Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı

May 2017

This report was prepared with financial support from the European Union and the Turkish Republic. The content of the report belongs solely to the Green Thought Association (Yeşil Düşünce Derneği) and in no conditions can the content be interpreted as reflecting the views of the EU and the Turkish Republic. Established in 2008 in Istanbul, Turkey with the The Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) is an independent mission to proliferate green thought and green policy research institute with global outreach. Its policies, the Green Thought Association works on mission is to foster academic research in social national and international projects and campaigns. sciences and its application to policy making. The Green Thought Association works on Ecology The IPC team is firmly committed to providing and Sustainability, Democracy and the Media, decision-makers, opinion leaders, academics, and Climate Change and Energy, and Green Economics. the general public with innovative and objective analyses in key domestic and foreign policy www.yesildusunce.org issues. IPC has expertise in a wide range of areas, including-but not exhaustive to- Turkey-EU-U.S. relations, education, climate change, current trends of political and social transformations in Turkey, as well as the impact of civil society and local governance on this metamorphosis.

ipc.sabanciuniv.edu

The Green European Foundation (GEF) is a European The Civil Society Dialogue is a program bringing level political foundation funded by the European together civil society organizations from Parliament. The mission of GEF is to contribute Turkey and the EU around common topics, to to the development of a European public sphere exchange knowledge and experience, and to and to foster greater involvement by citizens in build a sustained conversation between the European politics, ultimately forging a stronger, organizations. The Ministry for European Union more participative democracy. GEF seeks to Affairs is the responsible institution for the technical encourage cross-border cooperation and exchanges. implementation of the program, while the Central The foundation therefore acts as a platform to Finance and Contracts Unit is the contracting discuss Europe’s shared challenges, by bringing authority. diverse actors together, from European to national foundations, think tanks, academics and NGOs. civilsocietydialogue.org gef.eu GREENING THE CLIMATE, GREENING THE ECONOMY PROJECT

REPORT TEAM PROJECT TEAM

Author Project Coordinator Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı (Istanbul Technical University) Özgecan Kara (Green Thought Association)

Editor Scientific Coordinator Ümit Şahin (Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center) Ümit Şahin (Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center)

Advisors and Reviewers Communication Coordinator Sevil Acar (Kemerburgaz University) Cihat Demirtaş (Green Thought Association) Osman Balaban (Middle East Technical University) Barış Karapınar (Boğaziçi University) Raporteur Ateş Uğurel (Solarbaba) Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı (Istanbul Technical University)

Contributors Scientific Advisory Board Durukan Dudu (Anadolu Meraları) Sevil Acar (Kemerburgaz University) Özgecan Kara (Green Thought Association) Pınar Gedikkaya Bal (Beykent University) Alper Öktem (Solar Volunteer) Osman Balaban (Middle East Technical University) Barış Karapınar (Boğaziçi University) Cover Design Ateş Uğurel (Solarbaba) MYRA

Graphic Design Cihat Demirtaş (Green Thought Association)

Translator Ayşe Bereket

Co-financed by the Turkish Republic and the European Union as part of the Civil Society Dialogue Program, the “Green Climate, Green Economy Project”s goal was to develop concrete economic policy recommendations suited to Turkey’s climate change mitigation and adaptation targets and to adapt European good practices to Turkey’s local conditions.

This project was carried out by the Green Thought Association, Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center and the Green European Foundation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Ümit Şahin for his valuable views and editorial contributions, which constituted the final version of the report; Özgecan Kara and all Green Thought Association staff and volunteers for their organizational support at every stage; Cihat Demirtaş, for his hard work during the design and print stages; all Istanbul Policy Center executives and staff for hosting our meetings; Çanakkale Troy Environmental Foundation, Bursa Nilüfer Municipality and İzmir Bornova Municipality for their contribution to our local workshops and their hospitality, and all NGO representatives, activists, experts, academicians, students and private citizens who attended our meetings and shared their valuable insights.

Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı REPORT TEAM

Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı (Associate Professor) Osman Balaban (Associate Professor)

Graduated for Istanbul Technical University with a B.S. Holds a B.S. (1996) and a PhD (2008) in City and Regional in Management Engineering in 1991 and from Boğaziçi Planning from the Middle East Technical University. He University with a M.A in Economics before completing completed his graduate studies in Urban Policy Plan- his doctoral studies at the University of Geneva in 2007. ning and Local Administrations in 2000. He worked as a Aşıcı, worked at the UNCTAD as a research fellow from post-doctoral fellow at the United Nations University Insti- 2005 to 2006. His main fields of study are international tute of Advanced Studies in Japan (2009-2012). Balaban is economics and economic development and ecological currently working as a faculty member at the Middle East sustainability, and green economic transformation. Technical University Department of City and Regional and Aşıcı’s scientific articles were published by respected Planning. His main fields of study are urban politics and journals and publishers. Aşıcı works as a faculty member local administrations, the construction sector, environ- of the Economics Working Group at the Istanbul Technical mental politics and climate change. Balaban has numer- University Department of Management Engineering since ous published articles and book chapters and works as the 2009. editor of the METU Faculty of Architecture Magazine. [email protected] Barış Karapınar (Associate Professor) Ümit Şahin (MD, PhD) Graduated with B.A. in Political Science and International Relations from Boğaziçi University. He received his PhD in Graduated from Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine in 1991, Development Studies from the London School of Econom- and continued with a Masters degree in Public Health ics and Political Sciences and is currently lecturing on from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a PhD in climate change, development and international trade at Public Health from Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa School Boğaziçi University. Karapınar is a co-author of the United of Medicine. Focusing mainly on environmental health Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change during his early medical career, Şahin has also been part (IPCC) and a member of the technical committee. He of the green movement and the anti-nuclear movement as was the co-leader of the Research Program on Trade and an activist since the early 1990’s. He acted as the Director Climate Change at the University of Bern, Switzerland. He of Doctors for the Environment Foundation during 2002- worked at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) in 2006 and has been mainly focusing on climate change London. Karapınar authored numerous scientific publica- since 2004. As a Senior Fellow at the Sabancı University tions on food, agriculture and climate change and acted as Istanbul Policy Center, Şahin is the coordinator of the advisor to many international organizations such as the climate change studies. Şahin is also the editor-in-chief of Swiss Agency for Development (SDC), the International Ag- the Üç Ekoloji magazine, the ecology editor and author of ricultural Research Advisory Group CGIAR, the European the online green newspaper Yeşil Gazete and, with Ömer Parliament, the World Trade Organization and the World Madra, co-hosts “Açık Yeşil”, a radio program at Açık ra- Bank. dio. Şahin has authored book chapters and national and international publications. Ateş Uğurel [email protected] Holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering and a M.S. in En- Sevil Acar (Associate Professor) vironmental Engineering from Boğaziçi University. He is the founder of Zen Energy (2013) and the co-founder A faculty member at Istanbul Kemerburgaz University of GENSED (Turkish Solar Energy Industry Associa- Department of Economics, Acar’s main fields of study are tion), where he was the acting CEO from 2009 to 2014. environmental and natural capital economics and focuses Uğurel currently works at Solarbaba, which he founded on natural resource accounting, sustainable development in 2007. He focuses his efforts on solar energy, green and the paradox of plenty. Acar has a B.S. in Economics buildings, solar energy plants, creating local solutions, from Boğaziçi University (2000-2005), a M.S. in providing information on laws, and seminars, confer- Economics from Istanbul Technical University (2005-2007) ences and educational series. and a PhD in Economics from Marmara University (2007- 2011). She has worked as a research fellow at Istanbul Technical University (2005-2010 ) and, earning a Swedish Institute scholarship, pursued part of her doctoral studies at Umeå University Center for Environmental and Resource Economics. She took part in projects involving the calculation of sustainable savings for Sweden and international carbon emissions. Acar also works on fossil fuel subsidies and renewable energy in Turkey. [email protected] CONTENTS

7 Executive Summary 42 2.1.3. Turkey and Solar Energy 9 Introduction 43 An initiative example from Turkey: The İzmir Bornova Municipality Solar Power 16 Methodology Plant 18 Chapter 1 – Climate Change and the 44 2.2. Citizens Power Plant (CCP) City 44 2.3. Individual Rooftop Solar Panel 18 1.1. The Impacts of Climate Change Applications on Cities 44 2.3.1. Regulations Needed for 20 1.2. The Scope of Urban Climate Individual Solar Panels Policies 45 The history of energy co-ops 20 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect 46 2.3.2. Alternative Finance Models for Individual Solar 22 An example of urban transformation: Panels Hammarby Sjöstad in Sweden 47 Why isn’t it enough to just subsidize 24 Are we rich enough to live in wind and solar power plants? uninsulated houses? 47 2.4. Smart Grids and Smart Energy 25 1.3. Passive Buildings Demand Management 26 Climate-friendly urbanization: The 47 2.4.1. The Baseload Power Brussels experience Myth and Its Cost to Turkey 28 1.3.1. Are Passive Buildings 49 2.5. The Field of Climate-Friendly Cost-Effective? Energy and Green Economy: Challenges 28 1.4. Amendments Made to the and Recommended Solutions Turkish Building Energy Efficiency 49 2.5.1. The State of Renewable Legislation Energy in Turkey, Policies and 29 An organization model: Ecobuild. Regulations Brussels 50 2.5.2. Local and Individual 29 An example of climate-friendly Production, Energy Co-ops and urbanization: Ghent Local Administrations 30 1.5. Climate-Friendly Cities 51 Climate change and energy policies: The case and Green Economy: Challenges and of Izmir Recommended Solutions 56 Chapter 3 – Climate Change and Land Use 30 1.5.1. Energy Efficiency in 56 3.1. The Relationship Between Land Use and Buildings and Passive Climate Change in the World Buildings 59 3.2. The Impacts of Food and Rural Life 31 1.5.2. Urban Agriculture Policies on Climate Change 32 1.5.3. Transportation by 59 3.3. Community-Supported Agriculture Bicycle 60 Harricots 34 An example of climate change and urban policies: Çanakkale 60 3.4. Recommendations for Climate Change Mitigation Through Correct Land Use 38 Chapter 2 – Climate Change and Energy 61 “Regenerative Agriculture” for Climate Change Mitigation [Durukan Dudu] 38 Fifteens signals of renewable energy transformation 67 3.5. Climate-Friendly Land Use and Green Economy: Challenges and Recommended 39 2.1. The State of the Renewable Solutions Energy Transformation and and its Constraints 67 3.5.1. Regenerative Agriculture 39 2.1.1. Hidden and Open 68 3.5.2. Protecting Agricultural Land Fossil Fuel Susidies and Mitigating Emissions 40 Why is coal not cheap? Why is coal 69 Climate-friendly land use: Bursa Nilüfer not a solution to energy security but Urban Vegetable Garden rather a threat? 70 Climate change and land use policies: Bursa 41 2.1.2. Solar Energy: Where are we at? 73 Conclusion 42 Successful European examples of 74 References renewable energy transformation

