymnasium floor finishes. Products which have met these providing immediate advice for those at the scene of specifications and have been certified to the emergencies when chemicals are involved in accidents association, will receive its written approval. A list of on highways, railroads and waterways. Prompt contact MFMA endorsed and approved finishes is published at intervals during the period. association is then made with the shipper of the chemicals 3-year The involved for more detailed assistance and appropriate reserves the right of withdrawal of its approval on sub- follow-up. CHEMTREC operates around the clock, stantial evidence of depreciating quality of the seven days a week, to receive direct dial, toll-free calls product. through a single telephone number from any point in the continental United States. Shippers of chemicals, principally MCA member companies, are notified MARBLE INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, through preestablished telephone contacts, providing 1984 Chain Bridge Road, 24-hour accessibility. As circumstances warrant, other McLean,Virginia 22101 concerned trade associations with emergency-handling programs covering specific products are contacted and The institute is an organization composed of quar- kept informed, as are appropriate Government agen- riers, importers, wholesalers, finishers and contractors cies and regulatory bodies. of marble, formed to establish standards for marble Other committees with standardization activities and the quality of workmanship related to its use. include the Engineering Advisory (voluntary stand- This institute has accumulated a vast amount of ardization of process equipment), and the Nuclear information from the domestic and foreign marble Committees. producing and finishing centers of the world, and is in a position to give to architects, engineers, builders, and Technical Publications others interested in marble, authentic information regarding the available marbles the MCA publishes several hundred different pieces of of world. technical and informational literature, as well as films Through the American National Standards Insti- and filmstrips, pertinent to the chemical industry. tute, the institute has helped to produce the following Approximately 1,000 copies of each new technical American National Standards: Standard Specifications publication are issued free to state and Federal offi- for Interior Building Marble ( A94.1-1961 ) ; Standard cials, health departments, technical and medical school Specifications for Thin Exterior Marble Veneer libraries, and others. A publications list is available (A94.2-1961) ; and Thin Exterior Marble In Curtain on request. Or Panel Walls (A94.3-1961)

100 The institute has also published a 178-page Marble MECHANICAL CONTRACTORS' Design Manual with contents organized to conform ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC., with the Uniform System For Construction Specifica- 5530 Wisconsin Avenue NW., tion. Suite 750, Washington, D.C. 20015

The association is joint sponsor with the American MARKING DEVICE ASSOCIATION, Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Manufac- 1611 Chicago Avenue, turers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fit- Evanston, Illinois 60201 tings Industry for American National Standards Committee B16 on Pipe Flanges and Fittings function- This association prepares standards for various kinds ing under the procedures of the American National of metal marking tools and dies. Included are stand- Standards Institute (ANSI). In addition, it is repre- ards for size and depth of marking characters, styles sented on numerous American National Standards of symbol stamps, stock sizes for steel letters and Committees dealing with the following subjects: code figures, and stock sizes for various stamp blanks. for pipe threading; code for pressure piping; standard- Other standards in use by members of the organiza- ization of dimensions and materials of wrought iron tion include those for bores and keyway sizes for roll and wrought steel pipe and tubing; standards for dies, roller die blanks, and type and type holders for drawings and drafting room practice; approval and interchangeable steel type. installation requirements for gas-burning appliances; The association also develops standard terminology graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on draw- for all kinds of marking devices, including metal markings; scheme for identification of piping systems, and ing tools and dies, rubber stamps, seals, stencils, and safety in construction. marking inks. Two departments of this association are actively Formerly: International Stamp Manufacturers' engaged in standardization activities; they are the Association. National Certified Pipe Welding Bureau and the National Environmental Balancing Bureau. The National Certified Pipe Welding Bureau provides the means for members of the bureau to develop under its THE MATERIAL HANDLING auspices standardized procedures for pipe welding INSTITUTE, INC. which are used as the basis of a program for testing 1326 Freeport Road, pipefitter welders. The National Environmental Bal- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 ancing Bureau (NEBB) is a nonprofit organization to solve the construction industry's problems with sys- The Material Handling Institute, Inc. was founded tems controlling environmental systems in buildings in 1945 as the horizontal trade association representing and in related systems involving liquid flow. NEBB manufacturers of industrial material handling equip- also establishes industry standards, procedures and ment, which is used in plants, plant-yards, piers, specifications in the environmental balancing field. It terminals and warehouses. has established educational programs with colleges and Approximately 10 percent of the activities are universities in local chapter areas. NEBB provides devoted to standardization. These activities are certification for firms that meet the organization's administered by the Automatic Identification Manu- requirements which include meeting the required facturers Section; Below/Hook Lifters Section; Con- standards for work performance and supervision. trolled Mechanical Storage Systems Section; Conveyor Formerly: Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning Section; Industrial Metal Containers Section; and the Contractors' National Association; Heating and Piping Loading Ramp Manufacturers Section. Although Contractors' National Association; National Associa- MHI does not issue standards, the product sections tion of Master Steam and Hot Water Fitters. mentioned do issue standards with an average of about two per section. The scope of standards are national except as they find their way into international stand- MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION ards through an international standards organization. ASSOCIATION, MHI cooperates through the American National 1717 Howard Street, Standards Institute in domestic and international Evanston, Illinois 60202 standards activities. The institute is involved in the development of industry commentary on military spe- The Mechanical Power Transmission Association cifications of the: Naval Supply Systems Command; (MPTA) is a national trade association, which was Army Mobility Command; Naval Construction Bat- founded in 1933. MPTA is concerned with the devel- talion Center; and the Naval Engineering Center. opment of standards and other programs concerning Absorbed: Association of Lift and Portable Elevator v-belt drive systems and devices, variable speed drives, Manufacturers. and transmission products including belt drives.

101 MPTA has maintained effective liaison with the member companies were expanding and diversifying by following other associations: Rubber Manufacturers' making cookware from other materials, it was decided Association (RMA), American Society of Mechanical to change the name to the Metal Cookware Manu- Engineers, American National Standards Institute, facturers' Association. Today, membership totals 21 International Organization for Standardization, and companies. This represents a significant majority of many others. the total metal cookware production in the United The Standards and Engineering Committee of States. MPTA administers all standardization activities, The standards activity of the Metal Cookware Man- which amount to approximately 50 percent of ufacturers' Association is an important part of its pro- MPTA's program. gram and represents 10 to 15 percent of MCMA's There are seven MPTA standards, of which five total activity. The standards program is conducted were developed in liaison with RMA. They are the: through a regular established Standards Committee Welded Steel Conveyor Pulley Standard; Specifications composed of technical representatives of member for Drives Using Variable Speed V-Belts; Standard companies. At present, membership of this committee Specifications for Drives Using Narrow V-Belts (3V, totals nine (9) persons. Sections) Specifications for Drives Standards 5V, and 8V Cross ; Committee—The committee is an active Using Classical Multiple V-Belts (A, B, C, D and E group meeting approximately three (3) times per year for Drives Using Single Cross Sections) ; Specifications to constantly review the standards that have been

V-Belts (2L, 3L, 4L and 5L Cross Sections) ; Specifi- accepted to be sure that they are current and up-to- cations for Drives Using Synchronous Belts (XL, date. MCMA is reviewing all standards today in the

LH, XH and XXH Belt Sections) ; and the most light of the various programs on product safety. The recent. Standard Specifications for Welded Steel Wing one project MCMA is working on at present has to Pulleys. do with the types of phenolic materials used for cook- Formerly: Multiple V-Belt Drive and Mechanical ing utensil handles. In addition, the association is Power Transmission Association. considering what will be necessary and essential in connection with changes to the international metric system. METAL BUILDING MANUFACTURERS' The Standards Manual as prepared by this associa- ASSOCIATION, tion has been available to member companies who 2130 Keith Building, have contributed to the formulation of these Cleveland, Ohio 44115 standards. The standards which have been developed by The standardization work of the association is car- MCMA are of a voluntary nature and serve as a ried on by the Technical Committee. The work of guideline. MCMA does not have a formal certification this committee consists of preparation of recommenda- program. tions concerning such projects as methods used in application of design loads, recommended minimum thicknesses of steel to be used in manufacturing metal METAL CUTTING TOOL INSTITUTE, buildings in order to assure proper service, and other 331 Madison Avenue, general recommendations for use by model code bod- New York, New York 10017 ies in preparing or revising these codes in order to have properly constructed metal buildings. The Tech- One purpose of the institute is to promote standard- nical Committee of the association works in conjunc- ization of sizes, dimensions and tolerances of rotary tion with the American Iron and Steel Institute, type, multiple point, metal cutting tools, such as twist model code bodies, and other code committees in drills, reamers, taps, milling cutters, and gear generat- order to assure users of metal buildings that proper ing tools, and to simplify these in cooperation with the installations are made. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), The association has published Metal Building Sys- American Society of Mechanical Engineers and other tems Manual (revised in 1971). This document national and international bodies, with a view to includes sections on recommended design practices, eliminating waste and reducing costs. In this regard, recommended guide specifications, and nomenclature the institute actively participates in technical and covering metal building systems. advisory committees of major national standardizing bodies. Results of such activity are reflected in widely pro- METAL COOKWARE MANUFACTURERS' mulgated American National Standards on twist ASSOCIATION, drills, reamers, taps, and milling cutters. These stand- P.O. Box D, ards form the basis of Federal specifications and Fontana, Wisconsin 53125 individual company standards, as well as reflecting current United States industry practice in the formu- The Metal Cookware Manufacturers' Association lation of International Organization for Standardiza- (MCMA) was founded in May, 1922, as the Alumi- tion (ISO) standards. num Wares Association. In 1963, when many of its The institute publishes Metal Cutting Tool Hand-

102 book and such pamphlets as Metal Cutting Tool consists of reviewing the Federal specifications issued Nomenclature, Drilling Today's Materials, Drilled by the General Services Administration involving Holes for Tapping, Tolerances for Twist Drills and P/M products. The Federal specifications are reviewed Reamers, Milling Cutters and End Mills, and Stand- by the Standards Board. On an international level, ards and Dimensions for Taps and Dies. MPIF participates on International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee 119, on Metal METAL LADDER MANUFACTURERS' Powder and Metal Powder Products. ASSOCIATION, Formerly: Metal Powder Association (1957). P.O. Box 580, Greenville, Pennsylvania 16125 METAL TUBE PACKAGING COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA, One of the most important activities of this associa- 1414 Avenue of the Americas, tion is to participate in the development and promul- New York, New York 10019 gation of safety standards pertaining to the products manufactured by its members. Specifically, the The Metal Tube Packaging Council of North MLMA has developed, and will continue to develop, America, established in 1914 as the Collapsible Tube revised versions of its safety standard entitled Safety Association, is a trade association. The current name Code for Portable Metal and Fiberglass Ladders. of the organization was adopted in 1966. Its primary In addition, members of the association are actively purpose is to provide information on metal tubes to engaged in the work of the following American Na- marketers in North America. It is the only organizational Standards Committees developing safety codes: tion of its kind, representing all manufacturers of (a) The A14 Committee which is working on revisions collapsible metal tubes in North America. At the to American National Standard A14.2-1972, Safety present time it distributes a publication to a private Code for Portable Metal Ladders, (b) The American list, six times per year. National Standards Committee A92 working on The Standards Committee administers the stand- American National Standard A92.1, Standard Safety ardization activities for the council. The six current Code for Mobile Scaffolds, Ladder Towers and Tele- Collapsible Tube Standards are for: Nomenclature; scopic Work Platforms, (c) The American National Neck and Orifice Sizes—American Standard Thread Standards Committee AlO which is working on revi- and Modified Buttress Thread Forms; Thermoset Cap sions to the Construction Code and its various sub- Sizes, American Standard Form; Thermoplastic Cap sections. This committee is developing a revision to Sizes; and Standard Length, Wall and Shoulder Sizes. American National Standard AlO. 8, Standard Safety These standards are available without cost from the Code for Building Construction Safety Requirements executive office. for Temporary Scaffolding, (d) The American National Standards Committee A14.5 which is devel- MILK BOTTLE CRATE MANUFACTURERS' oping a Safety Standard for Portable Fiberglass COUNCIL, Ladders. 2130 Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 METAL POWDER INDUSTRIES FEDERATION, The standardization and simplification activities of P.O. Box 2054, this association are carried on by the Simplification Princeton, New Jersey 08540 and Standardization Committee. Its work has been confined to simplification matters dealing with devel- The Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) opment of minimum pocket sizes and minimum was founded in 1945 to serve technical and trade dimensions of the crate in order to insure proper interests of metal powder producing and consuming interstacking of milk bottle crates. industries. The Standards Board and three standards commit- MILL MUTUAL FIRE PREVENTION tees administer the standardization activities of BUREAU, MPIF. Standardization is one of the major activities 2 North Riverside Plaza, of the federation and the various trade associations Chicago, Illinois 60606 operating within its structure which is made up of the Metal Powder Producers' Association, Powder Metal- The Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau was offi- lurgy Parts Association, In-Plant Powder Metallurgy cially established on January 2, 1911 in Oxford, Mich- Association, Powder Metallurgy Equipment Associa- igan. Its primary objective is to provide technical data tion, and Refractory and Reactive Metals Association. to agri processing plants for the reduction of loss to About 110 standards (80 material standards and 30 property by fire or wind and to personnel by injury test standards) have been issued in the field of powder within the plant. It has been largely responsible for metallurgy and magnetic cores. Basically they deal the development of standards in reducing fire hazards with ferrous and nonferrous P/M materials and indus- in grain handling and grain processing plants. These try practices. These standards are considered national standards cover such areas as dust control, design of in scope. Involvement with the Federal Government cyclone collectors, standards for mechanical drives,

103 electrical codes, control of insect and fumigation, etc. compliance to it by placing an oval blue and silver all of which aid to the prevention of fire within the seal near the front door. Inspectors representing agri plant. MHMA's Standards Division monitor the compliance In addition to the standards and pamphlets, consid- of its members by inspecting their plants on an unan- erable time is devoted to plant protection and this is nounced and frequent basis. acquired through standards involving local and central The combined membership of MHMA and the station fire alarm systems, nonstandard sprinkler Trailer Coach Association represented 66 percent of installations, installation of portable fire extinguishers, all 1972 mobile home production, and a total of 84 etc. While most of this material is prepared for percent of the 576,000 homes shipped to U.S. dealers insureds of subscribing members of the Mill Mutual in 1972 went into states where compliance is manda- Fire Prevention Bureau, it is also made available to tory. others, and is frequently sought after by companies in Both manufacturers and suppliers are represented foreign countries. on the ongoing MHMA Standards Committee which An LPE Bulletin, Loss Prevention Engineering is has five subcommittees dealing with electrical systems, prepared to advise the public of the various materials plumbing, heating, construction and windows. made available. There are some 25 pamphlets listed Formerly: Trailer Coach Manufacturers' Associa- in this bulletin, all directed toward safe practices in tion. agri plants. Engineering members of the Mill Mutual Fire Pre- vention Bureau are actively engaged on National Fire MONORAIL MANUFACTURERS' Protection Association committees and committees ASSOCIATION, of the National Safety Council. In addition to this 1326 Freeport Road, the engineers of the bureau maintain Registered Pro- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 fessional Engineers and many are members of organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Monorail Manufacturers' Association Specifications Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics For Underhung Cranes and Monorail Systems apply Engineers, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, and to underhung cranes operating on the lower flange of International Association of Electrical Inspectors. a track section, and to a single track monorail system A close alliance is held with various trade associa- including all curves, switches, transfer devices, trol- tions in the field of flour milling, animal feeds, grain leys, lift and drop section, and associated equipment. elevator operations and poultry raising. As problems The specifications include both power-driven and arise in these particular areas, research is done by the hand-operated equipment. Provisions of this specifica- Engineering Department and material is made avail- tion do not encompass all of the safety precautions able to these fields to assist in the reduction of loss of and safeguards applicable to monorail systems primar- property or life. ily used for transportation of personnel. The association was founded in 1933.

MOBILE HOMES MANUFACTURERS' MO-SAI INSTITUTE INC., ASSOCIATION, P.O. Box 5398, P.O. Box 201, East Pasadena, California 91107 14650 Lee Road, Chantilly, Virginia 22021 Mo-Sai Institute, Inc., was founded in 1940. A This trade association (MHMA), founded in 1935, nonprofit organization, the institute was organized to represents the manufacturers and suppliers of factory- standardize, improve and promote the use of precast built housing, a $4 billion industry that built 80 architectural concrete. Standardization is administered percent of all homes sold for less than $20,000 in by the Technical Committee. While not participating 1972. It cooperates with committees of the American in international standardization programs, institute National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the members in Canada and Japan have promulgated the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the group's standards in those areas. constant review and updating of the Mobile Home Institute standards are frequently included, by Standard (NFPA 501B and American National Stand- reference, in specifications of the General Services ard A119.1) covering the installation of the plumbing, Administration, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, and heating and electrical systems as well as the construc- U. S. Navy. Certification activities are principally tion of the body, frame, running gear, and chassis of undertaken through participating in programs of the mobile home. It works with them in the estab- American Society for Testing and Materials, Ameri- lishment of their Standard for Mobile Home Parks can Concrete Institute and Prestressed Concrete (NFPA 501 A and American National Standard Institute. Current standards are contained in one A177.1). The association is working to secure national publication, Standard Specifications of Mo-Sai Insti- adoption of the Mobile Home Standard; by mid-1973, tute. Standards are national in scope and are pro- 36 states had enacted it into law. Members of MHMA moted through market development activities of are required to build to the standard and certify their member companies.

104 —

MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS' entific agencies, and members-at-large receive their ASSOCIATION OF THE appointments from the president of the academy. UNITED STATES, INC., The primary purpose of these organizations is to New Center Building, bring together the most competent scientists and engi- Detroit, Michigan 48202 neers of the country in appropriate groups to deal with scientific problems and to exchange information in The Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association of furtherance of research. the United States was founded in 1913 as the National No laboratories are maintained, but the NAS-NAE- Automobile Chamber of Commerce. Practically all lOM-NRC seeks to stimulate and support the work engineering standardization work arising in the indus- of individual scientists and to coordinate investiga- try represented by this organization is conducted tions dealing with broad problems in research, both through the Society of Automotive Engineers financed nationally and internationally. This is carried out in substantial part by grant from the association. The through a wide variety of means, including confer- association cooperated with the National Conference ences, technical committees, surveys, collection and on Street and Highway Safety in the preparation and collation of scientific and technical data, the sponsor- promulgation of state and city traffic ordinances. This ship of scientific publications and research organiza- work continues under the National Committee on tions, and the administration of public and private Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances. funds for research projects and fellowships. It provides In addition, this association is a member of the unique means for organizing attacks on scientific American National Standards Institute in connection problems which involve many specialized fields and with standards related to motor vehicles and their use. for obtaining disinterested and objective assessments It is a participant in international standards programs of problems for groups representing dissimilar or con- of International Organization for Standardization and flicting interests. International Special Committee on Radio Interfer- Since the activities of the Academy-Research Coun- ence (CISPR) and the Economic Commission for cil are directed largely toward stimulating and Europe (ECE) Working Party 29. facilitating scientific research, rather than its conduct The association also cooperates with the Technical or direction, the program in the field of standardization Committee of the Bureau Permanent International is necessarily quite limited. However, there have been des Constructeurs d'Automobiles in international some calls to undertake such assignments. Current standards work. standardization activities are listed below. Formerly: Automobile Manufacturers' Association, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences—The Inc. (1972). Committee on Vision is currently active in cooperation with the Z80 Committee of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in its attempt NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- to promote standardized methods for the testing of NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING- ophthalmic lenses, particularly for impact resistant INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE lenses. The committee is also active on a continuing NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, basis on setting of standards for induction into or 2I0I Constitution Avenue NW., retirement from the Armed Forces based upon visual Washington, D.C. 20418 function. An additional concern is the setting of visual standards required for the performance of special- The National Academy of Sciences is a private, non- ized military occupations such as flying. The profit organization dedicated to the furtherance of sci- committee works internationally with North Atlantic ence and its use for the general welfare, and required Treaty Organization (NATO) in setting performance by its Congressional Charter of 1863 to act as an standards for visual function of NATO pilots, stand- official adviser to the Federal Government, upon ardized painting of propeller tips to avoid accidents request, in all matters of science and technology. Its among ground crew, and standardized lighting of members, now numbering about 1000, are elected in runways. Finally, the committee is concerned with recognition of their distinguished and continuing standardized lighting of buoys, marking of navigation achievements in original research. The National channels in costal regions, harbors, and rivers. Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 The Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Bio- under the charter of the NAS. The Institute of Medi- mechanics has published reports setting noise expo- cine was chartered by the NAS in 1970. The National sure standards beyond which noise levels human Research Council was established by the academy in hearing would be jeopardized. These standards have 1916 to enable the broad community of U.S. scien- frequently been adopted by ANSI. The committee tists and engineers to associate their efforts with the cooperates with the International Organization for limited membership of the academy in service to sci- Standardization in setting of similar noise exposure ence and the nation. The members of the Research standards on an international basis. The committee Council are drawn from academic, industrial, and has cooperated with the International Civil Aviation government organizations throughout the country. Organization in setting restrictions on the flight of Representatives of more than 100 scientific and techni- commercial supersonic transports that would result in cal societies, designated members of Government sci- the production of sonic booms. The committee is

105 currently cooperating with the Department of Trans- work of Standardized Seismograph Stations. An Ocean portation, the Federal Aviation Agency, and the Envi- Affairs Board gives broad support to the marine sci- ronmental Protection Agency, in developing guidelines ences and advises several Government agencies on for state and local governments to follow for the con- oceanographic problems. The Committee on Remote trol of transportation noise, and with the Environ- Sensing Programs for Earth Resource Surveys advises mental Protection Agency in setting similar guidelines the Government on remote sensing programs for earth to control other sources of environmental noise. The resource surveys and environmental monitoring. committee also is active on setting of standards for Engineering—There are many units in the division induction into or retirement from the Armed Forces whose activities are closely related to establishing based upon auditory function. An additional concern standards or codes; but it is the intent of the division is the setting of auditory standards required for the that actual formulation of standards be avoided. performance of specialized military occupations such Rather, units are expected to help supply scientific and as flying. technical data on properties and performance to Assembly of Life Sciences—The Committee on assist responsible standards-writing groups. Animal Nutrition has prepared a series of reports Highway Research Board does not set standards dealing with the nutrient requirements of various but its authoritative publications are routinely used as domestic animals. standards by numerous agencies. Examples include traf- The Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources fic control warrants, definitions, new testing pro- (ILAR) was founded in 1952. Through the efforts of cedures and design details. Similar data leading to an Advisory Council, Executive Committee and varied standardization by other organizations are developed committees, ILAR serves as a coordinating agency to continuously in the activities of Highway Research disseminate information, survey existing and required Board standing committees and contractors performing resources, establish standards, promote education, research under the Highway Research Board admin- hold conferences, and upgrade laboratory animal istered NCHRP program. resources. ILAR strives to keep the laboratory animal Ship Research Committee—This committee is a community currently informed through its quarterly standing committee of the Maritime Transportation publication, ILAR News, and has published approxi- Research Board. Its activities cover the fields of mate- mately 100 other publications on the following sub- rials, design, fabrication, and inspection as related to jects: Proceedings of Symposia and Workshops; merchant ship hulls. Surveys of Laboratory Animal Use; Standards and Advisory Board on Military Personnel Supplies— Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management This board and its several committees provide of Laboratory Animals; Animal Procurement Specifi- scientific and technical advisory services to the U.S. cations; Abstracts on Animal Models for Biomedical Army Natick Laboratories on matters of military Research; and other miscellaneous publications in the clothing, food, and shelter. laboratory animal field. Building Research Advisory Board—BRAB advisory Food and Nutrition Board—The board prepares services are used by Federal agencies as scientific and Recommended Dietary Allowances as a guide to the technical input to the development of standards and maintenance of complete healthful nutrition. Its Food other requirements for housing and building construc- Chemicals Codex establishes standards of identity and tion. BRAB also operates the BRAB Federal Construc- purity for the chemicals used as intentional additives tion Council, a voluntary correlating group of some in food. The Food Protection Committee of the board nine Federal construction agencies with major build- considers standards that affect food processing, pro- ing construction responsibilities. The deliberations of duction and storage. this council lead also to certain standards or accepted Chemistry and Chemical Technology—Through its practices in materials, methods, and designs employed Advisory Center on Toxicology, the division advises on in a great volume of Federal building activities. A tolerances for industrial substances that might consti- special program of the council deals with the creation tute a hazard for personnel. The Numerical Data of recommended Federal guide specifications for Advisory Board studies problems relating to standards building construction. for compiling and disseminating critically evaluated Physical Sciences—Several committees of the divi- numerical data. The Committee on Symbols, Units, sion concern themselves with standardization activi- and Terminology, operating jointly under this divi- ties as part of their overall program. Among these are sion and the Divisions of Engineering and Physical the following: the Committee on Symbols, Units, and Sciences, coordinates for the LTnited States national Terminology cooperates with U.S. activities and inter- and international interest in symbols, units, and termi- national scientific unions and commissions in coordi- nology in all areas of the physical sciences. It also nating the recommendations and views of major functions on behalf of the American National Stand- United States scientific and technical activities con- ards Institute as USA Committee for International cerned with standardization of symbols, units and Organization for Standardization Technical Committee terminology in the physical sciences; the Committee 12 in its interdisciplinary program on quantities, units, on Line Spectra of the Elements surveys the field and and symbols. directs attention to significant problems for investiga- Earth Sciences—A Committee on Seismology tion, encourages group attack on related aspects of advises Government agencies on the World-Wide Net- major problems, and compiles data on atomic spectra.

106 The Committee on Nuclear Science has several sub- standards through mailings, meetings and cooperation committees and panels which form research confer- with other organizations in the field. ences and review articles, monographs and special reports, and make available data and recommended NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF standards, constants, and procedures for benefit of ARCHITECTURAL METAL other scientific groups, Government, and industry. A MANUFACTURERS, number of technical panels, organized to conform 1033 South Boulevard, with divisional activities of the National Bureau of Oak Park, Illinois 60302 Standards, advise and assist the Director of the Bureau in evaluation and planning. NAAMM, a nationwide association of fabricators of The Academy-Research Council has published or hollow, architectural, residential, miscellaneous, and has been responsible for the publication of many ornamental metal products, was founded in 1939. Its individual reports or series of reports dealing with objectives are to: promote mutual interests and coop- some aspect of standardization. Among these are eration among the members of the industry; promote International Critical Tables of Numerical Data; Phys- educational and inspirational activities within the ics, Chemistry, and Technology (7 volumes and industry; compile and disseminate statistics and other

index) ; Data on Chemicals for Ceramic Use; Tables of information pertaining to the industry; furnish tech- Chemical Kinetics, Homogeneous Reactions (with nical information to architects and engineers about

supplement) ; Method of Coding Chemicals for Correla- the industry; maintain and improve the technical tion and Classification; Specifications and Criteria for standards of the industry; conduct studies and surveys Biochemical Compounds; A Glossary of Terms in to increase the use of and markets for the products Nuclear Science and Technology; Principles and of the industry; promote and assist in the develop- Procedures for Evaluating the Safety of International ment of new products for the industry; promote other Chemical Additives in Foods; Status Report on Stand- activities materially beneficial to the industry which ardization of Radionuclides in the United States; and are appropriate to trade associations generally. Measurements and Standards of Radioactivity. NAAMM and its Architectural Metal Products A listing of publications in print is available from Division, Metal Bar Grating Division, and Hollow Metal the Printing and Publishing Office. Manufacturers Association, a division of NAAMM have developed standards and specifications for many NATIONAL ACCREDITATION COUNCIL, of the products of the industry—standards and speci- 79 Madison Avenue, fications universally accepted and used by architects, New York, New York 10016 specification writers, and Government agencies. They are quality standards and specifications that have Founded in 1967, the council (NAG) seeks to given specifying authorities confidence in the products improve the quality of specialized services in its field. It of the industry. (1) develops and updates standards for the manage- The following technical publications contain ment and services of agencies and schools for the NAAMM's recommended practices and specifications blind and visually handicapped and (2) administers a and standards: Metal Stairs Manual; Metal Bar Grating voluntary system through which organizations found Manual; Metal Product Outline Manual; Metal Fin- to be in substantial compliance with the standards ishes Manual; Specifications for Custom Hollow Metal are given the public recognition of accreditation. The Doors and Frames—NAAMM Standard CHM-1-74; decision to grant, withhold, or defer accreditation is and Fire-Rated Custom Metal Doors and Frames, and made by the Commission on Accreditation. The Com- Glossary of Architectural Metal Terms Manual. mission on Standards initiates plans and proposals for Formerly: National Association of Ornamental Metal development of new standards and revision of existing Manufacturers; standards and reviews all standards before they are Absorbed: National Steel Door and Frame Associa- promulgated. tion (1962). Development and application of the standards have been encouraged and funded in part by the Rehabilita- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF tion Services Administration, Social and Rehabilita- BEDDING MANUFACTURERS, tion Service, and by the Office of Education, both of 1150 17tli Street NW., the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Suite 200, Welfare. Washington, D.C. 20036 Present standards cover 13 administrative and program areas encompassing hundreds of standards. The National Association of Bedding Manufacturers Standards are listed in The COMSTAG Report and (NABM) founded in 1915, is national in scope and in three self-study and evaluation guides. represents manufacturers of mattresses, bedsprings, NAC is the only nationally recognized standard- and dual purpose sleep equipment as well as suppliers setting, accrediting organization for specialized serv- of machinery, raw and finished materials, components ices to the blind and visually handicapped. As projects and other supplies and services necessary to the man- for new standards are developed they are reported ufacture of bedding. in the Annual Report. NAC promotes the use of the NABM, virtually throughout the entire span of its

107 existence, has been aware of the importance and Membership. These requirements must be met by mutual benefits of standardization to both industry organizations desiring to qualify for membership in members and the consuming public. NABSP. Association staff, at the direction of the Various committees and members of NABM are NABSP Board of Directors, administer the various involved on a continuing basis with a number of Gov- standards. ernment agencies and related trade groups in a coop- Illustrative of the NABSP activities are standardized erative effort of reviewing, developing, updating and programs in medical service nomenclature and cod- revising industry and Government standards as they ing, service utilization review and measurement, phy- apply to bedding products as the occasion warrants. sician charge and plan allov/ance data, benefit descrip- Recent examples of this work are the conclusion in tion, accounting procedures and data processing 1972 of a project in cooperation with the American systems. Hotel & Motel Association to develop test equipment Formerly: Associated Medical Care Plans (1946), and procedures for evaluating performance charac- Blue Shield Medical Care Plans (1950), National teristics of mattresses and boxsprings and a current Association of Blue Shield Plans (1960). project with the National Bureau of Standards to revise Simplified Practice Recommendation R2-62, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Bedding Products and Components. This standard, BROADCASTERS, first issued in 1922 as R-2, is the oldest active stand- 1771 N Street NW., ard in the National Bureau of Standards' inventory Washington, D.C. 20036 and has been revised and reissued in 1930, 1932, 1954, 1957 and 1962. The National Association of Broadcasters whose Standards and specifications pertaining to bedding membership includes over 5000 AM, FM, and TV products are initially distributed to members of NABM stations was formed over 50 years ago as a trade and related trade groups with the association's recom- association to represent the commercial broadcasting mendations as to their applicability and use. A sub- industry. stantial distribution of additional copies is made in The NAB Recording and Reproducing Committees response to subsequent requests from interested have established standards for recording and repro- parties. ducing in which more than 100 of the nation's authorities on various phases of recording participated. The NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF standards program is a continuing effort which first BLUE SHIELD PLANS, started in 1941. The standards pertain to the record- 211 East Chicago Avenue, ing and reproducing of disc, cartridge tape, reel-to-reel Chicago, Illinois 60611 magnetic tape and cassette, as well as methods of measurement. They include standard playback curves, The National Association of Blue Shield Plans response limits and criteria for establishing test (NABSP), established in 1946, serves and represents records and tapes. The standards also contain mechan- 71 locally organized and operated nonprofit health ical dimensions for records, reel flanges and hubs, care prepayment plans which together serve over 80 and cassettes. A glossary of terms in included. These million Americans. are professional standards promulgated primarily for A primary objective of NABSP is provision by its the broadcasting industry. member plans of high quality service to subscribers, Formerly: National Association of Radio and Televi- beneficiaries and physicians. This is often accom- sion Broadcasters (1951-1957). plished by establishment of performance objectives for various aspects of plan operations and includes NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF standardization of data definitions and accounting CORROSION ENGINEERS, procedures. Member plans are required to report P.O. Box 1499, information describing scope of operation, financial Houston, Texas 77001 condition and experience on a routine basis. Blue Shield Plans serve as fiscal agents for Federal NACE is a nonprofit technical society which was Medicare (Bureau of Health Insurance), Medicaid incorporated in the State of Texas in 1943. This (Medical Services Administration) programs, and organization is the only technical society in the United CHAMPUS (Department of Defense) programs. States that is devoted entirely to matters concerning NABSP coordinates the provision of health care the prevention and control of corrosion and the prepayment services for multistate purchasers through protection of materials. Through its Technical Prac- local Blue Shield Plans, including the world's largest tices Committees, NACE is engaged in preparing privately underwritten contract, the Federal Employ- standards to promote the use of the best technical ees Health Benefit Program (Civil Service Commis- practices to reduce the cost of corrosion and to sion) . increase the safety of industrial, public and private Adherence to standards promulgated by the associa- installations where corrosion damage could create tion is encouraged or formally required when neces- hazards. NACE has cooperated with the Federal Gov- sary by action of the Conference of Plans which ernment in developing industry-oriented standards for amends or extends existing NABSP Standards of the Office of Pipeline Safety and the Office of Hazard-

108 ;

ous Materials in the Department of Transportation. research work through a professional stafE at the The association has an Accreditation Program whereby NACO office in Washington, D. C. members of the association can become accredited as The NACE Board of Directors has been summoned Corrosion Specialists, Corrosion Specialists in Train- to consult formally and informally with several of the ing, Senior Corrosion Technologists and Corrosion Federal departments, congressional committees, indi- Technicians. All the standards that have been issued vidual Senators and Congressmen; the Highway by NACE are listed in a NACE publication brochure Research Board, various state departments and state that is available from the association. The standards associations. The NACE input has helped to develop developed by NACE are national in scope in that they National policy and Federal legislation. are pertinent to industries or segments of industries NACE has conducted workshops on manual sub- and are of interest to that industry or segment of jects throughout the country, and holds a Manage- industry throughout the country. Active standards ment Research Conference each year, and meets committees are structured under the Technical Prac- annually with the NACO meeting each summer. tices Committees which are composed of eight group committees primarily oriented on industrial basis. These group committees are then subdivided into THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF forty-two unit committees, under which standard- ELEVATOR CONTRACTORS, writing task groups can be formed. Annual directories 4321 Hartwick Road, of these committees are issued by NACE Headquar- Suite 306, ters and are available at no cost. College Park, Maryland 20740

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF The National Association of Elevator Contractors, COUNTY ENGINEERS, founded in 1949, is a nonprofit, nongovernment cor- 308 Jacolyii Drive NW., poration; is made up of independent elevator con- Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52405 tractors and their suppliers. Some 30 percent of the association's activities are The National Association of County Engineers devoted to the development, promulgation and educa- (NACE) is the only organization of its type, founded tion of the industry of the American National Standard in 1956, and is an affiliate of the National Association Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators of Counties (NACO). The predominate objective is to and Moving Walks (American National Standard identify the various technical and management prob- A17.1-1971). Committees serve on the Executive lems common to most counties, and document their Committee and the Standards Committee of the practical solutions. The original objective was to A17.1 Safety Code. emphasize the relations, actions and methods of Classes for members and nonmembers are con- management, and a number of committees produced ducted annually in Code Understanding. Working with guide manuals delineating the better practices in use the Building Officials and Code Administrators and the throughout the country. The work was financed by National Association of Elevator Safety Authorities the Federal Highway Administration and Highway classes are conducted leading to the certification of Users Federation for Safety and Mobility—as it still is Elevator Safety Inspectors. All educational activities today. In recent years, numerous committees pro- are conducted by the Executive Director of NAEC. duced a second generation of Action Guide Manuals which emphasizes standards for both modern county engineering management and procedures for simpli- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF fied engineering and technical analysis. With the use FOOD CHAINS, of these "how-to-do-it" guides, the professional consid- 1725 Eye Street NW., erations are more readily identified, and the univer- Washington, D.C. 20006 sally accepted engineering solutions can be applied. These literally "best sellers" published 17 volumes and Standardization activities of this association include sold in sets only, include: (1) Organization-Personnel- work in the following areas: (1) standard invoices; Purchasing; (2) Cost Records; (3) Advance Road (2) standardization of pallets; (3) cooperation in Programs; (4) Comprehensive County Planning; (5) funding and developing the universal product code Planning County Road Systems; (6) Refuse Disposal; and symbol for the grocery industry; (4) research on (7) County Traffic Operations; (8) Maintenance the shape and type of containers used to transport Management; (9) Public Support; (10) Spot Safety food products; and (5) study of modularization of Improvements; (11) Administration of Bridge Inspec- shipping containers for grocery products. tion; (12) Soil Erosion and Water Pollution Preven- NAFC is working with supplier associations in the tion; (13) Aerial Photography; (14) Drainage; (15) produce, meat and dry groceries areas in encouraging the use of standard invoice forms. The utilization of Travel Generation ; (16) Subsurface Soils Exploration and 17 Summary Volume. these forms is aimed at reducing the processing time The officers, (Board of Directors) elected by the in handling supplier invoices. 1200 international members, appoint the Research As a trade association, NAFC played a vital part in Program Planning Committee, which directs all the adoption of the 48 in by 40 in four-way hardwood

109 pallet as the standard pallet for the food industry, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF and the suggested alternative size which is 32 in by 40 GLUE MANUFACTURERS, in Increased unitization of shipments with standard 2805 Patterson Plank Road, pallets has substantially reduced the cost of moving Box 850, food products for the manufacturer or the consumer. North Bergen, New Jersey 07047 NAFC is also working with produce suppliers to make nonbulger pack produce containers available as The National Association of Glue Manufacturers standard containers. These nonbulge pack containers (NAGM) was founded in 1922. Standardization and are aimed at delivering produce to the consumer with simplificatinn activities of this association are carried less damage than the bulge pack container. on by the Technical Committee which is charged with Because of the difficulty in palletization of square the duty of establishing standard grades and methods cases, NAFC is encouraging the adoption of case for testing animal glue products manufactured by its shapes more conclusive to palletization. Standard item members. The following publications are available codes for all food products is also an area of NAFC from the association: Animal Glue in Industry and activity. Standard Methods for the Sampling and Testing of Animal Glues. These Standard Methods are considered national in scope. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NAGM through its Technical Committee, has estab- FOOD EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS, lished a cooperative testing program in which its 111 East Wacker Drive, members and certain outside laboratories are invited Chicago, Illinois 60601 to participate. The purpose of the testing program is to establish certain standards which will result in The association is concerned with equipment stand- more uniform testing. This is achieved by the distri- ards and practices in the field of commercial food bution of samples of animal glues to the member and preparation and service. Standardization activities nonmember participating laboratories. The samples include research and educational programs in food- are subjected to a series of tests established by the service layout, refrigeration, dishwashing and dish- Technical Committee and the results forwarded to the handling. The Advisory and Emergency Feeding Com- association's headquarters where they are tabulated, mittee works in cooperation with Government and identified by number only and sent to the association's civil defense agencies concerned with mass feeding members as a specific report. Each participating mem- in times of emergency. It maintains close liaison, for ber is informed of its identification number in the cooperative effort in standardization, with Food Facili- report and is therefore in a position to compare the ties Engineering Society, National Sanitation Founda- results. tion and other industry groups. Through its members, the NAGM is represented on the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Gummed Industries Association, American NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Society for Testing and Materials, and Adhesives FURNITURE MANUFACTURERS, INC., Manufacturers' Association of America. 8401 Connecticut Avenue NW., Suite 911, Washington, D.C. 20015 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOSIERY MANUFACTURERS, Two associations, The National Association of Furni- 516 Charlottetown Mall, ture Manufacturers, and the Southern Furniture Manu- Charlotte, North Carolina 28204 facturers Association have established a Joint Indus- This committee try Upholstery Fabric Committee. Among the principal activities of this association consists of 11 leading furniture manufacturers com- (NAHM) is technical research leading to standards bined with technical experts from a dozen fabric mills concerning sizing systems and terminology for various and representatives from such retail organizations as types of hosiery. Two such standards developed under Sears Roebuck and C. Penney. J. the auspices of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Representatives of the committee have met with National Bureau of Standards, were Commercial Stand- the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) for the pur- ard CS46-65, Hosiery Lengths and Sizes Excluding pose of developing wearability standards for uphol- Women's and Commercial Standard CS234-61, stery fabrics that will enable us to distinguish their Measurements for Stretch Socks and Anklets, for wearability characteristics into such catagories as which was the proponent. heavy duty, medium, light wear, and decorator NAHM In addition to the above, the association in recent fabrics. through extensive research and testing, devel- We submitted our proposed standards and test pro- years, in describing women's cedures to NBS and subsequently presented them to oped a simple method for use the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and pantyhose in order to provide wearers with proper- the American Society for Testing and Materials fitting garments. The end result is a recommendation, (ASTM) for review. widely followed throughout the industry, that all

110 pantyhose be described in terms of height and weight streets, adequate utility systems for multiple industrial of the wearer for whom they are produced. users, setback or percentage coverage requirements, Absorbed: Southern Hosiery Manufacturers' Asso- landscaping, offstreet parking, and architectural con- ciation (1956). trol through approval of appearance, siting, building materials, and signs. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOSPITAL PURCHASING MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF METAL 1340 North Astor Street, NAME PLATE MANUFACTURERS, INC., Suite 1201, 1000 Vermont Avenue NW., Chicago, Illinois 60610 Washington, D.C. 20005

The National Association of Hospital Purchasing This association, originally known as the Metal Management (NAHPM) was founded in 1957, and Etching and Fabricating Association, was incorporated chartered by the State of Illinois as a nonprofit profes- in July 1951 as a nonprofit organization. The name sional organization of hospital purchasing directors. was changed to National Association of Metal Name The primary efforts of the NAHPM are (1) to foster Plate Manufacturers, Inc., (NAME) in 1968. The an increased knowledge of and proficiency in purchas- term "name plate" refers to any metal plate that has ing management; (2) to conduct and participate in been etched, embossed, stamped, engraved or educational programs and activities concerning pur- imprinted and which is fastened to another object for chasing management; (3) to provide media for the purposes of identification, instruction, or decoration. interchange of ideas and dissemination of material name's membership accounts for approximately two- relative to hospital purchasing management, by bring- thirds of the total business volume of the name plate ing about closer cooperation, developing curricula and manufacturing industry in the United States. supporting materials for use by educational institu- Standards represent a relatively small but highly tions, to cooperate with hospitals and other patient significant portion of the association's activities. In care institutions and agencies; (4) to establish princi- 1969 NAME published Metal Name Plate Industry ples relative to hospital purchasing management to Standards and Practices. This book is the only set of establish standards of performance for individuals and standards in existence for the industry in the U.S. institutions in the various areas of hospital purchasing Among the subject areas covered by NAME stand- management through certification and educational ards are: nomenclature, finishes, fabrication toler- conferences and research in hospital purchasing ances, materials, fastening methods, inspection, reject management. procedure, delivery, and equipment preparation. The Professional Development Committee has Copies have been distributed throughout the industry established guidelines for the certification of hospital and to customers of the industry in both private and purchasing managers. public sectors for their information and use in writing Formerly: National Association of Hospital Pur- specifications. Although no formal international stand- chasing Agents (1968). ards exist, numerous copies of NAME's standards and practices book have been sent on request to overseas NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF companies. The Book of Standards Committee of INDUSTRIAL PARKS, name's Board of Directors is responsible for compil- Suite 1110 - 1800 North Kent Street, ing and coordinating changes to Metal Name Plate Arlington, Virginia 22209 Industry Standards and Practices.

The National Association of Industrial Parks NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF (NAIP) was founded in 1967. Membership is open to MOTOR BUS OWNERS, developers of industrial and office parks and others 1025 Connecticut Avenue NW., interested in industrial real estate who are admitted Washington, D.C. 20036 as associate members. The purpose of NAIP is to stimulate growth of the industry; to help improve pros- The association, founded in 1926, is the national pects and profits of its members; and to foster the trade association for the intercity motor bus industry establishment and maintenance of standards for the with membership of some 450 bus operating com- operation of industrial parks. The following criteria panies, 21 state and regional bus associations, and was established to help fulfill the purpose of NAIP: about 75 bus manufacturers, suppliers, and others The assembly of land under one continuing control, to with an interest in bus transportation. Although the provide facilities for business and industry consistent association has issued no standards of its own, it is with a master plan and restrictions, resulting in the actively concerned in the development of standards creation of a physical environment achieving the fol- and requirements in matters affecting motor carrier lowing objectives: Consistency with community goals; and motor vehicle safety and occupational safety and sufficient business and industrial operations; human health. Included are operation, maintenance, and scale and values; compatibility with natural environ- inspection of vehicles, safety-related parts and acces- ment; achieving and sustaining highest land values. sories such as brakes, tires, lights, windows, seats, etc., The standards for NAIP consist of those for: paved control of noise and pollutant emissions, and accident

111 reporting. Such activities involve both active coopera- manufacturers of decorative plastic laminated prod- tion with Government agencies involved, particularly ucts for residential and commercial uses. The associa- those in the U.S. Department of Transportation, and tion has published Quality Specifications QS 1-1965 participation in the work of voluntary groups, such as which detail the manufacturing requirements for those sponsored by the American National Standards countertops, work surfaces, wall paneling, partitions Institute. In connection with standardization of vehi- and cabinet doors made of decorative plastic laminate. cle sizes and weights, the association works primarily Product Standards A-1-70, A-2-71, and C-1-70 super- with Federal and state legislative groups. sede some sections of QS 1-1965. A special panel of Similarily, the association works with the Interstate the Technical Committee is currently engaged in a Commerce Commission and other interested Govern- program to develop performance standards that are ment agencies, and industry groups in connection with related to the products end use. These will supersede standards and requirements relative to such matters the existing prescription type standards. as accounting, reporting of financial and operating The development of performance standards is data, certification of operating authorities, and vehicle viewed as a prelude to the introduction of an industry registration. certification program. The NAPF is national in scope Association committees and staff representatives are and its standards are distributed to Federal agencies, primarily responsible for its standardization activities. architects, builders, trade journals, standards publica- Included are committees on (1) Safety, (2) Vehicle tions, and to all allied industries. Safety Standards, (3) Maintenance and Inspection, The association's membership is international. In and (4) Accounting. addition to individual companies, the Laminated Formerly: Motor Bus Division of American Auto- Plastic Fabricators' Association of England, and the mobile Association; National Motor Bus Division of Laminated Plastic Fabricators' Association of New American Automobile Association; National Associa- Zealand are extended memberships. Technical infor- tion of Motor Bus Operators (1960). mation and fabricating technological data is exchanged regularly. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PIPE COATING APPLICATORS, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF 2504 FIournoy-Lucas Road, PLUMBING-HEATING-COOLING Shreveport, Louisiana 71108 CONTRACTORS, 1016 20th Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20036 On October 22, 1964 fourteen men assembled in New Orleans, Lousiana to discuss action to be taken National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling for the betterment of the plant pipe coating industry. Contractors (NAPHCC) was founded June 29, 1883. From this meeting, the association which has come to The objects and purposes of the association are: for be known as NAPCA, was formed. the advancement and encouragement of better meth- The National Association of Pipe Coating Applica- ods and practices in the fields of plumbing, hydronic tors seeks to: promote the general welfare of the plant heating, and hydronic cooling; for the advancement pipe coating application industry; stimulate the use of sanitation and sanitary laws and for the advance- of plant applied pipe coating and related materials; ment of techniques in air-conditioning be it heating standardize and improve specifications and materials; — or cooling leading to better protection of the health aid consumers and manufacturers in their coating — and welfare of the public; for the improvement of material research; cooperate with other industries and plumbing appliances and fixtures and of heating and organizations; disseminate information to the members cooling equipment and parts; for the education of the of the plant applied pipe coating application industry, members of the industry in the arts of plumbing, its customers and the public. hydronic heating and hydronic cooling and the best NAPCA has issued 19 standards, specification and method of conducting such business; for the estab- suggested procedures (recommended practices) for the lishment of harmonious and equitable relations industry; these are published under the series title between contractors, journeymen, and other employ- NAPCA Bulletins, and have the cover title of ees and between manufacturers and jobbers in supplies National Association of Pipe Coating Applicators Spe- used in the plumbing, heating, cooling, gas-fitting and cifications and Plant Coatings Guide. drainage business; for the education of the apprentice NAPCA further encourages high standards of work- in the arts of plumbing, hydronic heating, and manship and business ethics in this industry. hydronic cooling and the establishment of a continuing apprenticeship system. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF The Technical Committee administers the standard- PLASTIC FABRICATORS, ization activities of the organization. In recent years, 4720 Montgomery Lane, NAPHCC became involved with the Federal Govern- Washington, D.C. 20014 ment concerning the Department of Health, Educa- tion and Welfare's (HUD) acceptance of the National This association (NAPF), founded in 1956, is com- Standard Plumbing Code which was developed and posed of suppliers of materials and machinery and published by NAPHCC and is now cosponsored by

112 the American Society of Plumbing Engineers. HUD tin, zinc, precious and exotic metals) ; PS-72, delivery approved the code in early 1973. and quality classifications for trading in paper stock; Formerly: National Association of Master Plumbers WS-63, for wool stock; and CS-65, covering the trade Association (1883) ; and National of Plumbing- in cotton and synthetic fibers. These standards and Heating-Cooling Contractors (1962). classifications are under continuous review by standing committees in each of the association's commodity divisions: the Metal Dealers Division, Secondary NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Metal Institute; Foreign Trade Division, Paper Stock PURCHASING MANAGEMENT, INC., Institute of America; Paper Stock Consumer Division 11 Park Place, and the Textile Division. New York, New York 10007 Formerly: National Association of Secondary Mate- rial Industries, Inc. National Association of Waste This association (NAPM), has approximately 115 Material Dealers (1960). affiliated local purchasing associations in this country, representing 18,000 purchasing officials, both public and private. Representing a body of corporate con- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF sumers, including purchasing agents of industrial con- RELAY MANUFACTURERS, cerns, private and public utilities, and governmental P.O. Box 1649, and institutional buyers, this association takes an Scottsdale, Arizona 85252 active part in standardization and simplification programs of value to its members. The National Association of Relay Manufacturers In the early years of this association, it was (NARM) was founded in 1947. The purpose of extremely active in the formulation of national stand- NARM is to promote the standardization of terminol- ards and simplified practices. While this association ogy and test procedures in the manufacture and use of and its members are still vitally interested in stand- relays. To implement this purpose, the association has ardization, the emphasis has shifted from formulation standing committees which coordinate the activities to promulgation of standards through company stand- of NARM members with relay users and Govern- ardization programs. ment agencies in establishing specifications for relays. The NAPM Professional Development Planning In April of each year NARM cosponsors a National Committee has sponsored an educational program Relay Conference at Oklahoma State University. The

which, although it does not come strictly within the purpose is to provide engineers and specialists con- purview of standardization, does cover subjects which cerned with relays, the opportunity to present results are either directly or indirectly related to the broad of their technical investigations to representatives of field of standardization and simplification. In an effort prominent relay manufacturers and users and to those to advance further sound principles of purchasing and persons affiliated with institutions of higher learning to elevate the purchasing profession, this committee's who are interested in this area. professional development program includes, among NARM has sponsored the publication. Engineers' other things, the publication of a series of handbooks Relay Handbook which contains the material of pre- for the guidance and use of the entire membership of viously published specifications relating to terminology the association. and test procedures. It is an all-encompassing engi- Formerly: National Association of Purchasing neering reference source covering all relays from elec- Agents (1968). tromechanical to hybrid and solid state. NARM also publishes the booklet. Definitions of Relay Terms. NARM cooperates with other organizations such as NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Electronic Industries Association (EIA) and is pres- RECYCLING INDUSTRIES, INC., ently engaged in writing standards for reed switches, 330 Madison Avenue, solid state relays and mercury displacement relays. New York, New York 10017 Other specifications developed by NARM are primarily for relay manufacturers, such as specifications for The National Association of Secondary Material low carbon and silicon steels, and EMI iron for use Industries (NASMI) founded in 1913, represents the in magnetic circuits for relays. nation's recycling industries. Members of the association have as their prime functions the collection, processing, importing, exporting, smelting, refining, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF and the conversion of new raw materials from scrap WIPING CLOTH MANUFACTURERS, metals, waste paper, and waste textiles along with and 189 West Madison Street, the manufacture of products from recycled materials. Chicago, Illinois 60602 The association is the source of four sets of standards which are internationally recognized and accepted. This association (NAWCM) was established in These are: NF-73, covering delivery and quality April 1932 and contains 175 members. This organiza- standards for trading in all nonferrous scrap metals, tion has adopted specifications for the sale of wiping (copper, brass, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, lead. cloths which cover the process of sterilization and

113 grading. In addition, it also has adopted an official rials, film rental libraries, manufacturers of A-V equip- label, the presence of which on a bale or carton of ment, producers of films and other A-V materials, industrial wipers represents a guarantee that the con- publishers, independent manufacturers' representatives tents of the bale or carton conform to the specifica- and A-V professional services members. In addition, tions. The wording of the label reads as follows: "The the association has a substantial number of associate wiping cloths contained in this bale or package have members who are interested in audio-visuals but are been produced and packed according to specifications not commercially connected with the A-V industry. of the National Association of Wiping Cloth Manu- NAVA is a cosponsor of PH7, Instructional Audio- facturers." Each member of the association issues an Visual System Standards, of the Photographic Stand- affidavit certifying that he, as a manufacturer of the ards Board of the American National Standards Insti- particular bale or package of wiping cloths, has com- tute. For the past several years the association has plied with all rules and regulations of the state and worked exclusively with this committee in standards city health departments. The manufacturer also certi- making activities, under the guidance and direction of fies that the wipers contained in a given shipment are the association's Technical Standards Committee. correct in weight, and that he has complied with all of The association has no standards of its own at the the recommendations promulgated by NAWCM. present. Work will begin soon on the standardization Concerning enforcement of specifications, labels of lapse time counters on audio cassette recorders. and affidavits, the association relies chiefly upon the Formerly: National Association of Visual Educa- integrity of its members, each of whom pledges him- tion Dealers (1947). self to comply with association standards in the sale of any bale or carton of wiping cloths carrying or NATIONAL AUTOMATIC MERCHANDISING accompanied by the association label or affidavit. A ASSOCIATION, Complaints Committee investigates any alleged failure 7 South Dearborn Street, to conform. Violation of the pledge is punishable by Chicago, Illinois 60603 expulsion from the association, with attendant loss of the privilege of using the association label and affida- This is the national trade association representing vit. During recent years several committees of the vending and foodservice management companies, association have cooperated with technical commit- vending machine manufacturers and the suppliers of tees of the Navy Department and General Services vendible products and component parts. NAMA was Administration in preparation of specifications for pur- founded in 1936. chase of wiping cloths for Federal agencies. NAMA has sponsored since 1957, an Automatic Formerly: Sanitary Institute of America. Merchandising Health-Industry Council whose members and observers represent the U. S. Public Health Service, Armed Forces, national public health associa- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON tions, university public health consultants and mem- STANDARD MEDICAL VOCABULARY, bers of the vending/ foodservice management industry. 2802 Mermaid Avenue, The Health-Industry Council develops and recom- Brooklyn, New York 11224 mends to NAMA standards for the evaluation and certification of vending machines, certification pro- The National Association on Standard Medical gram controls, research projects and educational Vocabulary is a nonprofit organization for the better- materials. ment of the medical and allied terminologies. It was Two standards developed by the council are used by founded by Jakob Edward Schmidt, grammatolator- public health consultants retained by NAMA at Mich- philologist-author of Charlestown, Indiana in 1960. igan State University and Indiana University, to The organization has grown to include over 7,000 evaluate and certify vending machines. They are the educators, scientists and philosophers and is totally NAMA Vending Machine Evaluation Manual and the dedicated to the standardization of modern American NAMA Standard for Coin-Operated Special Dispens- medical vocabulary. Assistance is given to the editors ers. and publishers of directories, dictionaries, and com- The standards contain all machine design and con- pendia dealing with medical terminology. struction requirements of the U.S. Public Health Service's Vending of Food and Beverages (1957, amended 1965) together with additional sanitary and NATIONAL AUDIO-VISUAL safety requirements recommended by the Health- ASSOCIATION, INC., Industry Council. 3150 Spring Street, The NAMA standards and certification activities Fairfax, Virginia 22030 are recognized nationally by public health and military agencies and are cited in a number of Federal and The National Audio-Visual Association, Inc. local vending sanitation regulations. (NAVA), founded in 1939, is the national trade NAMA publishes listings of certified vending association of the commercial audio-visual industry machines, administrative controls, research studies including nonbroadcast television. The membership and educational materials which concern public consists of dealers selling A-V equipment and mate- health and safety.