nomic sectors. It is clear that transitioning to Energy is thedriving force of growth inall eco important role inthesolution. technological infrastructure, cities also play an emissions. With theireducated population and 70 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) in cities. The world’s cities are responsible for Today, 54percent of Turkey’s population lives land use, andenergy. recommendations for thefields of urban policy, This reportfeatures green economy policy develop policies inthose fields in Turkey. and theactors andmechanisms neededto discusses thefields that needto beprioritized to share these with thepublic. This report successful inEuropean Unioncountries and on thegood practices of policies that were Project is to develop concrete policies based Greening theClimate, Greening theEconomy can also differ by country. The objective of the change, theopportunities andconstraints Much like thethreats caused by climate fossil fuel-based structure. that are already being provided to sustain the needed can beobtained from thesubsidies The majority of thefinancial resources that are don thefossil fuel-based economic system. The first rule of this transformation is to aban and ecological crises occurred simultaneously. crisis, aperiodduring which economic, social, green economy began to spread with the 2008 this transformation. This is thereason why ical, andpractical framework that will enable Green economy offers aconceptual, theoret the path to achieve thedetermined targets. al institutions, to act as acoherent whole on ers of all levels, from individuals to internation need is asystem that will enable decision-mak cleaner production practices alone. What we or by encouraging theprivate sector to adapt come by solely raising consumer awareness losses. The challenges we face cannot beover causes growing economic, social, andecologic threats facing humankind. Global warming Climate change is oneof themost serious panels instead of large-scale andcentralized system, equivalent to theuse of rooftop solar fossil fuels—a small-scale anddecentralized a system based onrenewable energy andnot EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ------the product of aparticipatory effortthat encom implemented by decision-makers. This reportis design green economy policies that can be conditions. Based onthis discussion, we will land use, andenergy inlight of Turkey’s current its best practices inthefields of urbanization, climate change mitigation andadaptation and The mission of this reportis to look at EU resilience.climate of deteriorated land will beable to increase approach to land use andtherehabilitation rapidly increases. It is believed that aholistic the world population that needs to befed patterns. While arable land steeply declines, continuing to cause rapid changes inland use Rapid industrialization andurbanization is change. will play animportant role intackling climate ic activities sothat they will use less energy nuclear power plants—and designing econom reduced by 90percent. Starting in2019, the needed for indoor heating orcooling can be additional applications, theamount of energy forenergy) heating. With proper designs and than 1.5 cubic meter of natural gas (or15kWh these methods. Passive buildings require less sive buildings especially stands out among The energy efficiency of buildings andpas urban green area systems. energy-efficient, andpassive buildings; and cles; more recycling, less urban waste; smart, means of transportation over motorized vehi the prioritization of public transport andother and climate-friendly urban transformation; as follows: compact cities, not sprawled cities change inurban settings can besummarized The recommended solutions to tackle climate energy consumption. ter scarcity, andfloods caused by highurban climate change, andheat waves, drought, wa heat island effect, health problems caused by extreme weather andclimate events, theurban elevation of sea levels, urban vulnerability to can beanalyzed under thefollowing headings: The impacts of climate change onurban areas Climate Change and the City board. Belgium, andcontributions from theadvisory passes workshops, local meetings, a visit to - - - - -

CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 7 8 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 installations. 8 million rooftops available for solar panel ing to calculations, Turkey has approximately provides need-based consumption. Accord other forms of energy production because it energy has awider window of opportunity than tricity self-consumption costs are high,solar where energydependency import andelec renewable energy transformation. In Turkey, Solar energy is advancing to theforefront of the out from coal is accelerating all over theworld. costly energy source by 2029. The trend to pull solar energy is expected to become theleast has declined by 80percent since 2009, and cost of producing electricity using solar panels electricity produced by newplants globally. The energy sources accounted for 90percent of cy-based transformation. In2015,renewable serious renewable energy andenergy efficien The world’s energy system is going through a Climate Change andEnergy well as reducing energy imports. an important role intackling climate change as the passive building concept in Turkey can play with passive building standards. Expanding all newbuildings are to bebuilt inaccordance European Unionwill impose regulations that ly 25 percent of global GHGemissions. The that land use is responsible for approximate The IPCC Assessment Fifth Report estimates Climate Change andLandUse transformation. ble energy will accelerate therenewable energy the way for private citizens to produce renewa Turkey, spreading energy co-ops andopening force of renewable energy transformation. In and rooftop solar panels have beenthedriving grid. All around theworld, energy cooperatives purpose of self-consumption orselling to the and summerhouse rooftop systems—for the within buildings, building complexes, villages, to combine energy consumption, collectively own private rooftop systems or, inaneffort duce individually energy—either with their private citizens form energy co-ops to pro forefront of solar energy expansion. InCPPs, Yurttaşın Enerji Santralları (YES)—are at the Citizens’ Power Plants (CPP)—in Turkish, ------ods inpastures, meadows, andgrasslands. agement andHolistic Planned Grazing meth ing andanimal impact tools with Holistic Man Other practices consist of using planned graz provide thesoil with permanent organic matter. in agricultural lands are someof theways to urban waste composts andno-till farming Methods such as starting urban gardens using different conditions andondifferent scales. The soil’s organic matter can beincreased in GHG emissions. increase climate change resilience andreduce by 2030 will feed 200million people as well as percent of theworld’s eroded/degraded soil It has beenestimated that regenerating 12 important climate change mitigation potential. take climate change into consideration have CO2e/year by 2030. Landuse practices that land use is calculated to bearound 7.2-10.6 Gt carbon storage potential of climate-friendly and social equality. improving deteriorating social inclusiveness areas, but they also have positive effects on companies. Not only dothey create new job ventures over increasing theprofits of big itize communities, families, or individuals’ generate income. These innovations prior be directly involved intheeconomy andeven and provide newways for private citizens to ronmental andclimate-friendly alternatives they create easy andwidely applicable envi gardens, andregenerative agriculture, is that for inner-city transportation, urban vegetable ty-supported agriculture (CSA), bicycle use passive buildings, energy co-ops, communi practices featured inthis such report, as The common characteristic of all innovative Conclusion amount of carbon dioxide stored inthesoil. emissions caused by land use practices to the dicted by adding theglobal reduction of GHG reducing total GHGemissions can bepre Regenerative agriculture’s effectiveness in mentation of regenerative agriculture practices. the soil seems possible with thewide imple from theatmosphere andsinking theminto Capturing large amounts of carbon dioxide ------is to abandon the fossil fuel-based economic taneously. The first rule of this transformation social, andecological crises occurred simul 2008 crisis, aperiodduring which economic, green economy began to spread with the this transformation. This is thereason why ical, andpractical framework that will enable Green economy offers aconceptual, theoret policies using aholistic approach. public works, andthedevelopment of these policy fields such as agriculture, energy, and change requires communication between to achieve thedetermined targets. Climate tutions, to act as acoherent whole onthepath levels, from individuals to international insti system that will enable decision-makers of all production practices. What we needis a couraging theprivate sector to adapt cleaner solely raising consumer awareness orby en challenges we face cannot beovercome by to address climate change holistically?” The nomic perception framework will enable us us to thefollowing question: “Which eco need of anurgent transformation. This brings It is very clear that theglobal system is in passing day. tion, thecrisis deepens andspreads with each point of noreturn. Underthecurrent percep to theescalation of climate change to the crisis have proved of nouse but to contribute sumption inorder to overcome theeconomic boost infrastructure investments andcon the 2008global financial crisis. The effortsto market-economy perception hit awall with more climate-friendly structure. However, this would enable the“spontaneous” switch to a ameliorated, andtechnological developments ier thequality of theenvironment would be expectation was that as countries got wealth velopment of climate-related technology. The adaptation to economic growth andthede have relegated climate change mitigation and the mainstream economic system seems to with each passing day. Today, as expected, social, andecologic losses that increase tude of global warming results ineconomic, threats ever faced by mankind. The magni Climate change is oneof themost serious subsidies that are being provided to sustain es that are needed can beobtained from the system. The majority of thefinancial resourc INTRODUCTION ------renewable energy andenergy efficiency inline low thetrajectory that prioritizes 100percent (2016) reportreveals that if Turkey were to fol on therise. Infact, theClimate Action Network transformation of theeconomic structure are logical sustainability with theclimate-friendly taneously achieve economic, social, andeco Studies showing that it is possible to simul structure that has proven to beunsustainable. possesses, it insists onthecurrent economic As for Turkey, despite themany advantages it structure with green investments. portunity to begin to transform theireconomic Korea have turned the2008crisis into anop a matter of fact, somecountries such as South destruction that results inclimate change. As rising unemployment, andto theecological consistent answers to theeconomic crisis, to package called theGreen NewDeal provides the fossil fuel-based structure. The policy the construction of buildings orland use can ed for thegreater partof the year. Therefore, as these facilities andutilities remain strand mands of periods short of heat orcold waves energy capacity solely to meet theenergy de not beforgotten that there is acost to creating efforts to combat climate change. It should Ministry of Environment andUrbanization’s landry’s use policies andcan neutralize the Ministry of Agriculture, Food andHusband the Ministry of Forestry and Waterworks orthe existing economic structure—can clash with Natural Resources—which is pressured by the favored by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and the supply security-oriented energy policies through efficient cooperation. For example, Such atransformation can only berealized would subside after 2025. and job growth at thebeginning, these effects were to slow down economic development It has beennoted that even if carbon taxing emission by anadditional 40percent by 2030. reduce its officially announced carbon dioxide together create aneffect whereby Turkey could tonomous increase inenergy efficiency could used inrenewable energy finance andtheau also calculated that a carbon tax that can be deaths from airpollution. Yeldan et (2015) al. qualified jobs, andprevent 35,000premature billion create USDinenergy imports, 64,000 with the1.5°C and2°C goals, it could save 23 ------

CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 9 10 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 cies but as awhole. and economic policies, not as separate poli that takes into account social, environmental, fronts andcontinued inaconsistent manner simultaneously conducted onseveral different The fight against climate change should be policies orurban policies. not beconsidered independent from energy capita income by 2023; however, it is clear enable reaching thegoal of 25,000 USDper producer by 2023, for example, might perhaps of becoming the world’s iron and steel fourth and economic constraints. Achieving thegoal to berevised inlight of social, environmental, tives such as Vision 2023 (Vizyon 2023) need change targets. Long-term development objec cal sustainability targets orwith the climate targets are not compatible with theecologi ception exists in Turkey today. The economic However, it is difficult to say that such aper - - - - its production are all determined by themar describes that theproduct, its quantity, and Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” metaphor anism. The founder of thefield of economics tion of this transformation is theprice mech factor that determines thenature anddirec market economies such as Turkey, themain constant transformation. Inoutward-oriented It is affected by processes, and it goes through An economic structure is not astatic structure. TRANSFORMATION OF ACLIMATE-FRIENDLY TOOLSMEANS AND THE policy agreements. when it signed thework safety andclimate and conflict with thestatements Turkey made the country’s social andenvironmental issues pollution-intensive industries will aggravate that supportingthese energy-intensive and the related price set should beadapted to the climate-friendly production structure) then structure (for example, ahigh value-added, aim is to direct theprivate sector to aspecific own decisions in acertain direction. If the anisms that will enable actors to make their of economics studies how to design mech 2023 objectives. Asub-discipline inthefield production structure definedinthe Vision been able to proceed to thehigh value-added this is thereason why thecountry has not the difficult part: Turkey’s failure to achieve goods, labor, transportation, etc.). This is related prices (raw material, intermediate (like carbon tax as apollution fee) but of all systematic harmonization of not just oneprice A successful transformation requires the maneuver. restrict outward-oriented economies’ room to ing country, increases in oil prices, etc.) can conditions (economic crisis inaneighbor However, this has its limits;global economic regulations to change therelative prices. system using tools such as subsidies and by interfering intheresults of themarket capacity to transform theeconomic structure why thestate exists. The state possesses the societies’ vision of the future. This is exactly for atransformation that is consistent with that market prices will always pave theway ket price. However, it is unrealistic to expect - - - - - which were built by public-private sector Selim Bridge andtheOsmangazi Bridge However, we cannot say that the Yavuz Sultan formative actor—that is, theprivate sector. extent that they lower thecosts of thetrans Infrastructure investments are neededto the give upbig public infrastructure investments. The conclusion cannot bethat thestate should water has not reached that point. correct construction of aslope is useless if not amount to much inthesame way that the exemption to farmers’ fuel, etc.) usually does for wind energy orgranting value-added tax price from thelast stage (providing subsidies set has deteriorated overall, changing only one tainable structure (Aşıcı,2015). When theprice economic structure to evolve into anunsus private sector, andthis paves theway for the related sectors become more profitable for the tem deteriorates even more, construction and uous as is thecase in Turkey, thepricing sys such as highways and bridges become contin current situation in Turkey. When investments nootherpurpose than to aggravate serve the occasionally resort to for economic recovery infrastructure investments that all countries more profitable. The government supported and low value-added production structure make therent-oriented construction-oriented determines theeconomic structure seems to nately, inpresent day Turkey theprice set that decline for thewater to flow by itself. Unfortu way acanal elevation needs to gradually ous within asuccessive sequence, thesame necessitates therelated prices to beharmoni but it will have acost. Agreen transformation transported with tankers orpump pipelines, in anirrigation project. The water can also be adam’sport water supply to far away aridsoil civil engineers making use of aslope to trans sidy. This is atask that can becompared to mation without any pressure orgenerous sub sector would voluntarily carry out this transfor low value-added production), andtheprivate more profit than it would inotherareas (dirty, to steer towards this structure, it would make a setting inwhich, if theprivate sector were structure. Inotherwords, it is about creating 1 partnership with theBuild-OperateTransfer on the Bosphorus and Izmit Bay Izmit and Bosphorus on the built projects transport mega costly extremely among Yavuz Sultan Selim and Osmangazi bridges are are bridges Osmangazi and Selim Sultan Yavuz 1 , ------this is to “make thenecessary regulations and its transformation costs. The state’s partin will encourage theprivate sector anddecrease projects needto planned insuch away that mate change mitigation andadaptation. These Big infrastructure projects are neededfor cli sumers andproducers. production costs that are borneby thecon below theircapacity, they have highper-unit of ensuring energy supply security operate well power plants that are subsidized inthename energy supply security. Since thefossil fuel this brought to light thesensitivity surrounding towards anenergy-intensive structure, and ed growth resulted insteering theeconomy steel andiron. Favoring aconstruction-orient provided to meet theincreasing demand of same is truefor energy investment subsidies transportation costs of theprivate sector. The and othersimilar models, have decreased the quences of oureconomic activities. Climate cause climate change are thedirect conse There is nodoubt that GHGemissions that Which policy fields? Turkey. needed to develop policies inthose fields in be prioritized andtheactors and mechanisms This report discusses thefields that needto countries andto share these with thepublic. cies that were successful inEuropean Union policies based onthebest practices of poli Green Economy Project is to develop concrete countries. The objective of theGreen Climate, and constraints can also differ according to caused by climate change, theopportunities ber of aspects. However, much like thethreats policy field including anever-increasing num Climate change mitigation andadaptation is a THE SCOPE OF THE REPORT buildings, energy system, andagriculture. change as anopportunity to transform Turkey’s ed approach andlook at theissue of climate is to leave aside theexclusively growth-orient transformative actor. What needs to bedone tor proved that it could become asuccessful see that the very dynamic Turkish private sec renewable energy production demand, we can water to reach thesoil by itself.” Looking at the infrastructure investments that will enable the ------11 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 12 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 sions as illustrated inthechart below. three fields amount to 55%of total GHGemis energy. The GHGemissions caused by these fields for Turkey: urban policies, land use, and nomic sub-systems that we consider urgent In this we chose report, to address three eco areas andpopulations. means diseases spread across wider physical in thenumberof customers; andto adoctor, it to aski station in Switzerland, it is adecrease Vanuatu, this signifies losing theirhomeland; ways. To thepeople of theisland country of change affects societies inmany different actors inthesolution for climate change. nological infrastructure makes themimportant problem, theireducated population andtech are onethemost important sources of the mate mitigation andadaptation. While cities and, thus, are of utmost importance for cli GHG emissions (NewClimate Economy, 2014) global production and70 percent of global 2050. Cities are responsible for 80percent of number is expected to reach 66percent by live incities and,with rapid urbanization, this Today, 54percent of theworld’s population - - - - an important role intackling climate change. ities sothat they will use less energy will play power plants—and designing economic activ instead of large-scale andcentralized nuclear system, much like using rooftop solar panels fossil fuels—a small-scale anddecentralized a system based onrenewable energy andnot climate change. It is clear that transitioning to “supply security” aggravate theproblem of policies that are determined solely based on nomic sectors. However, it is afact that energy Energy is thedriving force of growth inall eco increase climate resilience. bilitation of deteriorated land will beable to holistic approach to land use andthereha be fed rapidly increases. It is believed that a declines, theworld population that needs to land use patterns. While arable land steeply are continuing to cause therapid change of Rapid industrialization andurbanization (TPP) and Transatlantic Trade andInvestment zation (WTO) or Trans-Pacific Partnership nations—such as the World Trade Organi tween international institutions andregional However, thefact that trade agreements be establish aframework for climate policies. the international institutions andmechanisms of theConvention andParis Agreement and Agreement inDecember 2015. The provisions era has begun with theadoption of theParis on Climate Change (UNFCCC) inwhich anew the United Nations Framework Convention Global climate policies are carried out under six headings: policies used to tackle climate change under role inthedevelopment of green economy We can analyze theactors whowill play a Which actors? constraints inthefollowing chapters. patible with Turkey’s priorities, means, and world the ones andidentify that are com applications inthese fields from around the implemented in Turkey. We will bediscussing country might not find theopportunity to be cies that have beenimplemented inacertain are wide fields by theirown right,andpoli Certainly, urban policies, land use, andenergy 1. International1. Organizations ------3 2 Environmental Issues (ICLEI) such as theInternational Council for Local infrastructure investments. Organizations tion tools andmethods as well as making important role indetermining theinterven Localeverywhere. administrations have an single magical remedy that can beapplied waves, etc. Hence, it is impossible to finda regions andlocations: floods, drought, heat The impacts of climate change differ across investment decisions is important. ic orientation andits determinant role in laws/regulations anddefinetheeconom like Turkey, thegovernment’s power to make with anextremely centralized administration mined inlight of climate change. Inacountry urbanization, andenergy should bedeter various fields such as economy, agriculture, bilities. Policies that will beimplemented in change mitigation andadaptation responsi The government bears important climate provide solutions to climate change. notably the WTO, to engage inpolicies that tant for international organizations, andmost against climate change. Therefore, it is impor decreases thechances of success inthefight Partnership (TTIP)—ignore climate change and implementation. and targets setting and inventory taking of stages the past preceding in steps first the taken have that cities the among listed is Municipality Metropolitan Istanbul the 2016, only November of As www.c40.org/.) http:// (See change. on climate action sustainable and measurable, meaningful, drive and knowledge, share effectively, collaborate to cities supports C40 economy. global the of one-quarter and people million 600 over representing cities, metropolitan network. the of members as listed were Municipalities Seferihisar and Kartal and Municipalities Metropolitan Konya and Gaziantep, 2016, Bursa, November of As iclei-europe.org/home/.) http://www. (See authorities. local to consultancy and opportunities cooperation creates tools, and knowledge provides also ICLEI The campaigns. and programs global its through sustainability local to attention draw and forums policy international and Nations United at the authorities local 1,000 than more represent to is aim ICLEI’s the 3. Local Administrations Central2. Administration (Government) Founded in 2005, C40 is a network of 86 86 of anetwork is C40 2005, in Founded sustainability, for network governments’ alocal As 2 , C40 3 , and - - - - - solution to these risks ortheminimization change creates a variety of risks, andthe central orlocal government policies. Climate sector will choose is not autonomous from structure. The direction that theprivate transformation orto conserve thecurrent whether to instigate theclimate-friendly Hence, it is themain actor whowill decide is themain actor whoproduces andinvests. In free market economies, theprivate sector political decisions. financial capacity andthepower to make local administrations should also have the plicable to local conditions is not sufficient; experiences. However, defining methods ap the opportunity to cooperate andshare their development levels andprovide themwith local authorities from different regions and the Covenant of Mayors 4 integral partof thepolicy process. professional organizations should bean society organizations, labor unions, and change impacts andclimate policies, civil nities who will be affected directly by climate stakeholders. As representatives of commu economy policies alongside otheractors and tion platforms for thedevelopment of green should partake inthedialogue andnegotia suggestions. Furthermore, civil society change awareness anddeveloping policy important roles such as raising climate In democratic societies, civil society plays adaptation. actors of climate change mitigation and private sector is oneof themost important vation through public Hence, support. the sector can only achieve technological inno with important opportunities. The private of theirimpacts provides theprivate sector 4. Private4. Sector www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html.) http:// (See Municipalities. Seferihisar and Nilüfer, Maltepe, Karşıyaka, Kadıköy, Tepebaşı, Eskişehir Metropolitan Municipalities and Bornova, Cankaya, İzmir and Bursa, Antalya, were These signatories. as listed Turkey were from municipalities 2016, 11 November of As signatories. becoming by energy and climate regarding commitments certain endorse 5. Civil Society Under the Covenant of Mayors, local authorities authorities local Mayors, of Covenant the Under 4 bring together - - - - 13 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 14 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 come theconstraints they might encounter in the actors we determined use inorder to over So, which mechanisms orchange factors can Which change mechanisms? and implementation of policies. ered as important actors inthedevelopment most notably, local governments are consid ment, theprivate sector, civil society, and In this reportfocusing on Turkey, thegovern organizations) andmulti-level framework. bottom-up (from individuals to international climate change should bepursued ina Therefore, arealistic approach to tackling and central andlocal administrations. set inmotionorcurbed through civil society ests act collectively. Consumer power can be only possible if consumers with similar inter ty. However, individuals’ impact onpolicies is how it will beproduced, andinwhich quanti relevant indetermining what will beproduced, tion; therefore, consumer choice is quite produced are for private consumer consump Almost 70 percent of products andservices takes place ontheindividual/consumer level. result unless thefight against climate change It will beimpossible to obtain asatisfactory finance clean energy investments. However, fossil fuel consumption taxes can beused to Instead of providing subsidies to fossil fuels, globally (NewClimate Economy, 2014). mated to be around 600billion USDper year USD, subsidies for fossil fuels are now esti for clean energy amount to around 100billion crease GHGemissions. Today, while subsidies resource allocation and,at thesame time,in Market andpolicy failures impair efficient list themas follows: the characteristics of each constraint. We can tant to design mechanisms that are relevant to cy-based, orinstitution-based, andit is impor The main constraints are market-based, poli the aforementioned fields? efficiency mechanisms that will increase resource 1.Establishing new subsidy/penalization 6. Individuals ------these green investments risky, andfinancial my, 2014). The issue here is that markets find not inthelack of funding (NewClimate Econo lies mostly intheaccess to existing funds and al level themain problem regarding funding financial resources. It is stated that onaglob tems into smart energy systems require major buildings, andtransforming theenergy sys ficient buildings, constructing newpassive ing theexisting building stock into energy-ef Infrastructure investments such as transform ments. place, andthis task falls mostly ongovern harmonized for such atransformation to take economic structure. Input prices should be nalizing alonecannot suffice to transform the we should not forget that subsidizing orpe through adequate regulations/laws. should bebothfinancial andinstitutional it is inneedof public support. This support the uncertain nature of innovation activities, Research andDevelopment (R&D),andgiven social sphere andbusiness world alongside cept that embodies thereorganization of the change. Eco-innovation is anoverarching con need to berestructured inlight of climate ness andproduction/consumption processes fight against climate change; however, busi logical breakthroughs play amajor partin the the green economic transformation. Techno social organization models that will enable logical breakthroughs andnewbusiness and Eco-innovation is thename given to techno efficiency, andtransparency of this method. are problems regarding thesustainability, ments; however, it should benoted that there anteed revenue to big infrastructure invest such as providing treasury guarantees orguar to beresolved through non-market methods investments. In Turkey, this problem is trying this increases costs andtherefore decreases ing tools (financial assets). It is afact that institutions abstain from creating risk-shar enable thetransformation for infrastructure investments that will 2.Procurement ofresources andtools policies andtechnology 3.Supporting eco-innovation through ------still not being shared transparently. ed to has enoughcapacity. This information is whether thesubstation that they are connect panel inorder to sell electricity to thegridis a person whowants to install arooftop solar in Turkey themost challenging question for areas of responsibility. For example, currently parent manner, all theissues that fall intheir should share with stakeholders, inatrans needs to behighlighted is that authorities conditions of democracy. Anotherpoint that sector lobbying groups is oneof theminimum organizations (NGO)balance out private forms where independent non-governmental consideration. Determining policies inplat important point that should betaken into to form anewsocial organization is also an for themandtheindividuals whoare trying to remain unchanged because it is profitable who want this clearly unsustainable structure The power play between theinterest groups processes andtransparency 4.Democratization ofdecision-making - - - 15 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 16 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES What Kind of City? Which Energy System? What Kind of Land Use? May 2017 report. report. critical role indeveloping the scope of this best practices will beto Turkey andplayed a valuable insight onhow adaptable theEU The meetings held during this visit provided the constraints. methods these actors developed to overcome the pre-implementation constraints, andthe able to observe theimplementations onsite, in theaforementioned fields. The team was administration representatives whooperate the opportunity to meet with NGOandlocal site. During this visit, theproject team had June 2016to observeEUbest practices on Then, theproject team visited Belgium in ing to analyze thecurrent state of affairs. and academicians held aroundtable meet project advisory board composed of experts change mitigation andadaptation the efforts, need to beprioritized in Turkey’s climate First, inorder to determine thefields that mented by decision-makers. green economy policies that can beimple and, based onthis discussion, to design use, andenergy, inlight of Turkey’s conditions economic system, namely urbanization, land applications inthethree key fields of the EU climate change mitigation andadaptation The purpose of this reportis to discuss the held discussion meetings with local stake was able to best observe practices onsite and climate change andenergy. The project team and to İzmir, to observe theintersection of intersection of climate change andland use; and urbanization; to Bursa, to observethe observe theintersection of climate change went onlocal field trips to Çanakkale, to Furthermore, theproject team planned and chapters of thereport. each heading can befound intherelevant cerned citizens. The observations regarding by NGOrepresentatives, andcon experts, The workshops were predominantly attended documented inorder to beused inthereport. were discussed together with participants and “How can these constraints beovercome?”— done?”; “What are theconstraints?”; and ing which three questions— “What can be workshops inIstanbul for each field dur The next stage involved holding openhouse METHODOLOGY - - - - - Istanbul, andlocal visits. of the visit to Belgium, workshops held in mendation articles, as well as theoutcomes analysis of best practices andpolicy recom effort that encompasses literature review and This reportis theproduct of aparticipatory lic opinion. and newspaper articles inorder to mold pub to thewider public through radio programs with thedecision-makers, andcommunicated The outcomes of theproject will beshared the Istanbul workshop. holders similar to themeetings held during