114 NATIONAL AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER AND NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE THEFT BUREAU, FIRE CONTROL ASSOCIATION, 30 East 42nd Street, 277 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017 New York, New York 10017 This bureau, founded in 1912, is a service organiza- The primary objective of this association (NAS and tion supported by more than 450 insurance com- FCA), is the advancement of the art of automatic panies, writing automobile fire and theft insurance. control of fire through automatic sprinklers, and the Although its primary purpose is to locate stolen conservation of life and property from fire. This orga- cars, it is also a leader in the promotion of auto theft nization is a national trade association of automatic prevention activities. The bureau, designated by the sprinkler manufacturers and installers. It was founded International Association of Chiefs of Police as its in 1914. clearing house on automobile theft information, The association cooperates with national technical maintains a nationwide stolen vehicle file. This infor- bodies in the preparation of standards and fire protec- mation is made available on a 24 hour a day, 7 days a tion sections of building codes and ordinances. It has week basis to law enforcement agencies by teletype, 64 representatives on 54 important National Fire Pro- telephone, message switching and direct entry into tection Association committees. These committees set regional law enforcement banks. standards for design, installation, inspection, and main- The bureau cooperates with all automobile manu- tenance of automatic sprinklers. The association coop- facturers in the adoption of a standard vehicle identi- erates in the design, installation and maintenance of fication number as well as in a standard method of standpipes and hose systems and of private under- stamping and affixing such numbers. In addition, it prints ground systems supplying water for fire extinguish- and distributes to law enforcement agencies a Vehicle ment, including the character and adequacy of water Motor Identification Manual, a Commercial Vehicle Identification Manual, supplies and the selection, installation, and mainte- and Manual for the Investigation of Automobile Fires. nance of valves, hydrants, monitor nozzles, hose and The services of the bureau are for the benefit, not accessory equipments, as well as the supervision of only of insurance companies and law enforcement valves controlling water supply for fire protection. agencies, but of the entire motoring public. The association concerns itself with the design and construction of hose houses and fire department procedure in fighting fires in buildings equipped with NATIONAL BOARD OF BOILER AND automatic sprinklers. In this respect, it publishes PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTORS, regular editions of a News Bulletin and an internal 1155 North High Street, Industry Bulletin. To further that end, the association Columbus, Ohio 43201 engages in a program of lectures to state fire schools

and fire chiefs' associations. The board, founded in 1919, confines its member- It cooperates with the American Insurance Associa- ship to persons charged with enforcement of the tion, Insurance Services Office, Underwriters' Labora- boiler and pressure vessel laws in various states, tories (UL), and Factory Mutual Engineering and municipalities in the United States with over 1,000,- Research relative to the formulation of standards, 000 population, and the Canadian provinces. The specifications and regulations for fire apparatus and board operates in the following areas of standardiza- their use. tion: (a) boiler and pressure vessel law enforcement; The association is officially represented on sectional (b) uniform boiler laws and rules throughout the committees functioning under the procedure of the jurisdiction of its members; (c) uniform qualifications American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for boiler and pressure vessel inspectors, including engaged in the development and revision of the follow- identical examinations conducted simultaneously ing subjects: code for pressure piping, pipe threads, throughout the United States and Canada; (d) uni- and pipe flanges and fittings. form stamping of boilers and pressure vessels that are The NAS and FCA is a member of the Southern inspected during construction by such boiler and pres- Building Code Congress, the International Confer- sure inspectors who hold valid National Board com- ence of Building Officials and Code Administrators missions; and (e) uniform relieving capacity ratings of International. One of the objectives of the association safety valves and pressure relief valves for boiler and is to maintain consistency between codes and stand- unfired pressure vessel service. ards and coordinate the industry's activities in the All states, municipalities and Canadian provinces model code field with those in the standard making that have boiler and pressure vessel laws, recognize bodies, including National Fire Protection Associa- the National Board inspector's commission and tion, American Society for Testing and Materials, National Board stamping on boilers and pressure American National Standards Institute, Underwriters' vessels as meeting their safety law requirements for Laboratories, Factory Mutual System and other stand- new construction. Transfer of such objects between ard making organizations, which from time-to-time, states is implemented by National Board stamping. affect the automatic sprinkler industry. Relieving capacities of safety valves and pressure relief

115 valves as certified by the National Board of Boiler Our greatest service to members and to industry is and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, is used by the various in the strength of our unified voice. state, municipal and provincial jurisdictions to deter- The Engineering Department administers NCTA's mine adequate volumetric relief of the pressurized standardization activities. Current standards issued by medium in event of runaway conditions. NCTA are our NCTA Engineering Standards which When requested by the States, Canadian Provinces, cover the areas of Visual Carrier Level, Amplifier Dis- or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee, tortion, Graphic Symbols, the Standards Numbering the board makes shop surveys, reviews, evaluates, System, and Noise Level in Cable Systems. The audits, investigates and makes unannounced shop active standards committees and new projects are: visits. C-TAC (Cable Television Advisory Committee) ; The National Board publications are: National EIA/CTSC (Cable Television Systems Communica-

Board Inspection Code, 1971; National Board Boiler tions) ; NEC (National Electric Code) ; and the JCIC BlowofE Equipment, 1968; Relieving Capacities of (Joint Committee on Inter-Society Coordination). We Safety Valves and Relief Valves, 1970; and the promote the use of our standards through our Bulletin, National Board Information Booklet. Expos, and training centers. Internationally, NCTA The board works with the American Society of participates in subcommittees of the International Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Electrotechnical Commission, and with the Govern- Code; the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational ment, is involved with the Federal Communications

Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ; the U.S. Commission. Coast Guard and the Atomic Energy Commission Formerly: National Community Television Asso- (AEC) in the development of safety standards, codes ciation (1969). and uniform safety inspections. NATIONAL CANNERS' ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL BUILDERS' HARDWARE 1133 20th Street NW., ASSOCIATION, Washington, D.C. 20036 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 NCA was founded in 1907, by commercial packers of food products in hermetically sealed containers, This association, founded in 1934, serves the inter- sterilized by heat. ests of 500 builders' hardware and/ or door distributors This organization maintains a liaison with the in the United States and Canada and selected overseas National Conference on Weights and Measures for locations. of its active programs is the promotion One the purpose of developing constructive and uniform of standardization of hardware locations and installa- laws and regulations on the state level. In addition, tion. Twelve location standards have been promul- to develop improvements in the products, processes, gated through the American National Standards quality control measures, spoilage prevention and sani- Institute and numbered American National Stand- tation techniques used in the canning industry, the ards A115.1 through A115.12. association maintains research laboratories in Berke- As the only national trade association for builders' ley, California; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, the hardware and/or the door distribution industry, D.C. scope of standards is national. NCA is an active participant in a program of devel- Standards are promoted through Doors and Hard- oping an international standard of food cans. This ware, the industry trade journal (circulation 10,000) activity is under the auspices of the International and through voluntary self-compliance among indus- Organization for Standardization (ISO) with the try manufacturers and distributors. New standards, secretariat residing in the British Standards Institu- including locations for tubular deadlocks, are in tion. The American National Standards Institute process. (ANSI) has designated NCA as the delegate to the Contract Hardward Association Formerly: National ISO Technical Committee, ISO/TC 52—Hermetically (1954). Sealed Food Containers. Formed by merger of: Atlantic State NATIONAL CABLE TELEVISION Canners' Asso- ciation and the Western Packers' Association (1907). ASSOCIATION, INC. 918 Sixteenth Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20006 NATIONAL CARGO BUREAU, INC., One World Trade Center, The National Cable Television Association New York, New York 10048 (NCTA) has since 1952, represented the increasingly complex interests of the growing cable television indus- National Cargo Bureau, Inc. (NCB) was founded try before Congress and Federal agencies, in courts of in 1952. It is dedicated to the safe loading, stowing, law, and before state regulatory agencies in dialogues securing and unloading of cargo and cargo containers with other industries and groups. Through the news on all vessels, and for the design, strength, safety and media we have successfully conveyed the industry's suitability of cargo handling gear and cargo containers, message to the general public. including the security and integrity of containers.

116 The bureau is a nonprofit organization whose mem- NCPI is active in the American Society for Testing bership is comprised mainly of persons who are promi- and Materials, the American National Standards Insti- nently identified with steamship management or tute and the American Association of State Highway marine insurance underwriting organizations. Officials. It also assists in the development of Federal Internationally, the bureau participates in activities specifications. the of Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Formerly : National Clay Pipe Manufacturers. Organization (IMCO) by being active on the IMCO Maritime Safety Committee, the Subcommittee on Containers and Cargoes (formerly the Bulk Cargoes THE NATIONAL CLAY POT Subcommittee) and the Subcommittee on the Car- MANUFACTURERS, riage of Dangerous Goods. This subcommittee P.O. Box 384, recently completed its work in revising the interna- Jackson, Missouri 63755 tional regulations for the carriage of bulk grain. NCB is authorized to assist the U.S. Coast Guard The National Clay Pot Manufacturers, Incorpo- in administering the provisions of the Dangerous rated, was established in 1956 to "act to stimulate Cargo Act and the applicable regulations in Title 46, professional and public interest in the uses and advan- of the Code of Federal Regulations, Shipping, with tages of clay flower pots and in the modern techniques respect to: inspection of vessels for suitability for employed in their manufacture and productuion." The loading dangerous cargo; examination of stowage of organization was incorporated as a Missouri not-for- dangerous cargo; making recommendations as to stow- profit corporation. One of the activities of the orga- age requirements of dangerous cargo; and issuance of nization is the standardization of sizes and shapes of certificate of loading setting forth that the stowage of clay flower pots manufactured in the United States. dangerous cargo is in accordance with the regulations. Being a small organization, the group acts as a com- The bureau is also authorized by the U.S. Coast mittee of the whole to effect standardization of sizes Guard to certify the loading of bulk grain cargoes and and shapes of clay flower pots manufactured in this to approve grain loading plans in accordance with cur- country. The activities of the association have resulted rent regulations. The bureau is officially recognized in greater standards than have ever been known by by the Coast Guard and the Department of Labor as the manufacturers of red clay flower pots. a cargo gear certification agency. National Cargo Bureau is national in scope and has offices in all principal seaports in the United States. NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON UNIFORM Absorbed: Bureau of Inspection of Board of Under- TRAFFIC LAWS AND ORDINANCES, writers of New York; Board of Marine Underwriters of 1776 Massachusetts Avenue NW, San Francisco (1952). Suite 430, Washington, D.C. 20036 NATIONAL CLAY PIPE INSTITUTE, 350 West Terra Cotta Avenue, The committee, established in 1926, maintains the Crystal Lake, Illinois 60014 Uniform Vehicle Code and Model Traffic Ordinance as standards for quality and uniformity among state The National Clay Pipe Institute (NCPI) is a and local motor vehicle and traffic laws. It also pub- national nonprofit organization incorporated in 1944. lishes documents showing differences among state The association members are vitrified clay pipe manu- laws and encourages adoption of these standards. In facturers throughout the United States, as well as areas of emerging or experimental interest, the com- associate member companies in several foreign coun- mittee prepares model state laws. tries. The NCPI renders engineering advisory services The National Committee cooperates in efforts to to design engineers. Government officials and others. achieve international agreement of traffic laws and is It conducts scientific research, national advertising involved with the U.S. Department of Transportation's and public relations programs on behalf of the indus- highway safety program. try. The institute maintains a research laboratory Organized in 1947 to continue work begun in 1925, located at Crystal Lake, Illinois. Research programs the committee has over 130 members including legis- are occasionally conducted at various independent lators, police officers, traffic engineers, highway offi- research laboratories and universities. cials, motor vehicle administrators, governors' The institute publishes a textbook Clay Pipe Engi- highway safety representatives, judges, prosecutors, city neering Manual for engineers, city and state officials attorneys, educators, physicians, mayors, county offi- and architects. Also, the institute publishes various cials and attorneys general, insurance companies, additional technical brochures of an educational motor clubs, safety councils, manufacturers, dealers, nature relating to the use of vitrified clay pipe in trade associations, unions, national transportation sanitary sewer systems. The institute also produces associations and other individuals and groups inter- colored 16 mm films showing the details of clay pipe ested in achieving sound, uniform motor vehicle laws manufacturing, recommended methods of sewer con- and regulations. struction and related subjects. These films are avail- Formerly: National Conference on Street and High- able for industry and public use. way Safety (1947).

117 NATIONAL CONCRETE MASONRY grading cooperates with the U. S. Department of ASSOCIATION, Agriculture in providing methods for the evaluations 1800 North Kent Street, of cottonseed. P.O. Box 9185, The research committee regularly reviews research Rosslyn Station, on cottonseed and cottonseed products and recom- Arlington, Virginia 22209 mends lines of work for support by the association; a research fellowship is maintained at the New Orleans The National Concrete Masonry Association, estab- Laboratory of the Agriculture Research Service and lished in 1920, is a nonprofit trade association repre- grants are made to several universities and other senting concrete masonry manufacturers throughout research agencies. the United States, Canada and 21 other countries. Its The association works with the Association of functions are to encourage the development of the art American Feed Control Officials to standardize regula- and science of manufacturing concrete masonry, to tions governing the labeling and marketing of cotton- create a standard of excellence in manufacture, to seed cake and meal. develop criteria for the proper use of concrete masonry Trading rules activity may involve as much as ten products, to encourage such use, and facilitate the percent of the association's program of work. A acquirement and interchange of practical knowledge Trading Rules book is published annually. The trading among its members and related industries and rules also cover sunflower seed and peanut oil at the organizations. refining level. Special rules are used in exports of The standardization activities of the association are cottonseed oil. No other international standard activ- developed by the Technical and Specifications Review ity is undertaken. Committees and are subject to approval by the Board The association certifies official chemists, weighers of Directors. In addition, the association maintains and inspectors. continuing liaison and participation in the standard- The scope of activities for the members of this ization and specification activities of the major association covers may common problem areas such national code bodies in the U.S., the American Society as transportation, insurance, product promotion and for Testing and Materials and the American Concrete raw material development. Institute. Liaison and product specification assistance Members of all committees are included in the is also conducted on a regular basis with agencies of Rules book. Copies may be obtained from the associa- the Federal Government including the National tion for a nominal charge. Bureau of Standards, Departments of Housing and Founded in 1897 as the Interstate Cottonseed Urban Development, Defense, Commerce, Agricul- Crushers' Association, the organization was reorga- ture, Health, Education and Welfare, and with the nized and adopted its present name in 1929. Corps of Engineers, Veterans Administration, Gen- eral Services Administration, National Aeronautics NATIONAL CRUSHED STONE and Space Administration and the Federal Aviation ASSOCIATION, Administration. 1415 Elliot Place NW., The National Concrete Masonry Association is the Washington, D.C. 20007 only national organization representing the interests of the concrete masonry industry. This association cooperates with national technical Absorbed: Autoclave Building Products Association. organizations in standardizing specifications, methods of test, and recommended practices involving the use NATIONAL COTTONSEED PRODUCTS of crushed stone. It is represented on technical com- ASSOCIATION, mittees of the American Society for Testing and 2400 Poplar Avenue, Materials dealing with concrete and concrete aggre- P.O. Box 12023, gates, road and paving materials, and mortars for Memphis, Tennessee 38112 unit masonry. The association actively participates in the technical committee work primarily concerned This association maintains, for members, trading with the development of recommended practices of rules which contain standards of quality, weight and the American Concrete Institute, the American Rail- measurement of all cottonseed products, and general way Engineering Association, and the Highway terms and conditions applicable to buyers and sellers Research Board of the National Research Council. who are association members, both domestic and for- Through a joint committee composed of representa- eign. In addition to defining product grade and qual- tives of the National Sand and Gravel Association, the ity, the association's rules provide for adjustments, National Slag Association, and this association, a packaging, performance of contracts, weighing, sam- simplification program was initiated under the auspices pling and inspection service, chemical analysis and of the National Bureau of Standards which resulted in arbitration of differences. the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommen- The association has a chemists' committee com- dations R147-42 (withdrawn 10-23-72), on wire diam- posed of qualified oil chemists, which must approve eters for mineral aggregate production screens and methods of chemical analysis before they are incor- R163-48 on coarse aggregate (crushed stone, gravel, porated into the trading rules. A committee on seed and slag) sizes. In continuation of the cooperative

118 effort of the three mineral aggregates associations, a Formerly: National Society for Crippled Children Joint Technical Committee of representatives of the and Adults (1967). technical staffs of these associations has been formed for the purpose of coordinating and combining the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, technical work on problems of mutual interest. 1201 16th Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20036 THE NATIONAL EASTER SEAL SOCIETY FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN AND ADULTS, The National Education Association (NEA) of the 2023 West Ogden Avenue, United States, a private, nonprofit, nongovernmental Chicago, Illinois 60612 organization, was founded August 26, 1857 under the name The National Teachers' Association. The name The National Easter Seal Society, founded in 1956, was changed to the National Education Association is a federation of separately incorporated affiliates of the United States on November 6, 1886. NEA is a united in a common cause: serving the needs of professional organization of approximately 1.4 million America's handicapped. Together, this network of educators; 52 state-level and 9000 local associations 2,000 state and local affiliates, chapters and com- are affiliates. mittees in all States, Puerto Rico and Washington, The purpose of NEA is to elevate the character D.C., has achieved worldwide recognition as the old- and advance the interests of the profession of teach- est and largest voluntary agency providing services to ing and to promote the cause of popular education in handicapped children and adults. These services relate the United States. to the individual as well as the environment in which Approximately 7 percent of the total program is the handicapped person functions. devoted to standardization activities. The basic aim of The National Easter Seal Society, in cooperation NEA is professional excellence. This goal is to develop with the President's Committee on Employment of principles and procedures that lead to the improve- the Physically Handicapped, works toward the elimi- ment of instruction, professional development, and nation of architectural barriers across the nation by: self-governance for the profession and for teachers. (1) increasing public awareness of the opportunities NEA is a member of the World Confederation of denied the handicapped for participation in commu- Organizations of the Teaching Profession. nity life because of architectural barriers; (2) stimulating community action to provide accessibility in NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS' public buildings, transportation and housing to the ASSOCIATION, disabled; and (3) assuring the elimination of archi- 7315 Wisconsin Avenue, tectural barriers by influencing legislation, building Washington, D.C. 20014 codes and regulations. As pioneers in a movement to make the United The National Electrical Contractors' Association States a more humane society, the National Easter (NECA) which was founded in 1901, is the nation- Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults, in the wide trade association representing the electrical con- late 1950's, initiated the establishment of the Steering tracting industry. Standards activities are under the Committee to develop standards for accessibility for guidance of the association's Codes and Standards the handicapped. Representatives of more than 50 Committee. organizations concerned with design and building con- The National Electrical Code is a stabilizing force struction were brought together for the purpose of in the electrical construction industry. It sets the basic determining such standards. Today, the committee's standards for electrical equipment and materials and end product, the American National Standard Specifica- the methods of their installation. One of the first tions for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to, projects of NECA after its formation in 1901 was to and Usable by, the Physically Handicapped, is the secure the electrical contractors right to a voice in the basis for Public Law 90-480 and its counterpart in 48 formulating of the electrical code rules. Today, more states as well as for the building codes adopted by than 70 years later, electrical contractors, through numerous municipalities across the country. NECA, have representation on the Correlating Com- The National Easter Seal Society through its liaison mittee and all of the code making panels of the with the American Institute of Architects, channels National Electrical Code Committee which is respon- information to the American National Standards sible for the development, revision and promotion of Institute (ANSI) for continuous review of standards the National Electrical Code. NECA also represents (American National Standard A117-1961 R1971). electrical contractors on the group responsible for the Also, in cooperation with the President's Committee development of the National Electrical Safety Code, on Employment of the Handicapped, the Easter Seal which is concerned with outside construction. Society, the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban The development of electrical material and equip- Affairs and the U. S. Department of Transportation, ment standards and their inspection and approval are the Easter Seal Society promotes the development of of important concern to electrical contractors. Elec- standards in housing and transportation to assure trical contractors are represented on related commit- accessibility for the handicapped population of the tees of the American National Standards Institute United States. through NECA representation on such committees.

119 Adequate and clear electrical specifications and draw- engaged in standardization. Standards of interest to ings facilitate both the estimating and installation of NEMA are developed in cooperation with other indus- electrical installations. Through NECA participation on tries or other branches of the electrical industry, related American National Standards Committees and through such agencies as the American Society for in the activities of other associations such as the Testing and Materials, Edison Electric Institute, Construction Specifications Institute, the electrical National Fire Protection Association, Underwriters' contractor's views are represented. Laboratories, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics The promotion of better wiring standards requires Engineers, and other associations, laboratories or Gov- technical standards whether the application is resi- ernment bodies. dential, commercial or industrial. Developing stand- Many electrical product standards originating within ards of adequacy is the function of the NECA NEMA or initiated by other organizations are of such Technical Service which maintains competent repre- national significance as to make desirable their adop- sentation on interindustry and other standards agen- tion as American National Standards under the pro- cies. A NECA Standard of Installation which defines cedure established by the American National Standards good workmanship has been developed for inclusion Institute (ANSI) which provides participation by and in specifications for electrical installations. It is also consideration of the views of all interested groups. used as an authoritative guide to determine the "neat NEMA supports ANSI through participation in its and workmanlike manner" requirements of the standardizing activities. It has representation on many National Electrical Code. standards committees and sponsors several of them. The prevention and reduction of accidents to elec- It addition, it is represented on ANSI Technical trical workers has always been important to electrical Advisory Board and the Organizational Member contractors. The recent Federal legislation on occu- Council. pational safety and health has made it a necessity. NEMA participates in the International Electro- NECA provides continuing information to its mem- technical Commission (lEC), the international body bers on OSHA requirements and developments and for the development and approval of recommenda- represents the electrical contractors' viewpoints to the tions for electrical standards, by means of representa- Federal Agencies. tion on the U.S. National Committee of the lEC; by its representatives on the American National Standards Committees which act as advisory groups to the U.S. National Committee on the technical provisions of lEC NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS' proposals; and by the presence of its representatives ASSOCIATION, at meetings of lEC Technical Committees. Through 155 East 44th Street, the U.S. National Committee on Participation in the New York, New York 10017 International Commission on Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment (CEE), NEMA provides an This is a trade association of manufacturers of observer to the CEE, a European safety organization. almost every kind of equipment and apparatus used In addition to products standards, NEMA is vitally for the generation, transmission, distribution and concerned with and participates in the development utilization of electric power. The membership of of safety standards affecting electrical equipment. NEMA comprises over 500 of the major electrical There are two principal codes dealing with electrical manufacturing companies in the country. The mem- safety: the National Electrical Code (American bership is limited by its constitution to corporations, National Standard CI) developed by the National Fire firms and individuals actively engaged in the manu- Protection Association and dealing with installations facture for sale in the open market of products in and around buildings, and the National Electrical included with the product scope of one or more of Safety Code (American National Standard C2) spon- the 80 NEMA product subdivisions. It may therefore sored by the National Bureau of Standards and dealing be considered an aggregation of product sections, each with power houses, substations, overhead and under- representing a group of manufacturers of certain ground lines. NEMA cooperates with other branches classes of products, such as motors and generators, of the industry in an effort to secure acceptance steam turbines, transformers, wire and cable, switch- throughout the country of nationally recognized gear, industrial control, and building equipment standards for safe construction and installation. Its products. Sections with related interests are organized members also cooperate in an advisory capacity with into seven divisions. the Underwriters' Laboratories in the development of NEMA has published over 200 separate standards standards for electrical safety. publications for electrical apparatus and equipment NEMA, upon invitation, furnishes the military and in the following classifications: illuminating equip- other governmental standardizing bodies information ment, signalling and communication equipment, and recommendations for use in the preparation of industrial apparatus, building equipment and supplies, their initial drafts or revisions of various Federal and insulating materials, insulated wire and cable, genera- military specifications affecting products within its tion, transmission and distribution equipment. scope. A considerable amount of NEMA standardization Formed by merger of: Electric Power Club; Associ- activity is in cooperation with other organizations ated Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies.

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NATIONAL ELEVATOR INDUSTRY, INC., four-year colleges and universities. Similar guidelines 600 Third Avenue, and sample curricula have been set up for two-year New York, New York 10016 programs. NEHA is also actively sponsoring a national registration program for sanitarians in conjunction The National Elevator Industry (NEII) was with the Professional Examination Service of New founded in 1934. Two committees of this organization York. The association is in the process of developing are concerned with the development of standards and standards for a national certification program for codes. The Standards Committee is concerned with the food service owners and operators. This new program development of elevator engineering standards and will include a textbook, a self-inspection manual and the Central Code Committee is concerned with all a movie. Annually, the association sponsors an edu- phases of safety codes that pertain to elevators, cational conference where members come to hear dumbwaiters, escalators and moving walks. nationally recognized speakers and participate in the The Standards Committee has formulated standard activities and reports of over 45 committees. Listings layouts for the industry. These layouts give standard of committees and committee members can be found car sizes and hoistway and machine room dimensions in the November/December issue of the Journal of for various types of elevators. Environmental Health. The Central Code Committee is concerned with the preparations, interpretation, revision and adoption of all safety codes for elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS and moving walks. This committee, working through CONTRACTORS' ASSOCIATION, regional subcommittees throughout the country, takes 1501 Wilson Boulevard, an active part in securing the adoption of new state Arlin^on, Virginia 22209 and city elevator safety codes, the revision of existing codes, and securing uniform interpretation of code In 1968 the National Warm Air Heating and Air rules conforming to the American National Standard Conditioning Association merged with the Aircondi- A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators. Working in conjunc- tioning and Refrigeration Contractors of America to tion with the American Standards Association (ASA, form the National Environmental Systems Contractors' and now the American National Standards Institute Association (NESCA). ANSI) A17 Sectional Committee, NEII assisted in the The main purpose of NESCA is to provide impor- development and subsequent revision of ASA A17.1 tant and useful services to firms, corporations or American Standard Safety Code for Elevators, Dumb- individuals who design, install, service or repair waiters and Escalators and in its publication by the heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems. A American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1925 major function of this association is the development as an American Standard, and of the ASA A17.2 of standards for the design and installation of warm American Standard Practice for the Inspection of Ele- air heating and air-conditioning systems. Standards vators first approved by ASA and published by ASME are published in practical manual form. Many of the in 1945. manuals have been adopted as standards of design Formerly: National Elevator Manufacturing Indus- and installation by the Federal Housing Administra- try (1969). tion. These manuals are regularly updated by a committee of contractors and engineer-representatives of manufacturers. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NESCA's Manpower Committee recently established, ASSOCIATION, in conjunction with the Department of Labor, the 1600 Pennsylvania, National Apprenticeship Standards for Environmental Denver, Colorado 80203 Control Systems Craftsmen (Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technician). The standards have been The National Environmental Health Association approved and registered by the Bureau of Apprentice- (NEHA), founded in 1937, is a nonprofit nongovern- ship and Training, Manpower Administration, U.S. mental organization working toward raising educational Department of Labor. The standards are designed as employment and performance standards for the pro- a guideline for establishing local apprentice programs fession. Until 1969, it was known as the National for the training of installation craftsmen for the Association of Sanitarians. It is composed of 47 state heating and air-conditioning industry. This program is associations with a coordinating national office in only available to contractors who are members of Denver, Colorado. This office publishes the Journal of NESCA. As a point of information, NESCA's Man- Environmental Health, a bimonthly, which is distrib- power Committee works only in behalf of those uted to members, subscribers, and institutions, as well contractors who operate within the merit shop or as to individuals in 57 countries. The association is open shop segment of our industry. Thus, these very active in the field of education and has a National standards pertain only to the merit shop contractors Accreditation Council which has developed an accred- and in no way affect NESCA contractors who are itation program for environmental health curricula in signatory with any union.

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NATIONAL FEDERATION OF Of primary concern in writing athletic rules for LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSES, INC., high school competition is adapting the playing rules 250 West 57th Street, to the abilities of secondary school athletes. Standards New York, New York 10023 of safety are regularly scrutinized and revised for this purpose and are incorporated in the rule publications. The National Federation of Licensed Practical In addition, the National Operating Committee for Nurses was founded in 1949 as a nonprofit corpora- Safety in Athletic Equipment was formed in 1970 by tion designed to: represent licensed practical nurses the National Federation and other athletic organiza- in the health field; establish policy and standards for tions. practical nursing; develop and promote continuing The various state high school associations which education for licensed practical nurses; insure the use the National Federation rule codes are responsible public that good standards of nursing would be for their enforcement. The National Federation pro- observed; and to cooperate with allied health groups vides national interpretations of the rules. in working to improve health care for the people. Statements of general standards and policy are The membership of the National Federation is com- contained in the official handbook of the National posed of licensed practical nurses in 40 constituent Federation of State High School Associations. The state associations, and individual members in 10 current rule publication list is obtainable from the states. National Federation headquarters. The Education Committee works cooperatively with Formerly: National Federation of State High the National Licensed Practical Nurses Education School Athletic Associations (1970) Foundation, the education and research arm of NFLPN, in developing guidelines for continuing education and serves as an information resource for NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION licensed practical nurses and allied health groups. ASSOCIATION, The NFLPN supports the National League for 470 Atlantic Avenue, Nursing (NLN) as the recognized agency for accred- Boston, Massachusetts 02210 itation of practical nursing programs. NLN uses the NFLPN Statement of Functions and Qualifications of This association is a nonprofit, technical and educa- the Licensed Practical Nurse as one of the criteria for tional organization to promote the science and accreditation. improve the methods of fire protection. Organized in NFLPN works cooperatively with NLN and sup- 1896, the association now enjoys a membership which ports its efforts in the improvement of curriculum, includes 180 national and regional organizations, and development of faculty and research in practical approximately 28,500 individuals, firms, and corpora- nursing and development of practical nursing pro- tions. grams. NFLPN contributes to the development of One of the main functions of NFPA is in the standards for practical nursing through representa- standards making field under which codes, standards, tion on the Steering Committee of the NLN. and recommended practices are developed as guides to engineered protection for reducing loss of life and NATIONAL FEDERATION OF STATE property by fire. The other principal function is to HIGH SCHOOLS ASSOCIATIONS, educate the public in fire prevention to reduce man- 400 Leslie Street, caused fires. Elgin, Illinois 60120 The standards activity is handled by 162 committees and sectional committees whose membership is The National Federation, which now represents comprised of approximately 2,100 individuals repre- over 22,000 high schools and nearly 10,000,000 senting qualified international, national and regional secondary school students, was organized in 1921 organizations, NFPA sections or technical committees, primarily to secure proper adherence to the eligibility and individuals especially qualified to serve on the rules of the various state high school associations basis of their personal knowledge of the subjects. In during interstate competition. Definite standards for addition, committees may have liaison or advisory sanctioning domestic athletic events have been estab- members, and corresponding members, the latter lished and are enforced by the National Federation. group being composed chiefly of individuals who live Playing rules are written by committees of second- outside the North American continent who are in a ary school personnel and are published and distributed position to assist in the committee work only through by the National Federation for domestic competition correspondence. in 14 interscholastic sports; for boys: baseball, basket- Fire safety has broad applications and the standards ball, football, gymnastics, soccer, swimming and formulated and adopted by the association cover a diving, track and field, volleyball and wrestling; for wide range of subjects. The standards are combined girls: basketball, gymnastics, swimming and diving, and published yearly as National Fire Codes, the track and field and volleyball. Sixty-six rules related volumes of which are identified as follows: Volume 1, publications are published by the National Federation Flammable Liquids; Volume 2, Gases; Volume 3, (nearly all on an annual basis), including 26 rule Combustible Solids, Dusts and Explosives; Volume 4, books and 14 rule examinations. Building Construction and Facilities; Volume 5, Elec-

122 trical (including the National Electrical Code) ; Volume standards are processed to become American National 6, Sprinklers, Fire Pumps and Water Tanks; Volume Standards. In addition, NFPA serves as the secretariat 7, Alarms and Special Extinguishing Systems; Vol- (designated by the American National Standards ume 8, Portable and Manual Fire Control Equipment; Institute—ANSI) for Technical Committee 131, Fluid Volume 9, Occupancy Standards and Process Haz- Power Systems and Components, of the International ards; Volume 10, Transportation. The total number Organization for Standardization (ISO). of standards published in these volumes is 226. The National in scope, the association sponsors some 50 total number of pages in the National Fire Codes (in current fluid power standards, issued separately and their most recent editions) is 9,500 pages. in a comprehensive 900-page publication of aU NFPA, These codes and standards are nationally recog- ANSI, and ISO fluid power standards. nized and widely adopted by the Federal, state and The association's standards program is administered local governments. A number of the standards issued by the NFPA Technical Board, under the direction of by NFPA are subsequently submitted to and approved which are organized 25 separate sections or commit- by the American National Standards Institute. Typical tees, and some 150 project groups. NFPA standards of these standards are the National Electrical Code, the cover dimensions, specifications, methods of testing or Life Safety Code, and a series of codes on Dust rating, terminology, symbols, and procedures for sys- Explosion Hazards. tems as well as individual components, including Being an international organization with members fluid power cylinders, valves, pumps, motors, sealing in more than 80 countries, NFPA is involved in many devices, conductors, fittings, filters, fluids, servovalves, international programs. In their standards making accumulators, and pneumatic logic devices. field, the NFPA participates in the International A certification program is underway for pressure Organization for Standardization and the Canadian and fatigue rating of fluid power components. Electrical Code Committee. An index listing of all NFPA and ANSI fluid power Many agencies of the Federal Government serve on standards is available from the association upon the technical committees of the association and many request. agencies use NFPA technical committee documents Standards activities account for half of the total for various purposes. These agencies include the association programs. Departments of Labor, Health, Education, and Wel- fare, National Bureau of Standards, General Services Administration, Housing and Urban Development and NATIONAL FOREST PRODUCTS the Veterans Administration. ASSOCIATION, 1619 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 20036 NATIONAL FLAXSEED PROCESSORS' ASSOCIATION, This association is national in scope, and was origi- Box 246, nally founded in 1902 under the name National Littleton, North Carolina 27850 Lumber Manufacturers' Association. In 1965, the present name was adopted. This association, consisting of flaxseed processors NFPA represents the interest of more than 1200 producing linseed oil and meal, contributes to the producers of forest products, particularly in the areas development of national standards for flaxseed and of Federal regulations and policies that affect the for- flaxseed products. The association itself, and through est products industry. This association is a federation its members, cooperates in the development of test of 24 affiliated wood associations. methods and specifications which are ultimately Most of the participation in standardization activi- approved and issued by Government agencies and ties is carried on by the NFPA Technical Services organizations such as the American Society for Test- Division. This association prepares and distributes ing and Materials and the American Oil Chemists' various standards for the use of lumber and wood Society. Publications to date include Trading Rules products. Prominent among these are the National Governing Purchase and Sale of Linseed Oil and Lin- Design Specification for Stress-Grade Lumber and Its seed Meal. Fastenings, Wood Structural Design Data booklet. Maximum Spans for Joists and Rafters in Residential Construction, Wood Construction Data Series, and NATIONAL FLUID POWER Technical Report Series. NFPA is directly involved ASSOCIATION, INC., with the four major model building codes groups, the P.O. Box 49, Model Code Standardization Committee, in the devel- Thiensville, Wisconsin 53092 opment and revision of various codes to provide practical, economical code requirements for the building This association, founded in 1953, sponsors stand- community and enforcing jurisdictions. ards for the fluid power industry in the United States. This association is not involved to a significant It also sponsors the American National Standards extent in international programs, except for a repre- Committee B93, Fluid Power Systems and Compo- sentation on a few American National Standards nents, through which NFPA and other fluid power Committees developing international standards.

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NFPA provides technical input to various Federal of drugs and drug dosage forms selected on the basis construction standards, such as the following: HUD- of therapeutic value. Such standards include the drug FHA Minimum Property Standards; DoD Tri-Services names, definitions, descriptions, and specifications Military Family Housing Specifications; DoD Con- including test procedures and assays for the determi- struction Criteria Manual; General Services Adminis- nation of compliance with the standards. NF tration Construction Specifications; and Health, standards and specifications are developed and estab- Education and Welfare Construction Standards. lished in such a manner to ensure adequate and Many other miscellaneous Government and military appropriate characteristics of quality, strength, purity, construction standards are reviewed by NFPA and its and identity of the articles to which the respective federated associations. In addition, this association is standards apply. active with the National Conference of States on For this purpose there are approximately 1,000 Building Codes and Standards, the Model Code Stand- separate monographs comprising standards of iden- ardization Council, the One and Two Family Dwelling tity, quality, purity, and strength for individual arti- Code and other similar groups. cles in the currently official National Formulary and NFPA is represented on the American National supplements to it. Many of the NF test or assay Standards Z34 Certification Committee, and is active procedures require the use of a special reference sub- in various standards committees, code and Govern- stance. There are approximatly 250 NF Reference ment organizations that are considering new certifica- Standards currently in distribution. The authentic tion accreditation procedures. substances which are distributed as standards of The various regional and species associations that reference (NF Reference Standards) are in a sense are federated with NFPA prepare and publish grading certified as to their suitability for the intended pur- rules adapted to their respective species which are pose. Otherwise, it is the responsibility of the drug then used for the grading of lumber. These associa- manufacturer to ensure that their products meet the tions also develop a variety of product standards. standards provided and are otherwise in compliance The association has continually engaged in the with the specifications developed. development of lumber standards by participating The scope of the standards are national in charac- with various committees of the American Society for ter by virtue of Federal law. Moreover, each individual Testing and Materials, and the American National state takes note of these standards in the pertinent Standards Institute, including those which develop state drug laws thereby making them a requirement standard methods for fire endurance test, for build- in interstate as well as intrastate commerce. A num- ing construction and methods for testing building ber of foreign countries, such as Canada, have also construction. adopted the National Formulary as a legal standard for drugs marketed, and even in those countries where the NF is not a standard by law, it is frequently THE NATIONAL FORMULARY, looked upon as an unofficial or voluntary standard of 2215 Constitution Avenue NW., reference. Washington, D.C. 20037 The organization is involved with the World Health Organization in developing international specifications The National Formulary (NF), established in 1888, for drugs and international nomenclature for the nam- is a book of drug standards which since 1906 has ing of drugs. It also participates to a lesser degree in been recognized as an official drug compendium in programs of the Pan-American Health Organization the Federal food and drug law, as well as the drug and the Federation Internationale Pharmaceutique. laws of individiaul states. As such, the standards There is considerable involvement with the Federal prescribed therein are subject to enforcement by Government since the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos- Federal and state drug officials (i.e., the Food and metic Act specifically provides that marketed drugs in Drug Administration) the United States must comply with standards set The entire NF program is devoted to standardiza- forth for them in the NF, that the methods of deter- tion activities. The criteria for establishing standards mining such compliance should be those specified in and specifications, and the procedures followed in the NF, and that the Secretary of the Department of qualifying an article for admission to the NF, are Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) is assigned formulated by the NF Board, which is elected by the the specific responsibility to ascertain that marketed Board of Trustees of the American Pharmaceutical drugs are in such compliance. Furthermore, through Association (APhA). The association is the national APhA, NF jointly participates with several other orga- professional society of individual pharmacists, and it nizations in sponsoring and conducting a program for publishes the NF as a service to the public health and the establishment of standardized nonproprietary welfare. Acting within the guidelines established by nomenclature for drugs known as the United States the NF Board, the NF Committee on Admissions Adopted Names Council (USAN). In all of these recommends articles for NF recognition, and the NF activities, the overwhelming contact is with the Food Committee on Specifications assists in developing and Drug Administration and its various bureaus, standards, specifications, test procedures, and assays. and offices. However, these programs also involve The NF is a compendium of standards designed to many other agencies within the Government, such as promote the safety, effectiveness, quality, and purity the Treasury Department (Alcohol and Tobacco Divi-

124 sion), the Social Security Administration (Medicare NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL LEATHER Division), the Justice Department (Drug Enforce- ASSOCIATION, ment Administration), etc. P.O. Box 1485, The NF has long been a leader in efforts to utilize Pompano Beach, Florida 33061 the metric system to standardize weights and measures in the United States. The metric system was intro- The association, through its Engineering and Tech- duced into the second edition of the NF in 1896, and nical Committees representing its different divisions, since 1960 all units of weights and measures in the has developed dimensional standards covering leather NF have been given only in the metric system. belting, mechanical leather packings, certain textile The principal scope of current activities provides leathers, etc. These same committees have also pre- for the establishment of new monographs or standards pared standard procedures for testing such physical for the National Formulary; proposals of the NF characteristics of various industrial leather products as Board are issued from the NF office on a regular basis, the bond strength of cement used in the fabrication for public review. of leather belting, porosity of leather packings, etc. New editions are issued at five year intervals, with Through the work of the association, horsepower supplements being issued at periodic intervals between rating tables and correction factors have been devel- revisions. The National Formulary Thirteenth Edi- oped for flat leather belting, which have been adopted tion-1970, (NF XIII), distributed for the APhA by by the entire industry. The association and its com- the Mack Publishing Company of Easton, Pennsyl- mittees have cooperated in the preparation of Federal vania, along with five supplements to the volume specifications covering various industrial leather prod- which have been issued to date, constitute the latest ucts. NILA is on the American National Standards listing of NF standards. Lists of NF reference stand- Sectional Committee B93 in the development of rec- ards are available from the office on written request. ommended practices pertaining to sealing devices. Formerly: American Leather Belting Association (1926). NATIONAL HARDWOOD LUMBER ASSOCIATION, Suite 1450, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFANT 332 South Michigan Avenue, SERVICES, Chicago, Illinois 60605 Diaper Service Accreditation Council, 2017 Walnut Street, One of the principal functions of this organization Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 (NHLA) since its formation in 1898 has been the maintenance of standards for the grading of hardwood The institute is a result of a merger in 1971 of two lumber, and an inspection staff for the official appli- national associations, the Diaper Service Industry cation of the standards. The 1,500 member firms are Association, and the National Institute of Diaper located almost entirely in the United States and Can- Services, organizations that had been in existence ada, but there is a scattering of members in other since 1938. The main purpose was to conduct research countries of the world. into the requirements of diaper processing to meet the The association issues biennially a new edition of sensitivity of infant skin. An independent accredited the Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of medical laboratory under the supervision of a clinical Hardwood Lumber, Cypress, and Thin Lumber. pathologist conducted microbiological and patch test NHLA's grade rules are recognized as standard studies on infants to establish standards. The labora- throughout the world. tory then devised testing procedures by which random The association maintains qualified inspectors in sample diapers can be tested routinely against the the principal hardwood markets and producing dis- prescribed standards. A diaper service must meet these tricts of the United States and Canada who are standards in order to establish qualification and main- authorized to issue certificates of inspection of hard- tain membership. wood lumber and cypress, the correctness of the grades Standards are raised from time to time as new and measurements shown on the certificate being knowledge is revealed by the continuing research pro- guaranteed by the financial resources of the associa- gram. The diaper test now includes five major areas: tion. This official inspection service is available to the ( 1 ) a sanitary score, awarded on the basis of micro- members and nonmembers on government contracts, organisms found on the sample, either by direct plat- including Federal, state or local. Extensive use of this ing or by subculture; if any pathogenic organisms are service has been made by the U. S. Defense Supply found, the sample is not acceptable. Nonpathogenic Agency. organisms are permissable only up to 100 colonies; A full-time school is maintained in Memphis, Ten- (2) a pH test by the colorimetric procedure, to show nessee, by the association for the training of men to that the sample meets the acceptable range of 4.5 to be proficient hardwood inspectors. The course of four 6.5; (3) evidence of impregnation of the sample with months is open to members and nonmembers and an EPA-approved bacteriostat using the Petrocci- their employees up to 50 in number. Clarke agar plate test method against Staphylococcus

125 aureus (ATCC 6538) after 24-hour incubation; (4) The association's pioneering in the field of stand- a softness test with freedom from stiffness or pilling; ardization dates back to 1920. At that time it began and (5) an absorbency test so that water added drop work on the collection of data, looking toward the by drop enters the fabric immediately. standardization of methods of measuring, measure- The institute sponsors an autonomous professional ments and tolerances for knit underwear in the interest Diaper Service Accreditation Council which has proof the consumer, as well as the jobber, manufacturer mulgated standards for plant sanitation, customer serv- and retailer. To facilitate this work, the association ice, and marketing practice, and which is empowered detailed one of its employees to the National Bureau to accredit diaper service applicants who go through of Standards where for over seven years he collected self-evaluation and inspection by an independent site and tabulated essential data. committee for evaluation against the standards. Over the years the NKMA has continued its work Accredited members must maintain all standards as in this field in close cooperation with the U.S. Depart- they may be changed in annual review by the council. ment of Commerce in developing, establishing and promoting commercial standards of measurements and NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OILSEED size conformity, and looks forward to a continuation PRODUCTS, of this cooperation. Formerly: National Association of Knit Goods 111 Sutter Street, Manufacturers (1934); Underwear Institute (1968); San Francisco, California 94104 and National Knitwear Manufacturers' Institute (1970). The National Institute of Oilseed Products (NIOP) was founded in 1934 as a nonprofit organization to promoting the vegetable oils and devoted NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING, INC., vegetable oil products industry. 10 Columbus Circle, NIOP keeps its members and those in the industry New York, New York 10019 informed regarding the uses of vegetable oils and their products, and the economic conditions affecting their The National League for Nursing (NLN), formed manufacture, distribution and sale. in 1893 and under its present name since 1952, was NIOP maintains and publishes annually, uniform founded to improve nursing education and service trading rules containing standard terms and condi- through a coalition of nurses; allied health providers; tions for which the products may be traded. These consumers; schools and agencies. NLN fosters com- rules cover product grade and quality specifications, munity planning for comprehensive health care. quantity specifications, sampling and chemical analy- Nationally, NLN accredits all types of nursing educa- sis procedures, adjustments, and settlement of disputes tion programs, and community health nursing services by arbitration. with the American Public Health Association The Sampling and Analysis Committee makes (APHA). periodic recommendations to the governing board for The NLN standardization activities are adminis- revisions in the rules pertaining to sampling and ana- tered by the following four education departments: lytical procedures and requirements. Practical Nursing Programs; Diploma Programs; Bac- The Rules Committee cooperates with the Interna- calaureate and Higher Degree Programs; Associate tional Association of Seed Crushers (Europe), Philip- Degree Programs; and the Home Health Agencies and pine Coconut Oil Producers' Association, Philippine Community Health Services, each of which has a Copra Exporters' Association, and the U.S. Depart- council. The councils are responsible for the formula- ment of Agriculture in efforts to improve product tion of criteria for accreditation. Criteria committees quality and establish higher standards of trade prac- of the council revise the criteria which is approved tices, which are then incorporated in the rules. Accreditation activities based the The Chemists' Certification Program requires by the councils. on annual successful completion by approved chemists in criteria represent 50 percent of the entire NLN the American Oil Chemists' Society Smalley Check program. Sample Series. The National Commission on Accreditation Rules books are circulated to each member and to approved NLN for associate degree baccalaureate and other.interested parties. masters programs. NLN is approved as the accrediting agency for nursing education programs by the United NATIONAL KNITWEAR MANUFACTURERS' States Office of Education. The home health agencies ASSOCIATION, accreditation is conducted in cooperation with the 350 Fifth Avenue, APHA. New York, New York 10001 Formerly: American Society of Superintendents of

Training Schools for Nurses (1893) ; National League The National Knitwear Manufacturers Association, of Nursing Education (1912); National League for founded in 1866, is comprised of manufacturers of Nursing, Inc. —Incorporated the former National knit underwear, nightwear and allied products such as Organization of Public Health Nursing and the Asso- sportshirts. ciation of Collegiate Schools of Nursing (1952).

126 NATIONAL LIME ASSOCIATION, The Technical Committee cooperates with the 5010 Wisconsin Avenue NW., Lubrication Committee of the American Petroleum Washington, D.C. 20016 Institute, and with various technical committees of the Society of Automotive Engineers, American The National Lime Association was founded in National Standards Institute, American Society for 1902. In order to assist lime consumers in the most Testing and Materials, Anti-Friction Bearing Manu- efficient utilization of quick and hydrated lime, this facturers Association, American Association of Rail- association has developed, through association-spon- roads, American Petroleum Institute, American sored research in concert with its Technical Commit- Society of Lubrication Engineers, and others. tee, construction guide specifications, materials The institute offers cooperation to interested specifications, and general recommendations in the departments of the United States Government, mortar, plaster, stucco, highway, and water purifica- including the Departments of Defense, Army, Navy, tion and pollution abatement fields. In addition, the Air Force; Department of Commerce, National association is engaged in committee work with the Bureau of Standards; Federal Trade Commission; and American Society for Testing and Materials, American the Interstate Commerce Commission. National Standards Institute, American Road Build- ers' Association, American Water Works Association, Highway Research Board, American Concrete Paving NATIONAL MACHINE TOOL BUILDERS' Association, and the American Public Works Associa- ASSOCIATION, tion in standards work that involves lime. 7901 Weslpark Drive, Some of the activity is reflected in education- McLean, Virginia 22101 promotional literature and movies published by the association. A few examples are: Water Supply and The National Machine Tool Builders' Association Treatment; Exterior Masonry Construction; Chemical (NMTBA) organized in 1902, is comprised of com- Lime Facts; Chemical Treatment of Sewage and panies producing about 90 percent of the U.S. Industrial Wastes; Lime Handling, Application, and machine tool industry's total output. NMTBA's prin- Storage in Treatment Processes; Lime Stabilization cipal objectives are: to be an effective Construction Manual; Flexible Pavement Design (1) spokesman for the industry Guide; Lime Plant Safety Manual; Specifications for in promoting a better understanding of the machine tool industry Lime and Its Uses in Plastering, Stucco, Unit by the Government, the Masonry, and Concrete; and Lime Stabilization of public, and all other interested groups; (2) to provide Clay Soils for Better Roads, a 271/2 minute, 16 mm. educational, technical, economic, and informational movie and Dallas-Ft. Worth Airfield Stabilization, services to its members; (3) to encourage higher 18 minute, 16 mm movie. technical and safety standards, and to promote tech- Formed by merger of: National Agricultural Lime- nological advancements and improvements in the stone Institute and National Crushed Limestone design, engineering, manufacturing and selling of Institute (founded 1955). machine tools. To achieve these goals, the association cooperates with other business and industry groups in the United States and with its counterpart associa- NATIONAL LUBRICATING GREASE tions throughout the world. INSTITUTE, Various technical committees guide the association 4635 Wyandotte Street, efforts in standardization work. While the NMTBA Kansas City, Missouri 64112 formerly wrote an electrical standard, its committees now publish technical documents which are primarily The institute, founded in 1933, is a technical soci- informative in nature. In order to obtain the broadest ety whose objectives are the development of better industry representation in promulgating standards, the lubricating greases for the consumer and better grease association now sponsors machine tool oriented com- lubricating engineering service to the industry. mittees of the American National Standards Institute These objectives are fulfilled by committee actions. and similar standardizing organizations; cooperates Committee members are appointed from member with standardization committees of other trade asso- firms who prepare and solicit technical papers to be ciations; serves as secretariat of the Joint Industrial presented at the annual meeting. Dissemination of Council; and supports representation on committees these data is by presentation at the annual meeting of the International Organization for Standardization and subsequent publication in the "NLGI Spokes- and the International Electrotechnical Commission. man," the institute's monthly technical journal. Fundamentally serving to guide the standardizing The Technical Committee of this institute is charged with developing data pertinent to the manu- activities affecting the machine tool industry, the facture, standardization, and application of products association keeps its membership informed through an of the industry. This committee and individual mem- engineering newsletter and the manufacturing public bers of the institute cooperate with committees of informed through press releases published in the trade technical organizations in matters relating to stand- journals and publications of other trade associations ards and specifications. and technical societies.

127 NATIONAL MICROFILM ASSOCIATION, advises such Government agencies as the General 8728 Colesville Road, Services Administration in the establishment of Fed- Suite 1101, eral specifications for appropriate mineral wool prod- Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 ucts and with the Federal Housing Administration and other governmental bodies, both Federal, state Founded in 1945, the National Microfilm Associa- and local, in the establishment of thermal perform- tion has had a continuing interest and involvement in ance standards that will contribute to the conservation standards in its role as an information forum for ven- of energy. The association also advises and consults dors and users of micrographic systems. The NMA with related industry trade associations, utilities and Standards Board supervises the activities of some 17 other energy suppliers, and professional organizations standards committees engaged in the development of regarding standards, research, applications and other industry standards or recommended practices. Periodic matters related to the industry. reports on these committees and their activities can Formerly: National Rock and Slag Association; be found in the standards column of The Journal of National Mineral Wool Association. Micrographics. Once a new standard has been approved by the Standards Board and by the member- NATIONAL MODEL RAILROAD ship of NMA as an industry standard, it is then sub- ASSOCIATION, mitted to the American National Standards P.O. Box 1328, Station C, Committee on Photographic Reproduction of Docu- Canton, Ohio 44708 ments, PH5, of which NMA is the sponsor/ secretariat. In this capacity, NMA coordinates the development This service organization was established in Mil- and approval of new American National Standards in waukee, Wisconsin, in 1935 to advance the hobby of the field of micrographics and also publishes them. scale model railroading through the development, NMA also participates in the work of the International adoption and regulation of standards, promote cooper- Organization for Standardization when requested by ation and understanding between producers and users the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of hobby materials, and increase opportunities for the official U.S. representative to ISO. fellowship among model railroaders. Current NMA Standards are: Quality for Com- Membership comprises about 25,000 persons active puter Output Microfilm, MSl-1971; Format and in the field, primarily in the United States but also Coding for Computer Output Microfilm, MS2-1971; throughout the world, including members and firms Facsimile Transmission of Microfilmed Documents, in the trade as well as individual practicing hobbyists. MS3-1972 and American National Standard C16.45- The association is subdivided into 15 geographic 1973; Flowchart Symbols and Their Usages in Micro- regions, one in the British Isles and the balance in the graphics, MS4-1972; Microfiche of Documents, United States and Canada. Management is directed MS5-1972; Glossary of Micrographics, MSlOO-1971; by nine elected nonpaid officers, who also serve with and Recommended Practice for Inspection and Qual- the 15 Regional Presidents as members of the govern- ity Control of First Generation Silver Halide Micro- ing Board of Trustees, and all services other than film, MS104-1972. The NMA Publications List membership record-keeping and mailings are per- provides up-to-date information of standards published formed by a volunteer staff. by NMA. A basic function of the NMRA and the primary reason for its founding is that of establishing and NATIONAL MINERAL WOOL INSULATION maintaining design standards for the manufacture of ASSOCIATION, INC. components for use in the hobby. These are intended 211 East 51 Street, to insure interchange between items produced by New York, New York 10022 various sources and to improve performance. Initial specifications were adopted in 1936 and have been A nonprofit organization formed in 1933 to render followed continuously by producers of scale railroad service to its members and to the building industry to models and parts since that time, including refine- promote the welfare and development of mineral wool ments as the state of the art progressed. insulation products designed for installation in build- Typical NMRA standards define track and wheel ings utilized for human occupancy. Members of its relationships, electrical power specifications, and Technical Committee assist, to the extent legally per- clearance dimensions between rolling stock and track- missible, in the development of standards and specifi- side structures. An additional class of specifications, cations, national in scope, referring to mineral wool known as NMRA recommended practices, covers insulation products. Active membership is maintained desirable characteristics other than those necessary for in the American Society for Testing and Materials; physical interchange and is intended to enable manu- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- facturers to improve their product in a manner most Conditioning Engineers; and the model building code suited to the user's needs. A General Engineering organizations. The association leads the insulation Committee is charged with responsibility for develop- industry in matters relating to the overall thermal ment of standards and recommended practices, and a performance of buildings to the conservation of separate Conformance-Inspection Committee checks energy. When so invited, it cooperates with and manufactured products for compliance. Items meeting

128 the standards specifications are granted an NMRA NATIONAL PAPER BOX ASSOCIATION, Conformance Warrant which may be used in advertis- 231 Kings Highway East, ing as long as continued compliance is indicated by Haddonfield, New Jersey 08033 repeat inspections. This association, founded in 1918 and which repre- NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, sents the rigid paper box industry, has developed specifications 47 East 68th Street, for box-covering papers which include New York, New York 10021 standards for fade resistance, surface or color rub, put-up, sample books, and billing terminology. The Specifications Committee the The National Municipal League (NML) was of association is promoting acceptance of these standards to paper mills, founded in 1894. The model laws that are devised, distributors, and box manufacturers. Further published, and distributed by this organization are work is being done by the committee on adhe- intended to serve as standards and to stimulate uni- paperboard, sives, and paper boxes. formity in state, county, and city legislation. They Formerly: National Paper Box Manufacturers' include a model bond law, budget law, city charter Association (1969). (which provides the council-manager form of government) model county charter, election administration , NATIONAL PARTICLEBOARD ASSOCIATION, system, model real property tax collection law, regis- 2306 Perkins Place, tration system, model state constitution and others. Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

NATIONAL OAK FLOORING This association consists of manufacturers of wood MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, particleboard and medium density fiberboard who 814 Sterick Building, participate in the development of standards through Memphis, Tennessee 38103 NPA's Technical Committee. NPA has promulgated five industry standards. These are NPA 1-73, Stand- Standardization and simplification activities of this ard for Particleboard for Mobile Home Decking; NPA association are carried on by its Grading, Milling and 2-72, Standard for Particleboard Decking for Factory- Inspection Committee, which has been functioning Buih Housing; NPA 3-73, Specification for Particle- for more than 40 years. board Floor Underlayment Coated with Wax-Polymer The association has adopted official rules on oak, Type Hot Meh Coatings; NPA COl-73, Specification birch, beech, hard maple, and pecan flooring, which for Wax Polymer Type Hot Melt Coatings for Particle- cover in detail the grades and sizes of quartered and board; and NPA 4-73, Standard for Medium Density plain sawn stock. It cooperated with the Federal Gov- Fiberboard. In addition, the association sponsored ernment in the formulation of the Federal specifica- Commercial Standard CS236-66 for Mat-Formed tion for hardwood flooring (Lumber and Timber: Wood Particleboard and assisted the General Serv- Hardwood, MM-L-736C), which includes references ices Administration in the preparation of Federal to the grading rules of this association for oak, birch, Specification LLL-B-800a, Building Board (Particle- beech, and hard maple flooring. board) Hard Pressed, Vegetable Fiber. Until last year the National Bureau of Standards published Commercial Standard CS56-60 covering NATIONAL PRINTING INK RESEARCH grading rules for white and red oak flooring estab- INSTITUTE, lished through cooperation of the association, but the Lehigh University, standard was withdrawn when the Bureau learned that Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015 the standard was seldom referred to since hardwood flooring was customarily sold subject to the Official The institute was established at Lehigh University Flooring Grading Rules of the association. in 1946. It was founded to engage in scientific research This association maintains a rigid supervision of on printing inks, on the equipment and techniques species, manufacturing, kiln-drying, bundling, and all involved in their production, and on the printing sur- other features pertaining to oak, birch, beech, and faces to which they are applied. Recognizing the print- hard maple so that its sizes and grades will be main- ing ink industry's need for such information, one of tained. The use of the association's registered trade- the projects undertaken by NPIRI was a compilation mark "NOFMA" has been granted to all of its of a set of standard test methods. Such a series of members whose stock of oak flooring has been found tests is an essential basis for interchange of technical to comply with the association's official grading rules. information, for ink research, for scientific control of It also maintains a reinspection service available for ink production, and thus for the resulting advances in the retail dealers who purchase products of member ink technology. companies, so that, in the event there is doubt con- The material in the manual, consisting of 44 tests, cerning the quality of stock bought, a reinspection may has been divided into seven main sections: Sampling be had and the matter settled immediately. and Preparation, Qualitative Chemical Tests, Quanti- Formerly: Oak Flooring Manufacturers of United tative Chemical Tests, Physical Tests, Performance States; Southern Oak Flooring Industries. Tests, Resistance Tests, and Tests for Related Mate-

129 rials. The last section covers materials such as paper, Paper targets used in training and competition are rollers and blankets, printing plates and fountain solu- standardized. These standards are researched and tions, which do not enter into ink production but established by various specialized program commit- contact the ink and influence its behavior during use. tees and then channelled through NRA's Competition An evaluating procedure is carried out on each rec- Rules and Programs Committee. ommended method both by the institute and by Educational standards, with standardized aids, are individual companies cooperating with the institute. provided for the safety programs. It is intended that this group of test methods grow Reports are included in annually revised competitive with time in the directions indicated by the needs of rule books, in annual meeting reports, and special the industry. shooting range literature and program outlines and manuals. NATIONAL RETAIL MERCHANTS' ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL ROOFING CONTRACTORS' 100 West Thirty-First Street, ASSOCIATION, New York, New York 10001 1515 North Harlem Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois 60302 This association (NRMA) takes an active part in the formulation of standards and specifications rela- The National Roofing Contractors' Association tive to retail store organization, retail systems, retail (NRCA) was founded in 1886. NRCA now repre- trade terminology, business practices, and specifica- sents over 1,000 members and the majority of roofing tions for commodities used in the trade. In carrying dollar volume done in the country each year. NRCA forth this work, the association cooperates actively has six technically oriented active committees: the with the American National Standards Institute Air Pollution Task Force, the Performance Standards (ANSI) and other technical and trade organizations Evaluation Committee, the Roofing Manual Task and the Government. Force, the Technical Assistance Program Task Force, NRMA initiated programs for the establishment of the Technical and Research Committee, and the several Simplified Practice Recommendations under Urethane Roofing Committee. the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards, Through the NRCA Roofing Manual, the associa- U.S. Department of Commerce (NBS). The association provides to the roofing industry recommended tion formerly cooperated with NBS in the revision of procedures, practices and evaluative comments on several Simplified Practice Recommendations, and roofing specifications, construction details and roofing cooperates actively with NBS in the establishment of materials. In addition, NRCA has issued position standard sizing of all apparel. Currently, a member of papers on built-up roof test cut procedure, temporary NRMA's Technical Committee is represented on a roof deck coverings, venting lightweight insulating special NBS task force on sizing for the International concrete roof fills, and the roofing guarantee. NRCA Organization for Standardization (ISO). has participated in a study on the movement of NRMA is a member body of ANSI and participates built-up roofing membranes in cooperation with the actively in the work of several American National University of Illinois. NRCA has been an information Standards Conmiittees. The association is sponsor of source and advisory counsel to the center of building the American National Standards Committee L22, technology at the National Bureau of Standards. whose standards relate to the end use of all textiles. Technical Conferences are sponsored cooperatively by Formerly: National Retail Dry Goods Association the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and NRCA (1958). every other year at NBS Headquarters in Gaithers- burg, Maryland. NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF NRCA has also developed roofing industry safety AMERICA, standards through standards-setting procedures of the 1600 Rhode Island Avenue NW., American National Standards Institute. Additionally, Washington, D.C. 20036 NRCA is active in its participation on the American Society for Testing and Materials Committees, setting The National Rifle Association of America (NRA), standards for the testing of roofing materials. established in 1871, is a nonprofit membership orga- Numerous technical works and reports are on file at nization, with more than one million individual mem- the NRCA Headquarters and collected items are bers and some 10,000 affiliated local clubs and state available upon request. organizations. Because some of its major programs include the supervision of marksmanship instruction NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, and competition and of safety education involving 425 North Michigan Avenue, firearms, much of NRA standardization efforts are in Chicago, Illinois 60611 these fields. The NRA prepares and provides standard construc- The mission of the National Safety Council, which tion plans for a large variety of shooting ranges for was founded in 1913, is: to determine and evaluate different guns and events. Some of these must meet methods and procedures that (a) prevent accidents standards established for international competition. and (b) mitigate injury and economic loss resulting