- - CHAPTER 1

CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE CITY 18 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 other cities throughout theworld. We will ad actions, andregulations from EUcities and adaptation andprovide examples of policies, can play inclimate change mitigation and This chapter will discuss therole that cities sector andcivil society organizations. ministrations to work together with theprivate multi-actor structure of cities enables local ad of innovation andcreativity. Furthermore,the economies of scale. Cities are also thecenter existing infrastructure facilities andcreating cities possess advantages such as developing Thanks to theirstructural characteristics, a solution to theproblem (Balaban, 2012). ered to bethemost important actor infinding climate change. Ontheother, they are consid one source of theproblem at thecrosshairs of hand, cities are considered to bethenumber the Economy andClimate, Ontheone 2014). and sea level rise (TheGlobal Commission on gards to heat waves, floods, water shortages, the most vulnerable living environments inre mitigation andadaptation because they are are also very important for climate change 70 percent of total GHGemissions, but they for 80percent of theglobal production and cent by 2050. Not only are cities responsible this figure is estimated to increase to 66per lives incities, andwith rapid industrialization, Today, 54percent of theworld’s population ley, 2013). different forms andondifferent levels (Bulke world will beimpacted by climate change in variations, andtherefore, cities around the observations, andfindings show geographical easy. It must benoted that scientific research, of these impacts before they happen is not 2012). However, theprecise identification expected to become more serious (Balaban, ly impacts urban areas, andthese impacts are It is aknown fact that climate change serious CHANGE ON CITIES 1.1.THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE found at theendof thechapter. meeting inÇanakkale onJune 12,2016can be held onJune 27, 2016andfrom thelocal dations noted during theIstanbul workshop examples from Turkey. The policy recommen our June 2016 visit to Belgium as well as some dress thebest practices we observed during CHAPTER 1:CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE CITY ------climate regions during thesummer months. impact ontheurban comfort level inwarm Heat Island (UHI)effect, andit has anegative and building density. This is called theUrban rural areas because of theconcrete structures areas are approximately 5to 6°C warmer than in Table1.1. areas are outlinedbelow andare summarized The direct impacts of climate change onurban weather andclimate events. and d)anincrease inthenumberof extreme ice caps, c)important changes inrainfall, rises dueto thermal expansion andmelting the world including urban areas, b)sea-level and constant warming trend inmost parts of emissions are expected to cause: a)ageneral temperatures inrelation to escalating GHG crease of atmospheric CO2 levels andmean The escalating GHGemissions andthein derground water sources. Moreover, therise will result inunderfed ground water andun seasonal rain. Irregular andinsufficient rain irregular rainfall anddecreases inexpected 2010). The major causes of water scarcity are supply depletion andwater scarcity (Balaban, a consequence of climate change is water quality: Anotherdanger that awaits cities as severe with increasing temperatures. polluted cities is expected to become more sunshine duration. Therefore, theproblem in ters increases indirect to heat proportion and tion of polluting particulate andorganic mat This is because theatmospheric concentra urban airquality (Satterthwaiter et al,2007). and heat waves are presumed to decrease and thepoor. imately 2,500casualties, mostly theelderly was experienced inIndia in2015with approx example, themost recent severe heat wave increased across theglobe since 2000. For negative impacts of heat waves have seriously waves, anddroughts (UN-HABITAT, 2011). The to suffer from more severe UHIeffects, heat by climate change. Many cities are expected lation to increased sunshine duration caused with declining winds andaircirculation inre The UHIeffect is expected increase to further a) Heat waves anddrought: Urban c) Water scarcity anddeclining water b) Airpollution: Warming temperatures ------cities, whetherthey are coastal orhinterland climate change inurban areas. Almost all risks is oneof themost common impacts of tation (Balaban, 2012). The increase inflood over-melting of icecaps andextreme precipi similar events; andriver overflows caused by level rises; storm surges, hurricanes, and precipitation; coastal floods caused by sea caused by sudden andstronger than expected more frequent andsevere, sudden floods It is evident that we will befacing increasingly different kinds of overflow events andfloods. that urban areas will increasingly suffer from rises to this equation,we can clearly conclude and climate events. If we add sea water level creases thefrequency andseverity of weather already clearly observe that climate change in ration (Hunt and Watkiss, 2011). water basins andsprings by increasing evapo in temperatures will decrease water supply in risks associated with climate change. For opment, are expected to beimpacted by flood cities andregardless of theircountry’s devel Water availability Energy use Health Extreme events Sea-level rise Climate risks 2013) Bulkeley, (Source: areas urban on change climate of impacts and risks The 1.1 Table d) Overflows andfloods: We can Examples ofdireckt impacts incities Reduction inwater quality as river flowdecreases Increased demandforwater as temperatures increase Retreat ofglaciersreduces urbanwater supplies limits water availability Reduced precipitation andgroundwater recharging brownouts Increased useofair conditioningleadingto inwaterChanges andsummerenergy demand events Physical- andmental-health impactsofextreme diseases inincidenceofvector-borne Changes Physiological effectsofheatwavws andcold heatwavws anddroughts events,livelihoods flood andlifefromwind-storms, infrastructureDamage to systems, property, andleisureactivitiesEconomic Increased salinity ofcoastal environments Rising water tablesanddrainage problems Coastal erosionandlossofland Coastal and surgesstorm flooding Inundation anddisplacementofpopulation - - - - alties as well serious economic losses. Creek inIstanbul in2009 resulted in31casu larly, theunforgettable floodof theAyamama well as othernegative consequences. Simi system, caused major financial damage as considered to have anadequate infrastructure example, the2011floodinCopenhagen, acity Risks to economicproduction chainsRisks to temperature increases reduce energy supply Increased lossoftransmissions as energy systems hydro-power Risks to support widersystemsRisks to ofhealth careand supplies urbanfood Risks to economicproduction chainsRisks to marineeconomies Risks to useofcoastal to Changes zone dynamicsofecosystemsChanging Examples ofindirect impacts for cities Risks to urban food supplies urbanfood Risks to - - 19 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 20 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 mitigation andadaptation. use inorder to begin urban climate change infrastructure, waste management, andland various fields such as transportation, housing, of active policies, actions, andstrategies in pacts, we can clearly seethat we are inneed Taking into account theaforementioned im CLIMATE POLICIES 1.2. THE SCOPE OF URBAN and is aserious waste of resources. development, which increases theimpacts of extreme heat andcannot cope with them, of extreme heat) (Berry andDavidson, 2015). This stranded capacity is caused by urban is built to meet theenergy demand that increases injust three percent of the year (11days 38°C. The same study revealed that one-third of theexisting energy production capacity that energy demand increases by 70 percent whenaverage temperatures rise from 24°C to important threat to countries’ energy systems. Astudy of South Australian cities showed The energy demand for cooling that accompanies urban temperature increases poses an www.yesilcati.com.tr) (Source: Island Heat Urban 1.1 Figure 2012). economic losses, andconserving urban green areas will become more difficult (Balaban, more, there will bearise inheat-related health illnesses, sometourism regions will suffer ning use andenergy consumption, as well as water consumption anddemand. Further change. Heat waves andtheescalating UHI effect will cause anincrease inairconditio winds andaircirculation inrelation to increased sunshine duration caused by climate structures inurban settings. The UHIeffect is expected increase to further with declining is theUrban Heat Island (UHI)effect, which emerges from building density andconcrete Urban areas are warmer than surrounding areas by anaverage of 5°C to 6°C. The reason Urban Heat Island (UHI)Effect Afternoon temperatures Afternoon - non-motorized vehicles for urban transpor ly urban transformation, prioritization of the issues of compact cities, climate-friend and adaptation incities requires addressing Setting theframe of climate change mitigation pacts of climate change. change andadaptation to thenegative im pronged approach: mitigation of climate Urban climate policies consist of atwo------ical carbon sinks andreduce theurban heat situated near the cities andthat act as biolog such as agricultural andforest areas that are enable theeffective protection of natural sites water (Suzuki et al,2010).Compact cities also to pumping clean water andcollecting waste energy used intheurban infrastructure goes attributed to pipes, and30percent of the 70 percent of thecost of thewater supply is ergy spent on transportation. For example, distances andcan reduce money anden and preventing sprawling shortens travel (Balaban, 2012).Designing compact cities of highdensity andmixed-use subdivisions access to meeting daily needs, andit is made a sprawling city, is acity that provides easy climate policy. Acompact city, incontrast to have become important components of urban text, compact cities and urban development and Puppim deOliveira, Inthis 2014). con more emphasis oncompact cities (Balaban tion studies andeffortsare putting more and Recent climate change mitigation andadapta expansion of urban green areas. ficient buildings, passive buildings, andthe tation, reduction of urban waste, energy-ef compact urban development becomes impor This is where thequestion of how to achieve island effect (Balaban 2012). Climate-Friendly UrbanTransformation Compact Cities vs.Sprawling Cities and ------tant. Looking at examples from around the causing urban sprawling. the inward expansion of thecity without torized transportation possible andenable are integrated with mass transit andnon-mo energy- andresource-efficient living areas that of unused urban spaces into mix-use, highly and practices can make thetransformation more efficient urban transformation policies urban transformation, has great potential. A which is undergoing widespread andrapid de Oliveira, 2014). We can assert that Turkey, transformation projects (Balaban andPuppim tendency to efficiently benefit from urban world, we can seethat there is anincreasing - 21 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 22 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 portation isportation anespecially important partof the tributing to climate change. Inner-city trans sectorportation is among the top sectors con With its high-energy consumption, the trans Urban Transportation Motorized Means ofTransportation for Prioritizing Mass Transit andNon- Figure 1.3: et al, Hammarby (Source: 2007) before and the after Gaffney transformation fedian Ecocity inChina andthe Symbiocity inBrazil. The Hammarby model has inspired otherurban transformation projects such as theCao green roof practices. low maximum sunshine exposure. The gardens are also used for rainwater collection and greenhouse cultivation andsmall-scale gardening. These buildings cut thewind andal Hammarby Sjostad, four- orfive-story buildings are constructed around gardens where heating andelectricity generation. Rainwater is collected, purified, andrecirculated. In a special vacuum system that reduces garbage truck traffic, andwaste is being used for national average andminimizing electricity consumption. Garbage is being collected by The Hammarby model aims are lowering heating requirements to 50percent less than the on of ecology andurbanization targets. existing natural systems, made Hammary Sjostad anefficient example of theharmonizati decrease vehicular traffic andurban congestion, as well as those that protect andrestore residential policies that provide easy access to various forms of transportation inorder to rated energy, water, andwaste infrastructure. Moreover, theprogressive construction and The Hammarby model strives for abalanced andclose-circuit city metabolism with integ le andfacilities that host various educational andcultural programs (Gaffney et al,2007). Hammarby also encompasses a200,000-m2 commercial area that employs 10,000 peop ended in2012,consisted of 9,000 houses for 20,000 people ina200-hectare area. transformed into asustainable neighborhood. The construction, which began in1996 and Hammarby Sjostad is aformer industrial area close to Stockholm city center that has been Sjöstad inSweden An example ofurbantransformation: Hammarby - - - the demand for motorized transportation and carbon emissions. Inthis context, decreasing portation-related energy consumption and considerably important role inreducing trans Therefore, urban transportation policies play a wide are incities (Van Audenhove et al,2014). 60 percent of thedistances travelled world transportation sector. For example, more than ------lation increase of 170,000 people over this pe to 260kg percapita in2008,despite apopu of solid waste from 465 kg percapita in2001 system inplace, thecity reduced theamount management system since 2003. With this been operating a very efficient solid waste Yokohama, Japan’s second largest city, has at its source. of waste as well as and recycling sorting waste systems. This practice enables thereduction installation of modernwaste management use it inenergy production. This requires the waste storage andtreatment facilities andto to capture themethane that is produced in sions are to reduce the amount of waste and policies to reduce waste-generated emis CO2e (IPCC, 2014). The most efficient urban waste andwastewater accounted for 1.5Gt In 2010, GHGemissions generated by solid sions’ main sources are waste storage areas. GHG after carbon dioxide. Methane emis Methane is (CH4) the second most important penhagen, 2011). this figure to 50percent by 2020 (City of Co Copenhagen city administration is to increase travels are doneby bicycle. The goal of the percent of business and educational inner-city of cycling for inner-city travels. Since 2010, 36 planning processes andincreased theshare prioritization of bicycle use during theurban The bicycle policy of thecity enabled the is known to bealeading city inthis matter. travels can bereduced to zero. Copenhagen consumption generated from certain urban such as walking andbicycling, theenergy By encouraging othertransportation means energy consumption andpollutant emissions. vehicles. This increases transportation-related most cities they are travelled using motorized using motorized transportation; however, in es. These distances can betravelled without The majority of urban travels aredistanc short best policy options (Balaban, 2012). in motorized transportation appear to bethe increasing theshare of mass transit systems by 840,000 tons CO2e (Suzuki et al,2010). During thesame period,emissions declined riod (Balaban andPuppim deOliveria, 2014). More Recycling, UrbanWaste Less ------tion, andoccupancy stages of buildings. and equipment during thedesign, construc the use of suitable technological products ing energy andresource efficiency through 2011). Active design strategies aimat achiev design strategies andpractices (Rode et al, buildings into two groups: active andpassive energy consumption andcarbon footprints in We can categorize measures that reduce internal equipment. purposes, therest is for lighting anduse of energy consumed is for heating andcooling buildings (IPCC, 2014). While someof the generated incommercial andresidential Twelve percent of global GHGemissions are important urban sector for climate policies. in global energy consumption, is another The construction sector, with its large share wind, and storms—and decrease thecity’s late with climate change—extreme rainfall, climate events that are expected to esca occupants intheface of extreme weather and increase the vulnerability of thecity andof its and squatter settlements. These settlements housing, and sufficient living space inslums water, shelter andhousing security, durable tioning sewage systems, clean potable the world’s population lives without well-func ity intheface of climate change. One-third of building sector to decrease urban vulnerabil many measures that needto betaken inthe climate change adaptation efforts. There are Urban buildings play animportant role in Puppim deOliveira, 2016). the subject of passive design (Balaban and and many otherconstruction factors can be as building orientation, façade, skylights, comfort. Many building design factors such and sunlight without compromising indoor use of natural factors such as aircirculation needs through amore efficient andcorrect building’s energy andresource consumption Passive strategies are solutions that reduce a tems (Balaban andPuppim deOliveira, 2016). computer-controlled energy management sys coated glass that provide heat control, and lighting sensors, LEDlighting products, include photovoltaic solar batteries orarrays, These technological products andequipment Buildings Smart, Energy-Efficient andPassive ------23 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 24 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 gy andresource efficiency but also to restore buildings should aimnot only to ensure ener policy actions andstrategies involving urban adaptation capacity (Balaban, 2012).Climate Open green spaces helpto mitigate the urban areas for climate change mitigation. considered to beimportant multifunctional their flora andnatural soil structure, are and large-scale parks, which conserve Urban green areas, especially urban forests Urban Green Area Systems 5 number of rooms, etc.), can create strong pressure onthesupply side. information inreal estate search engines, inaddition to theusually listed criteria (m2, side. Aregulation that would make it mandatory to include abuildings’ energy identity paigns needto address thedemand side of thereal estate markets as much as thesupply sufficient during therental orsale processes. Andthis proves that energy efficiency cam Today, despite someawareness abuilding’s efforts, energy qualifications still are not are able reduce theirenergy bills by 50percent. off all theburden of theinitial investment, andat theendof thefourth year, individuals amount that will be saved (income) at theendof four years is 5,280 TL. The bank loan lifts used to finance theinitial investment, theamount that will have to bepaid (cost), andthe an uninsulated house) can bereduced to 110 TL by insulating thehouse. If abank loan is As illustrated by thecalculations above, amonthly bill of 220 TL (heating andcooling for ▸ 50percent savings ontheheating-cooling bill after insulation: 110TL ▸ The monthly payment of a4,000 TL, four-year Eco loan: 110TL ▸ The average insulation investment of 4,000 a100m2apartment: TL ▸ The monthly average heating-cooling bill of 220 a100m2apartment: TL In ageneral application: ons to bothindividual andnational budgets. cient andraising theenergy standards of newbuildings will provide important contributi used for residential heating andcooling. Therefore, it is clear that making buildings effi however, this might betemporary. Approximately of energy is one-fourth imported being and final consumer) have made apositive contribution to thecurrent account balance; The current low energy prices (which have not yet beenreflected onto theindustrialist and this has triggered anincreasing current account deficit alongside economic growth. sive sectors have beenincreasingly leading economic development since themid-2000s, structure, which gives rise to current account deficits during growth periods. Energy-inten We mentionedthat themost important weakness of the Turkish economic system is its Are we richenough to live inuninsulated houses? We extend our thanks to Ahmet Acar for the calculations. the for Acar Ahmet to thanks our We extend - events. events. of comfort andberesistant to extreme climate structures that can provide theminimumlevel and reinforce buildings to transform theminto area, stores approximately 14kg of CO2 per cedar tree, which requires a10m2planting carbon sinks. For example, theJapanese ic carbon dioxide andfunction as natural wetlands, are known to capture atmospher and natural flora, most notably forests and impacts of climate change. Green spaces 5 - - - - - require less than 1.5cubic meters (or15 concept of passive houses. Passive houses Efficient energy use is thebasis of the was built in1991 inDarmstadt, Germany. Hessen inGermany. The first passive house research projects funded by thestate of notion was developed through aseries of Environment (Germany) inMay 1988. The Feist from theInstitute for Housing andthe faculty memberBoAdamson and Wolfgang between Lund University (Switzerland) was theproduct of amail correspondence The notionof developing passive buildings 1.3. PASSIVE BUILDINGS administrations. itive results should also benoted by city where openspace is limited, andtheirpos especially inhigh-density urban fabric green roof andgreen frontage applications, systems. The recent, widespread use of and innovative drainage andinfrastructure designed andmanaged with sustainable (Balaban, 2012).Green areas should be among thepriorities of urban management sustainable opengreen spaces should be suburban forest assets andestablishing cy. Protecting andincreasing thecity and mitigation andadaptation inurban poli urban policy options in addressing climate green areas is oneof themost important Therefore, preserving anddeveloping the rise of surface temperature. areas by amere 10percent would prevent the city center andhigh-density residential ed that increasing green spaces located in 2011). Onestudy (Gill et al,2007) indicat and UHI(Wilby, 2007; Hunt and Watkiss, in decreasing theimpacts of heat waves soil, prevent airpollution, andare effective the absorption of rain water through the forests reduce therisk of floodby enabling ban, 2012).More clearly, green areas and outcomes of extreme climate events (Bala the reduction of thenegative impacts and tem service provided by opengreen areas is year (Suzuki et al,2010).Anotherecosys depending ontheir location andquality, is energy required by conventional buildings, aşı, 2015). It is noted that theamount of kWh) of natural gas persquare meter (Sub ------26 percent of 100Mtep energy (imported air conditioning (heating andcooling) and ing’s energy consumption being used for by 90percent. With 80percent of abuild indoor heating orcooling can bereduced system, theamount of energy required for bridges, andusing amechanical ventilation standards, airtightness andavoiding heat ures such as insulation, doorandwindows It has beennoted that with somemeas as conventional houses. passive houses to bebuilt at thesame cost where technological innovations enabled percent percent Germany 5-8percent average than conventional buildings—in have beenobservedto bemore costly on Even thoughpassive house constructions six to ten times higher. 9 8 7 6 ▸ The Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality construction of thefollowing housing projects: house concept has not evolved beyond the from 2019 onwards. As for Turkey, thepassive be built according to passive house standards regulations requiring that all newstructures European Unioncountries have imposed nomic benefits as well. and health benefits but substantial eco not only provide climate, environmental, passive house standards in Turkey would residential consumption, it is clear that at 54.9billion being used for USDin2014) money-than- similar-homes money-than- boast-50-greater-efficiency-for-10-more- 5010-homes- Homes,” http://inhabitat.com/cedar-ridges- Similar than Money 10% for More Efficiency Greater 50% passivhaus passive-house- com/environment/2013/dec/08/live-in- theguardian. https://www. 2013, 8, December Guardian, The index. php?page_id=79 https://passivehouse-international.org/ versatile,” comfortable, affordable, –sustainable, House Passive See Inhabitat, “Cellar Ridge’s 50/10 Homes Boast 50/10 Boast Homes Ridge’s “Cellar Inhabitat, See house?” apassive in Ilive can “How Siegle, Lucy See “The Association, House Passive International See 2009. Harvey, see For examples, 9 8 —there are somecases inGermany , andintheUnited States 5-10 7 , intheUK 8-10 6

- - - 25 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 26 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 10 Hacettepe Teknokent, ▸ The Vendeka Office Building projects at Human Resources Headquarters Project, http://www.gastroantep.com.tr/files/ekolojik-bina- http://www.gastroantep.com.tr/files/ekolojik-bina- subsidized 30different applications including double-glazed windows androoftop solar Huytebrock says that the city’s transformation began with asmall innovative group. They standards. for theEUandmade it mandatory for all newbuildings to conform to passive building Implemented in2008,theBrussels building energy performance regulation was afirst success. Brussels’ city government shows trueleadership inclimate change mitigation. The implementation of passive buildings inBrussels is thereason behindthis remarkable Environment) of Ministry Municipality Brussels Source: 100. as marked levels 1990 to relation in change (Proportional 1990-2012. Brussels, in employment and emissions GHG consumption, energy in Changes 1.4. Figure in energy consumption and17.5 percent decrease inGHGemissions (Figure 1.4). during 2004-2012, various projects andpolicy changes resulted ina14percent decrease sions had increased by 8percent. Even thoughthepopulation increased by 14percent During 1990-2014, thecity’s energy consumption increased by 16percent, andGHGemis the name of ECOLO, which was active inthe Valon region, was elected to city government. city. It was indicated to us that this transformation began in2004 whenagreen party by nent residents and300,000 commuters, it is onits way of rapidly becoming asustainable We observed that althoughBrussels boasts apopulation close to 1.2-1.5million perma various applications inthecity. We can summarize ourobservations as follows: ment Evelyn Huytebrock andherteam andtoured with ourrented bicycles to observethe During ourfield tripto Belgium, we met with former Brussels Regional Minister of Environ Climate-friendly urbanization: TheBrussels experience projesi.pdf 10