130 from accidents; and to provide leadership to expedite aggregates associations in the development of stand- the adoption and use of those methods and procedures ards and coordination of technical problems of mutual that best serve the public interest. interest. While the National Safety Council recognizes the This association, jointly with the National Ready vast need for standards that are relevant to all of the Mixed Concrete Association, maintains research facil- safety disciplines, the council does not develop stand- ities in College Park, Maryland. This Joint Research ards. Instead, the council relies on and provides sig- Laboratory conducts research pertinent to industry nificant manpower for the development of standards problems, and particularly those dealing with stand- via existing nationally recognized standards-producing ardization of specifications and test methods. The organizations. To achieve this end, the council is policies of the laboratory are governed by a Joint heavily represented in the activities of the American Research Committee representative of the two associa- National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American tions. Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). With respect to ANSI, the council is currently rep- NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION, resented on its Board of Directors; Special Commit- 3475 Plymouth Road, tees of the Board; the Consumer Council and its Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 Consumer Product Safety Committee, Certification Committee, and Consumer Education Committee; The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) was Organizational Member Council; Executive Standards chartered in 1944 in the State of Michigan as a non- Council and its Technical Advisory Boards concerned commercial, nonprofit standards, research and educa- with Highway Traffic, Safety, Construction, and tional organization seeking solutions to problems Nuclear Energy. The council is currently sponsor and affecting man's environment. It is dedicated to the provides the secretariat for 22 American National prevention of illness and improvement of quality liv- Standards involving 72 documents and has representa- ing through a better environment. NSF sponsors or tion on 101 American National Standards Commit- conducts objective research and educational programs tees involving 282 documents. seeking a quality environment. These studies provide With respect to ASTM, the council is currently an authoritative basis for the establishment of mini- represented on its E 17 Committee on Skid Resist- mum sanitation standards for equipment, products ance; E 34 Committee on Toxic Materials and Harm- and devices that are generally acceptable to health ful Physical or Biological Agents; and F 15 authorities. The standards development and certifica- Committee on Consumer Product Safety. tion program activities represent about 50 percent of With respect to NFPA, the council is currently the total efforts of NSF. The standards and certifica- represented on 22 subcommittees of NFPA standards tion program is extended throughout the United States committees. and Canada, and provides services to about 50 com- Historically, the council has played a major role in panies in eight countries of Europe and Japan, whose the development of standards that pertain to occupa- products are exported to the United States. tional safety and health and more recently is becom- The standards and research efforts of NSF involve ing heavily involved in the development of consumer a number of Federal agencies, including U. S. Public product safety standards, both through nationally Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Envi- recognized standards-producing organizations. The ronmental Protection Administration, Department of council enthusiastically promotes and consistently Housing and Urban Development and the various seeks public support for the adoption and use of those branches of the Armed Services and the Veterans consensus standards that fall within the scope of the Administration, as well as local and state official National Safety Council's mission. agencies. The foundation has published 47 standards and four criteria, under which testing and certification NATIONAL SAND AND GRAVEL services are currently extended to over 1600 manu- ASSOCIATION, facturers who use the NSF Seal on over 25,000 items 900 Spring Street, of equipment or products covered by the above stand- Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 ards. The foundation publishes a list of the available standards distributed by NSF as well as an annual The standardization work of this association falls food equipment listing, a plastics listing covering into two categories: the committees of the association potable water and drain-waste-vent products, a listing that deal with specifications for various uses; repre- of water treatment equipment used in swimming sentatives of the association that are active in the pool applications and a listing of special categories of standardization work of pertinent technical organiza- equipment or products including film badges, plumb- tions such as the American Society for Testing and ing components for mobile homes and recreational Materials, the American Concrete Institute, the Amer- vehicles, thermoplastic refuse bags and containers and ican Railway Engineering Association and others. It wastewater treatment service. also cooperates with the National Crushed Stone NSF standards under development include auto- Association and the National Slag Association claves, flow rate controllers and indicators, foam cups through the Joint Technical Committee of mineral and containers, life support equipment used in hos-

131 . .

pitals, mobile patient care equipment, retail food store cars; and a definition of a standard test of a railway refrigerators, respiratory equipment and plastics for track scale. food service equipment. The standards and codes which have been adopted by the association have recieved the indorsement of NATIONAL SASH AND DOOR JOBBERS' the National Conference on Weights and Measures ASSOCIATION, and the American Railway Engineering Association. 20 North Wacker Drive, Formed by merger of: National Association of Scale Experts and American Chicago, Illinois 60606 Scale Men's Association (1916) NATIONAL This association, formed in 1964 by the merger of SCHOOL SUPPLY AND two regional jobber associations, Northern and South- EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION 1500 Wilson Boulevard, ern, has been active in the support and development Arlington, Virginia 22209 of Commercial Standards related to window and door products. In cooperation with the National Woodwork This association, founded in is of Manufacturers' Association (NWMA), NSDJA since 1916, composed manufacturers and distributors of school equipment, 1953 helped prepare and further Commercial Stand- supplies and instructional materials. Standards pro- ards relating to double hung, casement, awning, and duced by the association include Recommended single hung wood window units which have now Standards for Design of Interior Folding and Tele- been incorporated into NWMA's Industry Standard 2. scopic Seating, which establishes uniform standard NSDJA initiated and developed Voluntary Product criteria for the design manufacture, and installation Standard PS 32-70 for wood interior hinged door of interior folding and telescopic seating normally units. NSDJA is also active in promoting standards used in school gymnasiums, and Testing Procedures for the use of safety glazing materials in hazardous for Measuring Sound Transmission Loss Through locations. Movable Walls and Folding Partitions. This standard In addition, the association is interested in various establishes a uniform set of practices for the installa- standards relating to the softwood plywood industry tion of the test specimen, the conduct of the test, and and, representing distributors, assists in the coordina- the certification of the results when operable walls are tion of problems connected with plywood Voluntary tested for sound transmission loss in accordance with Product Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials E90, Formed by merger of: Northern Sash and Door Tentative Recommended Practice for Laboratory Jobbers' Association (1935) ; and Southern Sash and Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss Door Jobbers' Association (1935 ) of Building Floors and Walls. The association has also produced a Suggested Pur- NATIONAL SCALE MEN'S ASSOCIATION, chasing Specification for a Select Group of School 1928 South Grand Avenue, Paper Products and is currently developing safety Santa Ana, California 92705 standards for heavy duty playground equipment in cooperation with the Division of Childrens Hazards, This organization is composed of approximately Bureau of Product Safety, Department of Health, 1200 technical men engaged in the design, production, Education and Welfare. sale, installation, maintenance, testing, and operation Formerly: National School Service Institute (1958). of weighing machines. It has organized 11 committees which are assigned NATIONAL SILO ASSOCIATION, to study and develop certain phases of the scale P.O. Box 247, industry, including the development of standards and 209 Franklin Street, specifications covering railway and industrial track Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613 scales; highway vehicle scales; built-in, self-contained, and portable scales; counter scales; grain scales, auto- The National Silo Association (NSA) was estab- matic and hand-operated scales; automatic indicating lished 61 years ago. The organization has over 100 and recording railway and industrial scales, automtic members with the safety and standards committee indicating and recording scales other than large capac- and program activities making up at least 50 percent ity, electronic and hydraulic scales of large and small of the total program. capacity; pits and foundations; weighing practices, NSA is international in scope in that it now has scales used for transportation and labor charges; an international division as well as a Canadian weighing practices, scales used for purposes of barter; division. corrosion prevention; construction materials; and NSA recently completed an industrywide survey welding and heat treatment. which will be used in updating our standards for the The association has adopted specifications for over- industry. The updating and printing of these stand- hauling and repair of heavy-capacity scales; light ards should be completed by the end of 1973. industrial service track-scales; railway track-scale test With the need for a safety program in each of the weight cars; standard code of rules relating to mainte- manufacturer's plants and with the work the crews nance and transportation of track-scale test weight are doing on the farms, and with the requirements to

132 meet Occupational Safety and Health Administration Formerly: National Committee for the Prevention

(OSHA) standards, NSA has developed an operator's of Blindness (1927) ; safety manual as well as recommended to OSHA its Formed by Merger of: New York State Committee adoption as standard specification standards for the for the Prevention of Blindness combined with, silo industry. The nature and extent of NSA's involve- American Association for the Conservation of Vision ment and activities with OSHA is quite extensive. (1918). The National Silo Association has and will continue to cooperate with the American Concrete Insti- NATIONAL SOFT DRINK ASSOCIATION, tute, American Society of Agricultural Engineers or 1101, 16th Street NW., any other technical associations in developing safety Washington, D.C. 20036 standards for the industry. Formerly: National Association of Silo Manufac- The National Soft Drink Association (NSDA) was turers (1956). founded in 1919 as the American Bottlers of Carbon- ated Beverages. It assumed its current name in 1967. NATIONAL SLAG ASSOCIATION, Its purposes are to provide the manufacturers of soft 300 South Washington Street, drinks throughout the United States and others inter- Alexandria, Virginia 22314 ested in the welfare of the industry a forum to discuss matters of common interest, provide a medium for The association, founded in 1918 cooperates actively improving soft drink plant operating procedures, con- with specification-writing organizations at the national duct research on problems relating to the industry, and state levels in formulating and revising aggregate provide informational and educational services in the specifications and in development of standards cover- interest of the consumer and to increase the prestige ing test procedures. This cooperative program is of the industry and its products in the American econ- carried out mainly through representation on techni- omy. The association throughout the years has been cal committees of such national organizations as the instrumental in being a party to voluntary standards American National Standards Institute, American or guidelines which were designed for the betterment Society for Testing and Materials, American Concrete of the consumer and the industry generally. For exam- Institute, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, ple, NSDA has established a standard for bottlers' Highway Research Board, American Railway Engi- sugar, recommended a standard concerning the com- neering Association, American Society of Civil Engi- position of solutions used for washing beverage bot- neers, American Public Works Association, and the tles, and standards for methods of controlling water, Industrial Hygiene Foundation. Standardization of sugar, carbon dioxide, bottle washing solutions and aggregates is further promoted by research dealing sanitation. Most recently, the association has adopted with aggregates and their end-use products, conducted a voluntary bottle specifications guideline which in the association's laboratory located in Youngstown, relates to the bottles used for carbonated beverages. Ohio. Much of the research thus conducted is planned Currently, the association is involved as a coproponent and programmed by the association's Technical Com- with the National Bureau of Standards seeking to mittee. This committee is composed of technical develop a consensus standard for the manufacturing representatives from the various member companies. of carbonated beverage bottles. The industry is also seeking to reach voluntary guidelines in the area of NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE secondary packaging and pre-mix and post-mix tanks. PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS, INC. NSDA has participated over the years with the Food 79 Madison Avenue, and Drug Administration regarding standards of iden- New York, New York 10016 tity for products manufactured by the industry. There are no certification programs within the industry or The National Society for the Prevention of Blind- any enforcement procedures for them, since all of the ness, Inc., founded in 1908, is the oldest voluntary programs are voluntary. All of the association's stand- health agency nationally engaged in the preven- ards are promoted through association publications tion of blindness through a comprehensive program of and memoranda and are national in scope. community service, public and professional education, Formerly: American Bottler's Protective Association and research. With advice and guidance of profes- (1967). sional scientific advisory committees, the society has developed standards for vision screening of preschool NATIONAL SOYBEAN PROCESSORS' and school age children, for eye safety programs in ASSOCIATION, schools and industry, for glaucoma screening and for 1730 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., services providing low vision aids to the partially Washington, D.C. 20006 sighted. Publications, films, posters, charts and advisory The National Soybean Processors' Association was service are available on request. The society is sup- established in 1930. Standardization of quantity and ported entirely by contributions, memorial gifts, grades of soybean oil and soybean meal, and develop- bequests and legacies, which are deductible for pur- ment of standard trading rules constitute the impor- poses of income taxes. tant activities of this association. Upon the

133 recommendations of its Soybean Oil Trading Rules divided into five classes determined by the dimensions Committee, the association adopted standard specifi- of the diving hopper. Diving boards are similarly cations for crude domestic soybean oil covering qual- rated so that a pool-to-diving board safe match can be ity, grade and methods of analysis. Standard effected. specifications for crude, degummed, and once-refined NSPI cooperates with the Government in standard- soybean oil have been developed for export use. In ization activities by providing information and assist- addition, its Meal Trading Rules Committee serves a ance to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, similar purpose in providing standards and trading Environmental Protection Agency, Department of rules for soybean meals. Health, Education and Welfare, Department of Hous- ing and Urban Development, Department of Com- THE NATIONAL SWIMMING POOL merce, and the Federal Trade Commission; and INSTITUTE, maintains liaison with other international swimming 2000 K Street NW., pool organizations. Washington, D.C. 20006 NATIONAL TERRAZZO AND MOSAIC The National Swimming Pool Institute (NSPI), ASSOCIATION, INC., was founded in 1956. NSPI is a national trade associa- 716 Church Street, tion comprised of approximately 1,750 swimming pool Alexandria, Virginia 22314 builders, pool equipment manufacturers and suppliers, architects, engineers, public officials and others allied The National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc. with the growing pool industry. Only those companies (NTMA) was founded in 1923. NTMA is a full maintaining high ethical standards are accepted for service trade association. The standardization and membership in the institute. The purpose of NSPI is technical services comprise about 60 percent of the to set guidelines for pool builders and to work toward program. The standardization activities are adminis- better pool building and the maintenance of high tered by the Technical Committee and the Quality ethical standards. Control Committee. The association's standards are NSPI has issued many publications including the accepted by virtually all Government agencies. care and maintenance guides and handbooks; types of NTMA's current Technical Data Book contains 25 pools; materials; organization and business manage- separate complete standard national specifications for ment; case studies; and two standards for residential the installation of all types of terrazzo, both cemen- and public pools. The NSPI standard for public and titious and resinous. residential pools are the most complete, comprehen- The Research and Development Committee is pres- sive, and up to date standards published in the swim- ently developing new application and grinding ming pool industry. In order that NSPI's standards techniques. include knowledge and information of other groups, NTMA's standards are promoted to the architec- it has liaison representatives and direct participation tural industry by regional technical representatives and by the American Public Health Association, National through paid space advertising. Safety Council, Underwriters' Laboratories, National Sanitation Foundation, National Electrical Code, NATIONAL WATER WELL ASSOCIATION, International Association of Plumbers and Mechanical 88 East Broad Street, Officials, Consumer Product Safety Commission, and Columbus, Ohio 43215 the Young Mens' Christian Association of the United States. The standardization activities are administered The National Water Well Association (NWWA), by the Technical Council and involve 34 percent of founded in 1948, is an organization of water well NSPI's total program. The following includes NSPI's drilling contractors, manufacturers, wholesale sup- active standards committees: Publications Commit- pliers and professional geologists, hydrologists and tee, Advisory Liaison Committee, Dimensional & engineers interested in the problems of locating, devel- Structural Design Committee, Accessary Equipment oping and utilizing underground water supplies. Committee, Chemical Treatment & Process Commit- Objectives of the association include the promotion of tee, Circulation Systems Committee, Pool Operator scientific development and the advancement of the & Service Committee. A new project is the review of science of ground water hydrology. Public Pool Standards, and the continual investigation The association's Specification Committee has coop- into all standard activities to make sure that they are erated with the American Waterworks Association in up to date as the need arises. developing a standard for deep wells. This committee Certification programs activities: The Pool Registry through the National Water Well Association Research Program requires participating pool builders and Facility is now under contract to the United States installers to provide pools which meet or exceed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the NSPI minimum industry standards for design and con- development of well construction specifications for all struction. The pool company registers each pool by types of wells and geologic conditions. These specifi- placing a permanent plaque in the deck of the pool cations will be promulgated by EPA to all state and and forwarding the registry form to NSPI's independ- local governments. ent registry agent. Under the program pools are The association offers a voluntary Certification Pro-

134 gram for water well drilling contractors and pump NATIONAL WOODWORK MANUFACTURERS' construction contractors throughout the United States. ASSOCIATION, One general and 12 specific examinations are given for 400 West Madison Street, certification achievement. Standards and certification Chicago, Illinois 60606 are promoted through NWWA's industry trade journal, the Water Well Journal. This association has taken an active interest in the standardization of commodities in its industry. It was sponsor of the following standards published by the NATIONAL WHOLESALE HARDWARE National Bureau of Standards: Commercial standard ASSOCIATION, CS120-58 for Ponderosa Pine Doors; CS171-58 for 1900 Arch Street, Hardwood Veneered Flush Doors; CS163-64 for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 Ponderosa Pine Windows, Sash, and Screens; CS190-64 for Double-Hung Wood Window Units; The National Wholesale Hardware Association CS204-64 for Wood Awning Window Units; CS205-64 (NWHA) was established in 1894, for wholesalers of for Wood Casement Window Units; CS208-57 for hardware products. Wood Door and Window Frames; CS262-63 for Pre- NWHA has a comprehensive standardized forms servative Treatment for Millwork: CS264-64 and program and as a result has issued Standardization of 265-64 for Horizontal Wood Window Units; and Forms and Information Flow Used in Ordering, Ship- CS266-64 for Single Hung Wood Window Units. ping, and Billing of Merchandise Within the Hard- These standards have been revised and issued as goods Industry. NWHA, the American Hardware industry standards. They are available from the Manufacturers' Association, the National Builders association. Hardware Association, the National Industrial Dis- Formerly: National Door Manufacturers' Associa- tributors' Association and the Southern Industrial tion (1950). Distributors' Association strongly recommend the adoption of the included standardized forms by companies throughout the hardgoods industry. All seg- NATURAL GAS PROCESSORS ments of the industry will benefit from the program of ASSOCIATION, standardization of forms and information flow, because 1812 First Place, 5th and Boston, clerical personnel will know where to look for specific Tulsa, Oklahoma 74103 data; fewer interpretation errors will develop; related paper work can be pulled together more easily; cross This association, formerly the Natural Gasoline checking becomes faster and more accurate; unneces- Association of America was founded in 1921 to develop sary delays in the movement of goods can be greatly standard tests and specifications for casinghead gaso- reduced and costly follow up procedures can be line. Specifications, particularly for vapor pressure, eliminated. were established that are still referred to in casing- The standardization booklet, which includes a glos- head contracts written today. Later, tests to determine sary of terms, the distributor's purchase order to ven- the gasoline content of natural gas were developed. dor's back order acknowledgment, vendor's packing Following work on natural gasoline tests, interest copy to accompany shipment, vendor's invoice to dis- was directed toward the field of LP-gas (propane and tributor, distributor's check voucher, use of bill of butane) and natural gas. Vapor pressure composition lading, vendor's shipment and item identification, and specifications and approved loading techniques have exhibits of forms, is available from NWHA. been developed for LP-gas. Analytical procedures and contaminant tests have been developed for both LP-gas and natural gas. NATIONAL WOODEN PALLET AND Most recent work has been in the field of cryogenic CONTAINER ASSOCIATION, gas processing, LNG, and synthetic gas processing. 1619 Massachusetts Avenue NW., The development of new standards in these fields Washington, D.C. 20036 have been assigned within various sections of the Technical Committee. This association, founded in 1947, consists of man- Many of the tests and specifications developed by ufacturers and distributors of pallets, pallet containers, NGPA have been accepted and published by the boxes, crates, shook, and skids. The association pub- American Society for Testing and Materials. Standards lishes standard specifications covering the construction not available through ASTM are listed in a periodi- of hardwood, softwood, and plywood pallets. These cally updated publication folder available from the standards provide minimum requirements for a series association offices. of nine quality grades covering various wooden pallets. NGPA developed standards are accepted nationally Formed by merger of: National Wooden Box Asso- and, in many cases, internationally for natural gas ciation and National Wood Pallet Manufacturers' processing operations and for contractual purposes. Association (1947). National Wooden Box Associa- The standardization program is a major part of the tion was formed (1964) ; National Wooden Box association work, representing one-fourth to one-third Council. of the total NGPA program.

135 NORTH AMERICAN WHOLESALE and maintenance of uniform grading rules in the LUMBER ASSOCIATION, interest of standards for quality, sizes and nomencla- 180 Madison Avenue, ture for both manufacturer and consumer alike. New York, New York 10016 Additionally, the association maintains an inspection staff and offers the services of supervision of The National American Wholesale Lumber Associa- lumber inspectors, reinspection of shipments and certi- tion, which was founded in 1893, changed its name to fication of shipments. the North American Wholesale Lumber Association in The association publishes the Official Rules for 1972. One of the objects of this association is to aid Eastern White Pine, Norway Pine, Jack Pine, Eastern and more efficiently distribute all lumber and forest Spruce, Balsam Fir, Eastern Hemlock, Tamarack and products (1) through standardization of grades and Aspen. Another publication of the association is the sizes, and (2) through the elimination of unfair prac- Official Grading Rules for Northern Hardwood and tices and trade abuses, in cooperation with proper Softwood Logs and Tie Cuts. Government agencies and officials. This association's activities in standardization are carried on in coopera- OPTICAL MANUFACTURERS' tion with the American Lumber Standards Committee ASSOCIATION, on which it maintains official representation in the 1730 North Lynn Street, development of American Lumber Standards. The Arlington, Virginia 22209 association endorses the principle of grade-marking all lumber and will appoint special committees when The association has prepared and makes available occasion requires, to consult and cooperate with grade- Standards and Specifications for Marking and Stamp- marking committees of lumber manufacturers' associ- ing Optical Frames and Mountings Made in Whole ations for the grade-marking of lumber of various or in Part of Gold, that are based upon the National species. Stamping Act, Commercial Standards CS 47-34 and CS 67-38 promulgated by the National Bureau of NORTHEASTERN LUMBER Standards, and pertinent rulings of the Federal Trade MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, Commission. The association has worked out methods 13 South Street, of marking temple lengths and measuring frame and Glens Falls, New York 12801 lens sizes, and has adopted screw standards for ophthalmic frames. The association is an active member of NELMA was founded in 1933 as a private, non- the American National Standards Committee Z80 profit, nongovernmental organization. It is incorpo- that is concerned with standards for ophthalmic rated in the State of Delaware. The association's frames, lenses, contact lenses and sunglasses. purpose is the promotion of the welfare and the advancement of the interests of the northeastern lum- OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, ber producer. 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., NELMA is the American Lumber Standards Com- Washington, D.C. 20037 mittee Board of Review's rules writing agency for the northeast. Also, it is an approved grading agency. The The Optical Society of America was founded in development of the Standard NELMA Grading Rules 1916 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of optics for Northeastern Lumber is the responsibility of the in all its branches, pure and applied; to promote the association's Grading Committee. mutual interests of investigators of optical problems, of designers, manufacturers, and users of optical NORTHERN HARDWOOD & PINE instruments and apparatus of all kinds; and to encour- MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, INC., age cooperation among them. Suite 501 Northern Building, The standardization and specification work of this Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301 society is handled largely by technical committees which have published reports in the society's journal

NH&PMA was established in 1905 as a nonprofit on visual sensitometry ; colorimetry; photometry; association to promote the use of Northern woods. standard wavelengths; nomenclature and standards;

One of its objectives is to establish and maintain photographic standards of intensity ; geometrical, phys- uniform standard grades for lumber and logs. iological, and physical optics; photochemistry and NH&PMA derives its authority to write and main- photography, radiometry; and spectrophotometry. The tain Official Grading Rules for Softwood and Aspen latest and most elaborate of these technical reports Lumber from Voluntary Product Standard 20-70. The appeared as a book. The Science of Color, published Product Standard promulgated by the U.S. Department in 1953 by Thomas V. Crowell Co., for the Colorime- of Commerce established a common basis for uniform try Committee of the Optical Society of America, and industrywide inspections and grademarking for each in 1963 by the Optical Society of America. piece of lumber which is produced and sold. In addition, the society cooperates with other tech- As an authorized grade rules writing agency repre- nical organizations in standardization and specifica- sented on the American Lumber Standards Commit- tions within the various branches of optics. The tee, the NH&PMA is committed to the formulation society cooperates actively with the International

136 Commission for Optics and the International Com- promoting recommended practices on the storage, mission on Illumination. It cooperates extensively maintenance and application of adhesives used in with the American National Standards Institute conjunction with automatic packaging machinery. (ANSI), serving as sponsor for the American National PMMI makes active use of the packaging industry's Standards Sectional Committee on Optics, and having trade press to inform machinery users of the institute's representatives on the ANSI Photographic Standards work in the standards area. Board and on seven American National Standards sectional committees in photography, motion pictures, PAINTING AND DECORATING safety glass, and ophthalmic lenses. The society also CONTRACTORS OF AMERICA, maintains representation on boards or committees of 7223 Lee Highway, the American Institute of Physics, the National Falls Church, Virginia 22046 Research Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Inter-Society Color The Painting and Decorating Contractors of Amer- Council. ica (PDCA) was founded as a national organization in 1884. One of the stated objects of this organization OUTDOOR POWER EQUIPMENT is its efforts to protect members and the general INSTITUTE, INC., public by endeavoring to maintain high standards of 1725 K Street NW., workmanship and safety in the painting, decorating, Suite 903-905, drywall, wallcovering and coating industries. Washington, D.C. 20006 The association maintains a National Apprentice- ship and Training Committee. This committee, in The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute (OPEI) conjunction with the International Brotherhood of was founded in 1952. Although OPEI does not inde- Painters and Allied Trades, and the Gypsum Drywall pendently develop product or safety standards for the Contractors International Association, prepares and industry, it has undertaken sponsorship for the devel- distributes complete courses of training for all paint- opment of recommended safety specifications for ing, decorating, wallcovering and drywall apprentices power mowers under the American National Stand- throughout the nation, as well as material for journey- ards Institute. In the future OPEI anticipates develop- man retraining. This joint apprenticeship committee ment of safety specifications applicable to other prepares standards of training which are approved by outdoor powered equipment. Any such standards will and filed with the Bureau of Apprenticeship and also be issued as American National Standards. Training, U.S. Department of Labor. Formerly: Lawn Mower Institute. PDCA maintains a National Safety Committee. This committee, in conjunction with the Bortherhood of PACKAGING MACHINERY Painters and Allied Trades, has prepared a booklet of MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, safety in the painting, decorating and drywall indus- 2000 K Street NW., try. PDCA is a member of the National Safety Council Washington, D.C. 20006 and is a member of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). PDCA has membership on the PMMI is a voluntary nonprofit association, various committees of ANSI and helps with the founded in 1932, of U.S. companies manufacturing preparation of standards for submission to the Occu- packaging machinery and packaging-related converting pational Safety and Health Administration for machinery. The institute seeks to solve the common approval as safety standards for the construction problems of the packaging machinery industry; and industry and the painting and decorating industry. toward this goal, PMMI provides information and All of the committees are listed in the annual year- services to member companies, users of packaging and book which is published in July of each year. The converting machinery, the Government and the gen- monthly publication, PDCA 73, promotes use of var- eral public. ious standard materials provided by these committees Standardization work plays a small but important through this association. role in the institute's activities. Industry standards are dealt with under the guidance of the Product PAPER STATIONERY AND TABLET Safety and Technical Information Committees. MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, INC., PMMI is a member of the American National Stand- 444 Madison Avenue, ards Institute (ANSI) and supports its work with the Suite 2301, International Organization for Standardization. New York, New York 10022 Working closely with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, PMMI has published a safety The Paper Stationery and Tablet Manufacturers' standard for the Care, Use and Construction of Pack- Association was founded in 1933 and incorporated in aging Machinery which is currently under ANSI 1934 as a nonprofit, business supported organization. review. The association represents converters of paper, paper- PMMI also cooperates with other related associa- board and related materials for production of writing tions such as the Fibre Box Association and the Adhe- paper and envelopes for personal correspondence, and sives Manufacturers' Association of America in writing papers for educational uses.

137 Standardization activities in the association are PERLITE INSTITUTE, handled through the Standards Research Committee. 45 West 45th Street, Standards research has been conducted since 1938. New York, New York 10036 The most recent publication on voluntary recommended standards for most commonly accepted sizes As a national and international, nonprofit trade and specifications for tablets and related products was association, this institute sponsors research leading to published in 1964. At present, this is the only stand- standardization of specifications and methods of test- ards publication available to the public. ing perlite and perlite products. The institute collects The association does not set standards for the data, initiates and correlates research, and develops industry. It only recommends sizes and specifications specifications and test methods. It cooperates closely for a variety of writing tablets based on industry with technical and engineering societies, other trade practice and experience. Some additional standards associations, and Government agencies interested in research has been done on envelope sizes and length standards. to width ratios, but this data has never been published. The institute publishes test methods and related The association is national in scope and recom- standards containing test methods for evaluating mended voluntary standards are available to nonasso- quality of expanded perlite, and American Society for ciation members, Government agencies and an inter- Testing and Materials Specifications applicable to ested general public. perlite. It also publishes standards for perlite products The Standards Research Committee currently is used in the building, industrial, and horticultural embarking on a study of the impact of making a industries. transition to a metric system of measurement. PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS' PAPERBOARD PACKAGING COUNCIL, ASSOCIATION, 1800 K Street NW., 1155 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20006 Washington, D.C. 20005

The Paperboard Packaging Council (PPC) is a non- This association was created in 1958 by a merger profit national trade association representing com- of the drug manufacturers formerly belonging to the panies in the production and conversion of paperboard American Drug Manufacturers' Association and the into folding cartons and packages. The Paperboard American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association. Packaging Council was established in July 1967, from Scientists of member firms constitute committees the merger of several preexisting groups such as the which work with the United States Pharmacopoeia Folding Paper Box Association and The Institute for and the National Formulary in developing methods of Better Packaging. analysis and standards for drugs used by the medical The council's functions include several areas such and allied professions. These association committees as marketing information and statistics, industrial also cooperate with the Food and Drug Administra- relations and safety, technical and production, and tion, the National Institutes of Health, the Bureau of Government relations. Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and other agencies of The development of industry standards represents the Federal Government. a relatively small percentage of the council's ongoing Among other things, the association encourages activities, and efforts in this direction come under the high standards of potency, quality, and purity for Technical and Production Committee, and/ or special pharmaceutical and biological products intended for ad hoc groups established for these purposes. use by the medical and allied professions in the cure, PPC was the proponent and contributed toward the mitigation, treatment, prevention or diagnosis of development of the U.S. Department of Commerce disease; it assists appropriate scientific and Govern- Simplified Practice Recommendations R258-56, One- ment agencies in the establishment of scientific and Pound Eastern Flat Margarine Carton and R261-58 technical standards for such products. It encourages

(both withdrawn October 2, 1973) ; and R252-60, research in the development of new and better medic- Standard Sizes of Pint, Quart, and Half-Gallon inal products and better facilities and methods for Rectangular Ice Cream Cartons and Molds. The coun- their pharmacological and clinical evaluation. It urges cil issues Guidelines and Standards for the Paperboard efficiency, safety, and better methods in the manu- Packaging Industry, as a set of voluntary industry facture, maintenance, packaging, and transportation standards and specifications recommended for the of medicinal products. It promotes the enactment of guidance of both users and suppliers of folding paper uniform and reasonable drug legislation for the pro- cartoons. Recently the council, in conjunction with tection of public health, and cooperates with regula- the Federal Government developed a new bacon tory agencies in the reasonable enforcement of such carton. PPC also cooperates with the Government in legislation. It disseminates information on Govern- reviewing and commenting on Federal specifications. ment regulations and policies and on other subjects Currently, the council is involved in standards for of interest to the pharmaceutical industry, and printing nutritional labeling and Universal Product encourages and promotes the development of scien- Code symbols on fluid milk cartons. tific and technological skills useful in the discovery.

138 evaluation, and production of pharmaceutical and basis of their competence as users, their technical biological products for the cure, mitigation, treatment, knowledge in the field, and their genuine interest. prevention, or diagnosis of disease. It cooperates in all Each representative is charged with the responsibility lawful ways with professional associations in the of interpreting the feelings and attitudes of the society health field, other industries, and government authori- primarily from the consumer's viewpoint in resolving ties in the advancement of medical science, the the important questions of standardization before improvement of public health and the advancement of casting his ballot. To assist their representatives, as the pharmaceutical industry. well as to provide input to the ANSI Consumer Council, PSA is currently organizing a consumer PHARMACOPEIA OF THE UNITED STATES advisory committee to direct the consumer needs in SEE standards documents as well as for the assessment of UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA uniform performance specifications. The PSA Uniform Practices Advisory Committee PHOTO CHEMICAL MACHINING INSTITUTE, also formulates the practices and the requirements 1717 Howard Street, for: judging and exhibition, nondiscriminatory entry, Evanston, Illinois 60202 safe handling, and other rules which contribute to the success of international photographic salons, film The Photo Chemical Machining Institute (PCMI) festivals, and amateur photographic and camera club was founded in 1968 for companies producing metal events on a worldwide basis. Through this function, parts by photo chemical machining. the PSA has established itself as the de facto body in PCMI has published three standards including: the formulation of international regulations for the PCMI-D-300, Standards for Dimensional Tolerances exhibition of photographic materials. and PCMI-T-100, Terms and Definitions. Both of these Formerly: Associated Camera Clubs of America. standards are published in a booklet entitled: What Is The Photo Chemical Machining Process and What PIPE FABRICATION INSTITUTE, Can It Do For You? 1326 Freeport Road, PCMI has published a third standard for metal Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 specifications for use in chemical machining. It is the PCMI-A-200, entitled Guidelines for Specifying Metals The Pipe Fabrication Institute was founded in and Alloys for Photo Chemical Machining. This speci- 1913. The standardization program of this institute fication is included in the 200 page PCMI publication functions through its engineering and metallurgical entitled: Guide to Alloy Selection. This guide contains committees. The standards and technical bulletins 34 specifications of the American Society for Testing emanating from these committees cover the design, and Materials on such topics as copper, nickel, stain- fabrication and erection of industrial and high pres- less, aluminum, magnesium, cold rolled carbon steel sure-high temperature piping to meet the most strips, titanium, and many others. The purpose of this exacting requirements of power plant—both nuclear guide is to provide, in one reference volume, a and fossil, chemical, petroleum, and process piping. compendium of all alloy specifications that are utilized Through its members, the institute is officially repre- in photo chemical machining. sented on various code bodies and national engineering societies. PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 2005 Walnut Street, PIPE LINE CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 2800 Republic National Bank Building, Dallas, Texas 75201 The society, founded in 1933, is a nonprofit organization, international in scope, and devoted to the This association was organized in the fall of 1947 advancement of photography in all its manifestations. to serve as a medium for the exchange of informa- The broad interests of PSA members encompass a tion among contractors engaged in the main-line pipe wealth of experience in the uses of all types of photo- line construction industry. Its purposes are: (1) to graphic materials, the technology of their applica- make membership in the association a reasonable tions, and the characteristics and processes of their assurance to the public of the skill, integrity, and manufacture. Through its Uniform Practices Advisory responsibility of its members; (2) to maintain the Committee, PSA organizes the multidiscipline view- standards of the pipe line contracting business at the points of its membership to assist in the formulation level necessitated by its quasi-professional character of society uniform practices and in the contribution to and to establish members of the association in the national standardization. The society is affiliated with public mind as contractors to fulfill obligations in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) good faith; (3) to promote more cordial and coopera- and has representatives on all of the PH sectional tive relations among pipe line contractors and between committees on photography as well as membership those with whom they deal or have contact; (4) to on the Photographic Technical Advisory Board. The encourage efficiency among pipe line contractors and representatives selected by this society to represent its their employees; (5) to seek correction of injurious, photographic standards interest, are chosen on the discriminatory or unfair business methods practiced

139 by or against pipe line contractors; and (6) to placed on the product as evidence that the product eliminate, as far as possible, the occurrence of injury installed has met the PDI performance specification. or death to pipe line contracting employees. Formerly: Plumbing and Drainage Manufacturers' Representatives of the association serve on a joint Association (1949). committee which has published a Standard for Weld- ing Pipe Lines and Related Facilities. Representatives POLYURETHANE of the association also work with other committees of MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, the American Petroleum Institute and the American 600 South Michigan Avenue, Gas Association in an effort to prepare a recom- Chicago, Illinois mended form of contract and specifications for pipe 60605 line construction work. The Polyurethane Manufacturers' Association established in 1972 is a private, nonprofit trade association PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE INSTITUTE, consisting of those companies involved in the manu- 5342 Boulevard Place, facture of solid polyurethane thermosetting elastomers and their related Indianapolis, Indiana 46208 chemical and equipment suppliers. The purpose of the association is to promote and maintain an organization for the mutual advancement The Plumbing and Drainage Institute (PDI) is an and welfare of its members and the polyurethane association of manufacturers of plumbing and drain- industry. age products, incorporated in 1954 under the General As part of their goal, the Polyurethane Manufactur- Not-for-Profit Corporation Act of the State of Illinois. ers' Association has established a Standards Commit- Its objectives are: (1) to contribute its combined tee whose purpose is to select and standardize physical talents and resources to promote advancement of test procedures suitable for use with solid polyure- plumbing engineering and the plumbing industry in thane elastomers, and to promote and disseminate general through publicity, public relations, research these recommended practices throughout the indus- and standardization of product requirements; (2) to try. The program, which the Standards Committee will prepare, edit and publish standards related to plumb- undertake to accomplish this goal, consists of two ing products performance and application; (3) to phases: (1) evaluation and selection of existing provide certified testing, rating and installation proce- specifications suitable for use with solid polyurethanes; dures for grease interceptors and water hammer and (2) to modify or institute new test procedures in arresters. a form suitable for use as an educational tool. The standards-writing activity is delegated to an The specifications when completed will be issued in Engineering Committee whose members represent booklet form by the Polyurethane Manufacturers' various organizations. Standards currently published Association. by the institute are: (1) Grease Interceptors, PDI Standard G-101; (2) Water Hammer Arresters, PDI WH-201-1965 (revised 1971). (This standard POWDER ACTUATED TOOL also issued by the American Society of Sanitary MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, INC., Engineering as ASSE #1010, March 1967.) 331 Madison Avenue, The following standards, published by the American New York, New York 10017 Society of Mechanical Engineers, were prepared and edited by Panels 6-21 and 26 composed of the PDI's Founded in 1952, PATMI is a nonprofit organiza- Engineering Committee, for American National Stand- tion comprised of all the major USA manufacturers of ards Project A112: American National Standard powder actuated fastening systems. Its purposes are to A112.6.1-1972, Supports for Off the Floor Plumbing further the development of the powder actuated fas- Fixtures for Public Use; American National Standard tening systems industry, to encourage the safe use and A112.21. 1-1968, Floor Drains; American National effective application of powder actuated fastening Standard A112.21.2-1971, Roof Drains; American systems, to encourage research, and to cooperate with National Standard A112.26.1-1969, Water Hammer organizations engaged in such work. Arresters. Several other American National Standards The institute cooperates with Government and are in process for issue at a later date. private organizations that are concerned with the use The standards referred to above are national in of powder actuated fastening systems and promotes scope in that they are extensively used by architects, the education of users and others in the safe and use- engineers, contractors, and Government agencies such ful employment of those systems. as General Service Administration, Department of the A Technical Committee comprised of engineering Army, Coast Guard and Veterans Administration. representatives of all PATMI member companies is Certification testing equipment is maintained in an continuously involved in the development of stand- independent laboratory by the institute for testing ards. Its direction and participation was a major water hammer arresters. The test laboratory issues factor in the preparation of American National Stand- test certificates to manufacturers whose products ard AlO.3-1972 for Powder Actuated Fastening have passed PDI WH-201 tests. The institute, by Systems. Through cooperation with the U.S. Depart- agreement, furnishes certification seals which are ment of Labor, the PATMI Technical Committee's

140 . .

safety standard recommendations were incorporated Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Indus- reference in the Construction Safety Act of 1969 try in by production ; operating communication standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. for magazine paper mills, printers and publishers; A representative of PATMI serves on the Interna- publication of Virgin Vinyl Standards for Loose Leaf tional Organization for Standardization, ISO/TC 29 Binders through its Binding Industries of America Subcommittee developing an international standard Section; development of Standard Specifications for for power loads used in powder actuated fastening Preparation of Computer Prepared Second and Third systems. Class Postage Mailing Labels, through its Magazine The PATMI Technical Committee has prepared Printers Section; preparation of standards for printing standardization data for the General Services Admin- plate gauges, sizes, tolerances, and packaging, through istration (GSA) for powder actuated fasteners and its National Association of Grained Plate Manufactur- will soon embark on similar updated GSA specification ers Section; participation with Magazine Publishers standards for powder actuated tools and power loads. Association and others in the development of standard Similar efforts by PATMI members for building con- specifications for advertising reproduction material for struction standards are now underway with the magazine web offset printing; and others through its American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Graphic Communications Computer Association and and with the Federal Housing Administration of the International Business Forms Sections. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Absorbed: Lithographers and Printers' National As- sociation (1964) PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPE COUNCIL, Formerly: United Typothetae of America (1945) ; 1201 Waukegan Road, Printing Industry of America, Inc. (1965) Glenview, Illinois 60025 PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE, The Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC), P.O. Box 43, founded in 1953, is an organization of manufacturers Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania 19026 of self sticking tapes with the objectives of increasing knowledge about their use and the understanding of The Project Management Institute (PMI) was their characteristics. founded in October 1969 as a nonprofit organization The PSTC's Technical Committee has developed a devoted exclusively to the field of project manage- series of recommended test procedures for determin- ment. PMI's objectives are to: foster recognition of ing the various characteristics of pressure sensitive the need for professionalism in project management; tape such as adhesion, tensile strength, thickness, etc. provide a forum for the free exchange of project man- In addition, it has available laboratory test apparatus agement problems, solutions and applications; coordi- for the testing of pressure sensitive materials. The nate industrial and academic research efforts; develop council publishes an annual directory of all American common terminology and techniques to improve com- tape products indicating their principal use and char- munications; provide interface between users and sup- acteristics. It also maintains liaison with Government pliers of hardware and software systems; and to pro- agencies interested in pressure sensitive tapes. vide guidelines for instruction and career development The council has recently adopted a metric conver- in the field of project management. sion program. It works closely with other trade asso- Currently, standardization efforts represent perhaps ciations in Europe and Japan. 10-15 percent of the institute's efforts. The functions are performed through the Professional Liaison Com- PRINTING INDUSTRIES OF AMERICA, INC., mittee which can call on and coordinate with the 1730 North Lynn Street, Technology, Research Policy and Education Commit- Arlington, Virginia 22209 tees. The institute participates in national activities through the American National Standards Committee Printing Industries of America, Inc. the world's XK 36.3 and internationally, through liaison with an largest trade association representing the graphic arts appointed observer to Internet. PMI currently does not industry, was founded in 1887 as a federation of deal with the Federal Government directly; a number national, state, and regional associations. It performs of members are Federal employees in agencies a primary role in industrial relations, management involved with project management. development, public relations and government affairs for its industry. By its own efforts and through coop- PULVERIZED LIMESTONE ASSOCIATION, eration with other organizations, including the Ameri- c/o Pfizer Inc., can National Standards Institute, it has maintained a 640 North 13th Street, continuing interest in the development of standards Easton, Pennsylvania 18042 for promoting technological progress and production efficiencies. The Pulverized Limestone Association was founded Recent activities have included a secretariat role in in 1954. This association is composed of companies American National Standards Committee B65, result- engaged in manufacturing and selling pulverized ing in Safety Specifications for Controls and Signaling limestone products of a minimum fineness of 97 Devices for Printing Presses; participation with the percent, passing through a 325 mesh screen. One of

141 the objects of this organization is to develop high and environmental test procedures for electronic/electrical uniform standards that can be usefully adapted by instruments; operational and technical characteristics manufacturers and users of pulverized limestone. As of systems; aeronautical frequency spectrum utiliza- part of this, it is also active in developing the best tion; and other problems associated with air traffic and most useful method of testing significant proper- control, navigation, communications, and efficient ties of pulverized limestone. utilization of airports and airspace. RTCA provides The association sponsors research projects for the leadership and guidance to industry and Government use of pulverized limestone in the manufacture of by pinpointing common problems and requirements, paper, plastics, rubber, paints, floor coverings and and by recommending solutions and applications other useful applications as an inert filler material. within the state-of-the-art. This includes monitoring other activities and effectively following-up on RACK MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, approved project studies. RTCA engages in studies of 1326 Freeport Road, common problems and the development of coordi- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238 nated technical solutions; provides open forums for the exchange of views; and operates as an informa- The RMI consists of 27 firms located throughout tion source, particularly with respect to common prob- the United States which are engaged in the design lems and requirements, developments, and potential and manufacture for sale of industrial steel storage applications within the state-of-the-art. racks. The work to accomplish RTCA's mission takes place RMI has been active in several areas over the years, through each of its major elements: the Assembly, the notably in standardization and fire protection of high Executive Committee, the Technical Advisers, the rack storage areas. Its published standards and Special Committees, and the Secretariat. The general nomenclature include: Standard Nomenclature for membership of RTCA is known as the assembly, and Pallet Stacking Frames, Nomenclature for Drive-in membership in the assembly is open to any United and Drive-thru Pallet Racks, Nomenclature for Pallet States organization identified with some phase of Racks, Nomenclature for Cantilever Racks, and, most RTCA activities. It comprises over 100 Government recently, an Interim Specification for the Design, Test- and industry organizations. The Federal Government ing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks. members include: the Department of State, Depart- This specification was promulgated in the interest of ment of the Army, Department of the Navy, Depart- improved uniformity of rack performance and ment of the Air Force, U. S. Marine Corps, Department enhanced public safety and supersedes the RMI's of Commerce, Federal Aviation Administration, Fed- Minimum Engineering Standards published in 1964. eral Communications Commission, National Aeronau- RMI is currently engaged in a comprehensive seismic tics and Space Administration, and the U. S. Coast analysis study with results to be released later this Guard. International associate status is available to year (1973). foreign organizations. Membership is not open to The previously mentioned interim specification is individuals. The affairs of RTCA are managed by its currently under review by the American National Executive Committee. Every assembly member is Standards Institute for acceptance as an American represented on the Executive Committee by a member National Standard. thereof who is appointed by the organization or membership group he represents. Technical advisers are RADIO TECHNICAL COMMISSION appointed for a period of one year by the chairman. FOR AERONAUTICS, They act in the capacity of expert consultants to 1717 H Street NW., Suite 655, RTCA. Special committees are authorized by the Washington, D.C. 20006 Executive Committee. The memberships of special committees are drawn principally from the RTCA The Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Assembly. The secretariat of RTCA, under the direc- (RTCA) was formed in 1935. RTCA is a medium tor. Technical Services, arranges technical forums, through which the aviation community, industry and briefings and committee meetings, maintains technical Government, can discuss and resolve common tech- liaison, publishes RTCA documents, and operates as a nical problems in an atmosphere of confidence. technical information source for RTCA members. Through this process RTCA has become an organiza- RTCA devotes approximately 75 percent of its total tion that is universally recognized for its proven program to its standardization activities. It has com- accomplishments in the advancement of aeronautics. pleted numerous studies on complex questions which It is an organization which enjoys confidence and are of tremendous practical importance to aviation. respect, both nationally and internationally. RTCA's Included among these in recent years are: Universal scope of activities is in the field of aviation electronics Air-Ground Digital Communications System Stand- and telecommunications, and in other closely allied ards; Minimum Operational Characteristics for Air- fields. Some examples of areas of interest are: deter- borne Systems; a New Guidance System for Approach mination of common operational requirements; state- and Landing; and Minimum Performance Standards of-the-art developments and applications; minimum for Emergency Locator Transmitters. A complete list operational characteristics for airborne systems; mini- of current reports is available on request from the mum performance standards and test procedures; secretariat. Currently, special committees are in the

142 process of developing reports on the following sub- a research test track at Des Plaines, Illinois. RTA's jects: U.S. National Aviation Standard for the VHF/ standards are promoted through Cross Ties, the UHF Air-Ground Communications—Voice and Data; monthly magazine of the association. VORTAC Improvements; Planning for 50 kHz VOR/ ILS Channeling; Environmental Conditions and Test RED CEDAR SHINGLE AND Procedures for Airborne Electronic/Electrical Equip- HANDSPLIT SHAKE BUREAU, ment and Instruments; Altitude Encoders for use with 5510 White Building, Aircraft Radar Transponder Beacons; Airborne Dop- Seattle, Washington 98101 pler Radars; and Airborne LORAN A and C Equip- ments. A complete list of current Special Committees At the request of this bureau, a general conference is contained in the Activities Report, available on re- of representative manufacturers, distributors, and quest from the secretariat. users of red cedar shingles was called in 1931 under RTCA has benefited from extensive international the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards, participation in special committee activities. Special following which there was adopted a Commercial committees also have developed and are producing Standard for this commodity. At the request of internationally-coordinated standards on airborne interested groups, the standard was later revised to equipment. This international coordination effort is include California redwood and tidewater red cypress underway with the European Organization for Civil shingles, and issued as Commercial Standard CS31-33 Aviation Electronics (an activity of the European for Wood Shingles. This standard, which was revised Civil Aviation Conference), and others, to meet the in 1938 and 1952, covers No. 1 grade shingles, and international standardization needs of both manufac- was accepted and approved for publication by the turers and users of electronic equipment. Certain National Bureau of Standards. RTCA internationally-coordinated standards are recog- In order that interest might be increased in the nized in connection with the Standards and Recom- manufacture, sale, and use of high-grade shingles, mended Practices (SARPS) of the International Civil and consumers protected on the basis of quality, the Aviation Organization, (ICAO). Red Cedar Shingle and Handsplit Shake Bureau inaugurated a certification program. In accordance THE RAILWAY TIE ASSOCIATION, with this program, the bureau developed a quality 314 North Broadway, label which manufacturers place on bundles of No. 1 St. Louis, Missouri 63102 grade red cedar shingles with a statement of guarantee that the shingles meet all the quality requirements The Railway Tie Association was founded in 1919 of the Commercial Standard. In addition, the bureau as the National Association of Railroad Tie Producers, maintains a corps of trained inspectors who visit the and changed to its current name in St. Louis, on plants at frequent, unannounced intervals to check on June 3, 1937. RTA is national in scope, with a mem- the quality of shingles. Failure on the part of pro- bership of virtually all of the producers, pressure- ducers to comply with the requirements of the Com- treaters, and marketers of wood railroad cross ties, as mercial Standard results in loss of the right to use the well as most of the railroad users of wood cross ties labels until satisfactory adjustment has been made. represented by purchasing officers and maintenance- Labels are also issued and placed on bundles of of-way officers. Perhaps 15 percent of the total shingles for No. 2 and No. 3 grades which are indi- program is consigned to the standardization program. cated in plain figures on the labels, and carry state- The standardization activities of the Railway Tie ments that the singles are guaranteed to meet all Association are administered by the Executive Com- quality requirements of the respective grades, as mittee and by the Committee on Research and shown in current grading and packing rules of the Product Development. Red Cedar Shingle and Handsplit Shake Bureau. The organization's participation in international In 1955, at the request of this bureau, similar programs is somewhat limited, but through RTA's standards were drawn up for machine-grooved red Canadian membership, there exists a free exchange in cedar shakes and rebutted-rejointed red cedar shingles, matters pertaining to wood cross tie specifications. designated as CS199-55. These two products are RTA cooperates freely with Government agencies derived from red cedar shingles, and are used for on cross tie specifications. Recently, RTA provided exterior walls of buildings. A similar grademarking counsel for the proposed revision of the cross tie and certification program is followed as in the case of Federal Specification MM-T-371, to the U. S. Army red cedar shingles, described above. Mobility Equipment, Research and Development Cen- Formed by merger of: Red Cedar Shingle Bureau ter, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The association has one and Handsplit Cedar Shake Association (l963). current standard: Specifications for Cross Ties and Switch Ties of the Railway Tie Association. REDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE, The Railway Tie Association's active standards 617 Montgomery Street, committee is the Committee on Research and Product San Francisco, California 94111 Development. This committee is presently working with the Association of American Railroads Research In 1961, the Redwood Inspection Service was Center and the Chicago and Northwestern Railway on incorporated as a nonprofit organization for the pri-

143 mary purpose of establishing uniform grades of red- Following are the specifications currently published wood lumber, preparation and distribution of by this institute: (a) Tile Specifications—Asphalt educational information and publications, consultation Tile, Vinyl Asbestos Tile, Self-Adhering Vinyl Asbestos with Government agencies concerning grades and Tile; (b) Adhesives, Cleaners and Polish Specifications grading of redwood lumber, and supervision of grades —Adhesives (Cut Back), Adhesives (Emulsion), and grading of redwood and other species of lumber. Cleaners, Floor Polish (Water Installa- Emulsion) ; (c) The service is the rules-promulgating agency for the tion Specifications—Installation of Vinyl Asbestos and redwood lumber industry. Its membership includes Asphalt Tile for Floors, Installation of Vinyl Asbestos some 85 percent of the redwood production, the Tile as a Wall Covering; and (d) Maintenance number of members varying between 30 and 40. The Recommendations—Maintenance of Asphalt and rules are developed by a Grading Committee and Vinyl Asbestos Tile, No-Wax Maintenance of Vinyl approved by an 11 -member Board of Directors. Prior Asbestos and Asphalt Tile in Commercial Buildings, to publication, the rules are submitted for approval by Floor Protection Devices for Hospitals, Floor Protec- the American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC), tion Devices for Schools. a quasi-public organization established under the Voluntary Product Standards program of the U. S. RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS' Department of Commerce. ASSOCIATION, The service has in this manner adopted standard 1900 Arch Street, specifications for grades, sizes, patterns, and grade- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 marks for redwood lumber; planing mill products; special purpose uses for redwood lumber including The Resistance Welder Manufacturers' Association tank stock, stadium seat stock, foundation sills, was founded in 1931. The development of standards structural grades, structural glue laminating grades, and specifications of this association is through its and miscellaneous products including railroad ties, Technical Committee, assisted and advised by various cooling tower material, shingles, and shakes. subcommittees. RWMA has developed specifications It has also adopted official grademarks signifying for resistance welding machine: spot, press, portable, that products so marked have been graded in accord- seam, upset butt, flashbutt, etc. ance with standard specifications of the Redwood Standard classification of resistance welding elec- Inspection Service. These grademarks are applied by trode alloys has been developed, stating the minimum qualified graders of member companies or by cooper- permissible physical and electrical qualities. Trade ating grading agencies operating within requirements names and numbers are identified and classified. established by the American Lumber Standards Com- Standards have been developed for spot welding electrode holders, mittee. welding electrodes (spot and seam) ; The service cooperates with other lumber organiza- together with recommended electrode alloys for spot tions and with the American Lumber Standards Com- welding of similar and dissimilar metal combinations. mittee in keeping current the American Lumber Standard nomenclature and definitions on resist- Standards set forth in the U. S. Department of Com- ance welding equipment and techniques have been merce Product Standard 20-70. The service's grading developed. Cooperation of RWMA has assisted in rules for redwood lumber are in accordance with development of National Electric Manufacturers' Asso- these standards and approved by ALSC. ciation standards on resistance welding controls. THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE, RICE MILLERS' ASSOCIATION, 1102 One Oliver Plaza, 1048 Pennsylvania Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 425 13th Street NW., Washington, B.C. 20004 The Refractories Institute, founded in 1951, is a nonprofit association of refractories manufacturers. The Rice Millers' Association was founded in 1899. This association cooperates with national technical The association establishes standard contract terms associations regarding test methods for refractories. and conditions for trade in rice and rice products. It A manual has been published entitled Recommended prescribes standard forms of sales contracts for use in Equipment and Procedure for the Palletized Loading rice trade in the United States, Puerto Rico, and and Shipment of Refractory Products, 1970. export markets. The association has adopted and uses grade and quality standards for rice of the U. S. RESILIENT TILE INSTITUTE, Department of Agriculture. 26 Washington Street, East Orange, New Jersey 07017 RUBBER MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, 1901 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., For many years, this institute has prepared speci- Washington, D.C. 20006 fications for certain materials and methods in the resilient flooring field, and has worked with the The Rubber Manufacturers' Association was founded Government in the preparation of similar Federal in 1915. The Technical Committees of this organiza- specifications. tion's several product groups collaborate with Federal,

144 state and municipal agencies, domestic and foreign institute cooperates with the following Federal Gov- associations, and individual commercial users in the ernment agencies in standardization activities: Gen- development of new or improved domestic and inter- eral Services Administration, National Bureau of national standards and specifications for all kinds of Standards, and the Department of the Army; and the rubber and rubber-like products. Emphasis is placed National Academy of Sciences. In addition to working on the practicality of physical requirements endeavor- with the Federal Government in standardization ing to achieve a simplification and minimization of activities, the institute also works with various trade sizes and types which will derive the greatest potential associations that produce consensus standards such economic benefit to producers, wholesalers, retailers, as: the American Water Works Association, the and consumers through lowered processing, distri- American Society for Testing and Materials, and the bution, and inventory costs. The most efficient use of U. S. Pharmacopeia. labor and raw materials is also an objective. Typical products covered by these standardization SCAFFOLDING AND SHORING INSTITUTE, activities include motor vehicle and agricultural tires; 2130 Keith Building, transmission, conveyor and elevator belts; suction, dis- Cleveland, Ohio 44115 charge, air, steam, gasoline and fire hose of both rubber and plastic; roll coverings and protective This institute, founded in 1960, includes manufac- linings; molded and extruded rubber products; sheet turers of scaffolding and shoring. SSI establishes rubber, mats and matting; 0-rings and shaft seals; recommended criteria and inspection procedures for protective and fabric-upper footwear; druggists' sun- the proper and safe use of scaffolding and shoring to dries; surgical, hospital, and industrial rubber gloves, support formwork in concrete construction. Its stand- tubing, sheeting, and other items; sponge rubber and ardization activities have involved attempts to obtain foam latex matresses, pillows, cushions and furniture standardization of safety requirements in various state, upholstery; carpet and rug underlays; rubber and city, and Federal codes. The institute has prepared plastic heels, soling materials, and other shoe prod- and distributed Recommended Safety Rules for Scaf- ucts; natural-rubber-type descriptions, and standard folding and Steel Frame Shoring, Single Post Shores, samples. and Horizontal Shoring Beams.

Formerly: New England Rubber Club (1909) ; Rub- Other publications are recommended erection pro-

ber Club of America (1917) ; Rubber Association of cedures for scaffolding, vertical shoring, and horizon- America (1929). tal shoring beams. The institute also prepared a booklet entitled "Recommended Safety Requirements THE RUBBER RECLAIMERS for Shoring Concert Formwork" (Rev. Dec. 1971). ASSOCIATION, INC., Formerly: Steel Scaffolding and Shoring Institute. 63 Radnor Avenue, Naugatuck, Connecticut 06770 SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS MAKERS' ASSOCIATION, The association, founded in 1930, publishes stand- 1140 Connecticut Avenue NW., ard recipes and procedures for testing reclaimed Washington, D.C. 20036 rubber for use in rubber compounds. It also issues specifications for scrap rubber as related to acceptable This national trade association, founded in 1918, grades and conditions for delivery to reclaimers. represents over 200 leading manufacturers and distributors of scientific instruments and laboratory SALT INSTITUTE, apparatus. It is organized into seven product-oriented 206 North Washington Street, sections: analytical instruments, laboratory apparatus, Suite 300, measurement and test instruments, nuclear instru- Alexandria, Virginia 22314 ments, optical, process measurement and control, and scientific laboratory furniture and equipment. Each The organization was founded in 1914 as the Salt section has an active standardization program pursued Producers Association. In 1963, the corporate name through a standards committee. Section standards was changed to Salt Institute. The institute's activities activities are coordinated by an overall SAMA Stand- include research, information services. Government ardization Committee operating with a full-time relations, member services, and field services to users SAMA Standards Executive. All standards are formu- of salt. It is a nonprofit trade association supported lated, processed, approved and published in accord- by the world's major salt producers. ance with a SAMA Standards Manual. Approximately 20 percent of the institute's total A total of 28 SAMA standards have been published. program concerns standardization. The Technical These have been widely distributed through member Director administers the standardization activities. companies and related organizations, and their avail- The Technical Director is a U. S. Representative of ability is published from time to time in the trade and Sub-Committee 5 of the International Organization for technical publications. Where appropriate SAMA Standardization, Technical Committee 47. The insti- standards have been and are being advanced through tute serves as the national as well as the international the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to standards representative for the salt industry. The become American National Standards.

145 . .

The association sponsors and provides the secre- duct construction detail and is a recognized authority tariat for American National Standards Committee on architectural metal detail. Current publications ClOO, Electrical Reference Instruments, and American are: Architectural Sheet Metal Manual, Architectural National Standards Committee C39, Electrical and Sheet Metal Specifications, Air Handling Specifica- Electronic Instruments, as well as 5 subcommittees of tions, Low Velocity Duct Construction Standards, C39. SAMA was instrumental in the recent establish- High Velocity Duct Construction Standards, Fibrous ment of ANSI technical advisory boards for Measure- Glass Duct Construction Standards, Balancing and ment and Control Instruments (MACTAB), and Medi- Adjustment of Air Handling Systems, Fire Damper cal Devices (MEDTAB). Guide for Air Handling Systems, Ducted Electric Heat SAMA cooperates and supports closely the related Guide for Air Handling Systems, Duct Liner Applica- standards making activities of: Instrument Society of tion Standard, Pressure Sensitive Tape Standards for America, American Society for Testing and Materials, Fibrous Glass Duct, Residential Heating and Air-Con- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ditioning System Installation Standards (SMACNA- National Conference of Standards Laboratories, NESCA), Thermoplastic Duct (PVC) Construction National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards, Manual and Special Study Report on Fire Protection Underwriters' Laboratories, National Fire Protection for Ceiling Outlets. Agency, American Petroleum Institute, Association Publications are currently being developed for for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and design of duct systems, flexible duct standards and others. It maintains active liaison and support of Gov- industrial duct construction. ernment agencies involved in standards and specifi- Formerly: Sheet Metal Contractors' National Asso- cations, including: National Bureau of Standards, Gen- ciation (1956) eral Services Administration, Department of Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, and the Occupa- SNELL MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, INC. tional Safety and Health Administration. 761 Laurel Drive, Over the past 13 years SAMA has become increas- Sacramento, California 95825 ingly active in international standards working with the pertinent committees and working groups of the The Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc. is a nonprofit International Organization for Standardization (ISO), California corporation organized October 10, 1957. Its

the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) ; primary purpose is to carry out research in brain and more recently the International Organization for trauma and protective headgear, and to develop and Legal Metrology (OIML). The association supports utilize advanced techniques for related critical meas- U.S. delegates to several committes and working urements. Much of its work has been carried out groups and sponsors working group and committee under National Institutes of Health research grants. secretariats. It promulgated in 1959 the first standard for road Absorbed: Association of Nuclear Instrument Man- users' crash helmets in the United States, and has ufacturers (1917) established itself internationally as a pioneer and leader in developing increasingly higher standards for SHEET METAL, AND AIR CONDITIONING this usage. Its 1970 standard is generally recognized CONTRACTORS' NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as carrying the most stringent safety performance 1611 North Kent Street, requirements for road users' protective headgear in the Arlington, Virginia 22209 world today. It also has established 1973 standards of safety performance criteria for skiier, bicyclist and The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' equestrian protective helmets. National Association, known as SMACNA, was estab- The foundation's standards are not minimum stand- lished in 1944 as a nonprofit, incorporated, trade ards. Rather, they represent the upper levels of association dedicated to the advancement of the sheet protective criteria which the manufacturing art is metal, heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, industrial capable of meeting, and as that capability increases, sheet metal and roofing industries. Extensive activities the level of the standard is raised. Since 1959, the and services are carried out in four departments: foundation has approved manufacturers' products technical, labor relations, legislative affairs, and busi- meeting these and other criteria for certification under ness management. Although some standards are contractual agreements providing, among other mat- developed for labor relations and safety practices, the ters, for ongoing random sample testing of helmets majority of the organization's standards are produced taken from dealers' shelves. Through its certification by its Technical Services Department which employs program, the foundation is able to keep in the fore- engineering and other technical staff who work in front of improvements in the state of the manufactur- conjunction with technical committees appointed ing art, both as to methodology and materials, and to mainly from the membership. SMACNA's technical obtain data useful in its research program and standards fall in two general subject areas: duct development of more sophisticated test procedures. construction and architectural sheet metal. The foundation is secretariat for the American SMACNA's technical documents have national National Standards Committee Z90 for road users' acceptance across the building and construction indus- protective headgear; its research personnel serve as try and the organization is the recognized authority on United States representatives on the International

146 Organization for Standardization (ISO) committees mittee X-3, IEEE/Electron Devices and EIA/6.16. for road user and industrial protective headgear; and No standards have been issued as yet but several are it has cooperated closely with research commands of in preparation as a result of joint activities with the the U.S. Armed Forces, with state and local law other organizations. These standards are concerned enforcement agencies, and with the Federal Trade with light emitting diodes (IEEE), industrial cathode Commission. Nearing completion is a four-year study ray tubes (EIA), and fonts for alphanumeric dot of the adequacy of industrial protective helmets. The characters (IEEE/ANSI), and are all national in foundation has published 13 papers. Copies of its scope. standards are available from the foundation. SOCIETY FOR TECHNICAL THE SOAP AND DETERGENT COMMUNICATION, INC., ASSOCIATION, Suite 421, 475 Park Avenue South, 1010 Vermont Avenue NW., New York, New York 10016 Washington, DX. 20005

This association, which was founded in 1926, is a The Society for Technical Communication (STC) national trade group representing manufacturers of was established in 1958 through a series of mergers of well over 90 percent of the soap and detergents local and regional groups which had been formed produced in the United States and their raw material throughout the country by persons concerned with the suppliers. Through its Technical and Materials Divi- preparation and dissemination of technical communi- sion, it conducts research to determine the effect of cation. It is a nonprofit, educational membership industry product constituents in water and sewage organization whose purpose is to advance the theory treatment processes, on aquatic life and water and practice of technical communication in all media. resources, and on consumer safety. It has chapters in the United States and Canada and The association has acted as the coordinating members in foreign countries. agency in developing a test procedure and standards Activities include chapter programs, an annual for determining the biodegradability of alkyl benzene international technical communication conference, sulfonate and linear alkylate sulfonate. Participating publication of a journal, and standards and reference in the Joint Government/Industry Task Force on material used in technical documentation, manuals, Eutrophication, the association helped develop an reports, and writings. The STC Standards Council is accepted standard algal assay procedure, which is now interested primarily in two broad categories of stand- available from the U. S. Environmental Protection ards: (1) guidelines which bear directly upon the pro- Agency. Subcommittees of the Technical and Mate- fession of technical communication, (2) data and rials Division are working with the Consumer Product procedural standards which govern science, engineer- Safety Commission toward the development of proto- ing, and the art that must be applied, interpreted or cols under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, referenced in technical communication. STC has which would establish the level of hazard of various liaison with the American National Standards Insti- constitutents in consumer products. tute, the Metric Association and others concerned The Technical and Materials Division has a con- with publication of technical information. tinuing program to review and evaluate existing Formed by merger of: Association of Technical procedures and to develop new methods and standards Writers and Editors; Society of Technical Writers to meet current needs. (1957). Formerly: Association of American Soap and Glyc- erine Producers. SOCIETY OF ALLIED WEIGHT ENGINEERS, INC., SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY, Box 60024, 654 North Sepulveda Boulevard, Terminal Annex, Los Angeles, California 90049 Los Angeles, California 90054

The Society for Information Display, organized in The Society of Aeronautical Weight Engineers was 1962, is a private, nonprofit, nongovernment organiza- organized in 1939 in Los Angeles, California, and was tion. Its primary efforts are in the field of computer incorporated as a nonprofit organization April 2, 1941. derived dynamic information display. The standardi- The society is now international. Effective January 1, zation program is approximately 5 percent of the 1973, the society name was changed to the Society of total program and is administered by the Definitions Allied Weight Engineers, Inc. and Standards Committee. This committee is involved The purpose of SAWE is (a) to promote recogni- in international programs to the extent that the com- tion of weight control as a specialized branch of engi- mittees of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics neering; (b) to exchange weight information for Engineers (IEEE), Electronic Industries Association mutual benefit; (c) to combine efforts to reduce the (EIA) and American National Standards Institute weight of purchased equipment; (d) to promote a

(ANSI), in which it is active, are involved. These better understanding among weight engineers; and committees are American National Standards Com- (e) to promote and enhance the professional status of

147 weight engineers and to encourage study of mass National Gas Engine Association merged their engi- properties and weight engineering problems. neering and standardization work in the SAE, and SAWE has contributed its services to the accom- the Society of Automobile Engineers then became the pUshment of: standardization of mass property forms; Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. In 1926, the standardization of mass property procedure; standardi- society initiated standardization in automotive produc- zation of method of determining trapped residuals; tion engineering, and in 1931 adopted the first stand- development of detail weight statement; development ardization in the motor transport field. of mass properties data for higher learning; develop- In cooperation with the American Petroleum Insti- ment of accessory weight data; sponsorship of ture, SAE sustains the Coordinating Research Coun- exchange of weight data; exchange between airline cil. This council was set up in 1942 to conduct members of information concerning weight reduction cooperative research and similar work aimed at mating on airline equipment; the collection of standard fuels and lubricants to power plants. weights of raw stock and hardware together with engi- All standards, specifications, and reports developed neering data into the "SAWE Weight Handbook." by the society are made available for industry, the Government, or other usage on a voluntary basis. SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS, Currently there are approximately 3,000 standards 400 Commonwealth Drive, and specifications covering the on-highway, off-high- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15096 way and aerospace fields. Frequent checks are made to determine usefulness of each document. Unused Standardization has been an important activity of documents are canceled. SAE interfaces in some way this society from its very beginning. It now carries on with every agency of the Government that is concerned technical standardization work for the motor vehicle, with the design, manufacture or regulation of the aircraft, airline, space vehicles, farm tractor, earth- vehicle. In most instances, SAE provides the means moving, and roadbuilding machinery, and other man- by which industry and government personnel can ufacturing industries using internal combustion come together as individuals to discuss common tech- engines. With the exception of aerospace, safety and nical problems and to work out feasible solutions to environmental standards, which are published in loose- these problems. Because of the Government's interest leaf form, the basic standards of the society are pub- in regulatory activities relating to the transportation lished annually in the SAE Handbook. The society's equipment, and as a large volume purchaser of vehicles standardization work is under the general direction of of all types. Government agencies have long drawn the SAE Technical Board which organizes such tech- upon SAE and its cooperative engineering program for nical committees as may be necessary to carry on the information and assistance. SAE standards are recog- work. The society's standards and technical commit- nized in government publications as methods for tee activities also include active advisory cooperation measuring or testing for establishing minimum tech- with the Armed Forces and numerous other Federal nical requirements in areas where government regula- and state government agencies. SAE is active in inter- tory control has been established. national standardization and sponsors several U. S. Technical Advisory Groups for International Organi- SOCIETY OF DIE CASTING ENGINEERS, zation for Standardization projects under the auspices 16007 West 8 Mile Road, of the American National Standards Institute. In Detroit, Michigan 48235 addition, many SAE standards have found international usage by being voluntarily adopted by foreign Established in 1954, the society is a nonprofit orga- industry or government. SAE standards are national nization, incorporated in the State of Michigan in in scope and are used widely throughout the inter- 1955. It exists to serve the interests of its members national vehicle technical community. and others working in the die casting industry and The SAE standardization activity began in 1902 associated industries. The society has a Technical with the adoption of standards by the National Asso- Council with subcommittees working in several fields ciation of Automobile Manufacturers. In 1903, the including safety, machinery, alloys, process, dimen- Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers sions, metrication, quality, die design and coatings. (ALAM) was organized by manufacturers licensed The society collaborates with other, older-estab- under the Selden Patent. In 1910, the society took lished societies in the cast metals field in the estab- over from the Mechanical Branch of the ALAM its lishment of consensus standards in the above areas. work of preparing technical data and appointed the It also provides guidance for research workers in cast first standards committee in the automotive industry. metals, but does no research work itself. During the years immediately following, other industries began to use internal combustion engines more THE SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING widely, and it became evident that the SAE was the ENGINEERS, logical body in which to centralize all such activities. 20501 Ford Road, In 1917, the American Society of Aeronautics Engi- Dearborn, Michigan 48128 neers and the Society of Tractor Engineers merged with the SAE and soon thereafter the National Asso- SME was founded in 1932 as the American Society ciation of Engine and Boat Manufacturers and the of Tool Engineers. From 1960 to 1969 it was known

148 as the American Society of Tool and Manufacturing manufacturing and distributing technical test film for Engineers and in 1970 it became the Society of Man- motion pictures and television. ufacturing Engineers. Formerly: Society of Motion Picture Engineers The change in name reflects the evolution of the (1950). manufacturing engineering profession, and the growth and increased sophistication of a technical society that THE SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS has gained an international reputation for being the AND MARINE ENGINEERS most knowledgeable and progressive voice in this field. 74 Trinity Place, SME's function is to follow and assess the trends New York, New York 10006 and developments in manufacturing; then to interpret, This society, in cooperation with other interested publish, and distribute the information. It provides a organizations such as the American National Stand- common ground and focal point from which manu- ards Institute and the International Organization for facturing engineers and corporate managers can share Standardization, takes an active part in the establish- ideas, information and accomplishments. ment of standards, guidelines and codes relating to Engineering standards are of great concern to the the design, construction, maintenance and operation manufacturing community and hence a vital part of of merchant marine ships, yachts, boats, offshore and this organization. Those standards activities sponsored ocean bottom structures, hydrofoils, surface effect by this society, and those which this society has repre- ships and submersibles. sentation on, are coordinated by the Technical Divi- SNAME, founded in 1893, administers an extensive sions of SME. SME has worked closely with the and active Technical and Research (T&R) Program National Bureau of Standards, the American National involving over 900 volunteer members covering all Standards Institute, and the American Society for aspects of the above technologies, in cooperation with Testing and Materials in establishing standards in the Government including its regulatory agencies, various fields. Standards which this society currently scientific and research laboratories, academic institu- fosters include: Decimalized Measure, Industrial Dia- tions and the marine industry. It thus assists in the mond Dressing Tools, Safety Codes for the Care, Use, development of internationally recognized codes and and Protection of Power Driven Brushing Tools, Tool- standards on such subjects as shipboard vibration ing Nomenclature, Scales for Use in Decimal Inch measurements, ship equipment shop and installation Measure. These are the nationally sponsored stand- tests, ship sea trial acceptance tests, selection of high ards of SME. In addition to this there are over 200 strength and alloy steels, allowable stresses in ships, senior chapters of the SME, and each of these chap- guides to allowable abrasive blasting, coating systems ters has a standing committee devoted to the reviews and deck coverings, shipboard cranes, life support sys- and implementation of standards. Each committee tems, centralized control and automation, shipboard reviews the standards in their particular area or field nuclear power plant safety and others. of expertise and initiates action or offers comment where necessary. SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS Formerly: American Society of Tool and Manufac- INDUSTRY INC., turing Engineers. 250 Park Avenue, New York, SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE AND New York 10017 TELEVISION ENGINEERS This is a trade and technical society of over 1200 862 Scarsdale Avenue, companies in all branches of tlie plastics industry Scarstlale, New York 10583 interested in quality standards, research, uniform accounting, traffic rates, wage rate surveys, tariffs, The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engi- codes, public relations, informative labeling, safety, neers is a nonprofit organization concerned with the fire prevention, food packaging, etc. It was founded in engineering aspects of motion pictures, television, 1937. instrumentation, high-speed photography, and the SPI runs a number of industry conferences each allied arts and sciences. Founded in 1916 to develop year and sponsors the National Plastics Exposition technical standards for motion picture engineering, it every three years, usually in Chicago. has expanded to include television and the areas men- The companies making up the membership of this tioned above. As secretariat of two American National society are: injection, compression, and transfer mold- Standards Committees. PH22 Motion Pictures and ers; laminators; extruders; fabricators; calenderers; C98 Combined Visual-Aural Magnetic Recording for printers; embossers; reinforced plastics processors; Television, SMPTE is responsible for generating and raw material suppliers; machinery and equipment man- maintaining standards for these disciplines. ufacturers: tool, die, and mold makers; research, de- The society fulfills its objectives, as well as the velopment, and testing laboratories. standards program, by : (a) presenting technical papers The society's members are located throughout the at monthly meetings held by its 13 chapters; (h) United States, Canada, and 28 other countries. arranging semiannual week-long technical conferences Branch offices are maintained in Chicago at 3150 Des with technical papers sessions and equipment exhibits; Plaines Ave., Des Plains, Illinois 60018 and Los Ange- (c) publishing a monthly technical journal; and (d) les at 611 South Catalina Street.

149 For years SPI has worked closely with the U.S. are as follows: Southern Standard Building Code; Department of Commerce through the National Southern Standard Plumbing Code; Southern Stand- Bureau of Standards toward the development of Com- ard Gas Code; Southern Standard Housing Code; and mercial Standards and Voluntary Product Standards the Southern Standard Mechanical Code. for plastic products. The cooperative efforts of com- The congress has established a mechanism by panies in the plastics industry, the society, and the which building code regulations are developed National Bureau of Standards have proved highly suc- through the due process necessary for laws, regardless cessful. As a result, these industry standards represent of whether they regulate human behavior or building the largest number of voluntary standards prepared by activity. any trade association through the Department of As new technologies evolve, additions, subtractions Commerce. and alterations to the contents of the codes become Voluntary standards have been published by the necessary. Each year, carefully written and edited Department of Commerce on the following plastics changes are proposed by code officials, inspectors, products: TFE-Fluorocarbon (Polytetrafluorethylene) architects, engineers, builders and associates from Resin Molded Basic Shapes; Polyvinyl Chloride industry, manufacturer-producers and testing and (PVC) Plastic Pipe; Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Lipe; research institutes. These proposed changes, substan- Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe; tiated by extensive documentation, are reviewed for TFE-Fluorocarbon (Polytetrafluoroethylene) Resin clarity and content and then are printed in the Octo- Electrical Insulating Tubing; TFE-Fluorocarbon ber edition of Southern Building magazine, the (Polytetrafluoroethylene) Resin Sheet; TFE-Fluoro- monthly publication of the SBCC. In late October the carbon (Polytetrafluoroethylene) Resin Flexible Hose Annual Research Conference of the SBCC is held. (Wire Braid Reinforced), Vinyl-Metal Laminates; The codes produced by the SBCC may be adopted Polyethylene Sheeting (Construction, Industrial & by any city, county or state where adoption by refer- is Agricultural Applications) ; Vinyl Plastic Weather- ence permitted. This adoption method merely strip; Styrene Rubber Plastic Sewer and Drain Pipe requires passage of an enabling ordinance and the and Fittings; Rigid Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride filing of three public record copies of each adopted Pipe; Flexible Polyethylene Plastic Pipe; Polyethylene code with the clerk of the respective Government Film; Gel-Coated Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester agency. The ordinance should refer to the code by Resin Shower Receptors; Gel-Coated Glass-Fiber Rein- title, edition, name of the publisher and date. forced Resin Bathtubs; Rigid ABS Plastic Pipe (IPS The ordinance should include provisions to repeal all Dimensions) ; Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester Corru- other conflicting ordinances and regulations and gated Structural Plastics Panels; Melamine Dinner- should establish or update fire districts as outlined on ware (Alpha-Cellulose-Filled) for Household Use; a map, also to be filed with the clerk. Once the Vinyl Chloride Plastics Garden Hose; Solvent Welded enabling ordinance is adopted by the governing body, (SWP Size) Cellulose-Acetate Butyrate Pipe; Rigid the clerk certifies its adoption and causes the ordi- Polyvinyl Chloride Sheets; General Purpose Vinyl nance to be published in a local newspaper. Publica- Plastic Film; Heavy-Duty Alpha-Cellulose Filled tion of such an ordinance of adoption by reference Melamine Tableware; Polystyrene Plastic Wall Tiles, should be done in conformity with state laws. A sug- and Adhesives for their Application. gested wording of an ordinance of adoption can be In addition, SPI committees are continually working furnished upon request. on the preparation of other standards for plastics Most Government agencies using the Southern products for submission to the American Society for Standard Codes have adopted them by the method Testing and Materials and the American National outlined. Standards Institute (ANSI). SPI financially supports ANSI acting as secretariat to International Organiza- tion for Standardization, ISO TC-61 and participates SOUTHERN HARDWOOD LUMBER fully in its activities. MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, Sterick Building, Memphis, Tennessee 38103 SOUTHERN BUILDING CODE CONGRESS, INTERNATIONAL The Southern Hardwood Lumber Manufacturers' 3617 Eighth Avenue, South, Association was founded in 1935. Southern hard- Birmingham, Alahama 35222 woods are graded under the rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association, as are all hardwoods The Southern Building Code Congress established manufactured in the United States and Canada. This in 1945, is a private, nonprofit, quasi-legislative orga- organization cooperates with the National Hardwood nization, dedicated to the codification of minimum Lumber Association in grade standardization of hard- construction standards in a family of documents. wood lumber; also with Government agencies and Each code promulgated outlines standards which all lumber associations in the development of Ameri- insure adequate safety to life, public health and wel- can Lumber Standards fostered by the Department of fare without adding unnecessarily to the costs of Commerce. proposed structures. The codes produced by SBCC Formerly: Southern Hardwood Producers Inc.

150 SOUTHERN PINE INSPECTION BUREAU libraries. Special Library Sketchbook describes actual P.O. Box 846, operations of 12 special libraries. Pensacola, Florida 32594 SLA commits approximately 1-2 percent of its total program to standardization activities. The organization This bureau is an autonomous nonprofit agency and participates in the work of a number of American is the recognized organization in the southern pine National Standards Sectional Committees: Z39 industry for the formulation and maintenance of grad- Library Work and Documentation; Z85 Library ing standards. Since 1940, the Southern Pine Inspec- Equipment and Supplies; PH5 Photographic Repro- tion Bureau has carried on a standardization program duction of Documents. It is also represented on the in developing grading rules for southern pine lumber ALA Library Technology Program Advisory Commit- carried on for more than 25 years previously by the tee which develops standards for library binding, Southern Pine Association. These rules are in conform- equipment, and supplies. The SLA Standards Commit- ity with American Lumber Standards as set forth in tee provides overall guidance in this area. SLA is a the current edition of Voluntary Product Standard PS member of International Federation of Library Asso- 20-70, published by the National Bureau of Standards. ciations (IFLA) and International Federation for The Southern Pine Inspection Bureau took an Documentation (FID). A triennial salary survey is active part in the formulation of these national stand- undertaken and published in Special Libraries, the ards and has direct representation on the American official journal. Lumber Standards Committee. This bureau also is officially represented on the Technical Committee on SPECIALTY WIRE ASSOCIATION, Timber of the American Society for Testing and 1625 Eye Street NW., Materials with reference to the preparation of standard Washington, B.C. 20006 specifications for timber and timber products. The Specialty Wire Association (SWA) was orga- The bureau's functions are to maintain standards of nized in 1937 as a nonprofit trade association made up size and definite grade classifications, as reflected in of companies who manufacture from steel rod all its published grading and inspection rules, for the forms of steel and alloy steel wire for industrial uses. benefit of the lumber-using public and of the indus- Typical commodities are spring wire, stapling wire, try, and to provide competent and adequate inspection rope wire and tire bead wire. facilities. These inspection facilities are universally The technical program of the association was regarded as fair and impartial, and are used not only begun in 1944 to provide manufacturers and pur- as a means of adjudicating disputes as to grades chasers of fine and specialty wire with technical infor- between buyers and sellers but also for the certification mation relating primarily to the production and of southern pine lumber before shipment from the standards of performance of such wires. The purpose mill. The grading and manufacture of subscribers to of the program is to make it easier for the buyer to the bureau are under the supervision of bureau qual- specify the kind of wire that is wanted, and for the ity supervisors and those mills which prove their buyer and manufacturer to arrive at a mutual under- efficiency in grading and agree to maintain the estab- standing of the specifications a given wire is to have. lished standards of size and grade are licensed to This program is conducted by SWA's Technical grademark their lumber with a bureau mark symboliz- Advisory Committee, made up of technical representing such supervision and efficiency. atives of specialty wire manufacturers. The Technical Committee has published two SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, Standards Manuals, Volume I covering round wire 235 Park Avenue South, and Volume II covering flat and shaped wires. These New York, New York 10003 two volumes contain recommended standards for over 160 steel wire commodities. Special Libraries Association, founded in 1909, is an international organization of 8,000 professional SPORTING ARMS AND AMMUNITION librarians and information experts. Special libraries MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, serve industry, business, Government, research, educa- 420 Lexington Avenue, tional and technical institutions—all organizations, New York, New York 10017 both public and private, requiring or providing specialized information. The association encourages and pro- The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufactur- motes the utilization of knowledge through the ers' Institute was founded in 1926 (succeeding an collection, organization, and dissemination of informa- organization active during and immediately following tion for the general welfare and the advancement of World War I known as the Society of American Man- mankind. ufacturers of Small Arms and Ammunition). The The association has published a 20 page brochure purpose of SAAMI is to serve the mutual interests of entitled Objectives for Special Libraries. It sets forth the U.S. sporting firearms and ammunition industry standards for objectives, staff, collection, services, with emphasis on activities to assure safe use of these physical facilities, and budget for special libraries. A products by sportsmen and others having a lawful companion brochure. Profiles of Special Libraries, need for them. In terms of manpower and hours describes desirable practices in six different prototype devoted by representatives of member companies who

151 serve on SAAMI's several committees, study groups the State of Connecticut. The club sanctions national and task forces, most of the institute's program is and regional races and three major professional racing devoted to product safety and standardization. series listed on the International Calendar. It also Product standards and product safety activities are sanctions rallies (precision driving tests over a given administered by the SAAMI Technical Committee route at an exact speed), gymkhanas (intricate driving under general direction of SAAMI's Executive and maneuvers in a cleared area), concours d'elegance Policies and Practices Committees. A Product Safety (rating cars by a correlation of age, condition and Subcommittee and two task forces, one for ammuni- equipment of the vehicle), and numerous internation and a second for firearms, are engaged in product tional events and world championship races. standards development; they are responsive to the SCCA has developed safety standards for competi- Technical Committee. A key SAAMI staff member is tions, and standards and procedures for speed events its Director of Product Safety. for automobiles which may take part in events, for The SAAMI Technical Committee is actively issuance of competition licenses, and for the organi- reviewing current industry test methods, procedures, zation and conduct of its events. These standards and and recommended manufacturing safety practices. At procedures are set forth in its publications: Produc- the committee's initiative, there have been adopted tion Car Specifications; General Competition Rules; two voluntary industry standards recognized as and Rally and Solo Rules. SAAMI standards. Their titles are: SAAMI Standard In addition, SCCA sponsors American National for Rim Fire Ammunition—Velocity and Pressure; Standards Sectional Committee Z90, Vehicular Head SAAMI Standard for Rim Fire Dimensions—Ammu- Protection. This committee is concerned with safety nition—Firearms Chambers and Bores. These particu- requirements for head protection for automobile lar standards were submitted for the review procedure drivers engaged in high hazard activities or occupa- prescribed by the American National Standards Insti- tions, as well as crash helmets for motorcyclists. tute (ANSI) and offered for recognition as American American National Standard Z90.1-1971, developed National Standards. The Technical Committee is by this committee, was recently issued. reviewing other data with respect to firearms for possible consideration and adoption as industry standards. SOUTHERN CYPRESS MANUFACTURERS' Should a new industry standard be adopted, it would ASSOCIATION, be submitted to the procedure of review/ recognition/ 1614 Berwick Road, adoption as American National Standards. Jacksonville, Florida 32207 The SAAMI Technical Committee establishes definitive proof loads recommended for factory testing This association has formulated and adopted stand- of U.S. made sporting firearms, thus assuring greater ard specifications for grades of tidewater red cypress safety to the users of such arms. This committee also which are in conformity with the American Lumber maintains liaison with the Department of Defense in Standard, Voluntary Product Standard PS 20-70. relation to manufacturing, testing and performance Recognizing the need for uniform marking and specifications of commercial ammunition purchased authoritative supervision of the marking of standard by the Government. grades of red cypress lumber, this association has The scope of SAAMI is national. Through common adopted standard grademarks. The insignia "SCMA" usage, SAAMI data sheets dealing with recommended is the property of the Southern Cypress Manufac- maximum cartridge-minimum chamber dimensions are turers' Association. Only licensed inspectors of this international in scope. SAAMI is the only trade asso- association or competent inspectors or manufacturers ciation in the United States actively engaged in authorized by the association to officially grademark sporting arms and ammunition product standards cypress, are permitted to place this mark on lumber. development and promulgation. At this time there is Lumber bearing this symbol is officially grademarked. no certification program. The appearance of official marks on planing mill prod- SAAMI meinbership includes ten (out of twelve) ucts such as flooring, ceiling, bevel siding, drop siding, principal U. S. and Canadian producers of sporting etc., indicate an official grademark for the particular firearms; the four major North American makers of product of the planing mill. sporting ammunition; all four commercial producers of smokeless propellants in the United States and Can- SPRING MANUFACTURERS' INSTITUTE, ada. Thus, SAAMI standards and the practices, pro- 24 Steams Street, cedures and recommendations set forth in the P.O. Box 959, SAAMI Technical Committee Manual are recognized Bristol, Connecticut 06010 throughout American and Canadian industry. SPORTS CAR CLUB OF AMERICA, The Spring Manufacturers' Institute (SMI) is an INCORPORATED, organization of the manufacturers of precision mechanical springs dedicated to the advancement of Post Office Box 22476, the spring industry. In 1933 representatives of spring Denver, Colorado 80222 firms met in Buffalo, New York, and organized the This is a nonprofit organization with approximately Spring Manufacturers' Association. Forty spring man- 23,000 members, founded in 1944 and incorporated in ufacturers were listed as charter members. Through

152 the years, the scope of the organization's activities Engineers. Standards and specifications are drawn up gradually broadened. An indication of the increasing through two levels of groups functioning within the technical nature of the organization was its name organization: commodity divisions and special com- change in 1961 to the Spring Manufacturers' Insti- mittees. Commodity groups, organized along lines of tute. Today, the institute has more than 190 members, manufactured products, can set standards for their approximately 150 parent firms and the balance, particular phase of the industry and are set up in the branch plants. SMI keeps spring makers abreast of the following categories: quick couplings and fittings; tub- newest developments in materials, equipment, manu- ing and pipe; sprinklers; pump and power units; facturing procedures, management methods through mechanical move; and center pivot. Committees technical sessions, and through publication of Springs, active in the area of standards and specifications are Magazine, organ of the industry. the Standards and Specifications Committee and the SMI maintains realistic spring standards in keeping Turf Committee. with current technological requirements and works Currently under review are new standards for instal- with material and equipment suppliers to improve lation of turf irrigation systems. Recently submitted industry capabilities. SMI develops valuable materials to the National Electrical Code Committee were final such as the SMI Spring Design Calculator and the recommendations of the Center Pivot Commodity SMI Handbook of Spring Design, a basic manual Division for the adoption of new code requirements for developed by SMI for use in designing springs. electrically driven center pivot systems. Included are standards for compression, extension, torsion, flat and hot wound springs; data on wire spring materials, tolerances, etc.; and a glossary of STANDARDS ENGINEERS SOCIETY, spring terms. 2617 East Hennepin Avenue, In October of 1972, representatives of SMI Stand- Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413 ards Committee met with representatives of the Ger- man Spring Manufacturers Association in Chicago and This is a professional technical society of standards again in Germany in April, 1973 to develop what is engineers founded in 1947, incorporated in 1956, and hoped will become a universal glossary of spring sym- currently consisting of some 1000 individual members bols or signs. The SMI Standards Committee is one organized in 20 local sections throughout the United of the most active and productive of all SMI commit- States and Canada. The objectives of this association tees. Since the first edition of the SMI Standards are: (1) to provide a forum for the interchange of Manual published in 1949, revisions have been made information on standardization and standardization in 1959, 1962, 1964 and 1968. In 1970 a companion methods. This forum is provided by meetings at the publication was issued, a Design Handbook, to round local and national level; and by the publications of out the service potential of the manual. Now the the society—a bimonthly magazine, Standards Engi- manual and handbook are combined into a single neering and an annual Proceedings; (2) to further publication with the information contained in the two standardization as a means of enhancing general wel- books revised and consolidated in a manner to make fare; (3) to promote knowledge and use of approved its use easier. For the first time the manual contains standards; (4) to encourage additions to the literature information on hot wound springs and a metric-U.S. of standardization; and (5) to stimulate education in units conversion table. standardization at the collegiate level. The society Considerable progress has been made in gaining recognizes accomplishments in standards work by industrywide acceptance of these spring standards and appropriate awards and by a membership structure efforts are continuing in standardizing the nomencla- which includes the grade of Fellow and Honorary Life ture, design techniques, and tolerances for the spring Fellow. industry. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION, STEATITE MANUFACTURERS' 13975 Connecticut Avenue, ASSOCIATION, Suite 310, 331 Madison Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20906 New York, New York 10017

The Sprinkler Irrigation Association, founded in This association was formed in 1956 by manufac- 1949, is a national trade organization whose member- turers of Steatite, which is a generic term for kiln ship is made up of manufacturers and distributors of fired ceramic compositions composed chiefly of vari- sprinkler irrigation equipment, designers and installers ous magnesium silicate crystals. of sprinkler irrigation systems for turf and agriculture, Standardization work of the Steatite Manufactur- engineers and university and government personnel ers' Association is published in standards, which interested in and active in the field. includes general test methods, inspection sampling, The organization is active in the field of setting loss factor tests, resistance to thermal and other tech- standards and specifications both on its own initiative nical explanations. and through close cooperation with allied organiza- Copies of the standards may be obtained by writing tions such as the American Society of Agricultural to the secretary.

153 STEEL BAR MILLS ASSOCIATION, mended Standard Practice, and Recommendations for 1125 West Lake Street, Room 208, Field Storage and Erection. Oak Park, lUinois 60301 Formerly: Metal Roof Deck Technical Institute.

This association, founded as a voluntary trade asso- STEEL DOOR INSTITUTE, ciation in 1911, and named the Rail Steel Bar Asso- c/o Thomas Associates, Inc., ciation, became the Steel Bar Mills Association 2130 Keith Building, (SBMA) in 1968. SBMA is involved with the solu- Cleveland, Ohio 44115 tion of operational problems in electric furnace steel- making and rolling of bar products to accepted The Steel Door Institute was founded in 1954 and standards from billet, rail and axle steel. is an organization of manufacturers of swing type Standards activities, primarily in the development of steel doors and frames used in commercial, industrial bar standards in billet, rail and axle steel, are under- and residential construction, both single and multi- taken in a dual cooperative basis with the American family. Society for Testing and Materials and other standards The standardization program of the institute repre- groups. sents approximately 50 percent of its total program. The Association Technical Committee, the Asso- The standardization activity is administered by the ciation Permanent Rail Steel Committee and the institute's Technical Committee. The Technical Com- Product Quality Committee of the Plant Operations mittee is involved in international programs indirectly Division, maintain ongoing work in standards. Coop- through the Underwriters' Laboratories and the Amer- eration with Canadian standards activity is part of the ican Society for Testing and Materials. Close and work of SBMA as well as frequent and continuing extensive liaison is maintained with Federal agencies activity with the National Bureau of Standards. which include General Services Administration; Corps SBMA does not issue standards but sponsors Amer- of Engineers, Departments of the Army and Air ican Society for Testing and Materials Standards in Force; Department of Housing and Urban Develop- A616, A617 Rail and Axle Steel Concrete Reinforcing ment, Federal Housing Administration; Veterans Bars and a Standard Specification for Hot Rolled Steel Administration; United States Postal Service; and Fence Posts (respectively). Additional counsel and Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The committee activity with ASTM are also undertaken by institute issues standards in the form of technical data the association. sheets and American National Standards. The technical data series represents 14 separate publications and the American National Standard series represents two publications. STEEL INSTITUTE, The standards activity is national in DECK scope. 9836 West Roosevelt Road, P.O. Box 270, Westchester, Illinois 60153 STEEL FOUNDERS' SOCIETY OF AMERICA, Cast Metals Federation Building, Organized in 1939 by manufacturers of steel roof 20611 Center Ridge Road, deck, the institute insures uniform industry standards Rocky River, Ohio 44116 for the engineering design, manufacture, and field usage of steel roof deck throughout the United States. The Steel Founders' Society of America was estab- Through its institute, members of the industry strive lished in 1902. The society has issued a Recom- to maintain a high-quality product, promote good mended Minimum Standard for Commercial Carbon building regulations, disseminate information relative Steel Castings, and tentative specifications for steel to the proper use of steel roof deck and engage in foundry raw materials covering: (1) Western research programs to improve performance. Bentonite, (2) Gelatinized Cereal Binder, (3) Zircon The institute's Technical Committee, appointed Sand and Flour, (4) Washed and Dried Sand, (5) from the staff of its membership, studies technical Crude Sand, (6) Forsterite and/or Olivine Aggregate problems, analyzes and evaluates existing and new and Flour, (7) Cast Steel Abrasives, (8) Malleable methods to assure safe construction, and initiates Iron Abrasives, (9) Moldable Exothermic Pad Mate- research projects, such as fire resistance tests at rials, and (10) Exothermic Materials for Molded nationally recognized laboratories. A major testing Exothermic Sleeves. The Specifications Committee program having the objective of developing reliable, has other raw material specifications in process. The unbiased standard performance values for steel deck- society is represented on specification committees of ing used as a horizontal diaphragm was completed in other organizations, and cooperates particularly with 1972, at West Virginia University. A publication. technical committees of the American Society for Tentative Recommendations for the Design of Steel Testing and Materials in the development of standards Deck Diaphragms, resulted from this research effort. and methods of test for steel and steel castings, metal- The institute's primary publication is the Steel Roof lography, radiographic and magnetic particle testing, Deck Design Manual, which incorporates Basic Design and other matters of interest. Specifications, Standard Load Tables, Code of Recom- Absorbed: Alloy Casting Institute (1970).

154 STEEL JOIST INSTITUTE, STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL, 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Suite 707, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Arlington, Virginia 22202

This council was established in 1950 to fill a vital This institute is a nonprofit organization of manu- need for impartial research, specifications and infor- facturers actively engaged in the fabrication and dis- mation on the protection of steel by paints and tribution of open web steel joists. It was organized in coatings. Many organizations, recognizing the work of 1928 to place the industry on a sound engineering the council, have become supporting members, and basis. Its objectives are to establish and standardize have made available personnel, funds, or facilities to methods of design and construction for open web steel further the council program. joists, to provide test and research data for public At the time of its organization, the council stated dissemination, to assist in the development of appro- these objectives: (1) to determine and outline the priate building code regulations, and to publish infor- best methods that have been developed up to the mation relative to the proper use of steel joists in the present time for cleaning and painting steel; (2) to interest of safety and the public welfare. issue specifications covering practical and economical The institute's first standard specification was methods of surface preparation and painting of steel structures; to adopted in 1928 and its first load table was adopted (3) provide long-range research programs involving field laboratory the following year. Its current Standard Specifications and work and to evaluate various methods and coatings costs and Load Tables for Open Web, Longspan and Deep and thereof, to prevent or reduce corrosion on steel struc- Longspan Steel Joists, comprising J- and H-Series, LJ- tures; and to issue periodic recommendations for and LH-Series and DLJ- and DLH-Series, have become (4) further improving the effectiveness and economy of recognized industry standards. the protection of steel structures. The SSPC has issued the Steel Structures Painting Manual, which has won international acceptance among leading steel and paint manufacturers SHIPPING CONTAINER INSTITUTE, as well STEEL as contractors and companies fabricating and using 2204 Morris Avenue, steel. Volume 1, Good Painting Practice, is an Union, New Jersey 07083 encyclopedia-type manual providing industry with a comprehensive guide for the cleaning and painting of Steel Shipping Container Institute, Inc. (SSCI) was steel structures. Volume 2, Systems and Specifications, founded in February 1944 as a national trade orga- contains all of the specifications issued by the council, nization representing manufacturers of steel drums including surface preparation, pretreatment, paint application, paints and pails. SSCI maintains liaison activities with cus- and paint systems. The council also carries out long-range research tomer groups, reviews testing procedures and speci- a and testing program. fications with regulatory agencies, is actively involved in environmental problems, and has contact with legislative representatives of the Federal and state governments. STEEL WINDOW INSTITUTE, SSCI is deeply involved with the Office of Hazard- c/o Thomas Associates, Inc., ous Materials, Department of Transportation and the 2130 Keith Building, U. S. Army Natick Laboratories. In conjunction with Cleveland, Ohio 44115 the Department of Transportation, Office of Hazard- ous Materials, Bureau of Explosives, Uniform Freight The Steel Window Institute was founded in 1920. Classification Committee, National Motor Freight It is a trade association composed of a majority of Classification Committee, Manufacturing Chemists' American steel window manufacturers. Through Association, Petroleum Packaging Committee, and research and interchange of ideas among its mem- National Paint and Coatings Association, we have bers, better products and services are developed and developed 95 percent of all of the standards presently made available to the building trade. existing in our industry. They are available in printed The standardization and simplification presented in form from the American National Standards Institute. SWI recommendations are the answers to maximum As the industry partic- representative, SSCI regularly economy. However, the creative abilities and produc- in ipates development of the LInited Nation's program tive facilities of the institute manufacturers are also for the development of international packaging regu- geared to the exacting customer demands of modern lations as part of the U. S. Delegation. These stand- architecture and construction. ardization activities consist of approximately 10 Surveys are conducted to determine the relative percent of the total program with the Technical popularity of types and sizes, and recommendations Project Chairman Committee administering the activi- by the institute are circulated to members, nonmem- ties. bers, architects, and Government agencies.

155 Recommended Specifications for Steel Windows, TANNERS' COUNCIL OF AMERICA, 1973, is available from the institute. 411 Fifth Avenue, Formerly: Metal Window Institute. New York, New York 10016

The Tanners' Council of America is the trade STUCCO MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, association of the leather industry of the United States 14006 Ventura Boulevard, and its membership includes virtually all tanners and Suite 204, finishers of leather. The council was organized in 1917 Sherman Oaks, California 91403 through the amalgamation of various regional as well as national groups concerned with the processing, finishing and The Stucco Manufacturers' Association was orga- marketing of hides, skins and leather. The council's activities cover the full range of trade nized in 1957 to promote use of colored stucco finish association functions including statistical compilation coats in building construction. A staff administered and standardization in various areas such as leather public relations program is aimed at increasing the colors, raw material and technical specifications. industry's service to contractors, architects, and the Color Official standards for seasonal leather, foot- general public. — wear and accessory colors are developed and circu- Standardization activities are not the function of lated by the council to the tanning, shoe and other standing committees, but grow out of group action on leather product industries. These standards are pre- an "as needed" basis. The current publication. Exte- pared by the Color Bureau of the Tanners' Council rior Colored Stucco Specification Guide, relates pri- with the advice and assistance of shoe manufacturers marily to application procedures. Although the and retailers. A semiannual Official Leather Color association is national in scope, it recognizes that Book is made available the council to all interested standards may vary among geographic areas because by trades. Master standards are preserved the council of different climatic conditions, skilled manpower by for reference and duplication. pool, and availability of materials. Raw Material Trim—The technical laboratory of the Tanners' Council initiated a new standard method for commercial trim of domestic cattlehides. This SUMP PUMP MANUFACTURERS' was approved as economically sound and desirable by ASSOCIATION, an overwhelming majority of tanners and suppliers. It 221 North LaSalle Street, was submitted to the National Bureau of Standards, Chicago, Illinois 60601 U. S. Department of Commerce, as a proposed voluntary industry standard and was officially published The Sump Pump Manufacturers' Association is a April 4, 1965, as Commercial Standard, CS268-65, national trade organization representing the manufac- Hide Trim Pattern for Domestic Cattlehides (amended turers of domestic sump pumps, together with com- 1966). ponent and accessory suppliers. Originally founded in Raw Material Technical Standards—The Research 1956, the association became inactive in 1962. It was Laboratory of the Tanners' Council has developed reactivated in 1968 under new management and with standards generally accepted in the hide and leather broader objectives. industries for degree of cure and weight differentials Its objectives and activities include: (1) develop- between fleshed, brined and green hides. These ment and promulgation of quality standards, spelling standards are available on request to all interested out design and performance criteria for sump pumps persons. The council's Hide Bureau has defined the used in homes; (2) implementation of a certification characteristics of various commercial hide selections and labeling program for all products which conform and the applicable weight designations for such to these standards; (3) development and dissemination selections. of statistical information designed to describe market Leather Weight Designations—The council has size and activity; (4) promotion of improved provi- developed and maintained a standardized system for sions in building codes on the use of sump pumps; designation of leather weight or thickness. Since the and (5) educational efforts designed to encourage thickness of leather is a highly important characteris- proper and safe installation, maintenance, and use of tic in the design and production of shoes and other domestic sump pumps. leather products, standardized weight designations The Domestic Sump Pump Standards are national were long needed. Extensive investigation of trade in scope, and are designed to supply the purchaser practice enables the council to establish a limited and/ or user with accurate performance data and to number of standards which would meet the require- assist in the determination of proper application and ments of the tanning and leather-consuming indus- selection of this equipment. They provide a uniform tries. These have been officially circulated and made method of testing and rating, and include a specifica- available throughout the world. tion system covering basic materials of construction Formed by merger of: National Association of Tan- for all major components. They also detail minimum ners; Morocco Manufacturers National Assocation; specifications for motors, nameplate data, service Patent and Enamelled Leather Manufacturers' Asso- cords and control switches. ciation.

156 TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE consists of the American Telephone and Telegraph PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY, Company and the United States Independent Tele- One Dunwoody Park, phone Association and their member and associated Atlanta, Georgia 30341 companies. The group is represented on the ANSI Board of Directors The Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper and on the ANSI Executive Stand- ards Council and Organizational Industry (TAPPI) was founded in 1915. The objec- Member Council. It is also represented on the tives of the association are to promote investigation, following ANSI Technical Advisory Boards: Construction, Electrical research and interchange of ideas among its members and Elec- tronics, Graphic, Information in the field of pulp and paper manufacture and use; Systems, Mechanical, Miscellaneous, Safety. to arrange for the presentation and publication of and In addition, it has well over 100 individuals serving on standards paper; and to provide testing procedures and stand- committees concerned with projects in the following ards fundamental to pulp and paper manufacture and fields: abbreviations and symbols, automotive, civil engineer- use. The association is divided into eleven divisions ing and construction, drawings, electrical engineering, dealing with problems relating to pulp manufacture, materials handling, mechanical paper and board manufacture, paper-synthetics, cor- engineering, national electrical code, office machines, rugated containers, coating and graphic arts, engineer- equipment and supplies, petroleum products, photography, safety, vibra- ing, research and development, testing, environmental, tions and mechanical shock, and management sciences, and finishing. Under these divi- wood. The group is also represented on committees sions are a number of committees engaged in projects of such organizations as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics coming within the scope of activities of each division. Engineers in the preparation and revision of Testing procedures include official standards, provi- American National Standards sponsored by these organizations. sional methods and useful methods. These are Additional standardization prepared by the active technical committees and work is carried on through representatives on approved by a Standards Committee and the members committees of various engineering societies, such as the of the association in accordance with prescribed rules Radio Technical Commission for Marine Services and regulations. The Testing Division, whose primary and international organizations such as the International Electrotech- function it is to develop standards and testing proce- nical Commission and the International Organization dures, is divided into the following committees: for Standardization. Cooperative work is handled with adhesives, chemical methods, fillers and pigments, numerous committees of the Electrical Section optical methods, packaging materials, paper, paper- and the Communications Section of the Association of board, paper shipping sack, physical methods, preci- American Railroads engaged in the formulation of sion, pulp, pulping and papermaking chemicals, and recommendations and specifications dealing with wax. There are several other testing committees in various phases of communications for railroads. other divisions, notably the Fiberboard Shipping Con- tainer Testing Committee. The Standards Committee, THE TEST ASSOCIATION, INC. having the administrative responsibility for the BORING 271 North Avenue, approval system, reports to the President after final New Rochelle, York 10801 approval of the standards. The standardization pro- New gram is from 10-15 percent of TAPPFs entire pro- The Test Boring Association, Inc., whose name was gram. Currently there are 285 standards issued by changed in 1967, was organized in 1941 to promote TAPPI which are considered national is scope. New and further the interests of contractors and others standards are announced in the monthly journal, engaged in test drilling, Tappi. boring and core and to engage in any and all lawful activities which will enhance the The association cooperates with the American progress of the test boring and core drilling industry. Society for Testing and Materials by having member- In furtherance of its objectives, the association ship representatives on ASTM technical committees. developed and has available, a Recommended Stand- It cooperates with the Intersociety Color Council in ard Boring Specification for Cased Borings. developing color standards and with the American Formerly: Test Boring and Core Drilling Contrac- National Standards Institute in promoting American tors Association; Test Boring Contractors' Association National and International Standards. TAPPI holds (1969). the secretariat of American National Standards Com- mittee P3 and works closely with the International THERMAL INSULATION MANUFACTURERS' Organization for Standardization, IS0/TC6 on pulp, ASSOCIATION, INC. paper and related products. 7 Kirby Plaza, TELEPHONE GROUP, Mt. Kisco, New York 10549 American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 195 Broadway, The association is a nonprofit trade association New York, New York 10007 representing manufacturers of insulation for thermal industrial uses. Its purpose is to cooperate with other This group which functions under the auspices of industries, technical societies, research organizations, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Government agencies in all matters that will

157 disseminate accurate information regarding inorganic Non-Melting; MIL-T-83193, Nylon, Spun Staple, High insulation. The association has been called on regularly Temperature. to counsel in the preparation of Federal specifications, The institute also maintains liaison with thread- military specifications, guide specifications, etc. oriented committees of the American Society for By virtue of participation in the activities of Ameri- Testing and Materials through representatives of The can Society for Testing and Materials Committee C 16 Thread Institute member firms. Furthermore, there is on Insulation, the association has aided constructively participation in the Annual Conference on Weights in preparing test methods and product standards relat- and Measures. ing to thermal insulating products. Formerly: Cotton Thread Institute (1945). It maintains active participation in the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning TILE COUNCIL OF AMERICA INC., Engineers, the National Fire Protection Association, P.O. Box 326, and the Building Research Institute, and cooperates Princeton, New Jersey; with other organizations that are interested in indus- Architectural Services Office, trial insulation products. 1707 N Street NW., Formerly: National Insulation Manufacturers' Asso- Washington, D.C. 20036 ciation (1941). The Tile Council of America, Inc., organized in 1946, is a trade association of 20 ceramic tile manu- THE THREAD INSTITUTE, INC., facturers dedicated to expansion of the ceramic tile 1133 Avenue of the Americas, industry in the United States through advertising, New York, New York 10036 promotion and research on tile installation methods and materials. The Thread Institute, founded in 1933, is a The standards activities, conducted by the Architec- national trade association for thread manufacturers, tural Services and Research Divisions, are national in converters, and jobbers. The Technical Committee scope. Close contact is maintained with Government which meets as needed to deal with the problems of agencies and other national organizations to assist standardization, is responsible for the institute's stand- with development and interpretation of standards and ards and as such has several ad hoc subcommittees for specification for installation of ceramic tile. cotton, silk, nylon, polyester, and corespun threads. Tile Council annually publishes the Handbook for Cooperation exists between the U. S. Army Natick Ceramic Tile Installation, which is a guide specifica- Laboratories and the institute in development pro- tion for architects and specifiers covering all generally grams for the specifications: VT 276, Cotton; VT 280, accepted ceramic tile installation methods and refer- Cotton Gimp, Buttonhole; VT 291, Linen; VT 295, encing installation and material standards applicable Nylon; VT 285, Polyester; VT 301, Silk; MIL-T- to the methods. 43548, Thread Polyester; Cotton Covered; MIL-T- Current Standards Published by Tile Council of 43624, Polyester, Spun; MIL-T-43636, Nylon, America, Inc., are listed below:

Tile Council of America Inc., Standards

ANSI A108.1-1967 Glazed Ceramic Wall Tile Installed With Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A108.2-1967 Ceramic Mosaic Tile Installed With Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A108.3-1967 Quarry and Paver Tile Installed With Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A108.4-1968 Ceramic Tile Installed With Water-Resistant Organic Adhesives ANSI A108.5-1967 Ceramic Tile Installed With Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A108.6-1969 Ceramic Tile Installed With Chemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-Setting and Grouting Epoxy ANSI A108.7-1967 Electrically Conductive Ceramic Tile Installed With Conductive Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A118.1-1967 Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar ANSI Al 18.2-1967 Conductive Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A118.3-1969 Chemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-Setting and Grouting Epoxy ANSI Al 18.4-1973 Latex-Portland Cement Mortar ANSI A136. 1-1967 Organic Adhesives for Installation of Ceramic Tile ANSI A137.1-1967 Ceramic Tile TCA-8701 Ceramic Tile Panels for Bath Tub Recess Surrounds

158 TIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC., TRANSPORTATION DATA COORDINATING 483 West Sixth Avenue, COMMITTEE, Columbus, Ohio 43201 1101 Seventeenth Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20036 The Tin Research Institute was founded in 1949. Work of the Tin Research Institute is directed to The Transportation Data Coordinating Committee develop the use of tin and is based on scientific and (TDCC), established in 1968, is a nonprofit organiza- technical study of the metal, its alloys and compounds, tion, incorporated in the District of Columbia. It was and of industrial processes which use tin or may pro- founded by leading shippers, carriers, and others vide future markets. interested in the need for standardization of transpor- Members of the institute participate widely in the tation data, codes, formats, and systems that will standards and specifications for tin development of permit computer-to-computer data exchange between ingots, tinplate, tin alloys, bearings, solders, pewter parties involved in transportation, distribution, and and tin and tin alloy coatings. Membership is held in trade activities. It has been responsible for the selec- committees of the International Organization for tion and promotion of standard codes and data Standardization (ISO), American Society for Testing elements for transportation data transmission. and Materials, Institute of Printed Circuits, American TDCC has seven major technical task forces and Welding Society, American Pewter Guild, and coordi- eight subcommittees that deal with primary informa- nation committees for Federal specifications. tion fields that govern the movement and payment of cargo. These RIM ASSOCIATION, include commodity coding, geographic TIRE AND coding, customer coding, carrier coding, packaging 3200 West Market Street, coding, tariffs, and data formats for advanced Akron, Ohio 44313 systems.