DP-Turkey project. ▸ Five Public Buildings as partof aUN and Incubation Center Project, ▸ The GAPEnergy Efficiency Consultancy Efficiency Training Building Project, ▸ The Abant İzzet Baysal University, Energy - - - - 14 13 12 11 Source: LaCapitale.be view exterior Right: view interior Left: Environment. of Ministry Brussels the of building passive new The 1.5. Figure Ministry of Environment (Figure 1.5). This 16,000m2structure is Europe’s largest passive building andis host to theBrussels representatives, emerged during these meetings. that brings together contractor companies, architects, engineers, andlocal government to discuss how to revive thepassive buildings sector. Ecobuild.Brussels, anorganization and thelack of qualifiedworkers. Public andprivate sector representatives came together Other challenges consisted of themisconception that passive buildings were expensive ns—half of themnew, theotherhalf already existing buildings—as part of theproject. EUR per1m2 was provided for 243 buildings covering 621,000 m2 of residential area, translating to 100 tability andrepeatability, andharmonization with thearchitecture andthecity. Funding The projects were evaluated according to four main criteria: energy, environment, profi not acoincidence. Similar invitations were repeated six times between 2007 and2013 increase inoil prices that was caused by Hurricane Katrina in2005,andthis was indeed invitations to construct sample buildings were made. This periodoverlaps with asudden of Plage brought about atwo percent decrease inenergy consumption. Beginning in2007, million EURin2016. Also, aprogram to raise energy consumption awareness by thename the city administration. The subsidy budget increased from 600,000 EURin2004 to 25 gas andelectricity distribution because thedistribution companies were controlled by panels andprovided low-interest loans. They were able to findthenecessary funding for

http://www.lacapitale.be/506307/article/regions/bruxelles/2012-08-29/le-nouveau-siege-de-bruxelles- http://canal.brussels/fr/content/tour-et-taxis-accueille-le-nouveau-b%C3%A2timent-de-bruxelles- environnement environnement-ouvre-la-refonte-de-tour-et-taxis) brussels/fr/carte-interactive.html?IDC=8027 For more detail on these invitations and their results, please see http://www.environment.brussels/node/17349 see please results, their and invitations on these detail For more For more information on Brussels’ sample passive buildings, please refer to http://www.guidebatimentdurable. to refer please buildings, passive sample on Brussels’ information For more 12 . Construction permits were given to almost 1million m2of passive desig 13

Source: Canal.Brussels 14 11 - . - 27 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 28 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 of theregular rate of 4.7percent). Passivhaus subsidy program is 2.1percent instead house. (Themortgage rate under theKfW ESH40/ German Federal State Bank for building apassive EUR bank loan with favorable terms from the sumes that thehouse owner will receive a15,000 14,000 EUR(Table 1.3). The cost calculation as home into apassive house costs approximately According to calculations, transforming a149-m2 (Source: Passivhaus Institut Tablo Total 1.2. passive houseinGermany costofa149-m2 tut in Shresback, Germany. family homeconstructed by thePassivhaus Insti Table 1.2features thecost calculation of a149-m2 not cost-efficient. building construction costs are highandhence adoption is thefalse assumption that passive One of themajor constraints of widespread Effective? 1.3.1 Are Passive BuildingsCost- 16 15 The calculation foresees anelectricity consump (Source: Passivhaus Institut Table passive houseinGermany totalcostofa149-m2 The 1.3. Total Cost radiators. fuel tank, boiler andcancelled Savings madefromsmaller Heat-resistant ventilation Passive residential windows the 150mm foundation panelsinstead of Using 250mminsulation 225mm from 100mmto Increasing insulation theroof exterior insulation 300mm to Increasing thethicknessof Activity Yearly savings Ventilation electricitycost 11000 kW Yearly heating savings of Yearly payments thebank to

Ibid. Passive_House_E/economy_passivehouse.htm#abb2 Source: https://passiv.de/former_conferences/ https://passiv.de/former_conferences/ Source: 16 15 ) ) 432 Euro Euro 71 Euro -822 319 Euro 14.000 Euro -1.400 Euro Euro 5.200 5.400 Euro 4.800Euro Cost - - - tion of five model buildings inAnkara, as partof With thesupport of someministries, theconstruc Document.” existing buildings to hold an“Energy Identification regulation brought therequirement for newand into force in2009. The 2011amendment to the lished intheOfficial Gazette in2008andentered Energy Performance (BEP)Regulation was pub to those of theEU.Accordingly, theBuilding required to conform to thermal standards similar Since 2000, newbuildings in Turkey have been EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION TURKISH BUILDING ENERGY MADE1.4. TOTHE AMENDMENTS in Table1.3. calculations for a30-year periodwere calculated KWh fuel oil ornatural gas. The cost benefit ventilation, replacing theconsumption of 13,300 tion of 2,290 Kwh for heating and350kWhfor 17 cation of an“Energy Management System.” ▸ There are shortcomings inthemaking andappli energy-efficient buildings are not sufficient. ▸ Repeatable investment andsubsidy models for insufficient. the Integrated Approach to Building Design, is still ing energy performance improvement, including ▸ The awareness andlevel of information regard is low. ▸ The level of adaptation to thecurrent regulations energy efficiency regulations are insufficient. ▸ The scope and/orapplications of thecurrent tions among its 81provinces. represent the vast climatic andseasonal varia However, this classification does not adequately ▸ Turkey is identifiedas afour-season region. 2015): stand intheway of theimprovements (UNDP, BEP implementation andconstraints that might The UNDPbooklet lists thepossible challenges to Buildings” project (2011-2015), has begun Turkey Office’s “Promoting Energy Efficiency in the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) presscenter/ articles/2016/08/demo_binalar http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/ For more detailed information on the project: project: on the information detailed For more 17 . - - - - - pedestrian-friendly streets will become even more crowded andwill reflect positively ontheirbusiness. closing down theroads would have anegative effect ontheirbusiness, now they are convinced that a specific point anddirecting traffic to theperiphery. Even thoughbusiness owners were worried that bicycles andmotor vehicles is in force. The plan consists of blocking roads that lead to thecity center at Ghent’s historical center consists of narrow streets. Aplan to reduce city traffic by closing down roads to rent land andgrow theirown crops within thecity limits. behind theGreen Belt, municipality-owned areas are opening upto community farming. Individuals can project, it will bepossible to cycle anddosportsaround thecity without any interruptions. Immediately The Green Belt Project surrounding thecity of Ghent is about to becompleted. Upon completion of the GHG emission levels. the edges of thecity andcarpool. These are effortsto reduce inter-city traffic, energy consumption, and intra-city transportation. People going inthesame direction can leave theircars at theparking lots on connects thecity to big centers such as Brussels, was proof of theimportant role that cycling plays in ture was andthehighnumberof bicycles. The large bicycle parking space inGhent’s train station, which The first thing we noticed during ourfield tripto Belgium was how well developed thebicycle infrastruc tive examples of city planning andtransportation. Middle Ages. Even thoughGhent is awealthy andrather conservative city, it boasts striking andinnova Located intheFlemish region of Belgium, Ghent has beenanindustrial andcommercial center since the An example ofclimate-friendly urbanization: Ghent te-friendly urbanization. on stakeholders, andits authority andparticipatory structure makes it agood example of clima that were formed to implement these policies. Ecobuild.Brussels brings together all theurbanizati Brussels’ climate-friendly urbanization owes its success to thepolicies as well as to theinstitutions other words from recycled material. Ecobuild.Brussels indicates that theirnext goal is to construct buildings from zero material, in in theprojects are small- andmedium-sized enterprises (SME) with more than 32,000employees. projects andonelocal cyclical economics project. Ninety-six percent of thecompanies that partake reneurs, four partners, andthree local supporters. It is currently conducting three international and professional organizations. Ecobuild.Brussels’ board is composed of onechair, five entrep neers, andequipment suppliers and25 different partners such as research centers, universities, Ecobuild.Brussels boasts atotal of 200members whoare mostly entrepreneurs, architects, engi logy andinformatics companies that are grouped under theumbrella of Impulse.Brussels. Construction andrenovation companies are working together with otherinnovative green techno on of passive buildings, which entered into force 2015. inJanuary ment’s targets of a20percent reduction of GHGemissions by 2020 andthemandatory constructi suming buildings. The most important motivations behindEcobuild.Brussels are thelocal govern The major partof theexisting building stock inBrussels consists of relatively old, highenergy-con sector. on of theBrussels regional government to support thesustainable construction andrenovations Ecobuild.Brussels was founded in2006by theMinistry of Economics andMinistry of Urbanizati An organization model: Ecobuild. Brussels ------29 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 30 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 and Passive Buildings 1.5.1. Energy Efficiency inBuildings transportation by bicycle. and passive buildings, urban agriculture, and three headings: energy efficiency inbuildings of this workshop can besummarized under opinions andrecommendations that came out to overcome these challenges in Turkey. The nities, constraints, andinnovative policies to discuss andprepare reportsonopportu their areas of expertiseandinterest inorder were divided into three groups according to ing thepresentations, workshop participants focusing ontheexample of Brussels. Follow ment) lecture onenergy efficiency incities former Brussels Region Minister of Environ ropean Green Party Committee Member and urbanization andEvelyn Huytebroeck’s (Eu University (METU))lecture onclimate-friendly tend Osman Balaban’s (Middle East Technical activists met at Istanbul Policy Center to at On June 27, 2016,experts andcivil society RECOMMENDATIONS ECONOMY:CHALLENGES AND GREEN CITIES AND 1.5. CLIMATE-FRIENDLY 18 ▸ Sectoral lobbying groups’ negative influence public awareness. ent opportunities that can be used to raise 400-year-old passive Mardin Houses ▸ Historic architectural traditions such as the certification system can also be established. portunity. However, analternative local green Council (ÇEDBİK),constitute an important op organizations such as Turkish Green Building as LEEDand BREAM,which are provided by ▸ International green certified systems such urban transformation. in newly constructed buildings as partof formation. Energy efficiency can beincreased is its fairly widespread, ongoing urban trans ▸ The most important opportunity Turkey has