The National Transportation Forum and Exhibit is This association, founded in 1903, is the technical sponsored annually by the TDCC and features both standardizing body of the tire, rim and related parts national and international manufacturers of the United States. TRA's program programs for electronic data interchange between shippers, carriers, banks, is entirely devoted to standardization activities and its and Government. is a public organization, with standards are national in scope. Among the standards TDCC membership open to those interested in modernizing established are tire loads, tire inflations, tire dimen- transportation administrative systems by employing sions, recommended rims, dual spacings, rim dimen- the latest computer and communications technology. sions, valve and valve hole dimensions for tire and rim equipment used on passenger cars, bicycles, motor- TRUCK cycles, motor scooters, trucks, buses, recreational BODY AND EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC., vehicles, trailers, earthmovers, road graders, agricul- 5530 Wisconsin Avenue, tural tractors and implements, industrial vehicles, Suite mobile homes, and aircraft. Current standards are 1220, Washington, D.C. 20015 listed in TRA's Yearbook. The association cooperates in establishing standards Originally chartered in as the National Truck for international use and as such participates in the 1947 Body Manufacturers' Association, this nonprofit orga- International Organization for Standardization, ISO/ nization had a three fold enable its TC-31. TRA, through the Rubber Manufacturers' Asso- objective: (1) to members to unite in effort to encourage and promote ciation, has also provided technical advice to the Government. the best interests of manufacturers of commercial truck bodies; (2) bring to the attention of proper TRAFFIC AUDIT BUREAU, authorities the material needs and demands of the 708 Third Avenue, industry; and (3) develop practices and methods New York, New York 10017 designed to aid the industry and promote the public interest. As the association added distributors of This bureau, founded in 1933, consists of advertis- truck bodies and equipment to its membership, a new ers, advertising agencies, and operators of outdoor name was chosen to be more representative of the advertising plants. Its purposes are to establish growing organization and consequently in 1949, the standard practices with respect to the circulation National Truck Body Manufacturers and Distributors' evaluation and visibility of outdoor advertising; to Association was founded. The organization continued supervise and direct practices in connection with the to grow in numbers, prestige and various directions of collection, recording and authentication of traffic and activities. Finally in 1952, the Board of Directors other data related to outdoor advertising; to prepare chose a new name to match the organization's pro- and issue standardized factual statements of the gressive image and attitude, and Truck Body and circulation values of outdoor advertising plants; and Equipment Association, Inc., or simply TBEA, was to perform other acts and services which will further born. the joint interests of advertisers, advertising agencies, Today this association continues to represent over operators of outdoor advertising plants, and the 750 manufacturers, distributors, and suppliers of public. truck bodies, equipment and related accessories

159 — —

throughout the United States and several foreign National Labor Relations Act; OSHA Standards for countries. It has still as its goal, the advancement of Motor Vehicles, and the Occupational Safety and the truck body and related equipment industry in each Health Guide. and every endeavor. The association also publishes monthly newsletters The success of TBEA's service to the industry in the field of finance, labor, labor safety standards, program depends completely on the diligent efforts legislation, excise taxes, and motor vehicle safety. and cooperation of its standing and special committees, plus that of its 22 industry divisions—the members of which volunteer to donate their time and THE TRUCK TRAILER MANUFACTURERS' efforts for the betterment of the industry. ASSOCIATION, Because TBEA's membership is comprised of 2430 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., various segments of the industry, each with specific Washington, D.C. 20037 types of equipment, organizational makeup, or problems peculiar to their own products or distribution The Truck Trailer Manufacturers' Association methods, a system of industry divisions were devel- (TTMA) was organized in 1940. oped to cope with their individual needs. These TTMA means, essentially, people working together divisions include two types: those inclusive of distribu- through their industry association to best serve not tion trade areas, and those devoted to product types. only the industry's but the nation's transportation These divisions include: Ambulance Manufacturers needs—building trailers and supplying components. Division, Automotive Electrical Components Division, The association was formed to establish confidence Beverage Body Manufacturers Division, Chesapeake between various manufacturers of truck trailers and Regional Division, Elevating Tailgate Division, Fire their suppliers to bring a greater awareness and a Apparatus Manufacturers Division, Hydraulic Hoist mutual understanding of the problems confronting all Division, Hydraulic Hoist and Dump Body Division, manufacturers. One of its main purposes is to conduct Metropolitan New York Regional Division, Michigan- programs and activities which will further interest Ohio Regional Division, Northern California Regional and benefit the trailer manufacturers and also to Division, Pacific Northwest Regional Division, Rear provide a means of cooperating with the agencies of Loading Refuse Body Manufacturers Division, Refrig- the Federal Government in any appropriate manner erated Transport Division, School Bus Manufacturers which will best serve the nation and member interests. Institute, Service Body Institute, Southern California The TTMA Engineering Committee and the Tank Regional Division, Southwestern Regional Division, Conference Engineering Committee of the Truck Tri-State Regional Division, Truck Tank Manufacturers Trailer Manufacturers' Association are made up of Division, Utility Body Dealers Division and the Van some of the industry's most authoritative engineers. Body Division. Each of these specialized divisions These committees, through research and working retains its group identity but operates within the together, have contributed greatly to the technological framework of the overall association. Each division advancement of trailer, tank, and container manufac- has an engineering committee that is responsible for turing. Many technical bulletins and recommended the research and development in standardization practices have been prepared covering such subjects activities. as brakes, electrical systems, couplers, wheels, tires, The following technical papers are typical exam- refrigeration, and others. ples: Glossary of Terms—Hydraulic Hoist, Dump Acting in concert with other organizations, the Bodies, Elevating Tailgates; Glossary of Terms Truck Trailer Manufacturers' Association took the —Truck Van Bodies and Components; Truck Van lead in making available a Standard Industry Proce- Body Facts; Hopper Capacity Rating for Rear Loading dure for Determining Heat Transfer of Refrigerated Refuse Bodies; Hydraulic Hoist and Dump Body Truck Trailers. This standard was developed at the Classification Chart; Hydraulic Conversion Hoist Clas- National Bureau of Standards with assistance from the sification Chart; Static Load Test Code for School Bus U. S. Department of Agriculture and the association. Body Structure; Standard Code for Testing and Rat- This is known in the industry as the Heat Sink Test ing Automotive Bus Hot Water Heating and Ventilating Method (USDA #433 of September 1960) and is Equipment; and the School Bus Accident Reporting available from TTMA. Form. Recognizing the need for a standard simplified Various committees work with Federal and state in-plant test method, an extensive survey was made governmental agencies and issue industry papers in February 1969 by the Engineering Committee of including: Excise Tax Guide; OSHA Guide for Apply- the Truck Trailer Manufacturers Association to deter- ing Safety and Health Standards, Handbook for mine the various types of in-plant testing being con- FMVSS Final and Intermediate Manufacturers, ducted by trailer manufacturers. In addition, the Responsibilities of Truck Chassis Dealers to the Motor survey included the degree of correlation that had Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, "Mini Guide" to Federal been found between these simplified test methods and Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Motor Vehicle Safety the Heat Sink Test Method. From this survey there Standards Guide, Lighting Diagrams Published in was developed a Research Report entitled. Thermal Conformance with Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Testing of Commercial Transport Equipment and a No. 108, A Layman's Guide to Basic Law Under the companion TTMA Recommended Practice RP 38-73

160 Method for Rating Heat Transmission of Refrigerated ULTRASONIC INDUSTRY Vehicles which establishes a test method for determin- ASSOCIATION, INC., ing rates of heat transmission and air leakage of 271 North Avenue, refrigerated trailers and containers which can readily New Rochelle, New York 10801 be conducted within the plant facility of a manufacturer. The Ultrasonic Manufacturers' Association, Inc. The Truck Trailer Manufacturers' Association rep- (UIA), whose name was changed in 1973 to Ultra- resents the producers of over 90 percent of the truck sonic Industry Association, Inc., was organized in trailers, tank trailers, and containers built annually 1955 to promote by every lawful means the growth of in the United States. Additionally, over 100 major the industry on a sound and lasting basis. Formation material and component suppliers to the industry are of the association was motivated by the vast potential associate members. Its membership is also interna- of ultrasonics for commercial, industrial, defense, and tional in scope having members located in South medical applications. America, Canada, South Africa, and The Nether- The first achievement by UIA was the development lands. of definitions covering basic industry terminology The industry works closely with such organizations designed to promote a common language and thus as the American National Standards Institute, the facilitate understanding between manufacturers and United States Coast Guard, the Maritime Adminis- users. The second achievement was the development tration, the International Organization for Standardi- of a standard rating covering ultrasonic electric zation, and the Department of Transportation. generators. UIA cooperates in the development of standards with the American National Standards Institute and TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE, INC. is represented on the American National Standards 919-18th Street NW., Sectional Committees Si on Acoustics and S3 on Bioacoustics. Other organizations Suite 205, with which UIA cooperates include the Institute of Electrical and Washington, D.C. 20006 Electronics Engineers, National Safety Foundation, Acoustical Society of America, National Electrical Founded in 1961, the Truss Plate Institute was Manufacturers' Association, and American Society for formed by manufacturers actively engaged in the Testing and Materials. In addition, UIA provides production and distribution of metal connector plates assistance when requested, to various Government for the trussed rafter industry for the purpose of agencies such as the Departments of the Navy and Air maintaining the industry on a sound engineering Force, and maintains standardizing liaison with other construc- basis by establishing methods of design and Government agencies such as the Federal Communi- tion for wood trussed rafters using metal connector cations Commission, plates, to provide test and research data for public dissemination, to assist in the development of proper building code regulations, and to disseminate informa- UNDERWRITERS' LABORATORIES, INC., tion relative to the proper use of wood trussed rafters 207 East Ohio Street, in the interest of safety and public welfare. Chicago, Illinois 60611 A private, nonprofit organization, the Truss Plate Institute publishes design criteria, span tables and a This independent organization, devoted to testing quality control guide for metal plate connected wood for public safety, was established to maintain and trussed rafters. operate laboratories for the examination and testing for safety of devices, systems, and materials. Founded in 1894, the enterprise is operated for service, not for TUBULAR EXCHANGER profit. It is chartered as a nonprofit corporation with- MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, out capital stock, under the laws of the State of 331 Madison Avenue, Delaware. New York, New York 10017 Testing laboratories are maintained at Chicago, Illinois; Melville, L.I., New York; Northbrook, Illi- The association, founded in 1939, represents manu- nois; Santa Clara, California; and Tampa, Florida. facturers of tubular exchanger equipment. The stand- Of equal importance with the examination and ardization activities of TEMA are carried on by its testwork of Underwriters' Laboratories (UL), is its Technical Committee. The standards, presently con- inspection and followup program in the factories sisting of 11 sections, cover various clarifications and where listed devices are manufactured. Representa- expansions on material, thermal physical properties tives charged with the responsibility for making these of fluids and other general information relating to the periodic inspections are located in approximately 150 various classes of exchangers. Copies of the standards cities throughout the United States and 46 cities out- of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers' Association side of the United States. may be obtained from the secretary. The formal objectives of Underwriters' Laboratories

161 are to conduct scientific investigations, studies, experi- tance of the case justifies its acceptance by the ments, and tests to determine the relation of various Bureau and that parties to the submission agree in materials, devices, constructions, and methods to life, writing to accept and abide by the finding of the fire, and casualty hazards, and to ascertain, define, and Bureau. publish standards, classifications, and specifications Underwriters' Laboratories is divided into several for materials, devices, constructions, and methods engineering departments, each dealing with distinct affecting such hazards, and other information tending and separate subjects as follows: electrical; heating, to reduce and prevent loss of life and property from air-conditioning, and refrigeration; casualty and chem- fire, crime, and casualty. ical hazards; burglary protection and signaling; fire UL's Listing and Inspection Service is applicable to protection; and marine. Each of these departments those products which have been evaluated with has prepared standards providing specifications and respect to all reasonably foreseeable hazards to life requirements for construction and performance under and property, and where such hazards have been test and actual use of systems, materials, and appli- safeguarded to an acceptable degree. ances of numerous classes submitted to the labora- UL's Classification and Inspection Service is appli- tories. cable to those products which have been evaluated Underwriters' Laboratories has issued more than with respect to specific hazards only, or with respect 305 of these standards for safety based on sound to performance under specified conditions. engineering principles, actual experience, and an UL's Certificate and Inspection Service is applica- appreciation of the problems of manufacturing, instal- ble to products comprising field-installed systems at a lation, and utility. These standards for safety are the specific location, or to specific quantities of certain result of years of research and collaboration by labo- products where it is impractical to apply the listing ratories' engineers, manufacturers, consumers, and mark or classification marking to the individual recognized specialists in many fields, including the product. members of the five UL Engineering Councils and its In addition, UL has a recognition and inspection Consumer Advisory Council. program which is applicable to those products which Where no specific published standard exists, UL have been evaluated only for use as components of has selected appropriate requirements from its pub- end-product equipment listed, classified, or certificated lished standards and has applied them in evaluating by UL. over 4,000 generic product categories shown in UL's Also, UL conducts fact-finding and research proj- ten product directories. These requirements consti- ects which are conducted on a contract basis for man- tute UL's unpublished standards for safety, known as ufacturers, trade associations, governmental agencies, desk standards. Prospective submitters may, upon and others in the interest of public safety. presentation of essential product submittal informa- The majority of insurance underwriters in the tion, obtain information as to the requirements of United States, and many Federal, state, and municipal those standards to be used by UL in evaluating a authorities, plant operators, architects, building owners specific product submittal. and users either accept or require listing or classifica- UL does not require that there be a specifically tion by Underwriters' Laboratories as a condition of designated published safety standard in order for it to their recognition of devices, systems, and materials examine and test a product to determine that the having a bearing upon life and fire hazards, and upon design adequately safeguards the hazards expected in theft and accident prevention. connection with the product's use. Rather, UL evalu- It should, however, be noted that findings of Under- ates the design by application of appropriate require- writers' Laboratories in any case represent its inde- ments selected from published standards of UL, and pendent opinion arrived at in accordance with its by application of newly-developed requirements to aims and purposes. Underwriters' Laboratories does cover uses and conditions for which specific require- not guarantee that its findings will be accepted or ments do not exist. recognized in any individual case. Such assurances When provided with product description and other can be obtained only from the authority having juris- essential product submittal information, UL will, diction of the particular technical area or Government upon request, furnish to prospective submitters a unit. statement of requirements for products not previously It should be noted as well that products listed or covered by a published or proposed standard. classified are not necessarily equivalent in quality or The requirements of a UL standard for safety are so merit. stated that if correctly applied, there is no discrimina- In the event of a disagreement between Under- tion between the products of two or more manufac- writers' Laboratories and any of its clients with turer-submitters. They are published so that others respect to an engineering or technical matter involv- may know the basis for laboratories' opinions, and ing the method of measurement used in the tests the standards must necessarily justify the opinions. applied by LTnderwriters' Laboratories, the results of A catalog listing all available UL standards for safety the tests so used, or the interpretation of these results, is published twice each year. Many of the laboratories' the question at issue may be submitted to the standards are recognized as American National Stand- National Bureau of Standards, acting as a referee, ards by the American National Standards Institute. provided that in the opinion of the Bureau the impor- The standards are an important tool of Underwrit-

162 .

ers' Laboratories in its established policy of stating the Underwriters' Laboratories also cooperates with the facts concerning products investigated, and its opinion American Society for Testing and Materials through concerning these facts. representation on technical committees dealing with A manufacturer whose product passes the labora- the development of standards and methods of test for tories' requirements and for which factory inspection such items as gypsum, electrical insulating materials, service is to be established, is provided with a "Proce- rubber products, bituminous waterproofing and roof- dure" prepared by laboratories' engineers as part of ing materials, and petroleum products and lubricants. the work under the application. This procedure describes and illustrates the product in detail, particu- UNITED LIGHTNING PROTECTION larly as to the construction or performance of the ASSOCIATION, INC., features tested. It becomes the manufacturer's guide 34 May Street, for future production, and is used by representatives Webster, New York 14580 of Underwriters' Laboratories in reexamination and periodic check testing of the product. The laboratories' Established in 1935, this association provides reli- factory inspection service of listed, classified, recog- able educational materials on the hazards of lightning nized, and certificated products is intended to supple- and what constitutes proper lightning protection. Its ment and check the manufacturer's own regular members must conform to the highest standards of inspections to insure compliance of the factory output lightning protection systems, engineering, installation with requirements established for the product. and service to maintain membership. Manufacturers, regularly employing UL's Inspection Members of the association serve on numerous Service, are freely consulted in all matters concerning committees and in other key roles in helping to estab- standards of performance and inspection in their lish various standards and codes such as the Lightning respective industries. Protection Code of the National Fire Protection Underwriters' Laboratories publishes (lists) the Association, and the Lightning Protection Installation names of the companies who have demonstrated the Requirements Code of Underwriters' Laboratories. ability to provide a product conforming to the estab- The association is consulted frequently by building lished requirements. Listing signifies that production supply manufacturers, insurance firms, safety groups, samples of the product have been found to comply and power companies to advise on potential hazards with the requirements, and that the manufacturer is and what constitutes proper lightning protection. authorized to use the laboratories' listing mark (or classification marking, recognition marking, or certifi- UNITED STATES COUNCIL OF THE cate) on the listed (or classified, recognized, certifi- INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF cated) products which comply with the requirements. COMMERCE, The listing, classification, recognition, or certifica- 1212 Avenue of the Americas, tion of the product is contingent upon the establish- New York, New York 10036 ment of the laboratories' inspection service. Under the inspection service, the manufacturer attaches The International Chamber of Commerce, founded labels, markers or other authorized evidences of listing in 1919 and with headquarters in Paris and national (classification, recognition, or certification) to such committees in 45 countries, promotes standardization of his products as are found by him to be in compli- in most phases of world commerce. These include ance with UL requirements. banking and trading procedures, definitions of trade Should examination and tests by the laboratories' terms, sizes of pallets and containers, markings for representative disclose features not in compliance with dangerous goods, extent and validity of distribution the requirements, the manufacturer is required either statistics, etc. It also issues codes of fair play and to correct such items or to remove the UL identifica- recommendations for uniformly high levels of commer- tion from the product. cial practice. Full information and all publications are Approximately 2 billion UL labels are delivered available from its United States Council. annually to manufacturer-subscribers to UL's listing Formerly: United States Associates of the Interna- and inspection service. tional Chamber of Commerce ( 1949) A number of Federal specifications covering material or appliances of classes, which are under super- UNITED STATES GOLF ASSOCIATION, vision of Underwriters' Laboratories, recognize the Golf House, laboratories' identifying marks as evidence of compli- Far Hills, New Jersey 07931 ance with the applicable requirements of such Federal specifications. This association, founded in 1894, has developed In its work in standardization, LTnderwriters' standards for golf balls and golf clubs. In its current Laboratories cooperates with many organizations booklet. Rules of Golf, this association's specifications including the American National Standards Institute concerning the style and make of clubs, and the size, and National Fire Protection Association. Its employ- weight, and velocity of golf balls, are included. These ees have about 500 assignments on committees of specifications are applicable to equipment and balls these and other groups. Among these are many Amer- used in connection with tournaments conducted by ican National Standards committees. this association or under its rules.

163 U. S. PHARMACOPEIA, PHARMACOPEIA The company is also known as Nationwide Con- OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, sumer Testing Institute, Inc. UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIAL The products include consumer appliances, toys, CONVENTION, home entertainment equipment, garden and lawn 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, equipment, recreational goods, textiles, chemicals, RockviUe, Maryland 20852 cosmetics, drugs, paint, construction materials, plastics, paper metals, and foods. This convention is a nonprofit corporation which Various staff members serve voluntarily on commit- meets every five years to reorganize the revision pro- tees of standards making organizations such as the gram of the Pharmacopeia of the United States of American Society for Testing and Materials and Amer- America, established in 1820. It is made up mainly of ican National Standards Institute. representatives of the medical and pharmacy colleges of the United States, of the state and national medical and pharmaceutical associations, the national trade associations, and the departments of the Federal Gov- VACUUM CLEANER MANUFACTURERS' ernment most concerned with standards for medicinal ASSOCIATION, preparations. The convention elects, for five year terms, 1615 Collamer Street officers, a Board of Trustees, and a Committee of Cleveland, Ohio 44110 Revision consisting of 60 members, each of whom is qualified in a special branch of medicine, pharmacy, On October 21, 1913, eleven companies in the or the allied sciences. The convention is financed vacuum cleaner industry organized what is now one of through the sale of the Pharmacopeia and USP Refer- the oldest, most highly regarded trade associations in ence Standards. The committee members receive only the country, the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers' Asso- modest honoraria for a vast amount of voluntary work. iation (VCMA). Initially, its purpose was to provide The primary object of the convention is to produce a central headquarters for voluntary reports on produc- at intervals of five years, a new revision of the Phar- tion and sales and information generally helpful to the macopeia by the Committee of Revision serving under member companies. the direction of a salaried, permanent staff. The revi- Since that time, it has expanded its scope to include sion program includes: (a) selection of those drugs national affairs, education, traffic, foreign competition held in high esteem as representing the soundest prac- and technical standards. tice of medicine; (b) the establishment of standards of The Technical Standards Committee is composed of strength, quality, and purity for the selected drugs; and engineers from member companies, who formulate or (c) the provision of tests, assays, and material stand- assist other organizations to formulate standards of ards of reference (Z50) required to demonstrate com- safety and performance for floor care appliances. This pliance with the specifications set forth. Supplements committee has currently published a Guideline for a of the Pharmacopeia are provided as required. Consumer Floor Care Products Safety Standards. It is The standards given in the Pharmacopeia are recog- currently very active in assisting to formulate stand- nized by Congress in the Federal Food, Drug, and ards with the American Society for Testing and Mate- Cosmetic Act for the purpose of regulating the quality rials, Committee Fll, Vacuum Cleaners. of drugs moving in interstate commerce and by the The committee also provides representation on tech- state legislatures in corresponding statutes for enforce- nical committees of the International Electrotechnical ment by state agencies. Commission in the formulation of international stand- The U.S. Pharmacopeia is also recognized as official ards, and supplies a liaison representative to work with in Canada, and it is one of the premier pharmacopeias the Canadian Standards Association. of the world. Approximately 10 percent of the books and 20 percent of the USP Reference Standards are purchased from outside the U.S. VARIABLE RESISTIVE COMPONENTS INSTITUTE, UNITED STATES TESTING COMPANY, INC., 1717 Howard Street, 1415 Park Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60202 Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 The Variable Resistive Components Institute, for- This independent commercial laboratory, established merly the Precision Potentiometer Manufacturers in 1880, plays an important role, generally on a fee Association, was founded in 1960. Manufacturers in basis, in assisting Government agencies, manufactur- this trade association produce precision potentiometers ers, and trade associations in establishing national and trimmers. A standard nomenclature for wirewound standards. The United States Testing Company also and high resolution potentiometers is available from develops test procedures including instrumentation. PPMA. In addition, incoming inspection standards are The company is also active in conducting testing for available covering wirewound precision potentiometers. certification and labeling in order to assure that the A similar standard is presently being developed for products meet the specified standards. high resolution precision potentiometers.

164 VEHICLE EQUIPMENT SAFETY WATER CONDITIONING FOUNDATION, COMMISSION, 1780 Maple Street, 1030 15th Street NW., P.O. Box 194, Suite 536, Northfield, Illinois 60093 Washington, D.C. 20005

The Water Conditioning Foundation was estab- Congress passed the Beamer Resolution in 1958 lished in 1948 as a trade association of water condi- (Public Law 85-684), which granted approval to the tioning equipment manufacturers and suppliers to the states to enter into compacts in the interest of highway water conditioning industry. In behalf of the industry, traffic safety. In 1961, the Vehicle Equipment Safety the foundation conducts a national public relations Compact was drafted under the aegis of the Western program, and serves as the industry's liaison with the Governors' Conference and the Council of State Gov- public, private, and Government sectors. The founda- ernments. The first state joined the compact in 1962. tion currently has two equipment standards, S-100 for Presently, 42 states and the District of Columbia are Household, Commercial and Portable Exchange signatories. The compact has as its basic purposes the Water Softeners, and S-200 for Household and Com- achievement of greater uniformity of laws, rules and mercial Water Filters. The testing program against regulations, regulating vehicle equipment, expediting both standards is conducted by an independent testing the widespread use of new and improved safety equip- laboratory, and certification is made through the foun- ment on vehicles, and retaining jurisdiction and dation following laboratory validation. These standards enforcement of rules, regulations, and laws in the have national application, and the voluntary testing hands of the states. program is open to all manufacturers of water soften- The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act ers and water filters. Both standards have a revision of 1966 (Public Law 89-563) names the Vehicle Equip- date effective 1973. In addition to intra-industry pro- ment Safety Commission specifically as consultant to motion of the use of the equipment validation pro- the Department of Transportation in the promulga- gram, the foundation uses its public relations channels tion of Federal Motor Vehicle Standards. to inform consumers of the integrity of certified equip- There are currently ten standards as follows: Regu- ment. S-100 and S-200 have been developed through lation V-1, Minimum Performance Requirements and consultation with the National Bureau of Standards, Uniform Test Procedures for New Tires for Passenger U.S. Department of Commerce; Federal Housing Cars and Station Wagons; Regulation V-2, Minimum Administration; and other Government agencies, as Performance Requirements and Uniform Test Proce- well as quasi-public and private organizations con- dures for Retreaded Tires for Passenger Cars and cerned with equipment standards. The foundation is Station Wagons; Regulation V-3 Minimum Require- currently developing standards for reverse osmosis and ments and Uniform Test Procedures for Motor Vehi- chemical feeding equipment. cle Brake Linings; Regulation V-4, Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles Operating on WATER POLLUTION CONTROL Land Highways; Regulation V-5, Minimum Require- FEDERATION, ments for Motor Vehicle Connecting Devices and 3900 Wisconsin Avenue NW., Towing Methods; Regulation VESC-6, Minimum Washington, D.C. 20016 Requirements for School Bus Construction and Equip- ment; Regulation VESC-7, Safe Operating Condition of Tires Including Tire Tread Depth Requirement The federation was established in 1928 as a nonprofit, technical membership organization. Its objec- (Passenger Car Type Tires) ; Regulation VESC-8, tives are to advance the fundamental and practical Minimum Requirements for Motorcyclists' Eye Pro- knowledge of all aspects of water pollution control by tection; Regulation VESC-9, Safe Operating Condi- the dissemination of technical knowledge through pub- tion of Truck and Bus Type Tires; Regulation lications, technical conferences, improvement of the VESC-10, Minimum Requirements for Type II School professional status of those working in the field, pro- Bus Construction and Equipment. motion of public understanding and participation, and The commission presently has three (3) additional encouragement of the adoption and implementation of committees in the process of developing new stand- sound regulations aimed toward effective water pollu- ards: one is the minimum thickness and strength of tion control. brake drums or rotors and how this can be checked A principal activity of this organization is the publi- vehicle without removing a major component of the cation of the monthly technical journal of the Water suspension; one is the minimum performance and Pollution Control Federation. This journal, with equipment requirements of motorcycles and motor 23,000 readers all over the world, is the acknowledged driven cycles; and the third is the minimum perform- reference for technical information in the field. The ance and equipment requirement on special vehicles, federation is also publisher of an annual yearbook, and altered or reconstructed, four or more wheels. a series of Manuals of Practice including the following Each of our standards are constantly monitored, subjects: Safety in Wastewater Works, Regulation of reviewed and revised when necessary. Sewer Use, Units of Expression for Wastes and Waste

165 ;

Treatment, Sewer Maintenance, Sewage Treatment (3) to promote welding research in the universities; Plant Design, Design and Construction of Sanitary and and (4) to provide a means for cooperation, inter- Storm Sewers, Uniform System of Accounts for Waste- change of ideas, and information with similar agencies water Utilities, and Operation for Wastewater Plants. abroad. In addition, the federation is one of the three spon- The council disseminates the results of its own soring organizations for the continuing production of research work and that of many other affiliated orga- Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and nizations through its five regular publications, namely: Wastewater, which is updated on a continuing basis Welding Research, Reports of Progress, Welding but revised and published each five years. This publi- Research News, Bulletins, Welding Research Abroad. cation is the standard in the analytical field in matters In addition to the regular publications of the coun- concerning water and wastewater. cil, pamphlets, books, and special reports are issued Formerly: Federation of Sewage Works Associations from time to time. All of these publications, which

(1949) ; Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes represent some $3 million worth of research annually, Associations (1959). are made available to subscribers and research workers, as well as code-making bodies. The council is currently administering work in the WATER SYSTEMS COUNCIL, following areas: interpretive reports, weldability, pres- 221 North LaSalle Street, sure, vessel research, resistance welding, structural Chicago, Illinois 60601 steel, aluminum alloys, welding processes, high alloys, and reactive and refractory metals. The council, founded in 1932, represents and serves In addition to the major engineering societies, the the leading manufacturers of domestic and farm water council works closely with more than a dozen Govern- systems equipment. Approximately 85 percent of all ment departments, and such leading trade associations such production is represented by the membership of as the American Iron and Steel Institute, American the council. Petroleum Institute, American Institute of Steel Con- The Testing and Rating Standards adopted by the struction, American Gas Association, Edison Electric council have been established in the public interest, Institute, Aluminum Association, Resistance Welding and are designed to supply the purchaser and/ or user Manufacturers' Association, and others. automatic, electric water systems with accurate performance data and to assist in the determination of proper WEST COAST LUMBER INSPECTION application and selection of this equipment. Any man- BUREAU, ufacturer of electric water systems may indicate adher- 6980 SW. Varus Road, ence to these standards by stating in the specifications P.O. Box 23145, and product description: "Tested and rated in accord- Portland, Oregon 97223 ance with Water Systems Council standards." member manufacturers of the council may also affix their per- The West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau formance certified by manufacturer seal to products (WCLIB) is an industry owned, nonprofit corporation bearing their name or brand name, or incorporate the that provides lumber quality control services at its seal design in the description of any product to indi- approximate cost. WCLIB serves the area west of the cate adherence to these testing and rating standards summit region of the Cascade Mountains in the States and procedures. The standards cover : ( 1 ) shallow well of Washington and Oregon, and the entire State of water system pumps; (2) deep well water system California. Its services are available to any producer, user, distributor, or dealer pumps ; ( 3 ) deep well submersible water system pumps handling West Coast lumber (4) pump motor standards; (5) submersible pump products. motor standards ; and (6) hydropneumatic tank volume The bureau was founded in 1911 as a part of the old standards. West Coast Lumbermen's Association. Formerly: National Association of Domestic and The bureau is one of the three major rules writing Farm Pump Manufacturers. agencies in the United States. The others are the Western Wood Products Association and Southern Pine Inspection Bureau. These three agencies are WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL, responsible for the principal part of all the quality 345 East 47th Street, control programs for softwood lumber production in Room 801, the United States. WCLIB supervises or grades four New York, New York 10017 and one-half to six billion feet of lumber per year which is the bulk of all production west of the The Welding Research Council, organized in 1935 Cascades. by the Engineering Foundation, is a realistic, flexible The main objectives of the bureau are to maintain mechanism set up by interested engineering societies uniform standards of lumber grading and manufacture, and trade associations to accomplish certain objectives. to promote the use of grade stamped lumber as an These objectives simply stated are: (1) to conduct assurance to the buyer, seller and consumer that the needed cooperative research in welding and closely interests of each are fully protected, and to assist in the allied fields; (2) to disseminate research information; efficient use of West Coast lumber products.

166 The American Lumber Standards Committee is the Spruce, Sitka Spruce, Mountain Hemlock, Western licensing agent for all of the twelve grading agencies Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Incense Cedar, Red and six rules writing agencies in the United States. Alder and Aspen. Bureau activities include the publication and dis- The association writes grading rules in conformity tribution of West Coast Grading Rules, supervision with Voluntary Product Standard PS 20-70, published of the grading manufacturing practices of subscriber by the U.S. Department of Commerce for all softwood plants, grade stamping of West Coast lumber with lumber, except Redwood and Sitka Spruce, produced in official Bureau stamps, certificate inspection of lumber the western states. In addition, the association super- shipments, reinspection of lumber in dispute at destina- vises grading by its members using grading rules writ- tion and assistance to specification agencies, buyers ten by other lumber inspection bureaus. and consumers of West Coast products. Use of the association's official grade, trade and species marks, indicates that the lumber was graded WESTERN WOOD MOULDING AND under association supervision by either a member or a MILLWORK PRODUCERS, grading rule subscriber. These marks are protected and P.O. Box 25278, can be placed on lumber only by a Western Wood Portland, Oregon 97225 Products Association quality supervisor or by an operator whose grading practices are given regular and Founded August 9, 1963, Western Wood Moulding periodic quality supervision by the association. Each and Millwork Producers is a multiservice manufactur- grade stamp carries a mill number or name so that the er's trade association within which standards programs shipper can be identified. account for 5 to 10 percent of the total budget. Stand- The association's inspection certificates financially ards are initiated through a standing committee and guarantee the grade and tally of certified shipments. administered by the association staff. The most important standard is the WP/Series WESTERN WOODEN BOX ASSOCIATION, Moulding Patterns catalog of accurate, full scale ren- 430 Sherman Avenue, derings of the most popular wood moulding profiles Suite 206, used nationwide. This may be used as a standard basis Palo Alto, California 94306 for all U. S. moulding producers. Work has been initiated to pave the way for conversion of wood The Western Wooden Box Association (WWBA) mouldings to metric sizes within five years. Within the was established in 1929. WWBA represents the manu- current catalog are grading rules for standard mould- facturers and distributors of sawn wooden boxes, ings and finger joint and priming standards. crates, lugs, veneer components, pallets and loading Recently produced standards include Industry Stand- material for interstate and export shipment of western ard WM 1-73 for Wood Interior Door Jambs and fresh fruit, vegetables and melons. Frames and WM72-2I, Vinyl Wrapped Interior Mould- In California, where most of the box shook manu- ing and Millwork Products Standard. The Federal factured by the industry is used, the majority of such Housing Administration's approval is being pursued containers are covered by standards set up under the for the latter standard. California Agricultural Code and Western Wooden In addition, the American Society for Testing and Box Tariff No. 1. In arriving at the standards so set by Materials, ASTM D-3110-Standard Specification for law, cooperation between the wooden box industry, the Adhesives Used in Non-Structural Glued Lumber fresh fruit and vegetable industries, the Uniform Clas- Products was formulated by Western Wood Moulding. sification Committee representing American Railroads, The association is a certified testing agency under Transcontinental Freight Bureau, and the Bureau of the provisions of the LI.S. Department of Commerce Fruit and Vegetable Standardization (a division of the Commercial Standard CS 262-63, Water-Repellent California Department of Agriculture) is maintained. Preservative Non-Pressure Treatment for Millwork. The wooden box industry itself has manufacturing All standards issued by the association are intended standards as set forth in the Standard Grade Rules for for national use. Box Shook and Western Wooden Box Tariff No. 1. Formerly: Western Wood Moulding Producers Whereas the standards set up under the State of Cali- (1968). fornia Agricultural Code specify inside dimensions of containers, the standard grading rules provide a yard- WESTERN WOOD PRODUCTS stick for quality of shook and official specifications ASSOCIATION, used in the manufacture of containers. 1500 Yeon Building, In addition. Freight Container Tariff No. 1-H pro- Portland, Oregon 97204 vides mandatory standards for minimum thickness and other container specifications for use in move- This association combines the membership of the ment of perishable fresh produce via rail interstate. former Western Pine Association and West Coast Lum- Truck movement of sawn wooden nailed containers, bermen's Association and has members throughout the although not covered by container tariffs, for the most 12 contiguous Western States. Its members process part are covered by specifications of inside meas- Douglas Fir, Larch, Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Idaho urements as set forth in the California Agricultural White Pine, Lodgepole Pine, White Fir, Engelmann Code and Western Wooden Box Tariff No. 1.

167 Formerly: Pacific Division of National Wooden understanding of welded wire fabric so that it can be Box Association. used more effectively and its market can be expanded. This research is in these areas: (1) physical proper- WHEY PRODUCTS INSTITUTE, ties, (2) design methods and practices, and (3) 130 North Franklin Street, behavior of fabric in construction applications. Chicago, IlUnois 60606 Consulting Service—Upon request, consulting services are rendered to Government agencies as well as The Whey Products Institute (WPI), a national to consulting engineers, architects, contractors, and trade association of whey processors, was founded in builders. These contacts provide an opportunity to 1971. WPI's purposes are to stimulate and conduct educate the specifiers and constructors regarding the research and to collect and disseminate information best design and construction procedures, and at the for the education of the public and users as to the same time, direct these practices to fit in with manu- character, quality, convenience, economy, use and facturing limitations. functions of whey products and products derived from whey, to promote the utilization of such prod- WOOD AND SYNTHETIC FLOORING ucts, and to collect and disseminate such statistics INSTITUTE, and information as will further such purposes. 1201 Waukegan Road, WPI's standardization activities consist of 60-75 per- Glenview, Illinois 60025 cent of the total program. The Standards/Research Committee administers the standards program. The WSFI was originally formed as the Wood Flooring current standards are in the areas of: product Institute in 1954; synthetics were added in 1970. The definition/nomenclature; specifications and grade clas- institute is principally comprised of more than 40 sification; and sanitation. These standards are flooring contractors throughout the United States. accepted as national in scope by the industry. WPI's Standards have been published for all types of floors activities outside the organization consist of coopera- and floor surfaces. A set of 14 standards is available tion with the Food and Drug Administration and the from WSFI Headquarters in Glenview, Illinois. Department of Agriculture and on an international Currently the institute is developing programs for level, WPI contributes towards the Codex Alimen- better estimating of flooring installations and investi- tarius. gating fire safety synthetic surfaces. The institute operates a continuing program of WINE INSTITUTE, updating specifications and is the only major repre- 717 Market Street, sentative of the flooring industry in the United States. San Francisco, California 94103 ZINC INSTITUTE, This institute, founded in 1934, devotes its efforts 292 Madison Avenue, in standardization primarily towards advocating the New York, New York 10017 adoption of wine and brandy quality standards as established by Federal and state agencies. This insti- The Zinc Institute was founded in 1918. The tute's committees make studies and recommendations activities of this institute in the field of standardiza- in connection with standards of identity and quality tion are confined to specifications and standards in for wine and brandy. The recommendations are then connection with the finished products of the zinc placed before official agencies for consideration in industry. The institute is a member of the American connection with the establishment of new standards Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and or the revision of existing standards. cooperates with those committees dealing with corrosion of iron and steel, on specifications for nonferrous WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE, metals and alloys, and on corrosion of nonferrous 7900 Westpark Drive, metals and alloys. It has cooperated in the preparation McLean, Virginia 22101 of ASTM specifications covering slab zinc (spelter), rolled zinc, and zinc base alloy die castings. In addi- WRI, the Wire Reinforcement Institute, is a volun- tion, it concerns itself in all ASTM specifications re- tary, incorporated association of United States and lating to zinc-coated steel and iron articles such as Canadian manufacturers of steel welded wire fabric. It fencing, wire, sheets, pipe, hardware, etc., as well as was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1930, and was methods of test in connection therewith. organized to increase the sale and use of welded wire It cooperates also with the Standardization Division, fabric by dissemination of information about the Federal Supply Service, General Services Administra- product and its applications, and through scientific tion, in the preparation and revision of Federal and market research. It provides technical service in specifications covering slab zinc (spelter) ; zinc plates, the public interest and cooperates with Government sheets and strip; zinc anodes for cathodic protection; agencies on all levels, in any program affecting the zinc base alloys for die castings; and zinc dust-zinc wire fabric industry. oxide primer paint (for galvanized- zinc-coated- or Engineering Service—Research is conducted to zinc surfaces). In conjunction with the promotion develop basic information from which to gain a better activities of the institute and its efforts to improve

168 the quality of zinc-coated (galvanized) roofing sheets, long period of time. It is a program of statewide the institute licenses steel manufacturers without scope for which implementation is anticipated in the charge to stamp the American Zinc Institute's seal of near future. The program will include a full time quality mark on all galvanized sheets, which conform standards committee. The use of standards, upon to rigid specifications as to quality and which carry a implementation of the new program, will be promoted full 2-ounce coating. by selling the program to using agencies and by Formerly: American Zinc Institute (1968). appropriate contracts and awards to substantiate the standards established.

CONNECTICUT, STATE OF, 3. State Governments Director, Purchasing Division, Department of Finance and Control, ARIZONA, STATE OF, P.O. Box 1141, Manager, Purchasing Office, 460 Silver Street, Finance Division, Middletown, Connecticut 06457 Department of Administration, The Capitol Building, The prime function of the State of Connecticut 1700 West Washington, Standards Division is to supervise, study, and review Phoenix, Arizona 85007 all commodity standards and specifications submitted to the Standardization Committee for their considera- The State of Arizona Purchasing Office, Division of tion and adoption. Finance, Department of Administration, is responsible To assist in this important function, approxi- for administering the standardization activities for the mately 300 qualified personnel, representing 30 State as applies to procurement of supplies, materials Advisory Committees, are currently serving on these and equipment. committees, some of which were originally organized The standards program was implemented in 1968 in June, 1952. when a central State purchasing office was authorized Representatives of industry, other states, cities, by legislative appropriation. towns, national purchasing groups and branches of Currently standards issued by this office approxi- the Federal Government have continued to express mate 150 items. These standards are those reviewed interest in the division's unique approach to the devel- and adopted from the National Association of State opment of specifications and standards. This division Purchasing Officials and National Institute of Gov- strives to establish specifications developed in full ernmental Purchasing organizations information cooperation with State agencies and responsible indus- exchange circulars. try representation. The Standards Division promul- The Manager of the State Purchasing Office is ated and/or revised 161 specifications, acceptable Chairman of the State Standards Committee. The brands lists, and standards during 1971-1972 which committee is comprised of department administrators controlled the quality of approximately $30 million of representing approximately seven larger agencies and commodities purchased for using State agencies. The institutions of the State on a rotating basis and specifications are designated to provide optimum dependent on the commodity under review. value and quality to satisfy the needs of the using The standards are promoted by (1) informing State agencies. agencies of the existence and adherence to State spec- Approximately 350 documents, including accept- ifications as formulated or adopted by the standards able brands lists, Connecticut standards, and specifica- committee; (2) review of all State agency requests by tions have been established to serve all phases of central purchasing for deviations and changes to State State procurement. specifications and standards.

FLORIDA, STATE OF, COLORADO, STATE OF Director, State Purchasing Director, Division of Purchasing, Bureau of Standards, Division of Purchasing, Department of General Services, Department of Administration, William D. Bloxham Building, Suite 232 - State Services Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Denver, Colorado 80203 The State of Florida Division of Purchasing imple- Effective March 26, 1973 a State Purchasing Direc- mented a standardization program in 1968. Under the tor was assigned to administer the standardization Director of the Division of Purchasing, this program program for the State of Colorado. was designed to standardize the many high-volume The program is being developed to encompass those common items purchased by various State agencies. standards considered effective and applicable over a Standardization is accomplished first by preparing

169 specifications which reflect minimum requirements State of Illinois. In the case of highly sophisticated consistent with the present state of the art offered by equipment, the purchasing agents work with the manufacturers and secondly, by inspection and test of engineers associated with the agency using such a quality standard product (pre-bid sample). Random items. Agents may also meet with manufacturers to samples are tested, using the same inspection and test discuss new specifications or the need to update old criteria to assure product integrity throughout the ones. Specifications established by this office are sent term of a contract. to all appropriate State agencies. The Division of Purchasing has published 2050 standards covering a wide variety of items. When completed, these standards are promulgated with KANSAS, STATE OF, copies being sent to the National Bureau of Standards, Director, General Services Administration, National Association Division of Purchases, of State Purchasing Officials, National Association of Department of Administration, Purchasing Management, National Institute of Gov- State Office Building, ernmental Purchasing, and the American Society for Topeka, Kansas 66612 Testing and Materials. Presently the American Society for Testing and Materials, using State of Florida The standardization program, as it relates to com- specifications as a foundation, is working with the modities used by the agencies of Kansas government, paper industry to establish industry standards on is under the jurisdiction of the Division of Purchases. unwatermarked, cut size, office papers. In July, 1953, Kansas by statutory authority created a centraHzed Purchasing Division under which specifications and standards are developed. This is a continu- GEORGIA, STATE OF, ing process including constant revisions and additions. Director, Standards are on file in the office of Director of Purchasing and Supplies Division, Purchases, State Office Building, Topeka, Kansas. The Department of Administrative Services, basic specifications and standards are written and 116 Mitchell Street SW., indexed by employees of the Division of Purchases Atlanta, Georgia 30334 with help from the using agencies. A Standards Com- mittee at the University of Kansas Medical Center The standardization activities of the State of Geor- assists with hospital and medical standards and gia are administered by the Purchasing and Supplies specifications. Other areas are supplied by ad hoc Division of the Department of Administrative Serv- committees, set up as needed in specific instances. ices. Formal specifications development and a pro- The only standing committee is the Medical Center gram of standardization of purchased materials began Committee. in April 1972, with the implementation of the Con- Use of standards by the agencies of State govern- tract Section of the division. Currently about 60 ment is a statutory authority of the Director of Pur- statewide standard contracts are in effect and the chases, and their use is a cooperative requirement of program aims toward staffing for development of his office. standard specifications covering one-half of the State's materials needs by the end of 1975. These standards and the associated purchasing contracts are promoted KENTUCKY, COMMONWEALTH OF, for utilization by all city and county purchasing func- Chief, Specification and Inspection, tions in the State, also. Division of Purchases, Department of Finance, New Capitol Annex, ILLINOIS, STATE OF, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 State Purchasing Agent, Procurement Division, The Specification and Inspection Section, of the Department of General Services, Division of Purchases, within the Executive Depart- 801 State Office Building, ment for Finance and Administration, was activated Springfield, Illinois 62706 in 1956, but without continuous activity since. Its purpose is to assist commodity buyers, and construc- The Procurement Division of the Department of tion and renovation buyers, by maintenance of the General Services, formerly known as the Purchases standards and specifications of the: General Services and Supplies Section of the Department of Finance, is Administration, American Society for Testing and responsible for purchasing commodities and equip- Materials, and several laboratory reporting services. ment, and formulating specifications for all State The division's ongoing committee efforts exist in such agencies except for the universities. areas as: vehicles, janitorial maintenance products, State purchasing agents of this division (buyers) furniture and others, with the purpose of establishing write specifications for various commodity and equip- written standard specifications which will be of ment items. There are currently over 90 standard benefit to all State agencies. specifications for commodities and products for the The Specification Section also conducts some

170 —

inspections of sites and shipments to determine that Poultry purchases are also inspected by USDA. the service or product is in compliance with estab- Practically all canned fruits, vegetables, and juices lished contracts. are graded by USDA, and a certificate furnished with each shipment. Butter and cheese are graded by the Federal-State Inspection and Grading Service. Coal is MARYLAND, STATE OF, purchased on definite specifications. It is sampled and Chief of the Purchasing Bureau, tested during the entire shipping season to determine Department of General Services, whether the coal meets the Btu content requirements 301 West Preston Street, on which it was purchased. Baltimore, Maryland 21201

The Purchasing Bureau of the Maryland State MINNESOTA, STATE OF, Department of General Services initiated a standard- Director of Procurement, ization program in June 1973. Standards and Engineering Unit, At this time the staff consists of two standards Procurement Division, technicians and to date the program activity is Department of Administration, directed at furniture standardization. Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101 The bureau's intent is to establish standards for all significant items that are widely used by the State and The Standards Unit was organized in 1953, and is to develop specifications for these items. The scope now called the Standards and Engineering Unit of its long-range program encompasses cataloging (SEU). This unit is responsible for developing and standards and specifications and also includes certifi- promulgating procedures, standards, and specifica- cation activities. tions, for a wide range of commodities and services procured by the State of Minnesota's Procurement Division. SEU is also responsible for general quality MICHIGAN, STATE OF, control, inspection, and laboratory testing. The Com- Standards Executive, missioner of Administration issued and authorized the Purchasing Division, Standards Section, formation of a State Standardization Committee in Department of Management and Budget, June of 1962. Mason Building, The State of Minnesota has issued approximately Lansing, Michigan 48913 450 specifications and standards, (general and detail). The specifications and standards are listed in MN. 1, The Standards Unit is primarily responsible for Minnesota Master Index of Standard Specifications, developing and establishing standard specifications, Standards, Acceptable Brands Lists, Procedures, and and arranging for laboratory tests at state-owned Miscellaneous Procurement Division Publications and facilities and commercial laboratories. Specifications Documents. have been developed for a large number of commodi- At the present time, there are nineteen active ties, thereby establishing a much better understand- Standards Advisory Committees which are responsible ing between the buyer and the seller, regarding the in the following areas: Group 23, Vehicles, 2310 item being purchased. This is absolutely necessary for Passenger Vehicles, and 2320—Trucks; Groups 35 good competitive bidding. Several hundred specifica- and 79, Laundry and Dry Cleaning Equipment and tions have been prepared and are in use, but many Supplies; Groups 36 and 75, Reproduction Equipment, more are needed. The specifications are continually Supplies, and Paper; Group 41, Refrigeration and Air revised in order to keep them up to date. Conditioning Equipment and Supplies; Groups 45, 47, The standards engineer, buyers and agency repre- and 48, Plumbing Supplies and Equipment; Groups sentatives work together in developing standards. This 58 and 67, Audio-Visual Equipment; Group 65, Drugs; "committee" approach has been particularly effective Group 66, Microscopes; Group 68, Chemicals and for the purchase of food, pharmaceuticals, vehicles, Chemical Prod.—Herbicides, Insecticides, etc.; Group computers, clothing and textiles, paper, laundry 71, Furniture, other than Library) ; Groups 71 and equipment, furniture, paint, traffic control devices, and 76, Library Furniture; Group 74, Office Machines and radio equipment. The Purchasing Division is respon- Related Equipment, (Typewriters, Manual and Elec-

sible for the inspection of all purchases in cooperation tric) ; Group 75, Office Supplies; Group 77, Musical with the receiving agencies. Major responsibility for Instruments; Group 78, Recreational and Athletic inspection must rest with agency personnel in the Equipment; Group 79, Cleaning Equipment and Sup-

field where commodities are received. plies, (Housekeeping) ; Groups 79, 81, 85, Paper The Standards Unit arranges for inspection and Products—Towels, Tissue, (other than Reproduction and Textiles; and grading of numerous items prior to shipment, to Paper) ; Groups 83, and 84, Clothing insure that quality products are received. All meat Group 89, Food. items are processed under Institutional Meat Pur- SEU has a Procurement Newsletter which is used chase Specifications (IMPS) and are selected and as a vehicle for promoting the use of standards. Cer- inspected by the United States Department of Agricul- tification is through lab and field testing to State and ture (USDA) before shipment to the using agencies. Federal specifications, and standards.

171 MISSOURI, STATE OF, NEW JERSEY, STATE OF, Director, Director, Contracting and Procurement Division, Standards and Specifications Section, Office of Administration, Division of Purchase and Property, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 State House, Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Centralized Procurement was established by the Missouri Legislature in the mid 1930's with the The Standards and Specifications Section was establishment of the State Purchasing Agent's Office. initiated in 1956 and has the responsibility for estab- In January, 1973, the Division of Contracting and lishing standards and specifications of all materials Procurement was reorganized from the former State purchased to these specifications. This section also Purchasing Agent's Office and placed within the Office performs evaluations, inspections, testing of mate- of Administration. rials, and the resolving of complaints. The Division of Contracting and Procurement is a The objective is to assure that all vendors doing Merit System organization of the State government of business with the State of New Jersey Purchase Missouri charged by Chapter 34 of the Revised Bureau adhere to all prepared product and service Statutes of the State of Missouri with the responsibil- specifications. It is also the purpose to effect econo- ity for procurement of supplies and services for all mies wherever possible by means of the most efficient but a few statutorily and constitutionally exempt use of the materials purchased and to recommend the agencies of State government. The major activity of purchase of as few articles as possible for the same the division is a Buyer Section consisting of 10 profes- type of use. sional buyers responsible for specific commodities and The section maintains active membership in the services required by the various State institutions. American Society for Testing and Materials, National The following standards, which are statewide in Association of State Purchasing Officials, and National scope, are furnished to bidders and referred to in Institute of Governmental Purchasing. Invitations to Bid on items covered by the standard specifications: Missouri Meat Specifications, Missouri Mattress Specifications, Missouri Bronze and Iron NEW YORK, STATE OF, Specifications, Missouri Steamfitters Supplies, Missouri Director, Intermediate Automobiles Specifications and Missouri Division of Standards and Quality Control, Paint Specifications. Office of General Services, South Mall Tower, Albany, New York 12223

MONTANA, STATE OF, This Division of York's Office General Chief, New of Serv- ices (OGS) is responsible for establishing standards State Purchasing Bureau, and specifications for equipment procured Department of Administration, by the Division of Purchasing for all State agencies and State Capitol Building, departments Helena, Montana 59601 of the State of New York including the State University. Activated in 1954 with four specification writers, the Division of Standards and Quality The State of Montana is developing a standards Control has since been expanded to include an Engi- program at this time and has set up specifications and neering Specifications Bureau, an Inspection Bureau acceptable brands lists which have been used as a and Chemical, Physical, Electrical-Electronic and basis to award state contracts. Light Reflectance Laboratories. Specifications are Each buyer is responsible for the completeness of developed by the Specifications Bureau unilaterally or specifications used in calls for bids and in some cases in cooperation with committees chaired by the spec- a brand item or guaranteed equal can be bid. ification engineers and consisting of respresentatives There is one specifications analyst who works in of major State agencies which are users of the conjunction with the Chief of Purchasing and all product under consideration, after consultation with buyers and representatives from State departments, to industry. These are continuing committees which arrive at specifications which will apply to all depart- meet, to review and revise the applicable specification ments and be broad enough to allow competitive at least once a year or more often if the situation bidding. warrants. Items such as athletic equipment, grounds The department does not have a testing lab, there- maintenance equipment, paint and wall covering fore, use is made of the Department of Highways' lab materials, office furniture and equipment and others and University facilities for the testing of some items. are now under committee study and review. Some Each receiving agency is responsible for quality and consideration is given to the development of qualified control and for checking items when they arrive, to products or acceptable brands lists but this method of determine whether or not the item is as specified in specifying is not currently emphasized. Term con- the bidding process. tracts issued against OGS standards and specifications

172 are mandatory for State agencies and none but con- subdivisions. Approximately 90 standard specifications tract items may be purchased without specific OGS and 30 qualified products lists are presently in exist- approval. ence. They are supplied upon request, and as referenced on distribution sheets issued by State pur- NORTH CAROLINA, STATE OF, chasing agents. The Specification Section also pro- State Purchasing Officer, vides assistance to State purchasing agents as required Standards and Engineering Section, on any specification problems. A small laboratory is Purchase and Contract Division, available for technical product testing (particularly

Department of Administration, paint) . A Booklet of State Standard Bid Paragraphs is 116 West Jones Street, maintained for standardization of bid wording and Raleigh, North CaroUna 27603 format (particularly contract-type bids) ; and a State Commodity Code system is maintained to facilitate The duty to establish and enforce specifications is control of purchasing agent commodity assignments, assigned to the Purchase and Contract Division and to etc. The following committees are activiated as needed the State Standardization Committee. The Standard- to assist the Specification Section in developing and ization Committee was first established in July, 1959. revising specifications: Fine Printing Paper Commit- Its duty is to review, adopt, establish and/ or modify tee, Motor Vehicle Committee, Office Equipment Com- standard specifications wherever feasible applying to mittee and Furniture Committee. articles purchased or leased. This committee consists of the Secretary of the Department of Administration, PENNSYLVANIA, COMMONWEALTH OF, who serves as chairman, and six members appointed Secretary of Property and Supplies, by the Governor. Standard specifications as adopted Department of Property and Supplies, by this committee are applicable to the purchase of Room 602, North Office Building, items made under both indefinite quantity term con- Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17125 tracts and under definite quantity contracts. The Standards and Engineering Section implements The Bureau of Standards in the Department of the statutory duties of the Standardization Committee, Property and Supplies, established October 1, 1929, under the administrative directions of the State Pur- has the responsibility for the standardization program chasing Officer. Advisory committees, composed of in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Among other regular state employees and other individuals with functions they are responsible for establishing stand- specialized knowledge in specific commodities or ards and specifications for all materials, except certain classes of commodities, formulate proposed standard highway materials, supplies, equipment and services specifications for presentation to and adoption by the purchased by the Commonwealth. In addition, the Standardization Committee. bureau conducts a field inspection program and tests The Standards and Engineering Section maintains a through the use of laboratory facilities delivered quality control program by testing, evaluating and materials for conformance to these established speci- inspecting deliveries made to the various agencies. fications. It also offers technological and advisory The staff of the section includes consultants in the services to all State agencies. mechanical, electronic, chemical and industrial engi- One of the major responsibilities of the bureau is to neering fields. They are available to State agencies, review purchase requisitions prior to going out on institutions, public school systems, community col- bid, and also, perform bid evaluations and make leges and technical institutions as consultants in the recommendations for the award on bids. selection, use and maintenance of equipment and The bureau has published over 700 Commonwealth supplies. There are approximately 125 current stand- specifications which are periocially reviewed, ards issued by this office, with the active standards updated and listed in an Index to Commonwealth committees numbering 19. Standard specifications are Specifications which is published yearly with monthly distributed to using agencies and vendors as they are updates. The index and accumulative supplements developed. are forwarded to all using agencies. National Institute of Governmental Purchasing, National Association of OREGON, STATE OF, State Purchasing Officials, Canada, various states, and Administrator, school districts upon request. Specification Section, Procurement Division, Standards Committees are actively working on Department of General Services, environmental sanitation services specifications; 1225 Ferry Street SE., standards and specifications for a safe school bus for Salem, Oregon 97310 the Pennsylvania school districts; participating in the revision of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code; The Specification Section was established in 1951, developing uniform standard definitions, classifica- as a support function for the Procurement Division. tions, and recommend procedure for requisitioning Responsibilities of the section include formulation and fertilizers and herbicides, and closed circuit and issuance of standard specifications, qualified products mobile communications systems. lists and purchase specifications for use by State pur- The bureau maintains membership and actively chasing agents. State agencies and authorized political participates in the National Institute of Governmental

173 Purchasing, Technical Association of the Pulp and ating guidelines from the State purchasing statutes. Paper Industry, American Society for Testing and The same statutes also created a Board of Standards Materials, American Association of Textile Chemists that is composed of the State Comptroller, the Com- and Colorists, American National Standards Institute, missioner of Finance and Administration, and the National Association of State Purchasing Officials and Commissioner of General Services. It is the duty of the American Chemical Society. this board to examine and approve standard specifications for all materials, supplies, and equipment purchased for the use of State government and to examine RHODE ISLAND, STATE OF, and approve the rules and regulations governing the State Purchasing Agent, operation of this division as provided by the State Division of Purchases, purchasing statutes. Department of Administration, The Department of General Services, Purchasing 289 Promenade Street, Division, is charged not only with the centralized Providence, Rhode Island 02908 procurement responsibility but also with the supply management responsibility which includes the exercise The State Purchasing Agent, head of the Division of of procurement controls over the operating depart- Purchases operates a centralized organization for the ments and agencies. The statutes governing State pur- purchase of supplies and equipment and is the con- chasing have defined and extended the purchasing tracting authority for services and construction for all function to encompass the total supply concept. In State agencies as outlined in: 37-2-2, 37-2-3, GL 1956. carrying through the responsibilities, the purchasing The Standards Section was established to implement division is involved directly with many details—specifi- the duties of the State Purchasing Agent. The princi- cations, standardization, value analysis, inventory con- pal duty of the Standards Section is to be concerned trol, market analysis, vendor performance, evaluation with the development of standard specifications and of offers, compliance with the law, disposition or dis- acceptable brand lists, and as necessary, their amend- posal of surplus property, inspection of receipts, and ments or revisions. the delegation of authority. A Standard Specification Preparation Manual was Purchasing represents material management with the prepared as a guide for development of the commodity overall objective of maintaining costs at economic standardization program within the State government. levels and reducing them wherever possible. The Standard Specification Manual provides for the appointment of Advisory Committees to assist in the development of technological data necessary for the TEXAS, STATE OF, preparation of standard specifications and acceptable Executive Director, brands lists. To date we have 16 active committees Texas State Board of Control, meeting regularly. The Standards Section has developed P.O. Box 13047, catalogs for the following: food, footwear, clothing, Capitol Station, furniture, office supplies and lumber, and are presently Austin, Texas 78711 working on cataloging hardware, electrical supplies and plumbing supplies. Standard specifications and accept- The State Board of Control has, among other func- able brands lists are on file for numerous items. tions, the responsibility for establishing specifications and standards for materials, supplies and equipment purchased for agencies of the State. The program was TENNESSEE, STATE OF, initiated in 1957 and as a result 362 specifications have Director, been developed, 85 of which have acceptable products Purchasing Division, listings. The board enlists the cooperation of other Department of General Services, State agencies, manufacturers, and national standards C2-202 Central Services Building, and testing organizations in the establishment, mainte- Nashville, Tennessee 37219 nance, and revision of its specifications. The board encourages and fosters the use of the standard specifi- The Department of General Services was created by cations in order that the most efficient purchase of a legislative act in 1972. The purpose of the act was products may be continuously accomplished. to place certain staff functions of the State government under the administrative control of a single department. The department is composed of eight divisions UTAH, STATE OF, which perform the following functions. Purchasing Agent, Administrative Division—This division is composed Division of Purchasing, of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, depart- Department of Finance, mental fiscal officer, personnel officer, systems analyst, State Capital Building, and sufficient clerical staff, to coordinate and super- Sah Lake City, Utah 84114 vise the activities of the divisions in the department. Purchasing Division—The Director of this central- The Department of Finance, is responsible for the ized purchasing agency receives its authority and oper- purchasing/standardization activities for the State of

174 Utah. The standardization program for the State of VIRGINIA, COMMONWEALTH OF, Utah was formed in 1941. The Director of Finance Director, appoints with the approval of the Governor, the Pur- Department of Purchases and Supply, chasing Agent. Post Office Box 1199, The Director of Finance exercises the powers and Richmond, Virginia 23209 performs the duties relating to the purchase of all supplies, materials, equipment and services required in Section 2.1-279 of the Code of Virginia relating to the administration of any department of the State, this department reads as follows: "So far as practica- the administration of a central purchasing and store ble, all materials, equipment and supplies, purchased system for the departments of the State and the exer- by or for the officers, departments, agencies or institu- cise of inventory control over all departments. tions of the State, shall be standardized by the Direc- The Purchasing Standardization Committee seeks tor, and no variation shall be allowed from any the advice, assistance and cooperation of all State established standard without the written approval of departments as to their particular requirements in the the Director. Such standards shall be determined upon preparation or revision of any standard or specifica- the needs of all using agencies, so far as their needs are tion adopted by it and ascertains the precise require- in common, and for groups of using agencies or single ments of each department. Each specification adopted using agencies so far as their needs differ. When for any commodity must satisfy the requirements of changes or alterations in equipment are necessary in the majority of the departments having use for the order to permit the application of any standard, such commodity. After its adoption each standard or specifi- changes and alterations shall be made as rapidly as cation, until revised or rescinded, is the control in the possible." purchase of every commodity to which it applies ; pro- The Department of Purchases and Supply attempts vided however, that the State Purchasing Agent with to carry out this directive, for the most part, through the approval of the Governor may purchase commodi- the establishment of various statewide purchase con- ties not complying with such specifications or stand- tracts. For instance, the department has standardized ards when required to meet the particular needs of on such contract products as carpet, metal office furni- any department. ture, paint, floor maintenance supplies, and xerographic The Director of Finance is the chairman of the toner. These standards are usually expressed in specifi- Purchasing Standardization Committee. In the absence cations or approved brands lists and are based on tests of the Director, the State's Purchasing Agent serves as conducted by various State agencies and/ or consulta- chairman. The committee meets upon the call of the tions with major manufacturers. Governor or of its chairman or any seven members upon two days notice to each of the members thereof. Seven members constitute a quorum for the trans- WEST VIRGINIA, STATE OF, action of business. The committee meets as often as Director, necessary but at least once every six months. Purchasing Division, The State of Utah in preparing specifications uses a Department of Finance and Administration, brand name and model number on acceptable brands State Capitol Building, where standards are not available. Each buyer is Charleston, West Virginia 25305 responsible for the specifications being accurate and nonrestrictive. The words "or approved equal" follow All procurement activity in the State of West Vir- the brand name in all instances. ginia is centralized in the Purchasing Division of the The Purchasing Division has a specification analyst Department of Finance and Administration. This divi- who works with the Purchasing Agent and all buyers sion not only has the responsibility for procurement of where specifications are for bidding annual contracts. all material used by the State but also for classification He also works with the various State departments of all commodities and adopting and formulating a when requested. schedule of standard specifications. Such standards and Since the State does not have a testing laboratory, specifications are mandatory after the time of their pub- Division of Purchasing utilizes the State Highway lication for use by all units of State government. Department laboratory and University of Utah facili- The responsibility for all standardization activities ties when required. of the State of West Virginia rests with the Director The State Purchasing Agent makes the final deci- of Purchasing. To assist the Director of Purchasing, sion as to whether or not the specifications have been the legislature created one staff position of Specifica- met by the various companies submitting bids. tion Analyst. The standards and specifications for the State are The standardization activities of the State of West filed with the National Association of State Purchasing Virginia commenced July 1, 1973. The first standard Officials (NASPO) Standards Committee. NASPO specification promulgated was for canned foods and maintains a collection of state specifications and stand- staple groceries. In the near future more activity is ards which are available through the Council of State expected in all areas where the State buys large quanti- Governments, the NASPO Secretariat. ties of goods.

175 WISCONSIN, STATE OF, The division started a standardization program in Director, the fall of 1971. Items standardized at this date are: Bureau of Purchases and Services, office furniture, typewriters, duplicating paper, janitor- Department of Administration, ial supplies, letterheads, envelopes, and miscellaneous 1 West Wilson Street, forms. Standardized items are kept on inventory at Madison, Wisconsin 53702 the Central Services warehouse. The agencies within the State of Wyoming requisition the standardized The State Bureau of Purchases and Services, Wis- merchandise from the office of Purchasing and Prop- consin Department of Administration, is responsible erty Control. PPC assigns a stock room number to the for standardization in public purchasing and public requisition and fills the order. The order is delivered printing for the State. The principal activity is vested to the agency by our delivery service. in the Standards and Value Analysis Unit, State Pur- PPC is forming a standardized guide on adding chasing Section, a unit which has been formally in machines and electronic calculators. The program is existence since 1962, but traces its genesis to the pas- in cooperation with administrators of the various sage of the State central purchasing law in 1929. The agencies. supervisor and staff chair standing and ad hoc stand- PPC also has a policy and procedures manual to ards committees comprised of using agency representa- assist in promoting the items listed as standard. tives. Nearly half (48 percent) of the State's approximate $120 million purchases for fiscal 1972-73 were made under the standards program. The basic 4. Federal Government listing of standardization is the Index of Scheduled Procurement Operational Bulletins. Promotion of the AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF, use of standards is found in s. 16.72 (2), Wis. Stats. Fourteenth Street and The State Printing Section also has a standards pro- Independence Avenue SW., gram following the purchasing format but somewhat Washington, D.C. 20250 limited by the inherent variables of printing. The Wisconsin State Purchasing Standards and Office of Automated Data Systems, Departmental Information Value Analysis Unit, under the State Bureau of Pur- Processing Standards, Rural Electrification Administration, responsibility chases and Services, has the of reducing Agricultural Marketing Service, the variety of materials, equipment, supplies and con- Packers and Stockyards Administration, tractual services purchased and for the selection of Scales and Weighing Branch, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service the quality level most consistent with State agency needs on a statewide basis. Expressing these require- Departmental Information Processing Standards, ments in written specifications and standards which are Office of Automated Data Systems, acceptable to the agencies and to the market in which U.S. Department of Agriculture they must be procured, provides basic combinations for centralized large volume contracting. Standards com- The Office of Automated Data Systems (OADS) is mittees are formed and convened to assist in this responsible for establishing and managing a depart- process. The separate committees are composed of mental computer network. The office also manages the State purchasing and agency personnel who are total ADP resources of the Department. Standards knowledgeable in the commodity or service being relating to the management and operation of all standardized. The committees are advisory to State departmental ADP activities are administered by purchasing and meet as often as is necessary to keep OADS through the Departmental Information Process- standardized specifications and policies current. In the ing Standards (DIPS) Program. This standardization selection and development of standard specifications activity, formally initiated in September, 1972, will consideration is given for the maximum availability coordinate development, implementation and mainte- and competition of that commodity or service in the nance of ADP, data and data communications related market place. Whenever possible, specifications recog- standards. nized by industry and national standards are adopted The DIPS will be promulgated in a DIPS Manual. for State use. The manual will include standards and informational material to support operations of the computer network WYOMING, STATE OF, and other ADP activities. Standards relating to com- Purchasing Administrator, puter center management, project management, hard- Purchasing and Property Control Division, ware, software, applications development, data and Department of Administration and security of computer resources are contained in the Fiscal Control, DIPS Manual. Applicable Federal and external stand- Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002 ards are also incorporated in the departmental standards. Procedures, guidelines and other informational The Purchasing and Property Control (PPC) Divi- material which implement the standards will be sion of the State of Wyoming is the procurement office assembled in a second manual. for the necessary purchase of merchandise. This divi- ADP Systems Division of OADS has primary sion also sets standards for equipment and supplies. responsibility for the DIPS Program. In the develop-

176 ment of standards, USDA agency participation is ent legislative authority for standardization work is sought to ensure that the standards satisfy all agency provided by the U.S. Cotton Standards Act, 1923; The requirements to the maximum extent possible. Task Tobacco Inspection Act, 1935; The Naval Stores Act, groups and committees representing Department agen- 1923; United States Grain Standards Act, 1916, revised cies are available to assist in the development and 1968; and the Agricultural Marketing Act, 1946. The review of proposed standards. standards are contained in Code of Federal Regula- The objectives of the DIPS Program are to create, tions 7, parts 0 to 209. The first USDA grade standards implement and maintain ADP, data and data commu- were those established for cotton in 1909, under a nications standards, guidelines and procedures needed provision of the USDA appropriation act for 1908-9. by agencies of the Department and departmental com- The purpose of the standards is to identify the puter network as a basis for managerial control; degrees of quality in food and farm products, and improve hardware and software systems, enhance the thereby aid in marketing by establishing the usability effectiveness of application development and provide a or value of these products. basis for measurement of information processing per- In general, the standards cover the fresh or raw formance with the Department. agricultural products, such as wheat, and not products such as flour into which the raw product may be Rural Electrification Administration, processed. Exceptions are the grade standards estab- U.S. Department of Agriculture lished for canned, frozen, and dried fruits and vegetables, butter, certain types of cheese, and a few other The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) is processed products such as jams and peanut butter. active in the preparation of engineering standards and Grade standards are developed or revised on request specifications for materials and equipment and for the or as needed, in accordance with changes in produc- design and construction of electric and telephone facil- tion, processing, or marketing practices and the public ities to serve rural areas. The electric standards include is invited to comment on proposed standards or revi- overhead and underground distribution lines, overhead sions. Use of the grade standards, for the most part, transmission lines, substations and generating plants. is voluntary. The telephone standards include overhead and under- Grading, inspection, or classing services, to certify ground telephone lines, station equipment and central the quality of products according to the U.S. grade office equipment. standards, are provided by USDA to producers, pack- Standards and specifications of national standardiz- ers, wholesalers or others, on request, and usually for ing groups are utilized to the maximum practicable a fee to cover the cost of the service. Under the Smith- extent. Where they are not adequate or where they Doxey Act, classing of cotton by grade is provided free do not exist, REA prepares standards and specifica- to producers who request it. Under the U.S. Grain tions to be used by its borrowers which construct and Standards Act, grain exported by grade must be offi- operate rural electric and telephone systems. Standards cially inspected and a fee is charged for this inspection. and specifications are also prepared where it appears The Tobacco Inspection Act provides for free and that such specifications and standards will result in mandatory inspection of tobacco based on official reduced costs, improved materials and equipment, or grades, after a referendum in which two-thirds of the the more effective use of engineering services. Stand- growers supplying an auction market vote approval. ards and guides are also prepared which relate to the Tobacco may also be inspected on a voluntary, fee-for- management and operation of rural electric and tele- service basis. phone systems. There are current U.S. grade standards for 389 food REA standards are utilized by approximately 1,000 and farm products, listed in Agriculture Handbook No. rural electric systems and 800 rural telephone systems 341, USDA Standards for Food and Farm Products, in 47 states to which loan funds have been made avail- April 1973. A standardization committee, made up of able. The standards are also utilized by other organiza- standardization specialists from each of the commod- tions in this country and abroad. ity divisions meets quarterly to discuss common prob- Information on REA standards and copies of most lems and methods of handling new projects. One standards are available upon request to the Rural Elec- current project involves incorporating more accurate trification Administration, U. S. Department of Agri- statistical sampling methods into the standards. culture, Washington, D. C. 20250. Several REA Use of the standards is promoted through individual publications which include specifications, standard and group meetings with members of the various agri- construction drawings and contract forms are available cultural industries, marketing and food procurement from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- agencies, consumer and educational groups, and ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. through publications and other news media.

Agricultural Marketing Service, Packers and Stockyards Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture Scales and Weighing Branch, U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. grade standards for food and farm products are developed by standardization staffs within the seven The Packers and Stockyards Administration has commodity divisions of the Agricultural Marketing jurisdiction over livestock scales, monorail scales, and Service, with the assistance of the statistical staff. Pres- live poultry scales in commerce. Such scales are gen-

177 erally located at public stockyards, meat packing for pretesting animals for export and provides inspec- plants, or poultry processing plants subject to the pro- tion of the animals at specific ocean, air, and border visions of the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as ports. Standards are established for resting export ani- amended and are required by regulation to be tested mals in proper facilities before loading and for proper at least semiannually according to prescribed proce- accommodations on transport vessels. Import stand- dures. Codes of specifications, tolerances, other tech- ards are set for inspection and quarantine of animals nical requirements, and testing procedures for such and poultry to be brought into the U.S. and for per- scales have been formally adopted through publication mits to accompany animals and animal semen in the Federal Register (9 CFR 201.71), et seq. These imported from specified countries. The staff provides codes correspond with minor exceptions to National inspection of aircraft and other conveyances for import Bureau of Standards Handbook 44, Fourth Edition, animals. They establish standards for unloading, clean- Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical ing, and disinfecting conveyances and containers for Requirements for Commercial Weighing and Measur- import animals; and they maintain sanitary control of ing Devices, as adopted by the National Conference animal by-products, hay and straw. on Weights and Measures. When necessary, due to Enforcement of standards: Export standards are action by the National Conference, these codes are enforced at specified ports of export. Import standards amended or new codes promulgated to promote uni- are enforced at U.S. Import Centers at Clifton, New formity of interpretation and enforcement. Jersey, Miami, Florida, and Honolulu, Hawaii. Specific standards requirements for the export and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), import of animals and animal products are available of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Department upon request from the Import-Export Staff. Certification activities: Animals intended for export The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service was to a foreign country must be accompanied by a certifi- established to implement several Acts that include the cate of health issued by an accredited veterinarian following areas of standards: Import-Export of Ani- certifying that the animals have been inspected and mals and Animal Products, Animal Welfare, Veteri- tested according to established standards. Animals nary Biologies, and Meat and Poultry Inspection. Each offered for importation must be accompanied by a of the following is the responsible regulatory group for certificate, issued by a veterinary officer of the country the aforementioned. of origin, specifying that the animals meet established standards. Special certification requirements apply to Import-Export Staff, Veterinary Services, APHIS-USDA, 820-A, Federal Center Building, dogs for handling livestock, animals and animal semen Hyattsville, Maryland 20782 from Canada, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Legislative authority: (1) 21 USC 113, May 21, 1884, an act to prevent the exportation of diseased Animal Care Staff, Veterinary Services, APHIS-USDA, 701-A, Federal Center Building, cattle. (2) 21 USC 101-07, August 30, 1890, an act to Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. suspend importation of livestock for a limited time when necessary to protect animals in the U. S. from Legislative Authority: Public Law 89-544 amended contagious diseases and to set up quarantine of by P.L. 91-579, 7 USC 2131 et seq., the Animal Wel- imported animals when necessary; also to provide for fare Act of 1970.

inspection of animals imported and those intended for Regulatory reference: 9 CFR, I-A Parts 1, 2, and 3, export. (3) 46 USC 466a, March 3, 1891, an act Animals and Animal Products; Animal and Plant specifying that all vessels transporting animals to for- Health Inspection Service, USDA; Animal Welfare. eign countries provide humane accommodations with Effective dates: Under P.L. 89-544, regulations and specific reference to space, ventilation, pens, food and standards became effective February 24, 1967. Under water supplies. (4) 21 USC 112, 113, 120, 121 Febru- P.L. 91-579, additional regulations and standards ary 2, 1903, an act authorizing regulation of exporta- became effective December 24, 1971. tion and transportation of livestock from any place in Scope of program: Regulations and standards under the U.S. where communicable livestock diseases exist the Animal Welfare Act regulate licensed animal deal- to any other part of the U.S. or to foreign countries; ers, licensed or registered animal exhibitors, and regis- and to take proper measures to prevent the introduc- tered research institutions. Animals covered by tion into the U.S. of communicable diseases of regulations and standards are: dogs, cats, nonhuman animals. primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, and other Regulatory reference: 9 CFR, I-D, Parts 91-97, warmblooded animals that have been designated by Exportation and Importation of Animals (Including the Secretary of Agriculture. Currently excepted from Poultry) and Animal Products. regulations and standards are: birds, horses, ponies, Effective date: Original authority for these standards farm animals, rats and mice, fish and aquatic animals, was effective in 1884. Since that time, additional stat- and all other coldblooded animals. Responsibility as utes, regulations, and standards have been developed established by the Act is "To regulate the transporta- as deemed necessary by the Congress and by the tion, purchase, sale, housing, care, handling and treat- Department. ment of such animals by persons or organizations Scope of Program: The staff establishes standards engaged in using them for research or experimental

178 purposes or for exhibition purposes or holding them 10 billion doses annually—mostly vaccines used by for sale as pets or in transporting, buying, or selling veterinarians and livestock and poultry producers to them for any such purpose of use." immunize against diseases. Separate divisions or subparts of the standards have Currently about 70 standard requirements are in been established for the following groups of animals: effect for producing and testing 208 generic products (a) dogs and cats; (b) guinea pigs and hamsters; (c) licensed for production under the Act. A complete list rabbits; (d) nonhuman primates; and (e) other warm- of standards is available from the Biologies Staff. blooded animals designated by the Secretary of Agri- There are six new standard requirements under con- culture. Each subpart of the standard covers facilities, sideration at this time. Information about these pro- general; facilities, indoor; facilities, outdoor; primary posals may also be obtained by writing to the Bio- enclosures; feeding; watering; sanitation; employees; logics Staff. separation of specific types of animals; veterinary care; Enforcement of standards: The Act, regulations, handling; vehicles and primary enclosures used to and standards are enforced by a field force of veteri- transport animals; food and water requirements in narians covering the entire United States, divided into transit ; care in transit. 5 regions and 18 area officers. Enforcement is coordi- Enforcement: The Act, regulations, and standards nated by Veterinary Services headquarters. Inspectors are enforced by a field force of veterinarians covering visit plants to see that production standards are fol- the entire United States, divided into 5 regions and 18 lowed and selective check tests are conducted on area offices, coordinated by the Animal Welfare Staff biologies at the APHIS laboratory, Ames, Iowa. as listed in Item 2. Certification activities: The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act Certification activities: The Animal Welfare Act directs the Department of Agriculture to license man- directs the Department of Agriculture to establish ufacturers and to set regulations affecting the manu- minimum standards for all regulated animals covering facture of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product the specified aspects of humane handling, care, treat- intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals ment, and transportation. The Act specifies that: "In to ensure that the materials are not worthless, contami- promulgating and enforcing standards ... the Secretary nated, dangerous, or harmful. The Department main- is authorized and directed to consult experts, including tains laboratories at Ames, Iowa, to evaluate current outside consultants where indicated." The Act also methods of testing the qualities of these materials and specifies that: "The Secretary shall consult and cooper- to develop new test methods. Since relatively few manufacturers involved, individ- ate with other Federal . . . instrumentalities concerned are they can be consulted with the welfare of animals used for research, experi- ually to plan and review changes in standards. mentation or exhibition when establishing standards ..." Meat and Poultry Inspection Staff, APHIS, 316-E, Administration Building, directives establishing minimum standards These on U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250 are carried out by convening separate work conferences with representatives of the scientific community, Legislative authority: (1) 21 USC 71-96, March 4, animal welfare groups, animal dealers, animal exhibi- 1907, The Meat Inspection Act, as amended in 1967, to tors, and Government officials. authorize the examination of animals, meat, meat-food products, used in interstate or foreign commerce, and Biologies Staff, Veterinary Services, APHIS-USDA, inspection of slaughter and packing establishments. 828-A, Federal Center Building, (2) 21 USC 451-469, August 28, 1957, The Poultry Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. Products Inspection Act, as amended in 1968, to Legislative authority: 37 Stat. 832-833, 21 USC 151- provide for the compulsory inspection of poultry and 158, the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, passed by the poultry products for wholesomeness at processing Congress March 4, 1913. plants. Regulatory reference: 9 CFR, I-E, Parts 101-117, 122 Regulatory reference: 9 CFR, III-A and C, Parts and 123, Animals and Animal Products; Animal and 301-335, and 381, Mandatory Meat Inspection and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, and Viruses, Mandatory Poultry Products Inspection. Serums, Toxins, and Analogous Products; Organisms Effective date: The two statutes providing legislative and Vectors. authority were effective in 1907 and 1957, respectively. Effective date: The Act was effective July 1, 1913; Individual standards and regulations have been issued individual standards have been issued and revised con- continually since that time. tinually since that time. Scope of program: Standards have been developed to cover the ingredients, methods of processing, and Scope of program : Regulations and standards under the Act regulate licensed manufacturers engaged in labeling of meat and poultry food products; the mate- interstate sale of veterinary biologies and inspectors rials and design of plant facilities and equipment; who bring such products into the United States under sanitary practices; the disposition of diseased animals; permit. The purpose of the activity is to make sure and inspection methods. biological products used in the diagnosis, prevention, Committees: Standards are developed by appropri- and treatment of animal diseases meet Department ate staffs within the program in consukation with the standards for purity, safety, potency, and efficacy. Cur- National Meat and Poultry Inspection Advisory Com- D.C. rently, 41 licensees and 2 importers sell approximately mittee, meeting quarterly in Washington,

179 Current standards are contained in the appropriate COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF, sections of the Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C. 20230 Enforcement: Standards are enforced by APHIS inspectors in some plants in the U.S. and in 6,000 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science and 1,059 certified plants in foreign countries. Technology, Office of Product Standards, Maritime Administration, National Bureau of Standards, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Telecommunications ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION,^ Washington, D.C. 20545 Office of Product Standards, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science and Technologry, Two organizations within the AEC have major U.S. Department of Commerce responsibilities in the administration of standardization activities. These organizations are the Directorate The Office of Product Standards (OPS) was estab- of Regulatory Standards and the Division of Reactor lished by directive of the Assistant Secretary for Sci- Research and Development. ence and Technology on May 24, 1967, under the The Directorate of Regulatory Standards develops name of Office of Standards Review (subsequently, it and issues guides, regulations, criteria and codes for: became the Office of Standards Policy), as a constitu- the design, siting, construction and operation of nuclear ent operating unit of the Department of Commerce.

facilities ; the production, transportation, protection and OPS exists to strengthen the ability of the Depart- disposition of nuclear materials and by-products; and ment to contribute to the solution of national policy health and environmentally-related aspects of the issues concerning the types of industrial or consumer above activities. product standards to be established; the responsibili- The Directorate coordinates its activity with its sis- ties of the various agencies of the Federal Government ter organizations under the Director of Regulation to in developing or aiding in the development of stand- develop standards which will ensure timely licensing of ards; the forms of participation in standards-setting nuclear facilities as well as their safe operation. In activities by Government, industry, the scientific com- promulgating its standards, the Directorate also works munity, and the general public; the means of partici- closely with the American National Standards Institute pation by the United States in international standards (ANSI), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic activities; the legal, economic, and other aspects of Engineers (IEEE), the American Society for Testing assuring adherence to or compliance with standards; and Materials (ASTM), the American Society of and other problems relating to the development and Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and other standards use of standards. groups. OPS provides staff assistance to the Assistant Secre- At its present rate of production, the Directorate tary for Science and Technology in the formulation of issues almost 150 standards per year. These may be policies dealing with standards activities, and the Regulations (CFR) found in: 10 Code of Federal coordination of Commerce standards programs and Parts 73 and 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 40, 50, 55, 70, 71, policies with those of other Federal departments and 100; 14 CFR Part 103; 46 CFR Part 146; and 49 CFR agencies, trade and professional associations, and indi- Parts 170-179 and 397. viduals. This includes participation by the U.S. Govern- The Division of Reactor Research and Development ment in the activities of international organizations or formerly Reactor Development and Technology conferences concerned with the formulation or adop- through its contractor organizations, develops (RDT), tion of international standards and cooperation with and publishes Standards for application to pri- RDT the Executive Office of the President and with other ority reactor development programs. These stand- AEC Federal agencies to assure that their interests, and the ards are available the nuclear industry and made to interests of groups for which they are responsible, are industry-wide can be used as a basis for developing given proper consideration. standards for commercial nuclear applications. The RDT standards office at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) publishes a bimonthly Index of RDT Standards. The index and copies of Office of Ship Construction, standards are available from ORNL. Division of Ship Design, Standards include requirements for material, process, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, component, instrumentation and quality assurance for Washington, D.C. 20235 application to liquid metal fast breeder reactors and light water reactors. Published standards number 279 The Standard Specifications for Merchant Ship Con- and over 200 are in preparation. struction have been prepared by the technical staff, naval architects and marine engineers, of the Office of Ship Construction in the Maritime Administration for ^ The Atomic Energy Commission iias been reorganized anil its functions the purpose of providing guidance to the maritime divided into two new groups: the U.S. Energy and Research Development Administration, and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. industry in the preparation of detail ship specifications

180 for constructing ships. Various segments of the indus- and agencies of the Federal, state, and local govern- try, such as ship owners, shipbuilders, design agents ments in the establishment of standards for products; and manufacturers of major machinery and equipment and administers the Department of Commerce's vol- have over the years reviewed these specifications and untary product standards program as is set forth in the present document reflects their input. The specifi- Part 10 of Title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, cations are complete in all aspects of required contract Procedures for the Development of Voluntary Product work and accomplish the following pertinent objec- Standards. tives: establish levels of quality as a bench mark for The Department's voluntary product standards pro- Construction Differential Subsidy; identify current gram supplements the activities of the private requirements of regulatory bodies; reflect latest tech- standardizing bodies by providing a mechanism for nological developments ; indicate measures of standard- the development and publication of voluntary stand- ization to encourage mass production techniques; and ards that are needed but are not being effectively include standard text to reflect legal aspects of contract developed by the private bodies. Standards published work. by this activity were previously called Simplified The development of guidance specifications for ship Practice Recommendations (SPR) and Commercial construction was first authorized on May 20, 1960 by Standards (CS). As of December 1965, all publica- the Federal Maritime Board. The first two formal tions including revisions of SPR's and CS's are called editions were issued in November 1965 and March Voluntary Product Standards (VPS). Subsequent to 1968 under the title Standard Specification for Cargo the publication of a VPS it is submitted to the Amer- Ship Construction which applied mainly to general ican National Standards Institute (ANSI) for listing cargo ships. The latest edition entitled Standard Speci- as an American National Standard. fications for Merchant Ship Construction was issued There is no governmental regulation or control December 1972 with broadened applicability to include involved in the adoption and use of a Voluntary other types of merchant ships such as container. Product Standard. The documents are offered for Lighter Aboard Ship (Barge Carrying Ship) (LASH), sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Ore-Bulk-Oil (Supertanker) (OBO) and tanker ves- Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. A price sels. It is intended to further update these standard list of the current standards and other information specifications periodically to reflect continuing tech- concerning this activity can be obtained by writing to nological developments and pertinent results of the Standards Development Services Section. research and development investigations. Future editions may also include applicable text for LNG, tug- Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, barge combinations and other specialized designs as Institute for Applied Technology, well as other forms of propulsion machinery (diesel, National Bureau of Standards gas-turbine, nuclear, etc.) in addition to the steam turbine already in the current text. The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory Distribution of the standard specifications is (LESL) was established at the National Bureau of handled by the National Technical Information Serv- Standards (NBS) in January 1971 by an interagency ice, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, agreement with the National Institute of Law Enforce- Virginia, 22151 (refer to Publication No. COM-72- ment and Criminal Justice (NILECJ), Law Enforce- 11469). Publicity concerning the availability of future ment Assistance Administration (LEAA), U. S. editions will be provided through announcements by Department of Justice, in accordance with Title 1, the National Technical Information Service, notices Section 402(b) of the Omnibus Crime Control and from the MarAd Office of Public Affairs, publications Safe Streets Act of 1968, P.L. 90-351. in the Federal Register and news releases to technical In accordance with priorities established by magazines. NILECJ, LESL (1) conducts state-of-the-art surveys; (2) performs laboratory testing and evaluation of commercially available equipment; develops test National Bureau of Standards, (3) U.S. Department of Commerce, methods; and (4) develops several series of docu- Washington, D.C. 20234 ments including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, and miscellaneous reports. Institute for Applied Technology, The standards developed by LESL are performance Standards Development Services Section, oriented insofar as possible. They are not consensus Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, Standards Information Services standards, but are subjected to extensive technical and editorial review within NBS as well as by other Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, Government agencies, manufacturers, users and inde- Office of ADP Standards Management pendent experts. The standards are given a final review by NILECJ and are then promulgated by Office of Engineering Standards Services, them. They are widely distributed to law enforcement Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards agencies and made available to others through the National Technical Information Service of the Depart- The Standards Development Services Section as- ment of Commerce and the National Criminal Justice sists producers, distributors, users and consumers, Reference Service of LEAA.

181 As of this date, standards have been developed for: articles, reports, pamphlets, and handbooks on stand-

(1) the Ballistic Resistance of Police Body Armor ; (2) ardization. Hearing Protectors for Use on Firing Ranges; (3) Publications—NBS-SIS compiles computer-pro- Magnetic Switches for Burglar Alarm Systems; (4) duced indexes designed to assist all who are Mechanically Actuated Switches for Burglar Alarm interested in information on standards. Among these Systems; (5) Walk-Through Metal Detectors for Use Indexes are National Bureau of Standards Special in Weapon Detection; and (6) Mobile Antennas. Many Publication 329, An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineer- additional standards are under development in the ing Standards issued in March 1971 listing titles of areas of protective equipment, communications equip- standards published through 1969, and Supplement ment, security systems, weapons, emergency equip- No. 1, issued in December 1972, listing titles issued in ment, investigative aids, vehicles and clothing. 1970 and 1971. These two indexes together list the While the great bulk of LESL's effort is in behalf of titles of more than 23,000 standards issued by over LEAA, some work is also done to develop standards 380 U.S. private organizations. Supplement No. 2 is for other Government agencies. A standard for Evi- in preparation and, when published in mid-1974, will dential Breath Alcohol Testers has been developed for cover the years 1972-1973. NBS Special Publication the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 352, World Index of Plastics Standards appeared in (NHTSA) and a small continuing program has been December 1971. Technical Note 762, Tabulation of established to develop additional standards and per- Voluntary Standards and Certification Programs for form related tasks of interest to the Research Institute Consumer Products was issued in March 1973. NBS and to the Office of Alcohol Countermeasures of Special Publication 375, An Index of State Specifica- NHTSA. tions and Standards appeared in September 1973 while NBS Special Publication 390, An Index of Inter- national Standards appeared in March 1974. Compila- Standards Information Services, tion has already begun on an index of foreign English- Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards language standards. All of these publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, The Standards Information Services Section of the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. National Bureau of Standards (NBS-SIS) maintains 20406. the largest reference collection of engineering and Form of Requests—Requests for information may related standards, specifications, test methods, codes be made by personal visit, telephone (Area code 301: and recommended practices in the United States. 921-2587), or a letter addressed to: Standards Infor- Established in 1965 as the Standards Communication mation Services, Building 225, Room B-162, National Center, NBS-SIS has expanded its original holdings of Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. several thousand standards to an extensive reference Since NBS-SIS conducts its search by using key collection of over 200,000 standards issued by U.S. word indexes, all requests should be as specific as trade, professional and technical associations, Federal possible, and include all words and terms necessary and state governmental organizations, foreign national, to identify a standard, e.g. X-ray machines rather and international and regional standardizing bodies. than medical electronic equipment. Referral Services—NBS-SIS serves primarily as a A brochure describing the office and services, and referral activity by identifying sources of standards, lists of the organizations whose standards are repre- and directing inquirers to the respective standards- sented in the collection, are available upon request issuing organizations to obtain copies of standards. By to NBS-SIS. means of computer-produced Key-Word-In-Context (KWIC) Indexes, NBS-SIS answers more than 4,000 Office of ADP Standards Management, Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, inquiries each year. National Bureau of Standards The Standards Collection—The NBS-SIS reference collection, located in Room B151, Building 225 at the The Office of ADP Standards Management provides NBS site in Gaithersburg, Maryland about 25 miles overall policy guidance, long range planning and northwest of Washington, D. C, is open to the public detail management of the data processing standards Monday through Friday from 8:30 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. mission of the National Bureau of Standards. This mis- Of the 200,000 standards now housed in this collec- sion is carried out in accordance with the legislative tion, over 23,000 are industry and national standards authorities of Public Law 89-306, dated October 30, issued by more than 400 U.S. technical societies, pro- 1965 and Executive Order 11717, dated May 9, 1973. fessional organizations and trade associations; 6,000 The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technol- standards of 35 state purchasing offices: 8,500 stand- ogy (formerly the Center for Computer Sciences and ards and specifications of Federal civilian agencies; Technology) was organized in November 1965. 163,000 foreign national standards of some 57 coun- The primary mission of the Institute is to provide tries; and 3,000 standards of international and agencies and the Administrator of General Services regional standardization groups. The resources of the with scientific and technological advisory services collection also include over 100 technical reference relating to automatic data processing (ADP) and books, directories, encyclopedias, guides and manuals; related systems, and to make appropriate recommen- over 125 periodicals and newsletters; and many dations to the Secretary of Commerce, who on behalf

182 of the President, establishes uniform Federal automa- being used and evaluated for eventual voluntary tic data processing standards. acceptance by the scientific, academic, and industrial The Office of ADP Standards Management also community. monitors Federal participation on related voluntary The program conducts an interlaboratory calibra- industry standards organizations. Management direction effort with various activities involved in marine tion is provided so that government participants are instrumentation, their development, testing, and cali- cognizant of overall government objectives and are bration. It continuously evaluates the measurement therefore able to adequately represent government performances of the participating laboratories and requirements in the development of voluntary stand- provides methods for reducing data variances. Also, ards. it offers a mechanism to exchange measurement Adherence to standards adopted as Federal ADP ideas, evaluate and promote acceptances of calibration standards is through validation testing against fixed procedures, techniques, and equipment and provide criteria. Tests are developed in accordance with the standard test specifications for inclusion to any specifications of the standards and products are marine instrument purchases. measured against these specifications. Federal ADP standards are promulgated by NBS as Office of Telecommunications, Federal Information Processing Standards Publica- U.S. Department of Commerce, 1325 G Street NW., available tions (FIPS PUBS). FIPS PUBS are by Washington, D.C. 20005 subject title from the Government Printing Office for a nominal charge. There are 28 FIPS PUBS of which The Office of Telecommunications as authorized by 21 are mandatory standards, two are guidelines and Section 2(12) and (13), 15 U.S.C. (12) and (13) four provide general information concerning the and by procedures of 15 C.F.R. (200) as applicable is FIPS program. The List of Publications in the Federal active in standardization related to telecommunica- Information Processing Standards Series (LP-58) tions. Operating under the authority of the National provides a complete index and abstract of the cur- Bureau of Standards, units of the Office have been rent standards. The activities and committees in engaged in standardization for transmission of which the FIPS program is involved are described radio waves since about 1911. The Office of Telecom- in FIPS PUB 12-1, FIPS Index. munications was established as a primary operating The principal method used in implementing the unit in 1970. FIPS is through the issuance of Federal Property The principal activities of the Office are investigat- Management Regulations by the General Services ing conditions affecting the transmission of radio Administration. These regulations make the FIPS waves and compiling and distributing information applicable to the procurement of ADP products and regarding the transmission of radio waves. Standards services. are established by: cooperation with other governmental agencies and with private organizations; by Marine Environmental Metrology, invention and development of devices and testing National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, methods to serve the needs of Government agencies, National Ocean Survey, scientific institutions and industrial enterprises; and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, providing scientific U.S. Department of Commerce, by and technical advisory services Rockville, Maryland 20852 to Government agencies. The Office chairs the Standards Working Group of The Marine Environmental Metrology program at the Technical Subcommittee of the Interdepartment the National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center Radio Advisory Committee which provides standards (NOIC) is active in providing specialized operational required for managing government use of radio fre- standards and techniques required to assure that quencies. The Office serves on the Federal Telecom- marine instruments give meaningful and quality data, munication Standards Committee of the National Com- traceable to recognized defining standards at the munication System to develop telecommunication national and international levels. The program main- standards for the interoperability of government data tains a liaison with the National Bureau of Standards communication systems and for computer-communi- and other nationally known measurement experts and cation interfaces. The Office also works with other funds for their services when expertise is required in Federal agencies in the development of standards and relationship to a primary level of measurement. standards policy for other areas of voice, data, and A large portion of the standards development is radio wave transmission and has under consideration generated from the products of it's calibration and projects for broadband (video, data, facsimile, and testing services to the scientific community. It voice) networks. involves the creation of calibration procedures, measurement techniques, and test methods as well as the CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY in-house or contractural development of laboratory COMMISSION, and field physical transfer standards. The program Washington, D.C. 20207 has developed 19 calibration procedures for oceanographic and marine meteorlogical instruments, avail- The Consumer Product Safety Commission, an able through NOIC's Documentation Group, that are independent Federal regulatory agency, was officially

183 activated on May 14, 1973, to implement the Con- 1916-1921 through the cooperative efforts of the War sumer Product Safety Act., PL 92-573. The Commis- and Navy Departments via the Army-Navy Aeronau- sion's primary goal is to substantially reduce injuries tical Standards Board. associated with consumer products. The Act granted The Defense Materiel Specifications and Standards broad authority to issue and enforce safety standards Board was established under the provisions of the for more than 10,000 consumer products. The admin- revised DoD Directive 4120.3, dated 6 June 1973. istration of four acts previously handled by other The Standards Board is comprised of flag rank per- agencies was transferred to the Commission; they sonnel, one engineering and one logistic member from include the Flammable Fabrics Act, the Federal the Office of the Secretary of Defense and corre- Hazardous Substances Act, the Poison Prevention sponding members from each of the military depart- Packaging Act, and the Refrigerator Door Safety Act. ments. In addition, the Defense Supply Agency Under the requirements of the Consumer Product provides one logistic member. The chairman of the Safety Act, the Commission may adopt standards nine member Standards Board is appointed by the issued by qualified agencies or organizations, or issue Assistant Secretary for Installations and Logistics with standards independently. The Commission may ban the concurrence of the Director, Defense Research hazardous substances presenting an unreasonable risk and Engineering. of injury. The development of standards by other The Defense Standardization Program spans the agencies is encouraged and the Consumer Product range of materials, parts and equipments as well as Safety Commission participates in the development of the engineering practices and processes used in the international product safety standards. The Office of development, test and evaluation, production and Standards Coordination and Appraisal serves as the logistic support of the material used by the military focal point for standards development within the services. The intent of the program is to control the Consumer Product Safety Commission; the Bureau proliferation of items and practices through the of Compliance is responsible for standards enforce- development and use of specifications, engineering ment. standards, handbooks and engineering drawings; Product certification is specifically mentioned by thereby achieving greater economy and effectiveness the Act. Manufacturers or private labelers must issue of resources through better reliability and maintain- certificates stating that their product meets a spe- ability and lower costs over the entire life cycle. cified standard. The Commission may prescribe test- The Standards Board will be augmented by panels ing and labeling. of experts from the military departments and DoD To date (August 1, 1973), the Commission has agencies to provide expertise necessary to cope with issued an amended Standard for the Flammability of the engineering, scientific and industry related prob- Mattresses. Some proposed regulations currently lems. The panels will have cognizance over the under consideration include bicycles and baby cribs. studies, plans and implementation of efforts devoted Proposed and final standards issued by the Commis- to the areas under the scope of their respective sion are published in the Federal Register upon charters. approval. Final regulations will be published in Title In addition to the 25,000 active military series 16, Chapter 2 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The specifications and more than 10,000 military stand- Office of Standards Coordination and Appraisal may ards listed in the Department of Defense Index of be contacted for a complete list of standards issued Specifications and Standards which is available from by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print- ing Office, there are additional quantities of documents which have been retired from active use but are still available (at a fee) through our archival DEFENSE, DEPARTMENT OF, service. Current military specifications and standards Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense are furnished without charge. The entire DoD Stand- for Installations and Logistics, ardization Program represents the integration of Pentagon, actions accomplished by the commodity structure of Washington, D.C. 20301 the DoD components. The Standardization Directory, SD-1, which is available from the Naval Publications The Defense Standardization Program under the and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, aegis of the Office of the Secretary of Defense is Pennsylvania 19120, lists the addresses and scopes of managed by the Defense Materiel Specifications and interest of the 68 offices in the Department of Standards Board. Defense to which various standards functions have The Defense Standardization Program was estab- been assigned. lished in 1953 under the authority of Title 10, U.S. It is DoD policy to cooperate with the standards Code, Sections 2451-2456. The statute has been organizations operating in the other Government implemented by DoD Directive 4120.3 and the asso- departments and agencies as well as those in the ciated DoD Standardization Manual 4120. 3-M provid- private sector. There are procedures in the Defense ing policies, procedures and instructions for direct use Standardization Manual for adopting industry stand- by the military departments and DoD agencies. The ards so as to avoid the preparation of duplicative or current program is a continuation of work started in overlapping military documents. The DoD Index of

184 Specifications and Standards lists those industry docu- transmission of energy by radio which originates ments which have been adopted. and/or is received within the United States. (47 The Department of Defense has the largest and use 152(a)). "Transmission of energy by radio" most comprehensive standardization program in the or "radio transmission of energy" includes both such world—governmental or nongovernmental. The spec- transmission and all instrumentalities, facilities and ifications and standards developed by the program services incidental to such transmission. 47 U S C are widely used in both domestic and international 153(d)). standards. In fact, many of its specifications and Under the authority of the Communications Act, standards constitute the standard to which industry the Commission has enacted mandatory rules and builds for commercial purposes. The procedures of regulations in the public interest. Among those rules the program have been widely copied by individual and regulations are technical performance standards industrial firms and industry standardizing organiza- for certain radio equipment and operations. In additions as the basis for their own standardization tion to these mandatory technical standards, the programs. radio communications industry also works diligently to adopt voluntary technical standards. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, The industry group, known as the Electronic Indus- 401 M Street SW., tries Association (EIA), sponsors the work of many Washington, D.C. 20460 technical committees. The standards adopted by ElA are generally recognized by consensus; and manufac- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was turers of radio transmitting equipment generally created to permit coordinated and effective govern- comply with the standards. Often these voluntary mental action to assure protection of the environment standards, after appropriate procedures, form the by the systematic abatement and control of pollution basis for mandatory rules adopted by the Federal through proper integration of a variety of research, Communications Commission. monitoring, standards-setting, and enforcement activi- The technical committees of EIA maintain close ties. Legislative authority for establishing standards is liaison with the Office of the Chief Engineer of the found in the Clean Air Act, as amended; the Federal Federal Communications Commission. Technical per- Water Pollution Control Act, as amended; the Refuse sonnel of the Commission are often invited to serve Act; the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenti- on various groups within the industry organization. cide Act, as amended; and the Federal Food, Drug, The Federal Communications Commission has and Cosmetic Act, as amended. Title 40 CFR provides encouraged this kind of industry-government coopera- the procedures for implementing this legislative tion so that voluntary standards adopted by the indus- authority. try will harmonize with Commission rules and EPA's Offices of Air and Water Programs and policies. Hazardous Materials Control exercise primary respon- The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) sibility for developing air and water quality standards, is a domestic association comprised of EIA and criteria of solid waste standards, noise emission, and similar associations for other industries. ANSI repre- radiation protection standards. Before an environ- sents United States industries in the International mental standard is finalized, however, the heads of Electrotechnical Commission (lEC). ANSI and its state and local governments are consulted through foreign industry counterparts meet and negotiate the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Rela- within the lEC on international voluntary standards. tions and public comment is solicited. In most cases, The standards proposed by ANSI in these negotia- once a standard is set, states and other jurisdictions tions are those recommended by one or more of its are required to submit by a certain date implementa- member organizations. Any agreements reached tion plans for meeting these standards or face the within the lEC are private and do not have treaty alternative of having EPA write and impose its own status, even though some of ANSI's foreign counter- plan. Both the standards and resulting implementa- parts may be government controlled. From the inter- tion plans are published by EPA in the Federal national standpoint, thus, these industry standards are Register. still voluntary even though a nation may make them mandatory within its own jurisdiction. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, Office of Chief Engineer, 1919 M Street, GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, Washington, D.C. 20554 Federal Supply Service, Office of Standards and Quality Control, The Federal Communications Commission was 18th and F Streets, created under the Communications Act of 1934 Washington, D.C. 20406 (47 use 151) to regulate interstate and foreign commerce in communications by wire and radio in The General Services Administration which was the public interest. The Commission's jurisdiction created by the Federal Property and Administrative extends to all interstate and foreign communications Services Act of 1949 (63 Stat. 377) as amended, pro- by wire and radio and all interstate and foreign vides for the Government an economical and efficient

185 .

system for the management of its property and lations which have the force and effect of law. All records. regulations issued are authorized by the Federal The GSA Standardization Program covers: (a) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Title 21 of the United development and maintenance of Federal specifica- States Code (21 USC). In the developmental stages, tions and standards; (b) standardization of commodi- they are published in the Federal Register for com- ties procured by the Government; (c) coordination of ment, and when adopted, are codified in Title 21 of governmental standardization activities; and (d) the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR) development and maintenance of the Federal Catalog Section 401 of the Act (21 USC 341) requires the System. The assigned agency plan is used in the establishment of standards of identity, quality and development of Federal specifications and standards. fill of container when such action will promote hon- The Federal Standardization Handbook (41 CFR esty and fair dealing in the interest of consumers. 101-29) guides agency participation in the program. Any interested persons, or the Commissioner of Food There are now over 6,000 Federal specifications and and Drugs, may propose a new standard or an standards and approximately 100 associated Qualified amendment to an existing one. Proposals are pub- Products Lists which support those Federal specifica- lished in the Federal Register and comments invited. tions requiring qualification testing prior to procure- Based on comments received and other information, ment. These documents, which are mandatory for use the Commissioner publishes an order ruling on the by all Federal agencies, are listed in the Index of proposal. Persons adversely affected by the order have Federal Specifications and Standards (41 CFR 101- 30 days to object and request a hearing. Noncontested 29.1). orders become effective on a specific date which is Working in close consonance is the GSA Quality not less than 30 days after the ruling is published. Assurance Program which handles the inspection Food standards now cover 20 different classes of and testing of supplies procured under GSA contracts. foods (21 CFR, Parts 10 through 53) and number Through the 10 regional Quality Control Divisions and approximately 480. Most of these are standards of the six regional laboratories, this program provides identity which specify the basic composition of the assurance that material supplied is in compliance food. Fourteen standards prescribe minimum levels of with contract specifications, is obtained through quality and 17 standards specify minimum fill of con- inspection at origin and destination, and through the tainer for particular foods. The Division of Food Quality Approved Manufacturer Program, which is a Technology in the Office of Technology, Bureau of method of reduced Government inspection which Foods, is the action unit for food standards activities. makes maximum use of the quality control systems Food Additives and GRAS Substances—Section 409 of suppliers who have excellent quality control and of the Act (21 USC 348) authorizes the issuance of past performance records. In addition, the regional regulations prescribing the conditions under which a Quality Control Divisions are engaged in preaward food additive may be safely used. The standardization engineering evaluations of bidders' capabilities to activity in regard to food additive regulations includes comply with quality control and delivery terms of the research and development to accomplish scientific contract; assistance to contractors in establishing ade- evaluation of claims and data submitted by industry quate quality control systems and planning and in support of their petitions; the development, valida- scheduling production, as well as maintaining a con- tion and application of those regulatory analytical tinuing liaison with them to insure that their quality methods necessary to enforce compliance with regu- control systems remain effective; surveillance of lations; and the accomplishment of periodic reviews depot stocks to update shelf-life material and conduct of previously approved food additives in terms of quality audits; and the investigation of complaints. current information. In addition, it includes all activities concerned with ensuring the safety of all sub- HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE, stances previously classified generally recognized as DEPARTMENT OF safe (GRAS, through review and evaluation of the toxicological literature, manufacturers' use patterns, Food and Drug Administration, consequent consumer risk patterns, and toxicological Foods, Bureau of testing. Approximately 265 food additive regulations Bureau of Drugs, 121. Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, have been issued and codified in 21 CFR, Part Bureau of Radiological Health, Color Additives—Section 706 (21 USC 376) of the Bureau of Biologies Act authorizes the issuance of regulations prescribing the conditions under which color additives (as defined National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Research and and Standards Development, in Section 201(t) (1) of the Act (21 USC 321(t) (1) ) Testing and Certification Laboratory, may be safely used. The standardization activities in for Washington Operations Associate Director regard to color additives includes all scientific and Foofl and Drug Administration, regulatory activities necessary to assure the safety of Department of Health, Education and Welfare, color additives in human foods. Among these activi- RockviUe, Maryland 20852 ties are the review and evaluation of petitions for Bureau of Foods regulations covering new color additives, review of the The standard setting activities of the Bureau of safety of previously approved color additives in light Foods result in the promulgation of substantive regu- of new toxicological knowledge and testing procedures,

186 review of all synthetic and natural color additives to and Cosmetic Act with the preparation for publication assure their conformance to safety and purity require- of regulations regarding the addition of food additives ments and to assure they are used only within spe- to animal feed and/ or pet foods prescribing their cified limits. In addition, samples from each batch of specifications and safe conditions of use. Publication color manufactured must be submitted to FDA to of regulations is required by the Food Additive determine compliance with specifications unless the Amendment of 1958. Regulations are established in color is specifically exempted from certification. If 21 CFR Part 121, Subpart C and are based upon an specifications are met, a certificate is issued and the evaluation of data submitted in petitions filed by color is said to be certified. The manufacturer pays interested persons. for the certification service. In FY 1973, 5,373,565 The Bureau is also charged with the responsibility pounds of color additives were certified. for the preparing for publication of regulations by the Color Additive regulations are codified at 21 CFR, New Animal Drug Amendments of 1968 regarding Parts 8 and 9. Since July 12, 1960, regulations the specifications and safe and effective conditions for prescribing the specifications and conditions for safe use of new animal drugs in dosage forms and in ani- usage have been issued for 46 color additives. These mal feeds under the provisions of Section 512 (i) of specifications are mandatory and must be met before the Act. Regulations are established in Title 21, Parts the color additive may be used in foods, drugs, or 135 and 135a through 135g. In addition, Section cosmetics. 512 (n) of the Act requires publication of certification The Division of Food and Color Additives in the requirements and tests and methods of assay for new Office of Compliance, Bureau of Foods, is the action animal drugs containing any kind of penicillin, unit for food additive, color additive and GRAS review streptomycin, chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol or activities. bacitracin or any derivatives thereof. Certification monographs are published in Subchapter C of Title Bureau of Drugs 21. New animal drug and certification monographs The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act provides that all are based upon evaluation of new animal drug appli- batches of insulin and antibiotics for human use are cations containing the necessary supporting data filed subject to certification by the Food and Drug Admin- by interested persons. istration to insure that such drugs have the charac- Bureau of Radiological Health teristics of strength, quality, and purity to adequately the insure safety and efficacy of use. Regulations appear- The radiation responsibilities assigned to FDA include: of permissible levels of ing in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 (Parts (1) determination establishment 141 through 164) prescribe standards and tests and radioactivity in foods and drugs and the main- methods of assay for insulin and antibiotic drugs. and promulgation of suitable regulations, (2) such In 1972, the Food and Drug Administration devel- tenance of a program of radiation monitoring of training oped procedures for reviewing the safety and efficacy products, (3) performance of research and of of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. In order to accom- on identification, evaluation, and decontamination radioactivity in foods and drugs, and approval of plish this review of OTC drugs within a reasonable (4) radioactive drugs used in diagnosis and treatment, period of time, the FDA is utilizing expert medical and related inspection and enforcement activities, advisory panels to evaluate existing medical data radiation control pro- regarding these drugs. OTC drug monographs (stand- and (5) an electronic product gram which includes the development and adminis- ards) will be developed by FDA as conclusions are tration of performance standards to control the reached for each therapeutic class. The first mono- emission of radiation from electronic products and graph of approximately 25 therapeutic categories is the public and private organizations nearing completion and a number of categories are undertaking by of research investigation into the effects and con- under review by the expert panelists. These mono- and trol of such radiation emissions. graphs will appear in 21 CFR Part 130 (Subpart D). This last was inaugurated in 1969 under In 1973, the FDA established procedures for develop- program the for Health and Safety Act of ing standards for in vitro diagnostic products for use Radiation Control

90-602 ; 42 U.S.C. 263(b) et seq.) and is in the collection, preparation, and examination of 1968 (P.L. the Bureau of Radiological Health. specimens taken from the human body. These stand- administered by Standards issued under this authority are codified ards, some of which are currently under development, regulations in 21 Part Subpart C. will describe the performance requirements neces- as CFR 278, There are currently three standards in effect: for sary to assure accuracy and reliability of results, television receivers 278.210), cold cathode specific labeling requirements necessary for the (21 CFR tubes (21 CFR 278.211), and micro- proper use of a particular class, and procedures for gas discharge ovens (21 CFR 78.212). A fourth standard for testing the product to assure its satisfactory perform- wave x-ray equipment (21 CFR 278.213) ance. General requirements for in vitro diagnostic diagnostic effective August 1974. products appear in 21 CFR Part 167. becomes 1, Manufacturers of products or components for Bureau of Veterinary Medicine which there are standards in effect are required to The Bureau of Veterinary Medicine is charged with certify that their products or components meet the responsibility under section 409(c) of the Food, Drug, applicable standards. Use of the standards by industry

187 is mandatory; however, the Bureau promotes com- (NIOSH) develops criteria dealing with toxic sub- pliance by frequent conferences with the affected stances which describe exposure levels that are safe industries. In addition, in June of 1969, a Technical for various periods of employment, including but not Electronic Product Radiation Safety Standards Com- limited to exposure levels at which no employee will mittee was formed as required by the Radiation Con- suffer impaired health or functional capacities or trol for Health and Safety Act of 1968. The commit- diminished life expectancy as a result of his work tee advises the HEW Secretary on all performance experience. Such criteria are to be developed to standards proposed to be established for products that enable the Secretary of Labor to meet his responsibili- may expose consumers to radiation hazards. This ties for promulgating standards under the Act and committee has 15 members of which five each are are released by NIOSH in the form of a criteria selected from industry. Government, and the general document. The criteria document also contains public. Consultation with the committee prior to the recommendations, as appropriate, for medical control promulgation of any standard under the Act is and surveillance procedures; for personal protective mandatory. clothing and devices; for placarding and labeling occu- Standards now in the process of development pationally hazardous work areas; and for educating include standards for: laser products, cabinet x-ray the worker in the hazards and the control of the systems, ultrasonic therapy, and microwave diathermy hazards. Criteria documents have been or will soon systems. be released for asbestos, beryllium, carbon monoxide, hot environments, noise, ultraviolet radiation, organic lead, inorganic mercury, coke oven emissions, ben- Bureau of Biologies zene, tricholoroethylene, toluene, cadmium and its The Bureau of Biologies administers the biological compounds, chromic acid, fibrous glass, silica glass, control provisions of the Public Health Service Act tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, sulfuric acid, sulfur (42 use 262), as well as relevant portions of the dioxide, arsenic and its compounds, parathion, cotton Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301 dust, and arsine. The subjects of future ceriteria documents may be identified on the Priority List et. seq.). Products subject to these provisions include NIOSH bacterial and viral vaccines, toxoids, antitoxins, blood for Criteria Development for Toxic Substances and Physical and blood derivatives and allergenic products, and Agents. other similar products applicable to the prevention, treatment or cure of diseases or injuries of man. Testing and Certification Laboratory, The control of biological products is primarily National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, through a process of licensing each manufacturer for Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, each product upon a demonstration that the product 944 Chestnut Ridge Road, complies with the written standards for such product. Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 In addition to preparing standards specific for a par- The Testing Certification estab- ticular product, general standards applicable to all and Laboratory was lished in the products, as well as interpretative and precedural 1972 by National Institute for Occupa- tional Safety Health under provi- standards are published in the Federal Register and and (NIOSH) the sions of the Safety are incorporated into Title 21 Code of Federal Regu- Occupational and Health Act of 1970 (P.L. that for lations, Part 273. 91-596), to insure devices used evaluation and control of The Bureau also provides physical standard prep- occupational hazards meet standards required to protect the health arations to evaluate the safety and potency of the minimum products. The U.S. standard and reference prepara- and safety of workers. The responsibilities of the laboratory include: tions are developed and maintained by the Bureau for (1) development of performance specifications for each device; of use in the performance of tests prescribed in regula- (2) publication these specifications certification procedures in the tions. Where international preparations exist, the and Federal Register; initial approval testing such U.S. preparations are adjusted to have at least the (3) of devices; equivalent activity of the corresponding international (4) surveys of sampling and equipment manufacturers' establishments to insure continuous preparations. There is no authorization to provide operation of a satisfactory quality control such preparations to other laboratories unless they program; and periodic testing of certified items procured are to be used for work directly related to the control (5) on the open market. Specifications or development of biological products. and certification procedures for the following devices are contained in the associated section of the Code of Federal Regula- Office of Research and Standards Development, tions: respiratory protective devices, 30 CFR, Part 11; Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational coal mine dust personal sampler units, 30 CFR, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Part direct reading vapor 5600 Fishers Lane, 74; gas and detector tube Rockville, Maryland 20852 systems, 42 CFR, Part 84; and personal protective devices, 42 CFR, Part 83. Development of additional Under section 20(a) (3) of the Occupational Safety approval regulations for other protective devices or and Health Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-596), the National industrial hygiene instruments will be based on Institute for Occupational Safety and Health research performed by NIOSH.

188 Associate Director for Washington Operations, the multifamily standards were revised with the aid National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, of an industry advisory committee. The new stand- Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 5600 Fishers Lane, ards, MPS for Multifamily Housing, was published in RockviUe, Maryland 20852 1963. Besides these two standards, HPMC has criteria for On the authority of section 101 of the Federal Coal nursing homes, swimming pools, housing for the el- Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-173), derly, mobile home parks, community water supply the National Institute for Occupational Safety and systems, community sewerage disposal systems, as Health establishes mandatory coal mine health stand- well as guidelines for urban renewal rehabilitation, ards for the Secretary of Health, Education, and Wel- planned unit development with a homes association, fare with consideration for the advice of the Secre- insulating houses from aircraft noise, and land-use taries of Labor and Interior, the appropriate repre- intensity. HPMC issues structural engineering bulle- sentatives of the coal mine operators and miners, and tins for individual structural systems and use of ma- other interested persons, organizations, and govern- terials bulletins for proprietary materials not covered ments. These health standards are transmitted to the by our standards. Secretary of the Interior for publication in the Federal HPMC encourages industry policing and self- Register as proposed amendments to Title 30, Code of certification for those materials covered by product Federal Regulations. In 1971, standards were pro- standards and Federal specifications. It also requires posed for airborne respirable chest concentrations, third party certification in conformance with ANSI airborne contaminants, noise, surface bathing facili- Z34.1-47R59 for lumber, plywood, windows, exterior ties, change rooms, sanitary toilet facilities, and flush doors, plastic bathtubs, etc. drinking water. Development and revision of stand- Currently the HPMC office of HUD is working on a ards are based upon research, demonstrations, experi- new and improved system of housing standards. ments, and technical feasibility. Additional informa- Three books of mandatory standards and one guide tion may be obtained from an annual publication, the manual are in preparation. They are: MPS for One- Federal Coal Mine Health Program. and Two-Family Dwellings, MPS for Multifamily Housing, MPS for Care-Type Housing, and a Manual of Acceptable Practices. Housing and Urban Development, The new documents will be more dependent on Department of nationally recognized standards of the building industry and on performance language with fewer Housing Production and Mortgage Credit Office, specification-type details. They will be available from Administration, Federal Housing the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C. 20411 ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

The HPMC office of HUD writes, updates, revises INTERDEPARTMENTAL SCREW THREAD and clarifies construction and design standards for COMMITTEE, HUD-associated residential construction. This activity c/o Committee Chairman, grew out of the National Housing Act of 1934. The National Bureau of Standards, Code of Federal Regulations reference is Title Washington, D.C. 20234 24-Housing and Urban Development. The standards as originally established in 1935 This Committee (ISTC) replaces the National were intended to provide the minimum essentials for Screw Thread Commission which was established by a property to be considered economically sound secur- an act of Congress in 1918. The ISTC is responsible ity for Federal Housing Administration mortgage for: (1) recommending to appropriate activities insurance purposes. In 1940 the FHA issued Mini- research and development efforts relating to screw mum Requirements for Rental Housing covering threads; (2) developing standards for inch and multifamily units; while Property Standards and metric screw threads; (3) participating in the devel- Minimum Construction Requirements for Dwellings opment of standards for gages, dies, taps, and other applicable to single-family dwellings was published in items associated with the manufacture and use of 1942. These were reissued after World War II under interchangeable threaded parts employed by Govern- the titles: Minimum Property Requirements for ment agencies; and (4) providing advisory services Properties of Three or More Living Units and Mini- on science, technology, and standards of practice as mum Property Requirements for Properties of One or these relate to screw threads. Two Living Units. The second document was issued Standards approved by the ISTC are published in under 50 separate publications for various geographic National Bureau of Standards Handbook H28, Screw- areas. This diversification created many problems, so Thread Standards for Federal Services, Part I, 1969, with the aid of an advisory committee of construction Part II, 1957, Reprinted December 1966 with correc- industry leaders, architects, engineers and planners, tions, and Part HI 1957, Reprinted December 1966 the standards were combined into one book applicable with corrections. Handbook H28 is mandatory for the nationwide. The new standards, MPS for One- and Department of Defense and is referenced in most Two-Living Units, was published in 1958. Similarly Federal Government contracts.

189 The membership of the ISTC consists of repre- ods is accomplished through working groups which sentation from the National Bureau of Standards, are responsible for specific areas of concern, such as U. S. Department of Commerce; the Departments of ground-water quantitative methods, biologic and bac- Defense, Army, Navy, and Air Force; Atomic Energy teriologic quality of surface and ground water, soil Commission; Federal Aviation Administration; moisture, etc. The methods identified by the work National Aeronautics and Space Administration and groups, together with their recommendations, are industry. The industry members are chosen from the reviewed by the Coordinating Council and then issued American National Standards Sectional Committee as a chapter, or a part thereof, in a looseleaf hand- Bl so as to be representative of both manufacturers book. The work groups are responsible for the con- and users of threaded products. The ISTC works tinued review of methodologies in their area of con- closely with the American National Standards Sec- cern. tional Committee Bl which is concerned with the Close liaison is maintained with the American standardization and unification of screw threads and Society for Testing and Materials, the International

is the industry counterpart of the ISTC. Organization for Standardization and the standardization activities of organizations such as the Ameriacn Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE Federation, and American Public Health Association. In addition, close working ties have been established Bonneville Power Administration, with nonfederal organizations at regional, state, and Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination, local levels. Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration

Bonneville Power Administration, Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Department of the Interior, Portland, Oregon 97208 Washington, D.C. 20240

The standards activities of the Bonneville Power Functions of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (BPA) are accomplished through par- Administration (MESA) were removed from the ticipation in committees and working groups of the Bureau of Mines effective July 16, 1973. The legisla- American National Standards Institute, Institute of tive authority for MESA's standardization activities Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Interna- are found in the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety tional Electrotechnical Commission and other such Act of 1969—PL 91-173; Federal Metal and Non- established standards organizations. BPA writes speci- metallic Mine Safety Act of 1966—PL 89-577; and fications for electrical apparatus, equipment main- the Title 30 of the Code of Federal Regulations. tenance, and design standards for internal use only. PL 91-173—The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to develop and promulgate mandatory safety Office of Water Data Coordination, standards Geological Survey, for the protection of life and the preven- U.S. Department of the Interior, tion of injuries in coal mines and to promulgate the National Center, health standards transmitted to him by the Secre- Reston, Virginia 22092 tary of Health, Education, and Welfare. PL 91-173 provides that the Secretary of the Interior is author- The Geological Survey, as part of its implementa- ized to certify mine employees whose duties under tion of Office of Management and Budget Circular this Act require certification when the mining laws A-67, has designated its Office of Water Data Coordina- of any state do not provide for such certification. tion (OWDC) to identify methods used to acquire PL 89-577—The Secretary of the Interior is author- water data and to recommend methods for use by ized to develop and promulgate health and safety Federal agencies. The OWDC accomplishes this with standards for the purpose of protecting the life, the the advice and guidance of an advisory committee promotion of health and safety, and the prevention of composed of representatives of Federal agencies accidents in metal and nonmetal mines. PL 89-577 involved in the acquisition and/or use of water data. provides that the Secretary of the Interior is author- This activity is an outgrowth of the efforts of an ized to establish advisory committees to assist him in interagency work group, which was designated by the development of health and safety standards for the Federal Advisory Committee on Water Data in mines subject to this Act. New projects are being 1970 in an effort to obtain better coordination and considered and developed on a continuing basis. quality control of water data acquired by Federal To date, 4,000 standards have been issued as a agencies. The work group issued in December 1972 result of both Acts. The standards are and the report Recommended Methods for Water-Data developed published in the Federal Register on a continuing Acquisition which lists recommended methods in six categories. With this as a base, an ad hoc subcommit- basis, therefore any listing provided is complete and tee of the Federal Advisory Committee on Water Data current only on the date of issue. Violations of man- formulated the current procedure for the continued datory standards are cited during inspections of the identification and recommendation of water-data mines. Compliance with madatory standards is acquisition methodologies. The identification of meth- required.

190 ;

JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING, need, on the basis of information submitted by inter- Congress of the United States, ested parties, scientific data from the field, or experi- S-151, U.S. Capitol, ence gained under other health and safety laws, the Washington, D.C. 20510 Office of Standards will develop new standards, revoke or modify existing standards using one of two The Joint Committee on Printing, created by act procedures available. All regular proposals to promul- of August 3, 1846 (9 Stat. 114), is responsible for gate, modify or revoke an Occupational Safety and establishing specification standards for papers used in Health standard using the 6fb) procedure must be public printing and binding. These standardization published following the APA requirements in the activities are administered by a Committee on Paper Federal Register to afford interested parties an oppor- Specifications and its Technical Subcommittee, under tunity to comment before the standard becomes effec- the chairmanship of a Joint Committee staff member tive or is revoked. A temporary emergency standards and including representatives of the U.S. Government procedure (6(c) procedure) may be used to promul- Printing Office; General Services Administration; gate standards where the APA procedures are waived. National Bureau of Standards, Department of Com- Such a temporary emergency standard must be merce; and Departments of the Army, Navy and Air replaced by a 6(b) standard within 6 months. Force. In developing new standards or modifying stand- Government Paper Specification Standards include ards, the Office of Standards determines whether approximately 85 individual specifications for writing there is a need for the establishment of a standards and printing papers, together with testing and color advisory committee to assist them in the standards- standards, all of which are mandatory for use by the setting function. Once it is determined there is a need departments of the Government in the preparation of for a committee, one is appointed which consists of procurement documents for paper stocks and in 5 to 15 members and is composed of representatives specifying paper stocks to be used in printing, bind- of management, labor, state and Federal governments ing, or duplicating unless otherwise authorized by the and the public. Advisory committee meetings are Joint Committee on Printing. opened to the public and a transcript is made available for public review. The Office of Standards presently has committees working on occupational JUSTICE, DEPARTMENT OF noise standards, heat stress, construction standards, agricultural standards and carcinogen standards. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration The present reprint of OSHA standards contains National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal subject indexes which were published fully in the Justice Equipment Systems Improvement Program, Federal Register. The OSHA standards are contained Standards and Guidelines Group in the Federal Register, Title 29 of the Code of Fed- eral Regulations: (1) General Industry, Part 1910, See: Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory under reprinted October 18, 1972; (2) Maritime, Parts Commerce, Department of, National Bureau of Standards, LESL 1915-1918, reprinted October 19, 1972; and (3) Construction, Part 1926, reprinted December 15, 1972. The OSHA Standards have required certain pieces LABOR, DEPARTMENT OF of equipment or installations to be approved. Such approvals must be obtained from nationally recog- Occupational Safety and Health Administration, nized testing laboratories or from the enforcing U.S. Department of Labor, authority. OSHA's Office of Standards plans to begin Washington, D.C. 20210 an accreditation program in FY74 to recognized testing laboratories interested in listing or approving The Occupational Safety and Health Act, PL equipment as required in OSHA standards. The Office 91-596 was enacted December 29, 1970 and went into of Standards also accredits qualified private agencies effect April 28, 1971. This law was passed to assure for the certification of certain equipment such as safe and healthful working conditions, so far as pos- shore based cranes and ship's gear in the marine sible, for every working man and woman in the cargo handling industry. Nation. Two main functions within the mission of The Office of Standards has been effective in help- OSHA are to develop and promulgate occupational ing employers and employees understand the language safety and health standards and to issue regulations used in the Act, and in its standards promulgation pro- necessary for assuring compliance with its standards cedures, and its standards by providing interpretations and regulations. The Office of Standards has the main of OSHA's standards to all interested parties upon responsibility in carrying out these functions. request. The Office of Standards has entered into an The Occupational Safety and Health Administra- agreement with the Government Printing Office to pro- tion (OSHA) adopted its initial standards on May 29, vide a subscription service of OSHA, National Institute 1971 and they consisted of national consensus stand- for Occupational Safety and Health (HEW) and Occu- ards, and the Federal standards that were already in pational Safety Health Review Commission Standards, effect under other Department of Labor administered regulations and interpretations to enable employers and laws. When the Office of Standards determines a employees to keep up-to-date on these activities.