For a study of heating in Mardin houses, see Bekleyen Bekleyen see houses, Mardin in heating of For astudy et al 2014. al et Constraints2. Opportunities 1. 18 pres ------show, such as theuse of efficient light bulbs, icates with simple applications that are for ▸ Being able to obtain green building certif efforts to legalize bad practices continue. Assessments are not taken into account, and are still cases where theEnvironment Impact tion, andinspections are not sufficient. There structions donot fully conform to thelegisla construction sector. The newbuilding con cy Regulation are not entirely respected inthe 2005 Environment Act andtheEnergy Efficien inspections are someof theconstraints. The ▸ False information, manipulation, andlack of product can besold across Turkey. Istanbul andDiyarbakır, sothat thesame climate differences between, for example, mind, standards donot take into account the of sectoral lobbying. Set with profitability in have beendetermined through theinfluence is observed. The TSE825 standard seems to and homeowners). trainings Furthermore, can enterprises (such as theconstruction sector people whowill financially profit from these public opinion,particularly theopinion of from various channels can beused to mold ▸ Public service announcements broadcasted number. some examples doexist, they are too few in amples for thepublic andindustry. Although should construct model buildings to set ex ▸ Public institutions andlarge companies also beimplemented in Turkey. tions insome countries such as France can The Green Roof requirement for newconstruc asbestos, etc., during building demolitions. and precautions should betaken incase of demolished, jacketing should becompulsory, mandatory. For old buildings that will not be sure energy-efficient results should bemade structions, theuse of methods that fully en legislation are needed. For newbuilding con ▸ Newdefinitions andamendments to the should beimplemented. passive housing but also rewards applications that not only obliges thesector to construct ▸ Anintelligently designed subsidy system also constitutes animportant problem. 3. Policy Recommendations ------the armedforces andlocal governments. through establishing communication between compound gardens can bemade possible for urban agriculture. Agriculture in military ▸ Large military areas present anopportunity food communities. ing consumer-producer associations such as outskirts of thecity andfacilitates establish protection of agricultural areas located inthe ▸ Istanbul’s ecologic marketplaces enable the ble garden inIstanbul, etc.). and thepreservationof theKuzguncuk vegeta compost workshops at Beşiktaş andAtaşehir, as theFenerbahçe community gardening, opportunity to spread urban agriculture (such ▸ Some positive examples can beused as an ty for theexpansion of this idea. “urban agriculture” can present anopportuni power. These residents’ positive approach to middle-class residents with highpurchasing population of well-educated andconscious ▸ Large cities such as Istanbul have alarge Urban1.5.2. Agriculture costs of passive andregular buildings. should bekept informed onthecomparative of Turkey (TOKİ); co-ops andtheprivate sector and theHousing Development Administration should bedocumented andcommunicated planned andconstructed passive buildings ▸ The economic contribution of properly agement system. buildings can becorrected with asmart man of central heating maintenance inmost public heating onpleasant winter days andthe lack as inefficient systems that donot turn off the the foundation of abuilding. Problems such ▸ Building management is as important as Energy School can beimplemented in Turkey. homeowners inDuisburg, Germany, by the to those provided to building managers and parents andraise awareness. Trainings similar be provided inschools inorder to reach the ▸ There are opportunities for theactivation of the armedforces’ food supply. These gardens can even provide for someof 1. Opportunities 1. - - - - These areas are easily zoned for construction public are under thepressure of rent-seeking. the green spaces that should beopento the derelictions are serious constraints. In Turkey, ▸ The current rent-seeking struggles and Municipality. lies inthehands of theIstanbul Metropolitan its of Kadıköy Municipality, yet theauthority innovative projects, is located within thelim problem that can beovercome with local dere creek, which constitutes apollution important constraint. For example, Kurbağlı within acentralized structure constitutes an ▸ The fact that local policies are designed vegetable gardens. mation of common spaces orcourtyards into neighborhood inKadıköy andfor thetransfor idle urban spaces such as the Yeldeğirmeni recommended. neighborhood forums andlocal initiatives is ▸ Ensuring thecontinuation of post-Gezi developed. roofs andbalcony gardening needto be ▸ Policies that encourage thespread of green practical solutions to recyclers. (including composting, etc.) andto provide ▸ There is a needto encourage recycling developing newjobs are needed. ▸ Efforts towards increasing green jobs and micro-activities. ties for theplanning and implementation of should bebrought together with municipali andcivil▸ Experts society organizations increased. and local administration capacity needs to be tan municipalities andlocal municipalities), be resolved (such as between themetropoli ▸ Authority issues among institutions needto problem. ▸ The current landscape constitutes aserious ing policies. because of propertyrelations andrent-seek 2. Constraints2. 3. Policy Recommendations ------31 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 32 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 ▸ The dependency onmotorized vehicles and 1.5.3. Transportation by Bicycle green to mass transit stops is recommended. ▸ Using natural flora to provide shade and applications needs to beensured. natural structure andsoil fabric inlandscape should beavoided, andtheprotection of the ▸ The use of foreign plants andtree species be provided. agricultural training andcooking lessons will open eco-restaurants inthese centers where Beykoz to set aprecedent. Municipalities can cultural tourism centers inGümüşdere and cooperation with themunicipalities, agri ▸ Anotherrecommendation is to build, in ties designed for thepublic. and gardening training andawareness activi ▸ There is aneedto provide urban agriculture parts of theworld should beinitiated. ▸ Cooperating with similar co-ops from other should besupported. plier andtheexpansion of food communities tate buying products directly from thesup ▸ Opening newmarketplaces that will facili 19 three neighboring sub-provinces at most. Ona within sub-province limits orbetween two or bility of this specific workforce is confined to words, thetransportation required for themo is mostly onasub-metropolitan level. Inother eas, thetransportation needof theworkforce tures (such as textile workshops). Inthese ar last 50 years are mostly labor-intensive struc residential areas that have developed inthe tanbul, the workplaces located intheinformal For example, inthemetropolitan area of Is group whocan use cycling for transportation. ▸ Blue-collar workers constitute apotential method of transportation. transit methods make bicycles analternative network, andinsufficient sub-province mass tion problems of theIstanbul transportation highways for inner-city transportation, integra

We extend our thanks to Orhan Esen for preparing an an preparing for Esen Orhan to thanks our We extend group. working the during subject on this report extensive Opportunities 1. 19

------roads to suit bicycles—can beconsidered as and characteristics of transit orlong distance travels andthedesign of thephysical capacity vehicles during intercity orinterregional transportability of bicycles inmass transit infrastructure transformations—including the workforce/transportation profile, therequired tion andinvestments. Due to thescale of this formation system needs serious transforma tation services to this second group, thetrans distances. To beable to offer bicycle transpor the metropolitan area andcovers fairly long oped acertain demand, is spread throughout in physical activities) andhas already devel cultural reasons (affinity to ecology orinterest who is more inclined to use bicycles for ▸ The mobility of thewhite-collar workforce, transportation alternative. on main streets, andcycling can beagood local scale, mass transit systems generally run ▸ The predominant recommended concepts post-transformation period. as analternative to motor vehicles inthe vehicles. The bicycle is not even mentioned infrastructures that are suited to motorized transformation policies is to equipcities with ▸ The priority target of thecurrent urban is abig question. and motorized vehicles struggle for existence closed by busy sidewalks where pedestrians ing aplace for bicycles innarrow streets en suited to pedestrians, let alonecycling. Find motorized vehicles. This infrastructure is not based onsmall lots andtheincreasing use of the physical infrastructure of cities develops ▸ During thecourse of rapid urbanization, attempt to use thesame infrastructure. ing life-threatening risks for bicycle riders who drivers represent serious safety issues includ ▸ The habits andculture of motorized vehicle repair have diminished. formation andskill regarding bicycle use and the rapid transition to motorized vehicles. In population increase, urban expansion, and and disappeared with rapid urbanization, ▸ Cycling knowhow and culture has dissolved another opportunity. 2. Constraints2. ------attained, is animpediment for thelocalization the supply-demand equilibrium cannot be and city transportation issues, andhence with thedecision-making technocrats of local ▸ The fact that thepublic cannot get intouch constraints for big cities like Istanbul. traffic congestion andotherfactors represent ▸ Health risks caused by airpollution dueto straints. in small spaces are someof theothercon is reduced to ahobby that can bepracticed finish points are not integrated, andcycling tives are not sufficiently safe, thestart and ▸ The fact that thelocal bicycle road initia that will allow local mobility are overlooked. center are expanding, transportation networks networksportation inthedirection of thecity thinking onalocal level is that while trans ▸ Oneof theconstraints generated from not ingful andconstructive dialogue. general platform that is conducive to mean result, we cannot talk about theexistence of a demands to theproper level of authority. As a either very weak orthey fail to address their tation” is very low, andbicycle lobbies are regarding “bicycle as ameans of transpor ▸ Public andlocal administration’s awareness city. constraints to apotential concept of abicycle (irreversible orcomplicated and/orcostly) municipality) investments themselves pose Public (centralized state andmetropolitan can only bereached by motorized vehicles. campus buildings andonexpressways and from thecity center. They are constructed as are very oftendecentralized andmoved away ▸ Public buildings, which increase insize, terregional bicycle transportation impossible. pedestrians), andmost importantly make in frastructures that are suitable for cycling (and policies disconnect settlements, shrink thein networks suited to highway standards. These tion” andtheexpansion of expressway vehicles are policies involving “highway-iza for urban transformation suited to motorized transformation of byroads into highways are ▸ Increasingly larger highways andthe of transportation. ------developing cooperation networks andcom tegrate” with neighboring municipalities; sensitive to theissue to partnerand“cross-in ▸Encouraging local administrations whoare infrastructure. the development andintegration of ongoing that work onthese issues andfocusing on ▸ Cooperating with local administrations bicycles. design of atransportation system suited to an integrated system is aconstraint for the connecting thecity andthesuburbs is not ▸ The fact that thetransportation network portation. such as bicycle sharing andpedestrian trans and inter-district transportation alternatives important physical constraints to intra-district programs. ▸ Increasing andexpanding bicycle awareness from certain city areas. via congestion charges andbanning vehicles mand for motorized vehicle transportation ▸ Encouraging cycling by reducing thede integration. an “alternative backbone” composed of their bicycle, and mass transit alternatives andto the transformation is suited to pedestrian, mation planning recommendations sothat vehicles; developing tangible urban transfor that only encourages theuse of motorized from becoming aform of urban intervention planned; preventing urban transformation urban transformation or newsettlements are from▸ Intervening theonset inareas where intra-metropolitan area live. ble demand for bicycle transportation inthe and young white-collar workers with possi university students, healthcare personnel, transportation patterns” around areas where ▸ Developing intra-area/middle range “joint areas. accessible more suitable, topographically “flat,” and ▸ Creating infrastructure for bicycle paths in sub-metropolitan areas. mon physical infrastructures andpolicies in 3. Policy Recommendations ------33 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 34 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 lishing anintegrated system; connecting the correctly planning bicycle roads andestab ▸ Making intra-district cycling possible by demand for safer bicycle roads. safe cycling andfollowing upby developing a formation for local commuting by developing ▸ Encouraging cycling as ameans of trans for architects andengineers to bebetter informed andmore sensitive to these issues. Performance Regulation to ensure theefficient use of energy inbuildings, makes it possible ▸ obstacle. has made it impossible to implement solar panels, andthis has constituted animportant been instances where architects, engineers, andstate representatives’ lack of knowledge ly from alack of information onthesubject. It has beenpointed out to us that there have produce electricity from residential solar panels. These examples seemto originate most Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ) stating that different electrical wiring is required to ticipants provided us with someexamples that made things difficult, such as the Turkish to this development inÇanakkale, andthis is considered apositive sign. However, par mentally conscious people whocame from Istanbul to build houses have also contributed solar panels—even if few andrandom—being installed onnewbuilding rooftops. Environ ▸ municipality’s green building. The material criterion was especially difficult to respect. tion, circulation, andrecycling waste were important issues during thedesign stage of the ▸ open to climate-friendly policies. building initiatives, developing insulation standards, andpedestrianization shows that it is the competition phase increased awareness. The local administration’s approach to green of theAmerican Leeds criteria doneby architects andmunicipality representatives during nakkale Municipality, and thebuilding is currently under construction. The long-term study ▸ and thecity council’s efforts are considered to beopportunities for improvement. tation of innovative climate andcity policies. Çanakkale’s openstructure, its civil society, a city of manageable scale andcharacteristics. It is also asuitable place for theimplemen ▸ the workshop can besummarized as follows: rianization andbicycle roads, andurban gardening. The issues that were highlighted during mitigation inÇanakkale as well as energy-efficient andpassive buildings, inner-city pedest sed thecurrent state, opportunities, andconstraints of urban policies for climate change participants composed of anarchitect, city-planner, academician, andactivists. We discus On June 12,2016,we organized aworkshop inÇanakkale that was attended by eight local Çanakkale An example ofclimate change andurbanpolicies: InÇanakkale, constructions are now more insulated as aresult of customer demand and Procuring building materials locally to minimize energy consumption, solar panels, insula Agreen building study was donefor thenewbuilding andcultural center project of theÇa Thanks to its geographic, sociologic, economic, anddemographic structure, Çanakkale is The energy identity document, required since 2015inaccordance with theBuilding Energy - - bicycle road system. system. road bicycle to increase thedemand for bicycles anda ▸ Providing incentives to thebicycle sector via green transportation. center, thus enabling access to thecity center intersections andbicycle highways, to thecity intra-city systems, which consist of bicycle ------consumed in Istanbul and not in Çanakkale, and there is no organic market in Çanakkale. consumed inIstanbulin andnot inÇanakkale, andthere is noorganic market communities. There are many organic farms inÇanakkale; however, theproducts are mostly kets andeven at small neighborhood grocery stores. This is why there is nointerest infood days aweek inthecity center, andproduce from local gardens can befound at these mar development of aserious demand for urban agriculture. Neighborhoodmarkets are openfour city residents still have ties with rural areas and villages, andthis presents aconstraint for the ▸ has not developed yet. that will allow widespread use of bicycles for transportation purposes; however, this approach by theimplementation of one-way traffic. This presents anopportunity for thebicycle roads city’s back streets is receiving public Access support. to thecity center by private car is limited destrianization that began with theMarket Street inthecity center andlater expanded to the ▸ only for strolling. for show andthat they are not continuous andcannot beused for transportation purposes, been constructed by themunicipality are located inthecity center, even onsidewalks, only us that cycling intraffic is dangerous. The participants’ opinionis that bicycle roads that have tent, andbicycles are only considered for recreational purposes. It has beenpointed out to ▸ cars. ildings that are being constructed outside thecity center increase thenecessity to use private certain limited areas of thecity center. The city’s expansion along thecoastline andpublic bu campus, andthis is why private car use is widespread andsometimes obligatory except ina There is nopublic transportation from certain neighborhoods, such as Kepez, to theuniversity ▸ the local administration can develop various subsidy systems. architects andengineers andcreate demand are important. The central government as well as bear any important additional costs. This is why studies that would provide information to consists of looking at theadditional costs they will bring; however, passive buildings donot be interest inpassive buildings inÇanakkale. The first approach to these kinds of issues ▸ were implemented inpublic buildings. Performance Regulation of 2008,but nopractical adjustments regarding energy efficiency ▸ there is more parking space available, andthis creates acenter of attraction. pital are being constructed outside city limits because land prices are more reasonable and does not apply to green areas. Furthermore, public buildings such as thecourthouse andhos proposed inorder to reduce urban transportation andenergy demand. Also, this expansion ▸ based onthesimple logic that “buildings should face South to get more sunlight.” determinant factor here is propertyrelationships. It seems that it is not easy to make aplan decision-making Municipal Council andcity planners andis pushed aside because thereal the importance of south-facing facades). However, this issue is not being prioritized by the ▸ Urban gardening activities have begun intheareas developed by themunicipality; however, There has been successful pedestrianization over thelast 20 years inÇanakkale. The pe Even thoughthecity is built mostly onflat land, transportation by bicycle is almost nonexis Public transportation in Çanakkale is insufficient andis mostly doneby private mini-buses. It has beenpointed out to us that there is still interest inenergy co-ops andthat there could Information andnotices were sent out to public institutions following theBuilding Energy Çanakkale is expanding along thecoastline, contrary to thecompact city planning that is Asuitable city plan is neededto receive benefits further from rooftop solar panels (dueto - - - - - 35 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 36 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and the City May 2017 CHAPTER 2