191

I NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ards. Flight operations with nonstandard systems are ADMINISTRATION not permitted unless specific waivers are granted by the Data Systems Requirements Committee or the

NASA Headquarters ; Office of Safety and Director, GSFC. Reliability and Quality Assurance, The DSRC was established in 1960 and has issued Goddard Space Flight Center Data Systems Requirements Committee, and updated 9 standards. The current Aerospace Data George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Systems Standards are: Pulse Code Modulation Telem- Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; etry Standard; Pulse Amplitude Modulation Teleme- Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance Office try Standard; Tone Command Standard; Tone Digital Command Standard; PCM/FSK Command Data Sys- Office of Safety and Reliability and Quality Assurance, NASA Headquarters, tem Standard; Radio Frequency and Modulation National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Standard for Space-to-Ground Telemetry; Spacecraft Washington, D.C. 20546 Clock Systems Standard; Spacecraft Minitrack Signal Source Standard; and, Magnetic Tape Track Stand- NASA Headquarters, Office of Safety and Reliabil- ard. ity and Quality Assurance, has initiated standards ap- line certification of Class microcircuits as plicable to A George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, specified in MIL-M-38510. NASA participates in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Defense Standardization Program for Federal Supply Huntsville, Alabama 35812 Classes 5961 and 5962. NASA activity is in consonance with Title 10, USC Chapter 145 and Department of The standards developed by the Marshall Space Defense (DoD) Directive 4120.3. Four NASA docu- Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space ments have been issued and are available from the Administration (NASA) are for internal application, Government Printing Office: NHB 5300.4 (SC), May including industrial firms which have contracts in 1971 edition—Line Certification Requirements for support of Center missions. Microcircuits; NHB 5300.4 (3D), May 1971 edition- Although these standards have been developed for Test Methods and Procedures for Microcircuit Line internal application, they are available for use else- Certification; NHB 5300.4(3E), October 1971 edition where if desired. The standards are issued in the —Radiographic Inspection for Microcircuits; and Marshall Management Instruction Manual (MMI) NHB 5300.4(3F), June 1972 edition—Qualified Prod- 8070.2, Specifications and Standards for Space Sys- ucts Lists Requirements for Microcircuits. tems and Related Equipment, and available from the Current activity is underway to update the above Marshall Space Flight Center. to include other types beyond the presently covered monolithic types. Use of the above and related DoD Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space standards are required by a NASA management Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, issuance. Houston, Texas 77058

Goddard Space Flight Center Data Systems The Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance Requirements Committee, (SR&QA) Office of the Lyndon B. Johnson Space NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Center (JSC) administers the Center's Manned Space- Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 craft Criteria and Standards Program to provide the process whereby operational, design and safety experi- The Data Systems Requirements Committee ence can be brought to the attention of personnel (DSRC) is responsible for the establishment, publica- involved with the various disciplines required to tion, and review of Goddard Space Flight Center accomplish manned space flight. (GSFC) Aerospace Data Systems Standards which These standards are in the form of JSC technical apply to all projects using the GSFC Spaceflight policy statements of principles, philosophies, or Tracking and Data Network (STDN) and/or the criteria for manned spacecraft, space flight equip- GSFC Mission Operations, Data Handling and Proc- ment, and space experiments. Some standards pre- essing Facilities. They govern interfaces between sent detailed requirements for the design of a major parts of aerospace data systems; i.e., between particular kind of hardware. Other standards present the flight and ground systems of telemetry, com- general techniques and procedures to be employed for mand, tracking, communication, timing, and data manufacture, assembly, servicing, checkout, test or handling and processing. The primary purposes of the other operations associated with manned space flight. standards are to maximize multiproject use of stand- Proposed standards are reviewed by specialists in ard data systems and to specify minimum perform- the pertinent technical discipline, and submitted to a ance levels available to those who use such systems. management review board. The board is composed of Conformance to the Aerospace Data Systems Stand- management personnel with expertise in the various ards is required of the projects. Likewise, STDN and technical disciplines. Upon recommendation of the the Mission Operations, Data Handling and Process- board the standards are approved by the JSC Director. ing Facilities are obligated to provide support in Approved standards are included in JSCM 8080, conformance with the Aerospace Data Systems Stand- Manned Spacecraft Criteria and Standards. All JSC

192 organizational elements are responsible for applying industrial weighing and scale departments, consum- these standards to JSC and JSC contractor design and ers, and other interested in the objectives and work procedural activities. Compliance audits and periodic of the Conference. review of the currency of standards are performed by The Conference meets annually to consider various SR&QA. An approved waiver is required for any problems arising in connection with weights and departure from a standard, whether the departure is measures administration; to promote efficiency and based on state of the art advancement, or other uniformity in laws, rules, specifications, tolerances, considerations. and methods of supervision and test; and to coordinate activities of state and local weights and measures NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF officials. STANDARDS LABORATORIES, In the development of codes and specifications, c/o Secretariat, tolerances, and regulations for commercial weighing National Bureau of Standards, and measuring devices, the National Bureau of Stand- Washington, D.C. 20234 ards cooperates closely with the Conference Commit- tee on Specifications and Tolerances. As necessity NCSL is a continuing, nonprofit laboratory-oriented arises, these codes are modified, and new codes are organization to promote cooperative efforts toward formulated, thus keeping the entire group in line with solving the common problems faced by standards changing conditions of the trade and with the devel- laboratories in their organization and operation. It opments of the equipment industry. was established in 1961 under the sponsorship of the The Conference codes are published by the National Bureau of Standards. Its membership con- National Bureau of Standards and generally are offi- sists of academic, scientific, industrial, commercial, or cially promulgated by the states as published. The governmental laboratories concerned with the meas- reports of the proceedings of each annual meeting urement of physical quantities, the calibration of of the Conference also are published by NBS. standards and instruments, and the development of The Conference has adopted a Model State Law on standards of practice. It provides liaison with tech- Weights and Measures, Model State Packaging and nical societies, trade associations and educational Labeling Regulation, and several other model regula- institutions interested in these activities. tions, and from time to time endorses standard NCSL pursues its goals through joint voluntary methods of test for commercial apparatus. action by: (1) Holding conferences, workshops, The Conference has been effective in bringing seminars, and meetings for presentation of papers about a gratifying degree of uniformity and mutual and discussions pertaining to technical and manage- cooperation among the states in the matter of weights rial problems, operating practices, and policies for and measures supervision. standards laboratories. (2) Collecting and disseminating information about current practices for the orga- TRANSPORTATION, DEPARTMENT OF, nization, operation, and evaluation of measurement 400 Seventh Street SW., standards and calibration laboratories. (3) Formulat- Washington, D.C. 20590 ing voluntary standards of practice for the guidance of members, studying the calibration needs of science United States Coast Guard, and industry, conducting measurement agreement Office of Boating Safety, Office of Merchant Marine Safety, comparisons, publishing a Directory of Standards Federal Aviation Administration, Laboratories and available services. Federal Highway Administration, Engineering and Traffic Operations, NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS Federal Railroad Administration, AND MEASURES, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration c/o Conference Executive Secretary, Office of Boating Safety, National Bureau of Standards, United States Coast Guard, Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20234 The Boating Standards Division of the Office of The Conference, sponsored by the National Bureau Boating Safety has the primary responsibility for of Standards (NBS), is composed primarily of state, issuing and administering standards relating to recre- county, and city weights and measures officials, who ational boating safety. constitute the active membership. It includes also, The Coast Guard's authority to issue standards in as advisory members, representatives of the Federal this area was somewhat limited under the Motorboat Government who are concerned in any way with Act of 1940 and the Federal Boating Act of 1958. regulatory weights and measures officers or their offi- However in August 1971, the Federal Boat Safety Act cial activities, or who are interested in the objectives of 1971 was signed into law. This Act gave the Coast and activities of the Conference. A third membership Guard authority to issue regulations to: (1) establish category, associate members, comprises representa- minimum safety standards for boats and associated tives of manufacturers of commercial weighing and equipment, and (2) require the installation, car- measuring devices, business, industry, railroad, and riage, or use of associated equipment on boats.

193 . .

This law also made the manufacturer directly Commandant of the Coast Guard) and the 1960 responsible for his product meeting safety standards International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, and being free from safety-related defects. Regula- a treaty to which the United States is signatory. These tions issued under this act require manufacturers of statutes give general authorization to the Coast Guard boats and associated equipment to certify compliance for plan review, inspection and equipment approval for of their products with applicable safety standards. certain watercraft. Further, defect notification procedures have been The Legislative authority for the associated equip- established for noncompliance and those defects which ment approval system is the Motorboat Act of 1940, create a substantial risk of personal injury to the boat- and the Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971 under which ing public. the Coast Guard is concerned with the administration To date, several standards have been issued gov- and enforcement of laws, rules and regulation over erning safe loading, safe powering, and flotation of motor boats. Title 46 USC 481 RS 4488 (Regulations boats as well as requirements for personal flotation for vessels subject to Coast Guard). Title 46 USC 489 devices. These standards may be found in Subchapter RS 4491 (Use of instruments for security of life to be S, Boating Safety of Title 33, Code of Federal Regula- approved) and the 1960 International Convention for tions. Major project areas now under consideration the Safety of Life at Sea. include: fire and explosion of fuel, steering and con- Regulations for plan review and inspection: 46 trol systems, environmental systems, and special CFR Subparts 70-80 inclusive (Rules and Regulations watercraft. for Passenger Vessels) ; and 46 CFR Subparts 175- 187 inclusive (Rules and Regulations for Small Pas- senger Vessels) Office of Merchant Marine Safely, Regulations for associated approvals: United States Coast Guard, equipment 46

U.S. Department of Transportation CFR Subparts 160-164 inclusive (Specifications) ; and 46 CFR Subpart 24-26 inclusive (Rules and Regula- The U.S. Coast Guard's Office of Merchant Marine tions for Uninspected Vessels) Safety is responsible for commercial vessel plan The Coast Guard promotes this program by mem- review, a construction inspection program for pas- bership in the following societies: American Society senger vessels, and an equipment approval system for for Testing Materials, American Society of Mechani- associated equipment. cal Engineers, National Fire Protection Association, The Merchant Marine Safety Program of vessel American Boat and Yacht Council, International review and inspection has the objective of minimizing Organization for Standards, and the Intergovern- lives lost, property damage, and personal injury in mental Maritime Consultative Organization. marine transportation through prevention. Vessel plans are reviewed by Coast Guard technical person- Federal Aviation Administration, nel and accepted or rejected as being in compliance U.S. Department of Transportation, with broad-based safety standards established by the Washington, D.C. 20591 Coast Guard. Vessels, under construction and periodically thereafter, are inspected for continued com- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) standards pliance. The program deals primarily with making the are either regulatory or nonregulatory in nature. vessel on which passage has been purchased capable Those in the later category are found in the various of a safe passage. numbered parts of the Federal Aviation Regulations The associated equipment approval system is and as such are subject to revision in accordance with designed to ensure compliance with certain perform- the administrative rule-making procedures in which ance requirements established by the Coast Guard. the public participates. Regulatory amendments and The objective is to establish a means by which the notices of proposed rule-making are published in the consumer may rely on the piece of equipment, life- Federal Register. saving devices, fire extinguisher, etc., when it is The nonregulatory standards, generally contained needed. The approval aids in the enforcement of in FAA Advisory Circulars, serve principally as a water safety by the regulatory body (Coast Guard) means of providing safety information to the public since the equipment must meet certain basic mini- with respect to aircraft operations or of a related mum requirements. The intent is to maximize the aeronautical interest. Nonregulatory circulars also probability of survival and rescue of the consumer in provide the public with guidelines in meeting regula- the event abandonment of the vessel becomes neces- tory requirements. The FAA periodically publishes a sary. revised Advisory Circular Checklist and Status of The Legislative authority and statutory citations for Regulations which lists current advisory circulars and the plan review and inspection program are Title 52 Federal Aviation Regulations. Most of the circulars (RS 4399-4500) which provides for a Federal agency may be obtained free of charge. The regulations, to have the authority for administration of the laws, which are organized by volume, may be purchased rules and regulations governing the inspection and from the U.S. Government Printing Office. navigation of merchant vessels. Title 46 USC 369 Regulations and standards are developed and (plans and specifications for construction or alteration administered by various services and offices within of passenger vessels: examination and approval by the FAA. The Flight Standards Service is responsible for

194 most of the regulatory material which includes the barriers for motorists' protection against roadside certification, operation and maintenance of aircraft, hazards. engines, propellers and aircraft equipment; licensing The cooperative state-Federal standards program of airmen; operational procedures; and the certifica- has resulted in a remarkable uniformity, nationwide, tion of schools, repair stations, and parachute lofts. in the geometric design, safety and signing standards The Air Traffic Service is responsible for regulations for the several classes of highways and their appurte- and standards governing airspace utilization, air traffic nances. control and procedures, and for the establishment The Federal Railroad Administration, installation of navigational facilities. The Air- and U.S. Department of Transportation ports Service is responsible for regulations and standards concerning airport certification and airport The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) was grants; the Office of Aviation Medicine, for airmen created pursuant to Section 3(e) (1) of the Depart- aeromedical standards; the Office of Environmental ment of Transportation Act of 1966. This Act trans- Quality, for aircraft noise standards; and the Office of ferred to the FRA the railroad safety activities of the Air Transportation Security, for airport and air Bureau of Railroad Safety and Service of the Inter- carrier security requirements. state Commerce Commission, including the adminis- The Federal Aviation Administration was created tration and enforcement of the Safety Appliance Acts, under Tide VI of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 45 U S C 1-16; the Locomotive Inspection Act, 45 to provide for the regulation and promotion of civil use 22-34; the Accident Reports Act, 45 U S C aviation in such a manner as to best foster its develop- 38-43; the Hours of Service Act, 45 U S C 61-64 and ment and safety, and to provide for the safe and effi- the Signal Inspection Act, 49 U S C 26. In addition, cient use of the airspace by both civil and military the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970, Pub. L. aircraft, and for other purposes. The Federal Avia- 91-458 (80 Stat. 971), authorized the FRA, through tion Regulations are promulgated under Title 14 of a delegation from the Secretary of Transportation (49 the Code of Federal Regulations. The first regulations C F R 1.49(0)), to promote safety in all areas of and civil aviation safety standards originated with the railroad operations by prescribing appropriate regu- passage of the Air Conunerce Act of 1926. lations supplementing the existing rail safety statutes and regulations. The regulations promulgated under Engineering and Traffic Operations, this legislative authority are found in Title 49, Sub- Federal Highway Administration, title B, Chapter II of the Code of Federal Regulations. U.S. Department of Transportation The rule-making activity of the FRA is intended to The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), promote uniformity in rail safety regulations applica- working in full concert with an official organization of ble to all common carriers engaged in the general the highway departments of several states, and the railroad system of transportation. American Association of State Highway and Transpor- In the development of specifications, tolerances and tation Officials (AASHTO), prepares FHWA stand- standards the FRA follows those rule-making proce- ards and implements AASHTO standards pursuant dures set out in 49 C F R 211, including the provision to the authority of 23 U S C 109. The standards of an opportunity for comment by private individuals, promulated for Federal-aid highways are listed in the industry and labor. Existing regulations prescribe FHWA Policy and Procedure Memorandum (PPM) standards and procedures with respect to track safety, reporting classification of accidents, of 40-2, and in title 23, Code of Federal Regulations. and hours Standards for federally owned highways follow the service, locomotive inspection, safety appliances, Federal-aid standards, although Federal agencies for power brakes, signal systems and the installation, which FHWA supervises direct Federal highway con- inspection, maintenance, and repair of systems, devices struction may alter the standards for their particular and appliances. highway purpose. Further regulations in the areas of operating rules, The committee within AASHTO which has overall telegraphic reporting of accidents, freight car stand- visi- responsibility for the development of standards is the ards, marking of rear-end of trains to enhance Standing Committee on Engineering Policies. This bility, passenger train speeds over 110 m.p.h. and agencies participation in sur- committee not only produces standards in its own certification of state for right but utilizes various operating subcommittees for veillance and investigation activities are being devel- much of the developmental work. Standards are oped as part of the FRA's ongoing program to railroads. maintained in current status by periodic review and enhance the safe operation of the nation's updating on a time cycle varying from 2 to 10 Inquiries concerning proposed rule-making activities years, depending upon the rapidity of change in the may be addressed to the Associate Administrator, state of the art and rate of obsolescence for the Office of Safety, Federal Railroad Administration, 400 particular aspect of highway design and construction Seventh Street SW., Washington, D.C. 20590. covered by the standard. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration New subjects for which standards are currently U.S. Department of Transportation under consideration include (1) highway drainage; (2) highway noise evaluation and attenuation meas- The National Highway Traffic Safety Administra- ures; (3) location and design of bikeways; and (4) tion carries out programs relating to the safety

195 performance of motor vehicles and related equip- Bureau of the Mint, U.S. ment under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Department of the Treasury, 15th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Safety Act of 1966. The Associate Administrator, Washington, D.C. 20220 Motor Vehicle Programs, is responsible for implementing the motor vehicle safety programs to reduce the The Bureau of the Mint, Department of the Treas- occurrence of highway crashes, reduce the severity of ury, develops and administers the technical standards injuries in such crashes, and improve survivability for the LInited States coinage. Nominal diameter and and injury recovery by better post-crash measures. weight standards are established by statute (31 U.S.C. Safety standards and regulations are issued which 317 and 391). Deviations allowed in the weight of prescribe safety features and levels of safety-related minor coins are established by 31 U.S.C. 350. Thick- performance for motor vehicles and motor vehicle ness standards, and other tolerances are developed equipment. The first of these standards was issued in by the Office of Technology, Office of the Director. 1966. Total number of standards issued is now 43, These standards are only imposed internally on the plus 11 regulations. These standards appear in Chap- coin manufacturing processes. However, their impor- ter V of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. tance in the development of coin handling and coin A complete technical document of the Federal Motor operated equipment so commonly found throughout Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations is published the nation warrants their publication upon request. and updated by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Written inquiries should be directed to the Director Manufacturers are required to furnish certification of the Mint, and to the Attention of Office of Tech- of conformity. The Administration conducts an inten- nology. sive testing program to determine whether vehicles and equipment comply with applicable standards. It also investigates reports of safety-related defects not The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, covered by a standard, and can require a manufac- U.S. Department of the Treasury, turer of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment 1111 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20226 to take certain actions as to such defects. The Administration cooperates with the National The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Motor Vehicle Safety Advisory Council, which is made (ATF) is the agency with primary responsibility for up of public and industry representatives, and con- enforcement of Federal laws relating to the produc- sults with them on vehicle safety standards. tion, storage and taxation of alcohol and tobacco DEPARTMENT OF THE products, firearms and explosives. TREASURY, Standards have been established by the Bureau's Scientific Services Division, which apply to hydrom- Bureau of Customs, Bureau of the Mint, eters, thermometers and William's test tubes sup- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms plied to the Bureau for testing the alcoholic content of beverages. Although these standards are not usu- Bureau of Customs, ally published, they are supplied to bidders for manu- U.S. Department of the Treasury, facturing 2100 K Street NW., contracts. Washington, D.C. 20229 In cooperation with various industry segments, ATF prescribes and enforces standards of identity for In 1941 U.S. Customs authorized the use by the alcoholic beverages. These standards are established molasses trade of a direct-pressure type mercury by regulations applicable to all such beverages pro- gage, such as the Pneumercator, for measuring duced in or imported into the United States. Stand- in tanks. molasses ards for the various classes of wines are published at This authorization was contingent on having the 27 CFR Part 4; those for distilled spirits are pub- gage certified to show corrections, if any, to the lished at 27 CFR Part 5. scale readings at various points. The Scientific Services Division sets specifications Until January 1, 1960 this calibration was per- for ethyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, proprietory sol- formed by the National Bureau of Standards. On or vents and special industrial solvents. These are about that date NBS discontinued this service, and incorporated as Federal Specifications O-E-760B thereafter the U.S. Customs Service Laboratory at issued by the General Services Administration. Baltimore, Maryland, assumed the responsibility. Through regulations issued by ATF at 26 CFR Parts At the present time the Laboratory certifies fewer 211 and 212, these standards are applicable to the than 10 Pneumercator gages per year. Calibration is production performed on receipt of the unit accompanied by an of these products in the United States. open purchase order. The fee includes charges for The standards of identity for small cigars, as labor, handling, and overhead. It varies per gage, defined in 26 U.S.C. 5702 and in regulations issued depending upon the number of units submitted at one by ATF at 26 CFR Part 270, are further established time, from $250 to $300. by laboratory test procedures set up by the Scientific Customs has no active standards committees or Services Division. These analytical tests are utilized to new projects underway or under consideration. enforce these standards for small cigars, as differ-

196 entiated from cigarettes, upon all such products con- content of the specific organization. Obviously, an sumed within the United States. organization may appear under more than one sub- Additionally, the Bureau sets specifications relating ject area. to construction of storerooms for explosive materials. These specifications are published in 26 CFR Part 181. List of Subject Heading Areas

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION, Business, Commercial and Management (1) Department of Medicine and Surgery, Agricultural (2) Transportation Washington, D.C. 20420 (3) Food and Drug (4) Mandates, Codes and Legal Involvements (5) The standardization activities of the Veterans Scientific (g) Administration (VA) are administered by the Safety, Educational and Cultural (7) Health Occupational Health and Fire Protection Division and and Medical (8) Safety have been in effect for many years. The Division (9) Hobbies, Crafts, and Pets (10) establishes VA standards relative to safety, occupa- Athletic, Sports and Recreation (U) tional health and fire protection, as supplements to Consumerism Q2) adopted national standards. Currently there are four- Environmental (13) Communication teen VA standards: Carpet Safety Requirements, (14) Engineering (15) Automatic Fire Extinguishing Protection, Air Condi- Construction and Materials (16) tioning Systems, Magnetic Door Locks, Liquid Oxygen Automatic Data Processing (ADP) (17) Walker Units, Trash Containers, Exit Through ICU or Industrial (Technical and Trade) (18) Textiles and Fabrics, and ecu, Storage, Preparation and Consumption of Food Clothing (19) Sanitation (20) and Beverages by Employees in Places of Work, Food Public Interest (21) Service Equipment and Facilities, Lasers, Pipetting in Energy (22) Hospital Laboratories, Needle/Syringe Handling Packaging and Paper (23) Procedures, Electron Microscopes, and Microwave Instrumentation, and Measurement and Weighing Devices Ovens. (24) There are three new standards projects under consideration: Noise, Bathtubs, and Laboratory Safety Equipment-Safety Showers and Eyewashes. The VA BUSINESS, COMMERCIAL AND Policy Manual MP-3, Part III lists the current stand- MANAGEMENT (1) ards. American Bankers' Association American Council of Independent Laboratories, Inc. American Dental Trade Association American Hotel and Motel Association American Insurance Association 5. Index American Mutual Insurance Alliance American Wax Importers and Refiners' Association Archery Manufacturers' Organization 5.1. Association Index By Subject Heading Areas Architectural Woodwork Institute Building Ov^fners and Managers' Association International This is a listing of associations by subject heading Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers' Association areas. Under each of the subject areas the organiza- Data Processing Management Association Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. tions are listed in alphabetical order, being classified Factory Mutual Engineering and Research in the broad sense of the word. The subject terms are Industrial Management Society considered generic in scope but relevant to the (1) International City Management Association field and/or subject, including existing subclasses Linen Supply Association of America National Association of Blue Shield Plans (e.g., Engineering—electrical, civil, mechanical, min- National Association of County Engineers ing, and aeronautical, etc.) or type of organization National Association of Hospital Purchasing Management including their industry, technology, trade, or profes- National Association of Industrial Parks sion; (2) concern, cause, interest, or activity of the National Association of Purchasing Management, Inc. National Institute of Infant Services group; and (3) applicable products, materials, sys- National Municipal League tems, services, or related aspects and applications. National Retail Merchants' Association Subject fields are sometimes grouped into one subject National Wholesale Hardware Association heading area and in some instances, such as under Paper Stationery and Tablet Manufacturing Association, Inc. Pipe Line Contractors' Association the terms Agriculture (subject area 2), and Food, of Project Management Institute Food and Drug (4); and Engineering (15), and Rice Millers' Association Industrial (Technical and Trade) (18), the classifica- Society of Allied Weight Engineers. Inc. tions are intended as a further breakdown even Traffic Audit Bureau, Inc. Transportation Data Coordinating Committee though there is a subject overlap. Subclassification is United States Council of the International Chamber of determined by the reader either by consideration of Commerce the organization's name, or by reading the summary United States Testing Company, Inc.

197 Federal Government Industrial Truck Association Institute of Traffic Engineers Agriculture, Department of International City Management Association Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Manufacturing Chemists' Association Commerce, Department of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association of the United Maritime Administration States, Inc. General Services Administration National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research Council National Association of County Engineers National Association of Elevator AGRICULTURAL (2) Contractors National Association of Motor Bus Owners National Cottonseed Products Association American Association of Nurserymen National Elevator Industry, Inc. American Feed Manufacturers' Association National Fire Protection Association American Society of Agricultural Engineers Railway Tie Association American Sod Producers' Association Refractories Institute American Soybean Association Society of Automotive Engineers Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. Sports Car Club of America, Inc. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Transportation Data Coordinating Committee Association of Official Seed Analysts Truck Body and Equipment Association, Inc. Blue Anchor, Inc. Truck Trailer Manufacturers' Association Corn Refiners' Association, Inc. Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission Cotton Warehouse Association of America Dairy and Food Industries Supply Association Federal Government Diamond Walnut Growers, Inc. Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute Commerce, Department of Fertilizer Institute Maritime Administration International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems Transportation, Department of Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau Engineering and Traffic Operations, Federal Highway National Academy of Sciences National Academy of — Administration Engineering Institute of Medicine National Research — — Federal Aviation Administration Council Federal Railroad Administration National Silo Association National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Soybean Processors' Association United States Coast Guard Perlite Institute Office of Boating Safety Rice Millers' Association Office of Merchant Marine Safety Sprinkler Irrigation Association

Federal Government FOOD AND DRUG (4) Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (Including food equipment, supplies, services, processing, Departmental Information Processing Standards production and storage; spitits and beverages.) Packers and Stockyards Administration, Scales and Weighing Branch American Association of Cereal Chemists Rural Electrification Administration American Association of Clinical Chemists Treasury, Department of American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, Inc. and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Certified Milk Producers of America, Inc. American Dry Milk Institute American Medical Association American Oil Chemists' Society TRANSPORTATION (3) American Pharmaceutical Association American Society of Agricultural Engineers American Society of Enologists (Including highways and airports since they accomodate American Soybean Association transportation; vehicles, conveyors and urban transportation American Spice Trade Association systems; and traffic operations.) Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Aerospace Industries Association Association of Official Seed Analysts Air Transport Association Blue Anchor, Inc. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Coffee Brewing Center American Association of State Highway and Transportation Corn Refiners' Association, Inc. Officials DFA of California American Automobile Association Dairy and Food Industries Supply Association American Boat and Yacht Council, Inc. Diamond Walnut Growers, Inc. American Bureau of Shipping Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, Inc. American Feed Manufacturers' Association Food Processing Machinery and Supplies Association American National Standards Institute National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of American Road Builders' Association Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research American Society for Testing and Materials Council Association of American Railroads National Association of Food Equipment Manufacturers Chlorine Institute, Inc. National Environmental Health Association Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute National Formulary Friction Materials Standards Institute, Inc. National Institute of Oilseed Products

198 National Soybean Processors' Association Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association Scaffolding and Shoring Institute Rice Millers' Association Southern Building Code Congress Salt Institute Steel Joist Institute U.S. Pharmacopeia, Pharmacopeia of the United States of Truss Plate Institute, Inc. America, United States Pharmacopeial Convention U.S. Pharmacopeia, Pharmacopeia of the United States of Whey Products Institute America, United States Pharmacopeial Convention Wine Institute Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission Western Wooden Box Association Federal Government Federal Government Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Marketing Service Agriculture, Department of Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Agricultural Marketing Service Health, Education and Welfare, Department of Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service Food and Drug Administration Packers and Stockyards Administration, Scales and Weigh- Veterans Administration ing Branch Atomic Energy Commission Commerce, Department of National Bureau of Standards Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory MANDATES, CODES AND Consumer Product Safety Commission LEGAL INVOLVEMENTS Environmental Protection Agency (5) Federal Communications Commission Health, Education and Welfare, Department of (Including mandatory regulations, codes, ordinances, and Food and Drug Administration laws; any organization that develops standards appearing in Interior, Department of building codes; and nonmandatory codes, i.e., the building Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration codes that do not have legal standing unless they are adopted Joint Committee on Printing, Congress of the United States by reference or inclusion, in an act of state, county, or by Labor, Department of municipal governments. Also included are organizations that Occupational Safety and Health Administration have any involvement, contribution or support, of regulatory National Conference on Weights and Measures, NBS activities even though the organization is a voluntary standards Transportation, Department of development group.) Federal Aviation Administration Federal Railroad Administration American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators National Highway Traffic Safety Administration American Automobile Association Office of Merchant Marine Safety, United States Coast American Feed Manufacturers' Association Guard American Insurance Association Treasury, Department of American Road Builders' Association Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms American Society for Testing and Materials American Society of Agricultural Engineers American Society of Plumbing Engineers Association of American Railroads Association of Bedding and Furniture Law Officials SCIENTIFIC (6) Association of Official Analytical Chemists Brick Institute of America American Association of Bioanalysts Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. American Association of Cereal Chemists Canvas Products Association International American Association of Clinical Chemists Carpet and Rug Institute American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Dairy and Food Industries Supply Association American Ceramic Society, Inc. Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute American Crystallographic Association Fertilizer Institute American Leather Chemists' Association Glass Tempering Association American National Standards Institute International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials American Nuclear Society International City Management Association American Oil Chemists' Society International Conference of Building Officials American Society for Medical Technology Jewelers Vigilance Committee American Vacuum Society Law Enforcement Association on Professional Standards, Association of Official Analytical Chemists Education and Ethical Practice Atomic Industrial Forum Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association of the United Biological Stain Commission States, Inc. Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. National Association of Elevator Contractors Entomological Society of America National Automatic Sprinkler and Fire Control Association Essential Oil Association of U.S.A., Inc. National Automobile Theft Bureau Felt Manufacturers' Council of Northern Textile Association National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors Fertilizer Institute National Canners Association Instrument Society of America National Cargo Bureau, Inc. Manufacturing Chemists' Association National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of National Electrical Contractors' Association Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research National Electrical Manufacturers' Association Council National Elevator Industry, Inc. Salt Institute National Fire Protection Association Scientific Apparatus Makers' Association National Forest Products Association Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc. National Formulary Society of the Plastics Industry National Municipal League Tile Council of America, Inc.

199 Federal Government National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses National Fire Protection Association Atomic Energy Commission National League for Nursing, Inc. Commerce, Department of National Machine Tool Builders' Association National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine National School Supply and Equipment Association Environmental Metrology National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc. Environmental Protection Agency National Swimming Pool Institute Painting and Decorating Contractors of America Project Management Institute Redwood Inspection Service Society for Technical Communication, Inc. EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL (7) Special Libraries Association Standards Engineers Society (Including organizations with educational programs for the Sump Pump Manufacturers' Association trade or profession as well as educational programs as a United Lightning Protection Association, Inc. service to the user; school related equipment and supplies; United States Golf Association and information services.) Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers' Association Federal Government Accrediting Bureau of Medical Laboratory Schools American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Commerce, Department of Recreation National Bureau of Standards American Association of Poison Control Centers Standards Information Services American Association of Psychiatric Services for Children Interior, Department of American Automobile Association Office of Water Data Coordination, Geological Survey American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc. American Boards of Examiners in Speech Pathology and Audiology, American Speech and Hearing Association HEALTH AND MEDICAL (8) American Ceramic Society, Inc. American College of Surgeons American Concrete Pipe Association Accrediting Bureau of Medical Laboratory Schools American Home Economics Association American Association for Health, Physical Education, and American Hospital Association Recreation American Industrial Hygiene Association American Association for Rehabilitation Therapy, Inc. American Library Association American Association of Bioanalysts American Medical Association American Association of Poison Control Centers American Mining Congress American Association of Psychiatric Services for Children American National Standards Institute American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, American Optometric Association Inc. American Podiatry Association American Boards of Examiners in Speech Pathology and American Psychiatric Association Audiology, American Speech and Hearing Association American Psychoanalytic Association American College of Surgeons American Ski Teachers' Association of Natur Teknik American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists American Society for Medical Technology American Dental Association American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. American Dental Trade Association American Watchmakers' Institute Inc. American Electroencephalographic Society Architectural Precast Association American Foundrymen's Society Architectural Woodwork Institute American Hospital Association Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America American Industrial Hygiene Association Association for Education of the Visually Handicapped American Lung Association Association of American State Boards of Examiners in American Medical Association Veterinary Medicine American National Standards Institute Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers American Optometric Association Book Manufacturers' Institute American Podiatry Association Coffee Brewing Center American Psychiatric Association Construction Industry Manufacturers' Association American Psychoanalytic Association Council of National Library Associations American Public Health Association Entomological Society of America American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute American Society for Medical Technology Gemological Institute of America American Society of Anesthesiologists Gypsum Association American Welding Society Illuminating Engineering Society Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Industrial Management Society Association of American State Boards of Examiners in Instrument Society of America Veterinary Medicine International Conference of Building Officials Association of Official Analytical Chemists International Municipal Signal Association Biological Stain Commission Law Enforcement Association on Professional Standards, College of American Pathologists Education and Ethical Practice Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities National Accreditation Council Compressed Gas Association, Inc. National Association of Food Equipment Manufacturers Dairy and Food Industries Supply Association National Association of Hospital Purchasing Management Industrial Medical Association National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors International Nonwovens and Disposables Association National Association of Purchasing Management, Inc. Manufacturing Chemists' Association National Association on Standard Medical Vocabulary National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of National Education Association Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research National Environmental Health Association Council

200 National Association of Blue Shield Plans Crane Manufacturers' Association of America, Inc. National Association of Hospital Purchasing Management Diamond Wheel Manufacturers' Institute National Automatic Merchandising Association Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, Inc. National Environmental Health Association Dry Color Manufacturers' Association National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. National Formulary Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. National League for Nursing, Inc. Factory Mutual Engineering and Research National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc. Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute National Swimming Pool Institute Fertilizer Institute Optical Manufacturers' Association Fir and Hemlock Door Association Optical Society of America Forging Industry Association Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association Glass Tempering Association U.S. Pharmacopeia, Pharmacopeia of the United States of Grinding Wheel Institute America, United States Pharmacopeial Convention Gypsum Association Hoist Manufacturers' Institute Federal Government Industrial Safety Equipment Association Industrial Truck Association Agriculture, Department of Institute of Traffic Engineers Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Instrument Society of America Atomic Energy Commission International Association of Electrical Inspectors Health, Education and Welfare, Department of International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Food and Drug Administration Officials National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health International Conference of Building Officials Interior, Department of International Municipal Signal Association Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration International Nonv^^ovens and Disposables Association Labor, Department of Joint Industrial Council Occupational Safety and Health Administration Juvenile Products Manufacturers' Association Transportation, Department of Manufacturing Chemists' Association Federal Aviation Administration Mechanical Contractors' Association of America, Inc. Administration Veterans Metal Ladder Manufacturers' Association Mill Mutual Fire Prevention Bureau National Association of Corrosion Engineers SAFETY (9) National Association of County Engineers National Association of Elevator Contractors National Association of Motor Bus Owners Society of America (Biological Safety) Acoustical National Automatic Merchandising Association and Refrigeration Institute Air-Conditioning National Automatic Sprinkler and Fire Control Association American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors American Association of Poison Control Centers National Cargo Bureau, Inc. American Association of State Highvifay and Transportation National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances Officials National Electrical Contractors' Association Association American Automobile National Elevator Industry, Inc. Boat and Yacht Council, Inc. American National Federation of State High Schools Associations American Bureau of Shipping National Fire Protection Association Association American Concrete Pipe National Lime Association of Governmental Industrial Hygienists American Conference National Machine Tool Builders' Association Defense Preparedness Association American National Rifle Association of America American Foundrymen's Society National Roofing Contractors' Association Construction, Inc. American Institute of Steel National Safety Council Insurance Association American National Sash and Door Jobbers' Association Mining Congress American National Silo Association Insurance Alliance American Mutual National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc. National Standards Institute American National Swimming Pool Institute Nuclear Society American Optical Society of America Oil Chemists' Society American Outdoor Power Equipment Institute, Inc. American Paper Institute Packaging Machinery Manufacturers' Institute Petroleum Institute American Painting and Decorating Contractors of America American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paperboard Packaging Council Society of Mechanical Engineers American Powder Actuated Tool Manufacturers' Institute, Inc. Engineers American Society of Safety Rack Manufacturers' Institute Association American Water Works Scaffolding and Shoring Institute Society American Welding Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc. Associated Locksmiths of America, Inc. Soap and Detergent Association Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Society of Die Casting Engineers Association of American Railroads Society of the Plastics Industry Manufacturers Association of Home Appliance Southern Building Code Congress Association of Iron and Steel Engineers Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute Battery Council International Sports Car Club of America, Inc. Bicycle Manufacturers' Association of America, Inc. Steel Deck Institute Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. Truck Body and Equipment Association, Inc. Canvas Products Association International Truss Plate Institute, Inc. Chlorine Institute, Inc. Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Composite Can and Tube Institute Association, Inc. Compressed Gas Association, Inc. United Lightning Protection Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers' Association Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission Construction Industry Manufacturers' Association Water Pollution Control Federation Cordage Institute Wood and Synthetic Flooring Institute

201 Federal Government American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, Inc. and Certified Milk Producers of America, Inc. Atomic Energy Commission American Bankers Association Commerce, Department of American Boat and Yacht Council, Inc. National Bureau of Standards American Footwear Industries Association Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory American Home Economics Association Consumer Product Safety Commission American Hotel and Motel Association Health, Education and Welfare, Department of American Ladder Institute Food and Drug Administration American National Standards Institute National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health American Society for Testing and Materials Interior, Department of American Wax Importers and Refiners' Association Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration Association of Bedding and Furniture Law Officials Labor, Department of Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers Occupational Safety and Health Administration Barre Granite Association National Aeronautics and Space Administration Battery Council International Transportation, Department of Bicycle Manufacturers' Association of America, Inc. Engineering and Traffic Operations, Federal Highway Book Manufacturers' Institute Administration Can Manufacturers' Institute Federal Aviation Administration Canvas Products Association International Federal Railroad Administration Carpet and Rug Institute National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Coffee Brewing Center United States Coast Guard Crayon, Water Color and Craft Institute Office of Boating Safety Fir and Hemlock Door Association Office of Merchant Marine Safety Glass Container Manufacturers' Institute, Inc. Veterans Administration Institute of High Fidelity Jewelers Vigilance Committee Manufacturing Chemists' Association National Association of Bedding Manufacturers HOBBIES, CRAFTS, AND PETS (10) National Association of Furniture Manufacturers, Inc. National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers National Canners' Association American Watchmakers' Institute Inc. National Clay Pot Manufacturers Border Terrier Club of America National Institute of Infant Services Crayon, Water Color and Craft Institute National Lubricating Grease Institute Institute of High Fidelity National Model Railroad Association National Model Railroad Association National Safety Council Photographic Society of America National Soft Drink Association Sports Car Club of America, Inc. Optical Manufacturers' Association Outdoor Power Equipment Institute Inc. Paper Stationery and Tablet Manufacturers' Association Inc. Pressure Sensitive Tape Council ATHLETIC, SPORTS AND Soap and Detergent Association RECREATION Society of Automotive Engineers (11) Thread Institute, Inc. Tire and Rim Association Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, Inc. Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers' Association American Amateur Baseball Congress, Inc. Wood and Synthetic Flooring Institute American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Federal Government American Boat and Yacht Council, Inc. American Bowling Congress Commerce, Department of American Fishing Tackle Manufacturers' Association National Bureau of Standards Ski Teachers' Association of Natur Teknik American Office of Engineering Standards Services Manufacturers' Archery Organization Consumer Product Safety Commission Eastern Bird Banding Association Transportation, Department of Family Camping Federation of America Office of Boating Safety, United States Coast Guard International City Management Association National Federation of State High Schools Associations National Rifle Association of America Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute ENVIRONMENTAL United States Golf Association (13)

Federal Government (Including pollution, in or outdoor conditions, controls, and prevention; and any aspect of the ecological cycle.) Transportation, Department of Office of Boating Safety, United States Coast Guard Acoustical and Insulating Materials Association Acoustical Society of America Air Pollution Control Association American Foundrymen's Society CONSUMERISM (12) American Mining Congress American National Standards Institute American Nuclear Society (Including associations concerned with popular consumer American Society for Testing and Materials products, usually those sold over the counter, used in- American Society of Mechanical Engineers or-around the home, but excluding food and drug products; Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers' Association recreational boating; and including consumer services.) Association of Engineering Geologists

202 Battery Council International ENGINEERING (15) Chlorine Institute, Inc. Construction Industry Manufacturers' Association Cooling Tower Institute, Inc. (Including the following subclasses: Electrical and Electronics Dry Color Manufacturers' Association Civil, Mechanical, Mining and Metallurgical, Chemicals, Aero International City Management Association nautical. Structural, Steam Power, Hydraulic, Petroleum Manufacturing Chemists' Association Product, etc. Some of these associations are by character also typed as trade or National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of technical organizations.) Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research Council Acoustical Society of America National Association of County Engineers Aerospace Industries Association National Association of Motor Bus Owners Air Transport Association National Association of Recycling Industries, Inc. American Association of Petroleum Geologists National Cable Television Association, Inc. American Association of State Highway and Transportation National Lime Association Officials National Sanitation Foundation American Automobile Association National School Supply and Equipment Association American Boiler Manufacturers' Association National Water Well Association American Bureau of .Shipping Rubber Reclaimers Association, Inc. American Chain Association Soap and Detergent Association American Concrete Institute Water Pollution Control Federation American Concrete Paving Association American Defense Preparedness Association American Die Casting Institute Federal Government American Gear Manufacturers' Association American Home Lighting Institute American Institute of Architects Atomic Energy Commssion American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environmental Protection Agency American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Engineers Safety and Health National Institute for Occupational American Mining Congress and Urban Development, Department of Housing American National Standards Institute Interior, Department of American Nuclear Society Office of Data Coordination, Geological Survey Water American Road Builders' Association Labor, Department of American Society for Metals Occupational Safety and Health Administration American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Transportation, of Department American Society for Quality Control Traffic Operations, Federal Highway Engineering and American Society for Testing and Materials Administration American Society of Civil Engineers Administration Federal Aviation American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condi- Veterans Administration tioning Engineers American Society of Lubrication Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Photogrammetry American Society of Plumbing Engineers COMMUNICATION (14) American Society of Safety Engineers American Society of Sanitary Engineering American Vacuum Society Air Transport Association American Water Works Association American Bankers' Association American Welding Society American National Standards Institute Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers' Association Association of American Railroads Asphalt Institute Graphic Communications Computer Association Association of Edison Illuminating Companies International Municipal Signal Association Association of Engineering Geologists National Association of Broadcasters Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers National Audio-Visual Association, Inc. Association of Iron and Steel Engineers National Cable Television Association, Inc. Brass and Bronze Ingot Institute Printing Industries of America Inc. Caster and Floor Truck Manufacturers' Association Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Construction Industry Manufacturers' Association Society for Technical Communication, Inc. Conveyors Equipment Manufacturers' Association Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers Copper Development Association Inc. Special Libraries Association Crane Manufacturers' Association of America, Inc. Telephone Group Diamond Wheel Manufacturers' Institute Traffic Audit Bureau, Inc. Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. Transportation Data Coordinating Committee Electrical Generating Systems Marketing Association Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. Electronic Industries Association Federal Government Expansion Joint Manufacturers' Association Factory Mutual Engineering and Research Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute Agriculture, Department of Fluid Controls Institute Rural Electrification Administration Friction Materials Standards Institute, Inc. Commerce, Department of Institute National Bureau of Standards Grinding Wheel Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory Home Ventilating Institute Office of Telecommunications Illuminating Engineering Society Federal Communications Commission Industrial Truck Association National Aeronautics and Space Administration Industry Service Bureaus

203 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Federal Communications Commission Institute of Environmental Sciences Housing and Urban Development, Department of Institute of High Fidelity Interdepartmental Screw Thread Committee, NBS Institute of Traffic Engineers Interior, Department of Insulated Power Cable Engineers' Association Bonneville Power Administration International Association of Electrical Inspectors Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration International District Heating Association National Aeronautics and Space Administration International Mobile Air Conditioning Association, Inc. Transportation, Department of International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems Engineering and Traffic Operations, Federal Highway Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Administration Fittings Industry National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Mechanical Contractors' Association of America, Inc. Mechanical Power Transmission Association Metal Building Manufacturers' Association Metal Cutting Tool Institute CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Mobile Homes Manufacturers' Association (16) Monorail Manufacturers' Association Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association of the United (Including materials such as wire fabrics and those to be States, Inc. processed; associations that represent architects, contractors, National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of manufacturers, inspectors and inspection services and grading Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research of materials; products that are utilized in building structures Council as well as in any type of construction and construction National Association of Corrosion Engineers applications; and tools and equipment used in construction.) National Association of County Engineers National Association of Elevator Contractors Acoustical and Insulating Materials Association National Association of Motor Bus Owners American Concrete Institute Association of Relay Manufacturers National American Hardboard Association National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors American Home Lighting Institute National Cable Television Association, Inc. American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association National Clay Pipe Institute American Institute of Architects National Elevator Industry, Inc. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. National Environmental Systems Contractors Association American Institute of Timber Construction National Fluid Power Association, Inc. American Iron and Steel Institute Tool Builders' Association National Machine American Lumber Standards Committee National Water Well Association American National Standards Institute Equipment Institute, Inc. Outdoor Power American Plywood Association Packaging Machinery Manufacturers' Institute American Society for Testing and Materials Pipe Fabrication Institute American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Pipe Line Contractors' Association Engineers and Drainage Institute Plumbing American Society of Plumbing Engineers Manufacturers' Institute, Inc. Powder Actuated Tool American Welding Society Manufacturers' Institute Rack American Wood Preservers' Association Technical Commission for Aeronautics Radio American Wood Preservers' Bureau Display Society for Information Architectural Precast Association Allied Weight Engineers, Inc. Society of Architectural Woodwork Institute of Automotive Engineers Society Asbestos Textile Institute Engineers Society of Manufacturing Asphalt Institute Television Engineers Society of Motion Picture and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers' Association Architects Marine Engineers Society of Naval and Association of Iron and Steel Engineers Society Standards Engineers Brick Institute of America Institute Steel Deck Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. Steel Founders' Society of America Ceilings and Interior Systems Contractors' Association Steel Joist Institute Chain Link Fence Manufacturers' Institute Telephone Group Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Test Boring Association, Inc. Construction Industry Manufacturers' Association Association, Inc. Truck Body and Equipment Construction Specifications Institute Association Truck Trailer Manufacturers' Expanded Shale Clay and Slate Institute Truss Plate Institute, Inc. Facing Tile Institute Ultrasonic Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Fine Hardwoods-American Walnut Association Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Finnish Plywood Development Association United Lightning Protection Association, Inc. Fir and Hemlock Door Association Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission Flat Glass Marketing Association Water Systems Council Gypsum Association Welding Research Council Gypsum Roof Deck Foundation Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers' Association Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association Federal Government Illuminating Engineering Society Indiana Limestone Institute of America, Inc. Agriculture, Department of International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Rural Electrification Administration International Association of Wall and Ceiling Contractors Commerce, Department of International Conference of Building Officials Maritime Administration International District Heating Association National Bureau of Standards Lead Industries Association Office of Engineering Standards Services Maple Flooring Manufacturers' Association Office of Telecommunications Marble Institute of America Defense, Department of Mechanical Contractors' Association of America, Inc.

204 Metal Building Manufacturers' Association National Association of Blue Shield Plans Mo-Sai Institute Inc. Society for Information Display National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of Transportation Data Coordinating Committee Engineering—Institute of Medicine—National Research Council Federal Government National Concrete Masonry Association National Crushed Stone Association Agriculture, Department of National Electrical Contractors' Association Departmental Information Processing National Elevator Industry, Inc. Standards Commerce, Department of National Environmental Systems Contractors' Association National Bureau of National Fire Protection Association Standards Office of Standards National Forest Products Association ADP Management National Hardwood Lumber Association National Mineral Wool Insulation Association, Inc. National Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association National Particleboard Association INDUSTRIAL National Roofing Contractors' Association (TECHNICAL AND TRADE) (18) National Sand and Gravel Association National Slag Association National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc. Abrasive Grain Association National Woodwork Manufacturers' Association Acoustical and Insulating Materials Association North American Lumber Association Adhesive and Sealant Council Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers' Association Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Northern Hardwood and Pine Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Air Diffusion Council Perlite Institute Air Moving and Conditioning Association Pipe Line Contractors' Association Alumina Ceramic Manufacturers' Association Powder Actuated Tool Manufacturers' Institute, Inc. Aluminum Association Red Cedar Shingle and Handsplit Shake Bureau American Association of Advertising Agencies and the Redwood Inspection Service Magazine Publishers Association's Joint Committee on Resilient Tile Institute Magazine Advertising Reproduction Scaffolding and Shoring Institute American Ceramic Society, Inc. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National American Concrete Pipe Association Association American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Southern Building Code Congress American Council of Independent Laboratories, Inc. Southern Cypress Manufacturers' Association American Defense Preparedness Association Southern Hardwood Lumber Manufacturers' Association American Electroplaters' Society Southern Pine Inspection Bureau American Footwear Industries Association Steel Deck Institute American Foundrymen's Society Steel Door Institute American Gas Association Steel Joist Institute American Gem Society Steel Window Institute American Hardboard Association Stucco Manufacturers' Association American Hot Dip Galvanizers' Association Thermal Insulation Manufacturers' Association, Inc. American Hotel and Motel Association Tile Council of America, Inc. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Truss Plate Institute, Inc. American Institute of Timber Construction West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau American Insurance Association Western Wood Moulding and Millwork Producers American Iron and Steel Institute Western Wood Products Association American Ladder Institute Wire Reinforcement Institute American Leather Chemists' Association Wood and Synthetic Flooring Institute American Lumber Standards Committee Zinc Institute American Paper Institute American Petroleum Institute American Plywood Association Federal Government American Society for Abrasive Methods • American Society of Cinematographers Commerce, Department of American Society of Electroplated Plastics, Inc. National Bureau of Standards American Wax Importers and Refiners' Association Office of Engineering Standards Services American Wood Inspection Agency Defense, Department of American Wood-Preservers' Association Housing and Urban Development, Department of American Wood-Preservers' Bureau Labor, Department of Architectural Precast Association Occupational Safety and Health Administration Architectural Woodwork Institute Asbestos Textile Institute Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers' Association Associated Cooperage Industries of America, Inc. AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING Associated Locksmiths of America, Inc. of America (ADP) (17) Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians Baking Industry Sanitation Standards Committee Barre Granite Association American Bankers' Association Battery Council International American Feed Manufacturers' Association Bicycle Manufacturers' Association of America, Inc. American National Standards Institute Bituminous Pipe Institute Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers' Association Book Manufacturers' Institute Construction Specifications Institute Brick Institute of America Council of National Library Associations Builders Hardware Manufacturers' Association Data Processing Management Association Building Owners and Managers' Association International Graphic Communications Computer Association Can Manufacturers' Institute

205 Canvas Products Association International Mo-Sai Institute Inc. Carpet and Rug Institute National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute National Association ol Bedding Manufacturers Ceilings and Interior Systems Contractors Association National Association of Broadcasters Cemented Carbide Producers' Association National Association of Food Chains Chain Link Fence Manufacturers' Institute National Association of Furniture Manufacturers, Inc. Chemical Specialties Manufacturers' Association National Association of Glue Manufacturers CoflFee Brewing Center National Association of Metal Name Plate Manufacturers, Inc. Color Association of the United States, Inc. National Association of Pipe Coating Applicators Composite Can and Tube Institute National Association of Plastic Fabricators Compressed Gas Association, Inc. National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute National Association of Wiping Cloth Manufacturers Construction Specifications Institute National Audio-Visual Association, Inc. Contractors Pump Bureau National Automatic Merchandising Association Cooling Tower Institute, Inc. National Automatic Sprinkler and Fire Control Association Cordage Institute National Builders' Hardware Association Cotton Warehouse Association of America National Cargo Bureau, Inc. DFA of California National Clay Pot Manufacturers Dairy and Food Industries Supply Association National Concrete Masonry Association Door Operator and Remote Controls Manufacturers' National Cottonseed Products Association Association National Crushed Stone Association Dry Color Manufacturers' Association National Electrical Contractors' Association Edison Electric Institute National Electrical Manufacturers' Association Elastic Fabric Manufacturers' Council of Northern Textile National Fire Protection Association Association National Flaxseed Processors' Association Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. National Forest Products Association Expanded Shale Clay and Slate Institute National Hardwood Lumber Association Expansion Anchor Manufacturers' Institute National Industrial Leather Association Facing Tile Institute National Lime Association Federation of Societies for Paint Technology National Lubricating Grease Institute Felt Manufacturers' Council of Northern Textile Association National Microfilm Association Fibre Box Association National Mineral Wool Insulation Association, Inc. Fine Hardwoods-American Walnut Association National Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association Flat Glass Marketing Association National Paper Box Association Forging Industry Association National Particleboard Association Gas Appliance Manufacturers' Association National Printing Ink Research Institute Gemological Institute of America National Retail Merchants' Association Glass Tempering Association National Roofing Contractors' Association Gray and Ductile Iron Founders' Society Inc. National Sand and Gravel Association Gypsum Association National Sash and Door Jobbers' Association Gypsum Roof Deck Foundation National Scale Men's Association Hack and Band Saw Manufacturers' Association National Slag Association Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers' Association National Soft Drink Association Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association National Swimming Pool Institute Hoist Manufacturers' Institute National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc. Indiana Limestone Institute of America, Inc. National Wholesale Hardware Association Industrial Diamond Association of America, Inc. National Wooden Pallet and Container Association Industrial Fasteners Institute National Woodwork Manufacturers' Association Industrial Safety Equipment Association Natural Gas Processors' Association Institute of Printed Circuits North American Lumber Association Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers' Association Instrument Society of America Northern Hardwood and Pine Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Inter-Society Color Council Painting and Decorating Contractors of America International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Paper Stationery and Tablet Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Sanitarians Paperboard Packaging Council International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Perlite Institute Officials Photo Chemical Machining Institute International Association of Wall and Ceiling Contractors Photographic Society of America International Municipal Signal Association Polyurethane Manufacturers' Association International Nonwovens & Disposables Association Pressure Sensitive Tape Council Investment Casting Institute Printing Industries of America Inc. Jewelers Vigilance Committee Pulverized Limestone Association Joint Industrial Council Railway Tie Association Juvenile Products Manufacturers' Association Red Cedar Shingle and Handsplit Shake Bureau Lead Industries Association Redwood Inspection Service Library Binding Institute Refractories Institute Magnetic Materials Producers' Association Resilient Tile Institute Malleable Founders' Society Resistance Welder Manufacturers' Association Manufacturing Chemists' Association Rubber Manufacturers' Association Marking Device Association Rubber Reclaimers' Association, Inc. Material Handling Institute, Inc. Salt Institute Metal Cookware Manufacturers' Association Scaffolding and Shoring Institute Metal Ladder Manufacturers' Association Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Metal Powder Industries Federation Association Metal Tube Packaging Council of North America Soap and Detergent Association Milk Bottle Crate Manufacturers' Council Society of Die Casting Engineers

206 Society of the Plastics Industry American Society of Sanitary Engineering Southern Cypress Manufacturers' Association Baking Industry Sanitation Standards Committee Southern Hardwood Lumber Manufacturers' Association Can Manufacturers Institute Southern Pipe Inspection Bureau Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute Specialty Wire Association Dairy and Food Industries Supply Association Sports Car Club of America, Inc. Family Camping Federation of America Spring Manufacturers' Institute Food Processing Machinery and Supplies Association Sprinkler Irrigation Association International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Steatite Manufacturers' Association Sanitarians Steel Bar Mills Association Linen Supply Association of America Steel Door Institute National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Steel Shipping Container Institute National Automatic Merchandising Association Steel Structures Painting Council National Canners' Association Steel Window Institute National Clay Pipe Institute Stucco Manufacturers' Association National Environmental Health Association Sump Pump Manufacturers' Association National Institute of Infant Services Tanners' Council of America National Sanitation Foundation Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry National Soft Drink Association Thermal Insulation Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Plumbing and Drainge Institute Thread Institute, Inc. Soap and Detergent Association Tile Council of America, Inc. Water Pollution Control Federation Tin Research Institute, Inc. Whey Products Institute Tire and Rim Association Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers' Association Federal Government Variable Resistive Components Institute Water Conditioning Foundation Agriculture, Department of Inspection Bureau West Coast Lumber Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Western Wood Moulding and Millwork Producers Housing and Urban Development, Department of Western Wood Products Association Whey Products Institute Wire Reinforcement Institute Wood and Synthetic Flooring Institute PUBLIC INTEREST (21) Zinc Institute (Including social welfare)

TEXTILES AND FABRICS, American Association of Poison Control Centers AND CLOTHING (19) American Library Association Association for Education of the Visually Handicapped Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (Including upholstery, yarns, fibers, tire cords, nonwoven Family Camping Federation of America fabrics, and bedding materials.) International City Management Association International Conference of Building Officials American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists National Accreditation Council American Home Economics Association National Automobile Theft Bureau American National Standards Institute National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults American Society for Testing and Materials National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses Association of Bedding and Furniture Law Officials National Formulary Book Manufacturers' Institute National Safety Council Canvas Products Association International National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc. Color Association of the United States, Inc. Special Libraries Association Elastic Fabric Manufacturers' Council of Northern Textile Water Systems Council Association Felt Manufacturers' Council of Northern Textile Association Federal Government International Nonwovens and Disposables Association National Association of Bedding Manufacturers Agriculture, Department of Inc. National Association of Furniture Manufacturers, Commerce, Department of National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers National Bureau of Standards National Association of Wiping Cloth Manufacturers Consumer Product Safety Commission National Knitwear Manufacturers' Association Environmental Protection Agency National Retail Merchants' Association Federal Communications Commission Tanners' Council of America Health, Education and Welfare, Department of Thread Institute, Inc. Housing and Urban Development, Department of Labor, Department of Federal Government Transportation, Department of Treasury, Department of Commerce, Department of Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms National Bureau of Standards Office of Engineering Standards Services

ENERGY (22) SANITATION (20) American Association of Petroleum Geologists American Association of Cereal Chemists American Gas Association American Concrete Pipe Association American National Standards Institute American National Standards Institute American Nuclear Society

207 American Society for Testing and Materials Paper Stationery and Tablet Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Association of Edison Illuminating Companies Paperboard Packaging Council Atomic Industrial Forum Pressure Sensitive Tape Council Electrical Generating Systems Marketing Association Printing Industries of America Inc. Illuminating Engineering Society Society of the Plastics Industry International District Heating Association Steel Shipping Container Institute, Inc. National Electrical Manufacturers' Association Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Natural Gas Processors Association Western Wooden Box Association

Federal Government Federal Government

Atomic Energy Commission Commerce, Department of Interior, Department of National Bureau of Standards Bonneville Power Administration Office of Engineering Standards Services Joint Committee on Printing, Congress of the United States

PACKAGING AND PAPER (23) INSTRUMENTATION, AND MEASUREMENT AND WEIGHING DEVICES (24) (Including paper products, and all other packaging and wrapping materials; containers, crates and boxes; and packaging machinery.) American Hospital Association American National Standards Institute Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation American National Standards Institute Cooling Tower Institute, Inc. American Oil Chemists' Society Industrial Safety Equipment American Paper Institute Association Instrument Society of America American Society for Testing and Materials National Scale Association Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers' Association Men's Optical Society of America Chemical Specialties Manufacturers' Association Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Composite Can and Tube Institute Fibre Box Association Scientific Apparatus Makers' Association United States Testing Inc. Food Processing Machinery and Supplies Association Company, Glass Container Manufacturers' Institute, Inc. Gummed Industries Association, Inc. Federal Government Manufacturing Chemists' Association Metal Tube Packaging Council of North America Agriculture, Department of National Association of Food Chains Packers and Stockyards Administration National Canners' Association Atomic Energy Commission National Cottonseed Products Association Commerce, Department of National Paper Box Association National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine National School Supply and Equipment Association Environmental Metrology National Soft Drink Association National Conference on Weights and Measures, NBS National Wooden Pallet & Container Association Treasury, Department of Packaging Machinery Manufacturers' Institute Bureau of Customs

208 5.2. Subject Index Page Alloys—Steel Bars 26 Alloys—Tin This is a subject index of key words extracted from 159 Alumina Ceramic 7 the summaries of organizations included in this Di- Aluminum 7 rectory. It is a key word(s) approach to any standards Aluminum Wares 102 or standards-related activities or other important activ- AM and FM Tuners 90 Ambulances 159 ities within the scope of the organizations. Since the X60 American National Standards ' 29 full association names appear in the text of the Di- Ammunition 151^ 152 rectory, only the key words in the association names Amplifier Distortions—TV ' H6 appear in the subject index. The exceptions are for Amplifiers 90 Analysis—Seeds 55 affiliated organizations, and for the names of state and Analysts—Psychoanalysis 35 Federal agencies. The states are indexed by name only; Analytical Chemists 55 no key words were extracted from the state summaries. Anchors, Concrete 77 Anesthesia The Federal agencies are indexed after the pattern for —Gas 66 Anesthesiology the associations but, in addition, are indexed under the 4,1 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 178 departments and their primary agencies, as well as the Animal Drugs 187 independent agencies. Page numbers refer to the page Animal Feeds 20, 51 Animal Glues on which the summary begins and not necessarily to HO Animal Health Technicians 54 the page on which the key word(s) appear. Animal Nutrition 105 Animal Welfare 178 Animals—Pet Dogs 59 Annunciators 91 Page Antennas—Mobile 181, 182 Abrasive Methods 36 Anti-Friction Bearings 48 Abrasives 3, 36, 79, 157 Antibiotic Drugs 187 Absorption and Mass Spectroscopy 39, 40 Antifreezes—Engines 39, 40 Abstract Writing 26 Apparel 23, 130 Accident Prevention 26 Apparel—Protective Headgear 146 Accident Reports—Railroad 195 Appearance Tests 39, 40 Accounting 61, 111 Appliances 75 Accounting, Cost 25 Appliances—Gas 81 Accounting Practices—Dental Trade 19 Appliances—Gas-Burning 21 Accreditation Council 107 Appliances—Household 23 Acoustical and Insulating Materials 39, 40 Appraising—Diamonds 82 Acoustical Materials 3 Archery 48 Acoustics 4, 75 Architects/ Architecture 25 Acoustics (SI) 4 Architectural Glass and Aluminum 75 Adhesives 4,39,40,79,157 Architectural Metal Manufacturers 107 Adhesives and Sealants Architectural Precast Concrete 49 ADP Standards Management 182 Architectural Woodwork 49 Advertising 8, 98 Arizona, State of 169 Advertising—Outdoor 159 Armament Systems 19 Advisory Commission on Textbook Specifications 59 Armheld Carriers 96 Aerial Photography 44 Aromatic and Flavor Materials 76 Aeromedical Standards 195 Arrows and Bows 48 Aeronautics 4 Arsenic 188 Aerosols 63 Arsine 188 Aerospace Data Systems 4, 192 Art Materials 71 Aggregates 77, 133, 142, 168 Artificial Internal Organs 36 Aggregates—Minerals 38, 39, 40 Artificial Limbs and Braces 13 Agricultural Engineering 40 Asbestos 38, 39, 40, 49, 188 Agricultural Marketing Service 177 Asbestos-Cement Products 39, 40 Agriculture, Department of 176 Asphalt Applications 77 Air and Water Programs 185 Asphalt Roofing 49 Air-Conditioners 55 Asphahs 49 Air-Conditioning 6,42,75,94,112,121,146 Athletic Equipment 122 Air-Conditioning Systems 197 Athletic Rules and Events 122 Air Ducts 5 Athletic Sports 7 Air Moving Devices 6 Atmospheric Analysis 39, 40 Air Pollution Control 6 Atomic Energy Commission 180 Air Traffic Control 195 Atomic Industry 57 Airborne Contaminants 189 Attic Space Ventilators 85 Airborne Respirable Chest Concentrations 189 Audio-Visuals 114 Aircraft 4, 148, 194 Audiology 14 Aircraft Locknut Manufacturers' Association 88 Automated Clearing Houses—Banking 13 Airfields 49 Automatic Data Processing 176, 182, 183 Airports 35 Automatic Door Operators 73 Airspace Utilization 195 Automatic Merchandising 114 Alarm Systems—Fire 103 Automobile Thefts 115 Alarms 122 Automobiles 12,105,148,196 Alcohol 196 Automobiles—Sports Cars 152 Allied Weight Engineers 147 Automotive Electrical Components 159, 160 Alloys—Metal 25 Automotive Engineering 148

209 —

Page Page Automotive—Friction Materials 81 Boiler Codes 43 Automotive/Mechanical 75 Boilers—Heating 14 Aviation 194 Bonneville Power Administration 190 Aviation Electronics 142 Book Binders 97 Books 59 B Border Terriers 59 Boring, Test 157 Baby Cribs 183, 184 Bottlers 133 Baby Services 125 Bottles—Soft Drink 82 Back Carriers, Rigid Frame 96 Bowling 15 Bacteriological Standards 28 Bows and Arrows 48 Baking Industry Sanitation 57 Box-Covering Papers 129 Baking Utensils 23 Boxes—Fibreboard 79 Bale Preparations (Cotton) 70 Boxes—Paper and Paperboard 129 Ball and Roller Bearings 48 Boxes, Wooden 167 Balls, Golf 163 Boxsprings 107 Band Saws 84 Brain Trauma Research 146 Banding—Birds 74 Brake Drums 165 Bank Cards 13 Brake Linings and Shoes 81 Bankers 13 Brakes 55, 160 Banking 13 Brandy and Wine 168 Banking Procedures 163 Brass 59,69 Bar Supports—Concrete 67 Brazing 49 Barbers 50 Breath Testers—Evident Alcohol 181, 182 Barges, Tank—Chlorine 64 Breathing Machinery—Components 41 Barre Granite 57 Breeding Studies—Birds 74 Barrels 50 Bricks 60 Barriers—Roadside 195 Bricks—Glazed 77 Bars—Steel 154 Bridge Inspections 169 Baseballs 8 Broadcasters 108 Bathing Facilities 189 Bronze 59 Bathtubs 197 Bronze Ingots 59 Batteries 57 Buckles and Ties—Cotton Bales 70 Beams—Shoring 145 Builders Hardware 60, 75, 116 Bearing Steels 38,39,40 Building Board 129 Bearings 55, 159 Building Codes 150 Beauticians 50 Building Construction 39, 40 Bedding 54,107 Building Officials 60,94 Bedding Materials—Hospitals 23 Building Owners and Managers 61 Behavioral Sciences 105,106 Building Planning Service 61 Bellows Expansion Joints 77 Building Security 50 Belt Drives 101 Building Stone 38,39,40 Benzene 188 Building Stone—Limestone 86 Beryllium 188 Buildings—Concrete 16 Beverages—Spirits 196 Buildings—Metal 102 Bibliographic References and Entries 70 Buildings—Structural Steel 25 Bicycle Manufacturers 58 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 196 Bicycles 183,184 Bureau of Customs 196 Bikeways 165 Burglar Alarm Systems—Switches 181, 182 Binders 97 Burner Fuels Binding, Book 59, 70, 14, 15, 191 Buses—Motor 111 Bioacoustics 4, 105, 106 Business Equipment 66 Bioanalysts 9 Butter 177 Biochemistry 31 Buyers—Purchasing Agents 113 Biological Research 58 Biological Stains 58 c Biologies 108 Biologies—Veterinary 179 Cabinet X-Ray Systems 188 Biomechanics 105, 106 Cable, Electric 75 Biomedical Devices 36 Cable Television 116 Birch Plywood 84 Cables 54 Bird Banding and Breeding Studies 74 Cables and Wires 94 Bituminous Materials for Highway Construction 38, 39 Cables—Flexible Flat 90 Bituminous Pipes 58 Cables—Insulated Power 91 Blast Furnaces 90 Cadmium 188 Blind, Instructors for the 51 Calibration 183 Blind and Visually Handicapped—Library Services 27 Calibration Laboratories—Information 193 Blind and Visually Handicapped—Schools and Agencies 107 Campgrounds 78 Blue Shield Plans 108 Camping 78 Board of Standards Review Camping Products—Canvas 61 American National Standards 27 Cancer Programs 16 Boating Safety 194 Canning Machinery 81 Boats 14,149,194 Cans 61, 65, 116 BOCA Codes 60 Canvas Products 61 Body Measurements 23 Car Seats 96 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 115 Carbide Cutting Tools 63 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Plates 38,39,40 Carbon Black 39, 40

210 Page Page Carbon Monoxide 188 Clinical Laboratory Tests and Practices 36 Carbonated Beverages 133 Clocks 46 Carbonated Solf Drink Bottles 82 Clocks—Spacecraft 192 Carcinogen 191 Closures, Container 82 Cardiac Valves 51 Clothing—Police 181 182 Cargo Ship Construction 180, 181 Clubs, Golf 163 Cargoes Clutch Facings 81 Carpeting 62, 175 Coal 39,40 Carpets 197 Coal Mine Dust Personal Sampler Units 188 Carriages and Strollers 96 Coal Mine Health 189 Carriers, Armheld 96 Coal Mines 190 Cars 196 Coast Guard, United States 193 Cartography 18 Coatings _ 39,40 Cartons 138 Coatings—Decorative and Protective 79 Cased Borings 157 Coatings—Electroplated and Metallic 20 Casein 39,40 Coatings—Pipes 112 Cassette Recorders—Lapse Time Counters 114 Coatings—Steel Structures 155 Cast Iron Soil Pipes 62 Code Administrators 60 Cast Metallics 21 Coding—Packaging 159 Cast Metals 148 Coffee Brewing and Coffee Grinds 64 Casters 62 Coffeemakers 64 Casting 96 Coinage 196 Casting—Iron 82 Coke 39,40 Catheters 51 Coke Oven Emissions 188 Cats—Welfare 178,179 Color 65 Ceiling/Floor Assemblies 3 Color Additives 186 Ceilings 3, 62 Color Council 92 Ceilings and Walls 93 Color—Dry 74 Cellulose 39,40 Color Materials 71 Cement 39,40 Color Standards—Paper 191 Cemented Carbide Producers 63 Colorado, State of 169 Ceramic Compositions 153 Colorants 65 Ceramic Educational Council 15 Colored-Stone Evaluation 82 Ceramic Materials 39, 40 Colorimetry 92 Ceramic Tile 158 Colorists 12 Ceramics 15 Colour Index 12 Ceramics—High Alumina 7 Combustible Solids 122 Cereal Chemistry 9 Commerce, Department of 180 Cereal Sciences 9 Commercial Food Preparation, Service and Equipment _ 110 Certification Services 75 Commercial Practices 163 Certified Milk 10 Commercial Standards 181 Chain Link Fences 63 Commodities—Fruit 59 Chains 16,38,39,40 Commodity Coding 159 Chalk 71 Communication Equipment 181, 182 Chambers of Commerce 163 Communications 147, 185 Change Rooms 189 Communications—Air Transport Networks 6 Checks—Bank 13 Communications—Highway 11 Cheeses 177 Company Member Council—ANSI 29 Chemical Analysis of Metal 39, 40 Composite Cans and Tubes 65 Chemical Engineering 25 Compressed Gases 66 Chemical Feeding Equipment 165 Computer and Business Equipment 66 Chemical Specialties 63 Computers 72 Chemicals and Chemical Compounds 17 Concrete 16,17,39,40 Chemicals—Industrial 39, 40 Concrete Aggregates 118 Child Psychoanalysis 35 Concrete and Clay Pipe and Tile 39, 40 Chimneys—Concrete 16 Concrete Masonry 118 Chlorine 64 Concrete Pipes 17 Chromic Acid 188 Concrete—Precast Architectural 104 Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre 49 Concrete Reinforcing 67 Cigars 196 Concrete Reinforcing Steel 39, 40 Cinematographers 41 Concrete, Structural—Lightweight 77 Circuitry 90 Conditioning—Water 165 Circuits—Pneumatic 91 Connecticut, State of 169 City Laws 129 Consensus, National—ANSI 29 City Management 93 Construction/Building 15 Civil Engineering 41 Construction Equipment and Supplies 67 Clay 77 Construction Industry 68 Clay and Concrete Pipe and Tile 38 Construction—Mobile Homes 104 Clay, Modeling 71 Consumer Council—ANSI 29 Clay Pipes 117 Consumer Product Safety Commission 183, 184 Clay Pots—Flower 117 Consumer Products 183 Cleaners—Vacuum 164 Contact Lenses 136 Cleaning Compounds 163 Contacts 38,39,40 Clearinghouse for Standards 29 Containers 135, 143 Clerical Operations, Methods-Time-Measurement 97 Containers—Barrels 50 Clinical Chemistry 9 Containers—Cans 61, 116 Clinical Laboratories—Quality Assurance 64 Containers—Cargo 116

211 Page Page Containers for Animals 178 Dental Materials 19 Containers for Distilled Spirits 73 Dental Trade 19 Containers—Glass 82 Dentistry 19 Containers—Industrial Metal 101 Derricks 71 Containers—Shipping 109, 155 Detectors—Weapon 181 Containers Used to Transport Food Products 109 Detergents 147 Containers—Wooden Boxes 167 Devices—Dental 19 Contractors, Electrical 119 Devices—Medical 13 Contractors—Heating, Air Conditioning Diagnostic X-Ray 187 and Refrigeration 121 Dialyzers 51 Contractors—Mechanical 101 Diamond Appraising and Cutting 82 Contractors Pumps 68 Diamond Walnuts 73 Control Devices 91 Diamond Wheels 73 Control Surveying 18 Diamonds—Industrial 86 Control Valves 80 Diaper Services 125 Control—Weight 147 Die Cast Metals 38,39 Controls 38 Die Castings 19, 148 Converting Machinery—Packaging 137 Die Forgings 81 Conveyors 68, 101 Dies 102, 189 Cooking 23 DifFusers—Ceiling 5 Cookware 102 Disinfectants 63 Cooling Contractors 112 Disposables 95 Cooling Towers 68 Disposal Systems—Sewerage 189 Cooperage 50 Distilled Spirits 73 Copper and Copper Alloys 39, 40, 69 Distribution Lines—Electric Cordage 69 District Heating Systems Core Drilling 157 Documentation Com Refiners 70 DODISS 184,185 Corrosion Engineers 108 Dog Clubs—Pure Breds 59 Corrosion Protection 24 Dogs—Welfare 178,179 Corrosion Tests 39, 40 Door Jambs and Frames 167 Corrugated and Solid Fibreboard 79 Door Locks, Magnetic 197 Cosmetics 55, 186 Door Operators 73 Cost Records 109 Doors 80, 132, 135 Cotton 177 Doors—Steel 154 Cotton Dust 188 Drainage 140 Cotton Warehouses 70 Drainage—Highway 195 Cottonseed Products 118 Dressing Tables—Juvenile 96 County Engineers 109 Dried Fruits 71 Crafts 71 Drinking Water Cranes 55, 71 Driver Licensing 189 Crates 103,167 Drums—Steel Crayons 71 Dry Cleaning and Washing 97 Credit Cards 13 Dry Color 74 Crib Mattresses 96 Dry Goods 130 Cribs, Full Size 96 Dry Milk 92 Cribs, Juvenile 96 Drywall and Its Taping 93 Crippled Children and Adults 119 Duct Construction 146 Cross Ties 143 Dumwaiters 109,121 Crude Petroleum 39,40 Duplicating—Paper 191 Crushed Stone 118 Dust Explosion Hazards Cryogenic Gas 135 Dwelling Requirements 189 Crystallography 18 Dyes 12 Culverts 17 Custom HolloviT Metal Doors and Frames 107 E Customs 196 Cutting Oils 39,40 Earth Moving Vehicles 148 Cutting Tools 63 Earth Sciences 105 Cycles—Motor Driven 165 Edison Electric 74 Cypress Edison Illuminating 54 Education 119 D Educators 119 Elastic Fabrics 74 Dairy Equipment 92 Elastomers—Thermosetting 140 Dairy Product Examination 35 Electric Facilities 177 Dairy Products—MQk 10 Electric Fuse Manufacturers' Build 88 Dairy Supplies and Equipment 72 Electric Generators—Ultrasonic 161 Data Interchange—Banks 13 Electric Motors 75 Data Processing Management 72 Electric Ranges 23 Decking—Particleboard 129 Electric Systems 177 Decking—Roof 130 Electric Utility Equipment 74 Decking—Steel 154 Electrical 122 Decorating—Workmanship 137 Electrical and Electronics Engineers 88 Defense, Department of 184, 185 Electrical Apparatus 190 Defense Materiels 184, 185 Electrical Apparatus Services 75 Defense Preparedness 19 Electrical Cables—Insulated Power 91 Dehumidifiers 55 Electrical Conductors 39, 40

212 — —

Page Page Electrical Contractors 119 Farm Products 177 Electrical/Electronic 75 Fasteners—Industrials 86 Electrical Generating Systems and Marketing 75 Fatigue 39,40 Electrical Inspectors 92 Federal Aviation Administration 194 Electrical Insulating Materials 39, 40 Federal Catalog Systems 185, 186 Electrical Manufacturers 120 Federal Communications Commission 185 Electrical Systems—Mobile Homes 104 Federal Highway Administration 195 Electrical Systems—Truck Trailers 160 Federal Housing Administration 189 Electrical Testing 75 Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 182,183 Electricity 54 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 196 Electrification 177 Federal Railroad Administration 195 Electroacoustics 4 Federal Specifications and Standards 185, 186 Electrodeposited Metallic Coatings 38, 39 Federal Standards and Specifications—Information 182 Electroencephalography 20 Feed 40,51,55 Electron Devices—Materials 39, 40 Feed—Animal 20 Electron Diffractions 18 Felts 40,79 Electronic Data Interchange 159 Fences—Chain Link 63 Electronic Product Radiation Control 187 Ferro-Alloys 39, 40 Electronics 76 Ferrous and Nonferrous Minerals—Initial Processing 25 Electronics and Electrical Engineers 88 Ferrous Castings 39,40 Electroplated Coatings 20 Ferrous Filler Metals 38, 39 Electroplated Plastics 42 Ferrous Foundry Industry 82 Elevators 109,121 Fertilizers 79 Emergency Equipment — 181, 182 Fiber Boxes 79 Emissions 39, 40 Fiber Cans 65 End Mills 102 Fiber Ropes 69 Energy Research—Atomic 57 Fiberboard 129 Engine Antifreezes 39, 40 Fibers 39,40 Engine Tests 39, 40 Fibre See Fibers Engineering and Traffic Operations 195 Fibrous Glass 188 Engineering—Chemical 25 Field and Track 7 Engineering—Electrical and Electronics 88 Fields 35 Engineering Geologists 55 Filing Systems for Product Data 25 Engineering Practices and Processes 184, 185 Filler Metals, Nonferrous 39 Engineering Standards 181 Filling Materials—Bedding 54 Engines—Aircraft 193 Film (Radiographic) —Dental 19 Enologists 42 Filters—Water 165 Entomology 76 Finishes—Aluminum 7 Environmental Health 121 Finnish Plywood 33 Environmental Protection Agency 185 FIPS Publications 182,183 Environmental Sciences—Equipment Operations 89 Fir and Hemlock Doors 80 Enzymes 9 Fire Alarm Systems—Municipal 94 Equipment 184, 184 Fire Apparatus 159, 160 Equipment—Aircraft 4 Fire Control and Protection 115 Equipment (Aircraft) —Communications 6 Fire Extinguishers 194 Equipment and Appliances—Gas 81 Fire Extinguishing 197 Equipment and Machinery—Electrical 75 Fire Prevention 103, 149 Equipment—Dairy 92 Fire Prevention and Protection 29 Equipment Maintenance 190 Fire Prevention Code 26 Equipment Operation 89 Fire Protection 197 Escalators 109,121 Fire Pumps 122 Essential Oils 76 Fire Radio Services 94 Etchings—Photo 139 Fire-Rated Custom Metal Doors and Frames 107 Evidential Breath Alcohol Testers 181 Fire Tests 39,40 Exchangers 161 Firearms 151, 196 Executive Standards Council—ANSI 29 Firearms—Rifles 130 Expansion Anchors 77 Fishing Tackle 20 Expansion Joints 77 Fittings and Valves 98 Explosives 122,196 Fixtures—Lighting 23 Exports—Imports, Animals and Poultry 178 Flammability Codes for Camping Tents 61 Extinguishing Systems 122 Flammable Fabrics 183, 184 Extruded and Tubular Products 7 Flammable Liquids 122 Eye Protection 31 Flanges, Valves and Fittings 98 Eye Safety 133 Flat Glass 80 Eyewrashes 197 Flaxseed Processors 122 Flexible Barrier Materials 39,40 F Floor/Ceiling Assemblies Floor Coverings 39, 40 Fabrics 12,39,40 Floor Finishes 63 Fabrics—Canvas 61 Floor Measurement 61 Fabrics—Elastic 74 Floor Measurements—Office Building Industry 61 Facing Tiles 77 Floor Surfaces 168 Factory-Built Housing 104 Floor Trucks 62 Factory Mutual System 77 Floor Underlayment—Particleboard 129 Fans—Exhaust 85 Flooring 129,168 Fans Pov/er and Centrifugal 6 Flooring—Hardwood 84 Farm and Industrial Equipment 78 Flooring—Maple, Beech and Birch 100

213 Page Page Flooring—Resilient Tile 144 Geodesy 18 Floors—Concrete 16 Geological Survey 190 Floors/Floor Assemblies 3 Geologists—Engineering 55 Florida, State of 169,170 Geologists—Petroleum 11 Flowmeters 91 Georgia, State of 170 Fluid Controls 80 Glass 39,40 Fluid Power Systems 122 Glass Containers 82 Fluorescent Ballasts and Starters 75 Glass, Flat 80 Fly Lines 20 Glass Tempering 82 FM and AM Tuners 90 Glaucoma Screening 133 Food and Drug Administration 186 Glazed Brick 77 Food Chains 109 Glazing Systems 80 Food Chemicals Codex 105 Glue Products 110 Food Engineering 40 Golf 163 Food Manufacturers 110 Government Procurement Mandates 185, 186 Food Processing Machinery and Supplies 81 Government—Urban 93 Food Supplies and Equipment Governmental Industrial Hygienists 17 Foodservices 114 Grade-Trademarks for Plywood 33 Footwear 21 Grading—Diamonds 82 Foreign National Standards—Information 182 Grading—Lumber 27, 166 Forest Products 123 Grading of Abrasives 3 Forging 81 Grading Rules 144,143,151 Forgings—Steel 38,39,40 Grading—Soybeans 45 Forms 135 Grain 177 Forms—Business 141 Grain Loading Plans and Cargo 116 Forms-^Instrumentation 91 Granite Monuments 57 Forms—Invoices 109 Graphic Arts 141 Forms—Mass Property 147 Graphic Arts—Packaging 157 Forms, School Bus Accident Reporting 159, 160 Graphic Symbols—TV 116 Founders, Malleable 98 Graphite 39,40 Foundries 21,90 Grass and Soil 45 Foundries—Steel 154 Gravel 118 Foundry Industries 90 Gravel and Sand 130 Frames and Mountings—Optical 136 Gray and Ductile Iron Founders 82 Freezers 55 Grease Lubrication 127 Freight Cars 195 Greases—Lubricating 39, 40 Freight—Cars, Claims, Containers 52, 53 Grinding Wheels 83 Friction Materials 81 Ground-Water 190 Fruit Exchanges 59 Guarding Devices 87 Fruit Inspections 71 Guinea Pigs—Welfare 178, 179 Fruits 177 Gummed Paper Products 83 Fuel, Fire and Explosion of Fuel 194 Guns 130,151,152 Fuel Handling and Storage 30 Gymkhanas (Driving Maneuvers) 152 Fuels 39,40 Gymnastics 7 Full Size Cribs 96 Gypsum 38, 39 Fungicides 185 Gypsum Products 83 Furniture 110 Gypsum Roof Decks 83 Furniture—Juvenile 96 Furniture—Upholstered 54 H Fuses, Electric 88 Hack Saws 84 G Hairstylists 50 Halogenated Organic Solvents 39, 40 Gages 43,189 Hamsters—Welfare 178,179 Galvanized Sheets 168 Hand Tools Institute 88 Galvanizing Industry 24 Handicapped 119 Gas 21 Handicapped—Audio and Speech 14 Gas and Vapor Detector Tube Systems 188 Handicapped—Communicatively 14 Gas Appliances and Equipment 81 Handicapped—Partially Sighted 133 Gas—Compressed 66 Handicapped—Schools and Agencies 107 Gas—Handling and Transport 66 Handsplit Shakes 143 Gas, Natural—Drilling and Production 25 Hardboard 23 Gas Pipelines 43 Hardware 135 Gas Processors 135 Hardware—Builders 60, 116 Gaseous Fuels 39, 40 Hardwood 80,84 Gases 122 Hardwood and Pine 136 Gaskets 39,40 Hardwood Flooring 129 Gasoline 135 Hardwood Lumber 125, 150 Gauges—Pneumercator 196 Hardwood Plywood 84 Gear Generating Tools 102 Hazardous Materials 185 Gears 22 Hazardous Substances 55, 183 Gemology 82 Hazards to Health—Control of 87 Gems 22 Headgear—Protective 146 Gemstones 82 Headphones 90 General Services Administration 185 Health, Education and Welfare, Department of 186 Generating Plants 177 Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 8 Generator and Motor Rebuilding 75 Hearing 14,105,106

I Page Page Hearing Protectors 181, 182 Information Displays 147 Hearths, Open 90 Information Processing 66, 72, 176 Heat Stress 191 Information—Standards 182 Heaters, Unit—Hot Water and Steam (Industrial) 6 Information—Standards Laboratories 193 Heating 5, 38, 42, 94, 121, 146 Information—Water Data 190 Heating Contractors 112 Ingot Brass 59 Heating—Mobile Homes 104 Inks—Marking 101 Helmets 146 Inks—Printing 79, 129 Hemlock and Fir Doors 80 Inks—Proofing 8, 98 Herbs 45 Inks—School Use 71 Hides and Skins 156 Insecticides 63, 76, 185 High Chairs 96 Inspection and Testing of Supplies—Government 185 High Fidelity 90 Inspection—Commodities 177 Highway Bridge Decks 16 Inspection—Lumber 151, 166 Highway Mobile Equipment 67 Inspection Mechanics and Procedures 10 Highway Research 105 Inspection Services 75, 143, 144, 161, 167 Highway Safety 117 Inspection Services—Animals and Plants 178 Highway Traffic 195 Inspection Tables 38 Highway Traffic Safety 165 Inspection—Tobacco 177 Highway Transportation 91 Inspection—Wood 47 Highways 11,17,35,49 Instructional Materials 132 Hobs and Shaper-Cutters 22 Instrument Ball Bearings 48 Hoists 71,85 Instrumentation—Crystallographic 18 Hollow Metal Manufacturers' Association 107 Insulated Power Cable Engineers 91 Home Appliances 55 Insulating Materials 3 Home Economics 23 Insulating Materials—Electrical 39 Home Lighting 23 Insulation—Mineral Wool 128 Home Ventilating 85 Insulation—Thermal 39, 157 Homes—Mobile 75,104 Insulin 187 Homes—Plumbing 93 Insurance 26, 29 Hook Lifters 101 Insurance Plans 108

Hoops 50 Interdepartmental Screw Thread Committee . 189 Horology 46 Interior, Department of the 190 Hosiery 110 Interior Systems 62 Hospital Purchasing 111 International Critical Tables 105 Hospital Supplies, Equipment and Facilities 23 International Standards Council—ANSI 29 Hospitals 16, 23 International Standards—Information 182 Hot Dip Galvanizers 24 Interscholastic Sports 122 Hotels and Motels 24 Investigative Aids 181 Housing 189 Investment Castings 96 Housing and Urban Development, Department of 189 Invoice Forms 109 Housing—Healthful 35 Iron 26,55,82

Housing, Manufactured 75 Iron—Scrap . 90 Housing—Mobile Homes 104 Irrigation Systems 153 Humidifiers 55 ISO Member Body (International Organization Hydraulic Fluids 39 for Standardization)—ANSI 29 Hydraulic Hoists 159 Isotopes and Radiation 30 Hydrofoils 149 Hydrology 134 Hydrometers 196 Hydronic Heating and Cooling 112 Jams 177 Jewelers' Vigilance Committee 22 Jewelry 82,96 Jewelry—Gems 22 Identification Codes 70 Joint Committee on Printing 191 Illinois, State of 170 Joint Industrial 96 Illuminating Engineering 85 Joint Sealants 39 Illumination 54 Joist Construction—Concrete 67 Importers—Waxes 47 Joists and Rafters 123 Imports— Exports, Animals and Poultry 178 Joists—Steel 155 Independent Laboratories 18 Justice, Department of 191 Independent Testing 75 Juvenile Products 96 Industrial and Farm Equipment 78 Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons 39 K Industrial Chemicals 40 Industrial Diamonds 86 Kansas, State of 170 Industrial Fasteners 86 Kegs 50 Industrial Hygiene 17, 24 Kentucky, Commonwealth of 170 Industrial Hygiene Instruments 188 Key Blank Boxes 50 Industrial Management 86 Knitwear 126 Industrial Parks 111 Industrial Safety Equipment 87 Industrial Scales 132 193 Industrial Trucks 88 Labeling 138, 191 Industrial Water 40 Labor, Department of 105 Infant Services 125 Laboratory Animals Information 151 Laboratory Apparatus 145

215 Page Page Laboratory Schools (Medical) 3 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) 13 Lacquers 38, 79 Magnetic Materials 98 Ladders 27 Magnetic Properties 38 Ladders—Metal and Fiberglass 103 Magnetic Stripe Encoding 13 Laminated (Plastic) Products 112 Magnetic Switches 181 Laminated Timber 26 Magnetic Tape Tracks 192 Lamps 75 Maintenance Area Work, Methods-Time-Measurement _ 97 Land Surveying 18 Malleable Founders 98 Landscape Architects 10 "Man at Work" 97 Landscaping—Industrial Parks 111 Management—Data Processing 72 Laser Products 188 Managers and Building 0-wners 61 Lasers 51, 197 Manufacturing Chemists 99 Lathing 93 Manufacturing Engineers 148 Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory 181 Map Symbols—Geology 55 Lawn Mowers—Power 137 Maple Flooring 100 Lawns 45 Mapping 18 Laws—Traffic 117 Marble 100 Lead 97 Marine Engineers 149 Leather 39, 125 Marine Environmental Metrology 183 Leather Industry 27 Maritime 191 Leather Tanning 156 Maritime Administration 180 Lenses 31, 105, 136 Marketing 177 Librarianship 27, 70 Marketing—Fruit 59 Libraries 27,151 Marking—Birds 74 Library Associations 70 Marking Devices 100 Library Binding 97 Marking Paint—Pavement 91 Library Equipment and Supplies 151 Markings for Dangerous Goods 163 Library Systems 93 Maryland, State of 171 Lifesaving Devices 194 Masonry 77 Light Hydrocarbons 39 Masonry—Brick and Block 60 Lighting 23, 85 Masonry, Concrete 118

Lightning , Protection 163 Masonry Units 38 Lime 38 Material Handling 101 Limestone 38, 127 Material Protection 108 Limestone—Pulverized 141 Materials 184 Linen Supply 97 Materials Evaluation 37 Lipids 31 Materials Handling 99,101 Liquefied Petroleum Gases 39 Materials Handling Equipment 62 Listing Bodies 161 Materials Handling—Hazardous 155 Livestock 178 Matericds Handling—Lime 127 Livestock Remedies 51 Materials Handling—Radioactive 30 Livestock Scales 178 Materials—Nuclear 180 LNG 135 Materials—Roofing 130 Loading Ramps 101 Materials Testing 39 Locking Devices 50 Mattresses 107 Locknuts—Aircraft 88 Mattresses, Crib Locks 50, 197 Mattresses—Flamability 183 Locksmiths 50 Measurement 193 Locomotive Inspection 195 Measurement and Sampling 39 Loss-Prevention 77 Measurement Devices 91 Loudspeakers 90 Measurement for Audio Amplifiers and Tuners 90 LP-Gas (Propane and Butane) 135 Measurement Standards—Information 193 Lubricants 43 Measurement—Temperature 39 Lubricating Greases 39, 127, 15 Measurements for Stretch Socks and Anklets 110 Lubricating Oils 39 Measuring Devices—Weighing 178 Lubrication Engineers 43 Meat and Poultry Inspection 178 Lumber 27,80,84,136,150,152 Mechanical Contractors 101 Lumber—Hardboard 23 Mechanical Engineering 43 Lumber—Hardwood 12 Mechanical Fasteners 86 Lumber Inspection 151, 166 Mechanical Officials 93 Lumber—Preservatives Mechanical Shock and Vibration 89 Lumber Products 123 Mechanical Springs 152 Luminaires 75 Medical Devices 13, 36, 75 Lung Disease Prevention 28 Medical Instrumentation 51 Medical Milk 10 M Medical Psychoanalysts 35 Medical Rehabilitation 8 Machine Input Records 70 Medical Vocabulary 114 Machine Tool Builders 127 Medicine and Surgery, VA 197 Machine Tools 4,96 Mental Illness 34 Machinery and Equipment—Electrical 75 Merchant Marine Safety 193 Machinery—Construction 67 Merchant Marine Ships 149 Machinery—Conveyors 68 Merchant Ship Construction 180 Machinery—Packaging 137 Merchant Ships 15 Machinery—Ships 15 Mercury Handling 91 Machinery—Soil Working 95 Mercury, Inorganic 188 Magazine Publishers 8, 98 Metal Bar Grating 107

216 Page Page Metal Bearing Ores Sampling and Analysis — 39 Motion Pictures 41 149 Metal Buildings 102 Motor and Generator Rebuilding 10, 75 Metal Cans 61 Motor Bus Owners 'm Metal Analysis —Chemical 39 Motor Vehicle Administrators 10 Metal Cookware 102 Motor Vehicles 12, 105, 148, 195 Metal Cutting Tools 102 Motorboats 194 Metal Finishes and Stairs 107 Motorcycles 155 Ladders Metal 103 Motors 55, 156 Metal Powders 38, 103 Mouldings and Millwork 157 Metal—Recycling 113 Mouldings—Wood 167 Metal Thicknesses 43 Moving Walks 109, 121 Metal—Tin 159 Municipal Administrators 93 Metal Tube Packaging 103 Municipal League 129 Metallic Coated Products 38 Municipal Signals 94 Metallic Coatings 20 Music Industry Codes 70 Metallic Materials for Thermostats and for Electrical Resistance 38 N Metallography 37,39 Name Plate Data Metallurgical Practices 19 —Sump Pumps 156 Name Plates Metallurgical Society 25 m National Aeronautics Metallurgy and Space Administration 25,28,59 (NASA) Metals 37 192 National Association of Furniture Metals, Light and Alloys 38 Manufacturers, Inc. _ 110 National Building Code Metals, Nonferrous and Alloys 38 26 National Bureau of Standards Metals, Precious 96 181 National Certified Pipe Welding Bureau Metals—Welding of 47 101 National Clearinghouse Meteorological Instruments 183 for Standards 29 National Conference of Standards Methods-Time-Measurement 97 Laboratories 193 National Conference on Weights and Measures Metrology—Armament Systems 19 193 National Environmental Balancing Bureau 101 Michigan, State of 171 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Microbiological Examination of Foods 35 195 National Institute for Occupational Microelectronics 38 Safety and Health Microelectronics—Microcircuits 192 186,188 National Institute of Ceramic Engineers Microfiche 128 15 National Machine Tool Builders Association Microfilm 128 96 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Micrographics 128 184 National Standards 29 Microscope—Work under the, Nationwide Consumer Testing Institute Methods-Time-Measurement 97 164 Natural Gas Microscopes—Electron 197 135 Natural Gas Drilling and Production Microwave Diathermy Systems 188 — 25 Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 149 Microwave Ovens 187, 197 Naval Stores MIL Specs and Standards 184 39, 177 Navigational Facilities 195 Military Procurement Mandates 184 Needle/Syringe Handling 197 Milk Bottle Crates 103 Neutron Diffraction 18 Milk—Dry 92 New Jersey, State of 172 Milk—Equipment 92 New York, State of 172 Milk Products 10 Noise 4 Mill Buildings 55 Noise-Exposure 105 Millers—Rice 144 Noise Levels 105 Milling Cutters 102 Nondestructive Testing 37, 39 Millwork 49, 167 Nonmetallic Materials 21 Mineral Wool 128 Nonwoven Fabrics 39 Minerals Industries 28 Nonwovens and Disposables 95 Mines 180 North Carolina, State of 173 Mining 25,28 Northern Textile Association 74, 79 Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration 190 Nuclear 30 Minitrack Signal Source 192 Nuclear Energy 57 Minnesota, State of 171 Nuclear Facilities 180 Mint 196 Nuclear Reactor Fuel Cycle 25 Missouri, State of 172 Nuclear Science 105 Mobile Antennas 181 Numerical Data 105 Mobile Home Parks 189 Nurseries 10 Mobile Homes 75, 104 Nurserymen 10 Mobilization Readiness 19 Nurses Practical 122 Model Codes 60 — Nurses, Practical Licensed 122 Model Laws 129 — Nursing 126 Model Railroads 128 Nursing Homes 189 Modeling Clay 71 Nuts—Walnuts 73 Modulation 192 Moldings—Hardwood 84 o Monies 196 Monorails 104 Oak Flooring 129 Montana, State of 172 Occupational Medicine and Surgery 87 Mortars 38 Occupational Protection 31 Mortgage Inspections 18 Occupational Safety 188 Mosaic 134 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 191 Motels and Hotels 24 Oceanographic Instrumentation 183

217 Page Page Offstreet Parking 111 Pharmacopeia 164 Office Machines 66 Pharmacy 164 Office of Telecommunications 183 Pharmacy, Practice of 33 Office of Water Data 190 Phonograph Pickups 90 Oil Chemistry 31 Photo Chemical Machining 139 Oil—Drilling and Production 25 Photogrammetry 44 Oils 39 Photographic Images 44 Oils—Essential 76 Photographic Interpretation 44 Oilseed Products 126 Photographic Materials 139 Ophthalmic Frames 136 Photography 139 Ophthalmic Lenses 105, 136 Photography—High Speed 149 Ophthalmology—Instruments 51 Physical Education 8 Optical Manufacturers 136 Physical Fitness 28 Optical Society 136 Physicians 28 Optics 136 Pigments—Organic and Inorganic 74 Optometry 31 Pine Inspection 151 Ordinances 117 Pipe Coating Applicators 112 Ordnance 19 Pipe—Concrete 16 Oregon, State of 173 Pipe Fabrication 139 Ores, Metal Bearing—Sampling and Analysis 39 Pipe Fittings 98 Organic Lead 188 Pipe Line Contractors 139 Organizational Member Council—ANSI 29 Pipe Lines—Asphalt Coatings 49 Orthotics 13 Pipes 101 OSHA 191 Pipes—Bituminous 58 Outdoor Power Equipment 137 Pipes—Clay 117 Overhead Handling Hoists 85 Pipes—Concrete 17 Overhead Traveling Cranes 71 Pipes—Soil, Cast Iron 62 Piping—Power Plant, High Pressure 139 P Piping Systems 43 Planning County Road Systems 43 Pacemakers 51 Plant and Animal Health Inspections 178 Packaging 39 Plant Engineering—Steel 55 Packaging Machinery 137 Plant Spray Oils 39 Packers and Stockyards Act 178 Plants 10 Packers and Stockyards Administration 177 Plastering 93 Packers and Stockyards—Scales and Weighing 177 Plastic Fabricators 112 Pails 155 Plastics 39, 99, 149 Paint 79 Plastics— Electroplated 42 Painting and Decorating—Workmanship 137 Plastics—Polyurethane 140 Painting—Steel Structures 155 Plates—Metal Connector 161 Paints 39 Platform Trucks 62 Paints—School Use 71 Play Yards 96 Pallet Racks 142 Playground Equipment (Safety) 132 Pallets 109,135,163,167 Playing Rules 122 Pan-American Coffee Bureau 64 Plumbing 45, 93, 140 Panel Tubing 91 Plumbing Engineers 44 Paneling—Hardboard 23 Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors 112 Paper 39, 59, 157, 191 Plumbing—Mobile Homes 104 Paper and Paperboard 32 Plywood 33 Paper Box 129 Plywood—Birch 84 Paper—Recycling 113 Plywood—Finnish 33 Paperboard Packaging 138 Plywood—Hardwood 84 Parathion 188 Plywood—Preservatives 48 Parking—Offstreet 111 Pneumercators 196 Parks 93 Podiatry 34 Parks—Mobile Home 104 Poison Control 11 Particleboard 129 Poison Prevention 183 Parts 184 Police 93 Paste 71 Police Body Armor 181 Pathologists 64 Police Service 97 Paved Streets 111 Polishes 63 Pavement 16 Polyurethanes 140 Peanut Butter 177 Pool Equipment 134 Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of 173 Portable Cribs 96 Periodicals 70 Potentiometers 164 Periodicals—Binding 97 Pots (Flower)—Clay 117 Perlite 138 Poultry and Meat Inspection 178 Personal Protective Devices 188 Poultry Scales 178 Pesticides 55 Powder Actuated Fastening Systems 140 Petrolatum 39 Powder Metallurgy and Magnetic Cores 103 Petroleum 32 Power Brakes—Railroad 195 Petroleum Engineers 25 Power Equipment—Outdoor 137 Petroleum—Geologists 11 Practical Nurses 122 Petroleum Products 39 Precast Architectural Concrete 104 Pewter 159 Precast Concrete Panels 49 Pharmaceutical Products 124 Precious Metals and Stones 96 Pharmaceuticals 33, 138 Preservatives—Wood 48

218 f Page Page Pressure Sensitive Tapes 141 Recording and Reproducing 108 Pressure Vessel Inspectors 115 Recreation 14 Prevention of Blindness 133 Recreational Vehicles 75 Printed Circuit Boards 90 Recreational Vehicles—Plumbing 93 Printed Wiring Boards 90 Recycling 113 Printing 8, 98, 59, 191 Red Cedar Shingles 143 Printing Industries 82 Redwood Inspection 143 Printing Ink 129 Reference Standards 164 Product Safety 183 Reference Standards—Insecticides 76 Product Standards 180 Refractories 15, 39, 144 Products of Recycled Materials 113 Refractories Institute 144 Programming Languages 72 Refrigerated Transport 159 Project Management 141 Refrigerating 42 Propellers 194 Refrigeration 5, 121 Property Requirements 189 Refrigeration—Truck Trailers 160 Property Surveys 18 Refrigerator Doors 183 Propulsion Machinery—Ships 180 Refrigerators 55 Prosthetics 13 Refrigerators—Household 23 Protection—Agri Plant 103 Refuse Disposals 109 Protection—Face and Eye 31 Regional Standardizing Bodies—Information 182 Protective Clothing 188 Rehabilitation Facilities 65 Protective Devices 188 Rehabilitation Therapy 8 Protective Devices, Personal 188 Reinforcing Bars 67 Protective Equipment 181 Relays 113 Protective Equipment—Personal 87 Remote Controls 73 Protective Headgear 146 Report Literature Formats 70 Proteins 9 Reproducing and Recording 108 Psychiatry 11,34 Reproduction of Advertisements 8, 98 Psychology 35 Research Projects 161 Public Administration 93 Residential Lighting 23 Public Health 35 Resilient Tiles 144 Pulp 157 Resistance Welders 144 Pulp and Paper 32 Resistive Components 164 Pulverized Limestone 141 Respirable Chest Concentrations, Airborne 189 Pumps 68,166 Respiration—Gas 66 Purchasing 109,111 Respirators 87 Purchasing Management 113 Respiratory Disease Control 28 Respiratory Equipment 41 Q Respiratory Protective Devices 188 Retail Merchants 130 Qualified Products Lists—Government 185 Reverse Osmosis 165 Quality Control 31, 38, 185 Rhode Island, State of 174 Quality Control for Softwood Lumber 48 Rice Millers 144 Quality Control—Wood 47 Rifles 130 Quality Engineering Field 38 Rims, Tire 159 Road Builders 35 R Road Programs 109 Roadbuilding Machinery 148 Rabbit^Welfare 178 Roads 17 Races, Car 152 Roadway Design 11 Racks 142 Rodenticides 185 Radiation and Isotopes 30 Roller Bearings 48 Radiation Control 188 Roof Decks—Gypsum 83 Radiation Effects 39 Roof Decks—Steel 154 Radiation Protection 185 Roof Units—Concrete 16 Radio Equipment and Operations 185 Roofing 38, 130, 143, 146 Radio Frequencies 183 Roofing—Asphalt 49 Radio Frequency 192 Roofing—Zinc 168 Radio-Telegraphy 15 Ropes 69 Radioactive Waste Systems 30 Rotameters 91 Radioactivity in Food and Drugs 187 Rotating Apparatus (Rebuilt) 75 Radioisotopes and Radiation Effects 39 Rotors 165 Radiological Health 187 Rubber 39, 144 Radios—Aeronautical 142 Rubber Reclaimers 145 Rafters and Joists 123 Rubber Stamps 101 Rafters, Trussed 161 Rugs 62 Rail Steel Bars 154 Rural Electrification Administration 177 Railroad Cross Ties 143 Railroad Materials—Steel 26 s Railroad Models 128 Railroads 52 Safety 109 Railroads—Federal 195 Safety Council 130 Ranges—Electric 23 Safety Engineers - 44 Reactor Research and Development 180 Safety Equipment—Electrical 74 145 Reactors , 30 Salt Reamers 102 Sampling and Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores 39 Record Players 90 Sampling Procedures 38

219 Page Page Sand and Gravel 130 Soldering 47 Sanitary Engineering 45 Solders 159 Sanitation 131 Solid Waste Management 93 Sanitation—Dairy Processors 72 Solvents 39 Sash and Door Jobbers 132 Sonics 4 Saws—Hack and Band 84 Sorptive Mineral Materials 39 Scaffolding 145 Sound Transmission 5 Scaffolds 103 Sound—Underwater 4 Scales 132,178,193 Soybeans 45, 133 School Buses 159 Space Flight Data Systems 192 School Supply and Equipment 132 Space Flight Equipment 192 Scientific Apparatus 145 Space Rating 61 Scrap Iron and Steel 90 Space Systems 192 Scrap Rubber 145 Space Vehicles 148 Screw Threads 189 Spacecraft 192 Screws—Socket, Tapping Cap, Machine and Spacecraft Clocks 192 Wood Types 88 Specialty Wire 151 Sealants and Adhesives 4 Spectroscopy 39 Sealants—Joint 39 Speech Pathology 14 Sealing Tape 83 Speed Reducers—Gear Motors 22 Seals 101 Spices 45 Seating—Folding and Telescopic 132 Spirits 196 Secondary School Athletes 122 Spirits—Brandy and Wine 168 Security Devices and Systems 50 Spirit*—Distilled 73 Security Requirements—Airports 195 Spirits—Wine 42 Security Systems 181 Sporting Arms 151 Seed Analysis 56 Sports—Athletic 7 Seeds 45 Sports Cars 152 Serial Publications 70 Sports Equipment 7 Service Cords—Sump Pumps 156 Springs 38, 152 Sewer Pipes 17 Sprinkler Installations 103 Sewer Systems—Clay Pipe 117 Sprinkler Irrigation 153 Shale 77 Sprinklers 122 Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors 146 Sprinklers, Automatic 115 Shingles 143 Stainless Steel 26 Shipping 15 Stains—Biological 58 Shipping Cargo 116 Stair Treads and Risers 84 Shipping Containers 109, 155 Stairs—Metal 107 Ships 149,180 Standard Book Numbers 70 Shock and Vibration—Mechanical 4 Standard Reference Materials 56 Shoes 21 Standard Reference Materials—Petroleum 32 Shoring 145 Standard Weights of Raw Stock and Hardware 147 Showers, Safety 197 Standardization 153 Sidings—Hardboard 23 Standards Engineers 153 Signal Controllers—Traffic 91 Standards Information 182 Signal Heads—Traffic 91 Standards Laboratories 193 Signal Inspection 195 State Boards of Examiners in Veterinary Medicine 54 Signal Sources, Minitrack 192 State High Schools 122 Signal Systems—Railroad 195 State Highway Officials 11 Signals—Municipal 94 State Specifications and Standards—Information 182 Silica Glass 188 Stationery 137 Silos 132 Statistical Methods 39 Simplified Practice Recommendations 181 Statistics—Agricultural 78 Single-Family Dwellings 189 Statistics—Bird Populations 74 Ski Teachers 36 Statistics—Book Publishing 70 Skid Resistance 38 Statistics—Commerce 163 Skins and Hides 156 Statistics—Fertilizer 79 Slag 118,133 Statistics—Heating Systems 94 Slate 77 Statistics—Library 27, 70 Slings—Ropes 69 Statistics—Packaging 138 Smith-Doxey Act 177 Staves 50 Soaps 39,147 Steam Traps 80 Social Sciences 105 Steam Turbines 43 Society of Mining Engineers 25 Steam Turbines—Ships 180 Society of Petroleum Engineers 25 Steatite 153 Socket Screw Products Bureau 88 Steel 25,55 Sod Producers 45 Steel Bar Mills 154 Soft Drink Bottles 82 Steel Doors 154 Soft Drinks 133 Steel Founders 154 Softwood 136 Steel Joists 155 Soil and Grass 45 Steel Piping Materials 38 Soil Moisture 190 Steel—Pressure Vessel Plates, Rails 39 Soil Pipes 62 Steel Rails 38 Soil Test Devices 95 Steel Reinforcing Bars and Spirals 67 Soil Working Machinery 95 Steel Roof Decks 154 Soils 38 Steel—Scrap 90 Soils Exploration—Subsurface 109 Steel Sheet, Strip Bar, Rod and Wire 39

220 Page Page Steel Shipping Containers 155 Telephone Facilities jyy Steel Storage Racks 142 Telephone Lines yji Steel, Structural and Concrete Reinforcing 39 Telephone Systems yj'j Steel Structures Painting 155 Telephones ^e^'j Steel Windows 155 Television, Cable Stencils 101 Television Receivers 187 Sterile Disposables 51 Televisions 114,149

Stockyards and Packers Scales and Weighing 177 ' — Temperature, Effect of 39 Stone Crushed 118 — Temperature Measurement 39 Stones, Precious 96 Tempered Glass Products 82 Storage Batteries 57 Tennessee, State of 174 Storage 132 —Crops Tent Fabrics 52 Storage—Racks 142 Terrain Characteristics 95 Systems 101 Storage —Mechanical Terrain-Vehicle Systems 95 Storage Tanks—Chlorine 64 Terramechanics 95 Storerooms for Explosive Materials 197 Terrazzo 3^34 Storm Drains 17 Testing and Materials 33 Streets 17 Testing, Independent 75 Strollers and Carriages 96 Tetraethyl Lead 188 Structural Clay Products 15, 60 Tetramethyl Lead 188 Structural Glazed Tile 77 Texas, State of 174 Structural Sandwich Constructions 39 Textbooks 59 Structural Steel 25,38 Textile Chemists 12 Structural Timber Fabricating 26 Textile Materials 39 Structures—Aluminum 7 Textile Rentals 97 Structures—Concrete 16 Textiles 74 Structures—Silos 132 Textiles—Asbestos 49 Structures, Steel—Protection 155 Textiles—Felt 79 Stucco 156 Textiles—Recycling II3 Substations—Electric 177 Therapy 8 Sulfonates 39 Thermal Insulation 39, 157 Sulfur Dioxide 188 Thermal Spraying :__ 47 Sulfuric Acid 188 Thermocouples 91 Sump Pumps 156 Thermometers 196 Sunglasses 136 Thesaurus Rules and Conventions 70 Supplies—School 132 Thin Films 46 Supply Services 185 Thread 158 Surface Finishes 55 Threaded Products 189 Surgeons 16 3-A Sanitary Programs 72 Surgical Instruments 23 Ties and Buckles—Cotton Bales 70 Surveying 18 Tiles 77, 144, 158 Swimming 7 Timber Construction 26 Swimming Pools 134, 189 Timber—Preservatives 48 Swimming Pools, Public—Health 35 Time 46 Swings 96 Tin 159 Switch Ties 143 Tinplate 159 Symbology 91 Tire Cords 39 Symbols 38,43,47,88 Tires 159 Symbols—Fluid Power 122 Tires and Wheels—Steel 39 Symbols, Graphic—TV 116 Tires and Wheels—Truck Trailers 160 Symbols, Map—Geology 55 Tires. Steel 39 Symbols—Springs 152 Tobacco 177, 196 Symbols—Terramechanics 95 Toilet Facilities 189 Synthetic Chemicals 76 Toluene 188 Synthetic Fiber Ropes 69 Tone Command 192 Synthetic Flooring 168 Tools 140,148 Systems—Hospital 23 Tools—Hand Power 75 Tools—Hand Service 88 T Tools—Machine 127 Tools—Marking 101 Tablets 137 Tools—Powder Actuated Fastening Systems 140 Tank Cars, Trucks, and Barges—For Chlorine 64 Tools, Power (Rebuilding) 75 Tanker Vessels 180 Towers, Cooling 68 Tanks, Storage—Chlorine 64 Toxic Substances 188 Tanners 156 Track and Field 7 Tanning 27 Tracking 192 Tape Equipment 90 Tracks—Railroad 195 Tapes—Pressure Sensitive 141 Tractors and Machinery 40 Tapping Screw Service Bureau 88 Tractors—Farm 148 Taps 102,189 Trade 163 Tarpaulins 61 Trade Catalogs and Directories 70 Teaching Profession 119 Trading Procedures 163 Technical Communications 147 Traffic and Engineering Operations 195 Telecommunications 183 Traffic Audit 159 Telecommunications, Office of 183 Traffic Control and Laws 12 Telegraph 157 Traffic Engineering 11 Telemetry 91,192 Traffic Engineers 91

221 Page Page Traffic Laws 10,117 Vegetable Oils 123 Traffic Operations 109 Vegetables 177 Traffic Safety 195 Vehicle Equipment 165 Trailer Trucks 62 Vehicle Records and Procedures 10 Trailers—Truck 160 Vehicles 10,12,148,181 Train Speeds 195 Vehicles—Aircraft 4 Trains 52 Vehicles—Buses 111 Transducers 91 Vehicles—Motor 195 Transformer Rebuilding 75 Vehicles, Recreational 75 Transformers (Rebuilt) 75 Vehicles—Soil Working 95 Transliteration 70 Vending 114 Transmission Lines 177 Ventilation 42, 146 Transmission of Radio Waves 183 Ventilation Equipment (Home) 85

Transmissions—Mechanical Power 101 Ventilation Exhaust Systems : 17 Transportation 11 Vessels 15 Transportation Data 159 Vessels—Review and Inspection 194 Transportation, Department of 193 Veterans Administration Blue Card 197 Transportation Noise 105 Veterinary Biologies 178 Transportation Officials 11 Veterinary Medicine 54, 187 Transportation Products 63 Vibration and Shock—Mechanical 4 Trapped Residual Determination 147 Virginia, Commonwealth of 175 Trash Containers 197 Vision 31 Treasury, Department of the 196 Visual Carrier Level—TV 116 Tree Nuts 71 Visual Materials 114 Trichloroethylene 188 Visually Handicapped 51 Trim—Hardwood 84 Visually Handicapped—Schools and Agencies 107 Trimmers 164 Viticulturists 42 Truck Body and Equipment 159 Vitrified Clay Pipe 117 Truck Trailers 160 Vitro Diagnostic Products 187 Trucks 196 Voluntary Product Standards 181 Trucks—Floor, Platform, and hand 62 Trucks—Industrial 88 w Trucks, Tank—Chlorine 64 Trucks—Trailer 62 Walk-Through Metal Detectors 181 Truss Plate 161 Walkers—Juvenile 96 Trussed Rafters 161 Wallcovering—Workmanship 137 Tuberculosis Treatment 28 Walls and Ceilings 93 Tubes 65 Walnut (Wood) 80 Tubular Exchanger Equipment 161 Walnuts 73 Tuners, AM and FM 90 Warning Lights 91 Turf 45 Washing and Dry Cleaning 97 Twine 69 Wastewater Management 93 Twist Drills 102 Wastewater Plants and Utilities 165 Watches 96 u Watchmakers 46 Water and Wastewater Examination 35 Ultrasonic Therapy 188 Water Colors 71 Ultrasonics 4, 161 Water Conditioning 165 Ultrasound 51 Water Cooling Towers 68 Ultraviolet Radiation 188 Water Data 190 Uniform Building Code 94 Water Data Coordination, Office of 190 Uniform Fire Code 94 Water—Drinking 189 Uniform Mechanical Code 94 Water Pollution Control 165 United States Cap Screw Service Bureau 88 Water Softeners 165 United States Coast Guard 193 Water Supply Systems 189 United States Machine Screw Service Bureau 88 Water Systems 166 United States Member Body of the International Water Tanks 122 Organization for Standardization (ISO) 29 Water WeUs 134 United States Wood Screw Service Bureau 88 Water Works 46 Universal Product Code 109,138 Watercraft 194 Upholstered Furniture 54 Waterproofing 38 Urban Development 189 Wax Importers 47 Urban Government 93 Wax Polishes 39 Utah, State of 174 Waxes 39,47,63 Utilities—Water 46 Weapon Detection 181 Weapons 181 V Weighing 178 Weighing Machines 132 V-Belt Drive Systems 101 Weight Engineers 147 Vacuum Cleaners 164 Weightlifting 7 Vacuum Science and Technology 46 Weights and Measures 193 Value Engineering 19 Welding 47, 101 Valves 80,115 Welding Machines 144 Valves and Fittings 98 Welding Research 166 Varnish 39 Wells, Water 134 Varnishes 79 West Virginia, State of 175 Vascular Prostheses 51 Wheat 177

222 Page Page Wheels 62 Wood—Lumber 136, 150 Wheels and Tires—Steel 39 Wood Moulding 167 Wheels and Tires—Truck Trailers 160 Wood Particleboard 129 Wheels—For Diamonds 73 Wood—Plywood 84 Wheels—Grinding 83 Wood Preservatives 48 Whey Products 168 Wood Products 123, 167 White Wares 15 Wood Shingles 143 Windows 132,135,155 Wooden Box 167 Windows—Mobile Homes 104 Woodwork 49, 135 Wine and Brandy 168 Wool Felt 79 Wine Specialists 12 Work Methodology—Methods-Time-Measurement 97 Wiping Cloths 113 Wrought Iron Bars and Sheets 39 Wire 151 Wyoming, State of 176 Wire Diameters 43 Wire—Insulated 91 XYZ Wire Reinforcement 168 Wires and Cables 94 X-Ray, Diagnostic 188 Wiring 55, 119 X-Ray Systems, Cabinet 186 Wisconsin, State of 176 X-Rays 18 Wood - 39 Yachts 14,149 Wood and Synthetic Flooring 168 Yarns 39 Wood—Hardwood 84, 125 Zinc 168 Wood Inspection 47 Zippers 39

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1975 O 570-694

223 NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession 3. Recipient's Accession No. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA NBS SP-417 No. SHEET

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date Noveanber 1975

Directory of United States Standardization Activities 6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. Performing Organ. Report No. Sophie J. Churnas, Editor 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP) 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-619012

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) This Directory serves as a guide to standardization activites in the United States. It supersedes a Directory of the same title, issued in 1967, as National Bureau of Stan- dards Miscellaneous Publication 288. Included in the Directory are summaries of the standardization activites of trade associations, technical and other professional societies representing industry and comnerce, and state and Federal governments. For the first time this Directory covers nonengineering and nonindustry organizations. SP 417 contains ciorrent descriptive summaries of more than 580 organizations. Criteria for inclusion are that the organizations have standardization activites such as standards-writing groups, that they assist in the development of standards, or that they issue standards or disseninate standards information. The standardization activites sunmaries are grouped into three sections: associations, states, and agencies of the Federal Government. In each section, the sunmaries are arranged alphabetically by organization. Two types of indexes are included in SP 417 to assist the reader in identifying an activity: (1) a si±)ject of index key words taken from the sunmaries; and (2) a listing of organizations classified into 24 subject areas.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Codes; consensus systemj Dicectory; Federal Government—standard ization; industry standards activities; national standards activites; recomiended practices; specifications; standardization activities; standards; states—standardization

21. 18. AVAILABILITY [X Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS NO. OF PAGES (THIS REPORT) 228 For Official Distribution. Not Release to 1 Do NTIS 1 UNCL ASSIFIED

Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. Price IX I Washington. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13.1 0^417 (THIS PAGE) $6. 75 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 1 1 Springfield, Virginia 22151 UNCLASSIFIED USCOMM-DC 29042-P74