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY 38 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 all around theworld. proach to energy policies is rapidly spreading whereas thedemand-side management ap mate change andinefficient resource usage, with “energy supply-security,” aggravate cli energy policies, which are determined inline consumed. It is clear that in Turkey today, the and thereasons why energy is produced and economic vision behindenergy production whether ornot to produce energy but the nomic sectors. Therefore, theproblem is not Energy is thedriving force behindall eco 13. “Thedecline inannual global energy intensity accelerated to more than 1.7percent in 2015,despite a3percent economic growth.” 12. “Global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions stalled for thesecond year inarow cy.” 11. “Thecoal industry faces declining prices andhighercosts, leading someto bankrupt 10. “China may have already reached acoal consumption peak.” emissions targets inlinewith keeping climate change well below 2°C. 9. More than 170 large companies, including energy intensive ones, signed onto set their zero in2007 to anoutstanding US$118billion by mid-2016.” 8. “Thegreen bonds market grew at animpressive compound growth rate, from close to 1.37 million units.” 7. “Sub-Saharan Africa was thelargest market for off-grid solar products intheworld with king it again theworld’s leading champion inrenewables.” 6. “Chinese investments inrenewables increased by 17 percent to US$103 billion—ma 5. “Renewable energy employment hit arecord in2015,with 8.1 million jobs recorded.” power demand, marking amilestone inits energiewende.” 4. “Onthe8thof May 2016,renewables supplied Germany almost all (87.6 percent) of its has beeninstalled annually around theworld than fossil andnuclear together.” allocations to new coal andgas generation. Since 2013 more renewable power capacity on invested—not including hydropower projects >50MW in2015,more than double dollar 3. “Global investments inrenewable generation hit anewworld record, with US$286billi solar PV thecheapest form of power.” per cent since 2009. It is forecast to continue falling by upto 59 percent in2025, making 2. “Solar PV technologies electricity generation costs have decreased by more than 80 while contributing to half of it the year before.” 1. “Renewables accounted for 90percent of newelectricity generation globally in2015, Fifteens signals of renewable energy transformation: CHAPTER 2:CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY - - - end of thechapter. İzmir (October 13, 2016)can befound at the (September 9, 2016)andthelocal meeting in mendations noted at theIstanbul workshop some examples from Turkey. The policy recom our June 2016field tripto Belgium as well as energy transformation we observedduring will discuss thegood practices of renewable climate change mitigation andadaptation. We and responsibilities of theenergy system in This chapter will begin by covering therole - - - - privatization. opment of coal-fired power plants through basins to theprivate sector for thedevel constructions andhanding over existing coal tic coal mining andcoal-fired power plant the solution becomes to subsidize domes security concerns are added to this equation, current account deficit. development pathway that does not cause to reduce dependency import and achieve a system for all sectors, including energy, is We seethat theessence of Turkey’s subsidy in terms of airquality. terms of job security, andecologic externality current account balance, social externality in can address economic externality interms of es. Thinking interms of theenergy sector, we reduction of these problems by imposing tax and ecologic problems, theexpectation is the economic activity causes economic, social, increase economic gains. Conversely, if an other sectors will besubsidized inorder to certain activity that has positive impacts on created by theproduction/consumption. A criteria here is themagnitude of externalities and penalize others with taxes. The main Governments can subsidize certain sectors Subsidies 2.1.1. Hidden andOpenFossil Fuel ITS CONSTRAINTS ENERGYTRANSFORMATION AND 2.1. THE STATE OF RENEWABLE 20 Yet, the global trend to abandon coal is gain

This can be observed in the 2011 Input Supply Supply Input 2011 the in observed be can This Strategy (GITES) and the 2012 New Subsidy Act. Subsidy New 2012 the and (GITES) Strategy Source: WWF,2016 the potential of these technologies.” of renewables versus reality, this shows that international agencies have underestimated 15. “Comparing projections doneby international energy outlooks for global expansion 2030. “ 14. “Seven hundred cities committed to reduce theirCO2 emissions by 3.7GT per year by ment goals.” in 2010to 2012.However, this needs to befaster to meet the2030 sustainable develop 20 When energy supply - - - - tion in2012,has announced that it will com who handed out 3billion EURto coal produc dition andoneof thebiggest coal supporters country with adeep-rooted coal mining tra coal-fired electricity production. Germany, a took thedecision to stop coal investments or ing momentum. Some European countries abandoning coal, we seetwo reasons. The Looking at thestatements of thecountries by2025. subsidies fuel pledged to eliminate all non-efficient fossil supported this trajectory, andtheirleaders France, Germany, Italy, andJapan) have also tries (United Kingdom, United States, Canada, by limiting coal consumption. The G7coun ambitious joint initiative to reduce emissions the United States andChina have begun an well as new plants, by court order. Recently, including those planning to retire in2020 as that it would close all coal-fired power plants, timeago,A short theNetherlands announced fired power plants inthenext five to ten years. are working ontheplans to abandon coal- coal; Austria, Portugal, Finland, andCanada Belgium andDenmark have already given up the Kellingley coal mine inDecember 2015. period came to anendwith theclosing of thattry had beenshrinking since the Thatcher with theIndustrial Revolution, thecoal indus As for England, where theage of coal began to 46 percent in2013. electricity production from 57 percent in1990 succeeded inreducing theshare of coal in coal consumption by one-third since 1990 and phasing out coal subsidies, has decreased its Germany, whoplans to achieve this target by pletely stop extracting mineral coal in2018. ------39 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 40 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 21 need. There are othersubsidies that can be subsidies, andcoal assistance to families in ploration subsidies, power plant improvement transfers to themineral coal industry, coal ex million USD. This figure includes direct fund industry in2013 were estimated around 730 of quantifiable subsidies provided to thecoal USD/kWh (Acar et 2015). al., The total value subsidies in Turkey range between 0.01-0.02 report dated March 2015states that thecoal these kinds of external costs is difficult. A and social perspective. However, calculating viewpoint but also from anenvironmental Coal is not only highcost from aneconomic because of economic risks. investments from theirinvestment portfolios corporate funds) have begun to remove coal ple (university funds, retirement funds, or areas to invest thesavings of ordinary peo Investment funds that look for profitable plants. The second oneis climate change. made incoal mines andcoal-fired power about theeconomic risks of theinvestments first oneis about profitability, inotherwords

Fossil fuel divestment is an increasing and spreading spreading and increasing an is divestment fuel Fossil that would reduce environmental damage. decrease intheamount of financial support that is needed to support various technologies andtheactivities re that is dependent oncoal andobstructs thedevelopment of renewable energy. Furthermore,it results in a gates of animport-dependent future. Inconclusion, theemphasis put oncoal reinforces aneconomic structu However, current policies will lock Turkey inacoal-centered institutional andtechnical structure andopenthe in thelong term Turkey will not beable to meet its energy demand andsecurity needs with domestic coal. of climate change, andpollutants pose amajor threat to thecountry’s environmental integrity. It is clear that work-safety costs continue to increase. Turkey is considered to beoneof themost vulnerable countries inface There is abelief that domestic coal is important for energy security; however, its health, environmental, and obstacle to the development of renewable energy andto theinstallation of infrastructures that are needed. From afinancial angle, coal subsidies not only put extra weight onthenational budget, but they are also an by coal-fired plants is higherthan theKWhcost of theelectricity produced by solar andwind power plants. has shown that whenall externalities are taken into account, in Turkey theKWhcost of theelectricity produced result of subsidizing coal mines andcoal-fired power plants anddisregarding external costs. Acar et (2015) al. There is amisconception that electricity produced from coal is cheaper than renewable this energy; is the energy security but rather athreat? Why iscoal not cheap? Why iscoal not asolution to brochure.pdf europeangreens.eu/files/Carbon%20 Bubble%20 eu/sites/ https://europeangreens. See trend. global 21

- - which makes themaburden inthereal sense only borneby themarket but by all of society, and real estate prices. These costs are not consumption has negative impacts ontourism In addition to these, airpollution from coal change with its greenhouse gas emissions. neurologic illnesses) andby triggering climate health (heart andcoronary, respiratory and important external costs by affecting public and airpollution, but it also brings about very Coal is not only thesource of environmental ed value would greatly increase. interest rates inthecalculation, this estimat subsidies, land allocation, andbelow market assistance, research anddevelopment (R&D) (VAT) exemptions, social security premium policy, customs charge and value-added tax assurances, guaranteed highprice purchase possible to include unquantifiable investment identified but are not quantifiable. If it were 22 problems also contribute to this decision. is not solely economic; ecological andsocial sons behindnations moving away from coal of theword. It should be noted that therea

For a list of open and hidden fossil fuel subsidies in in subsidies fuel fossil hidden and open of For alist fiscalenviron/g-subsidyreform-oecd.pdf page 110. the United States, see https://www.cbd.int/financial/ 22

- - - ments have also increased to approximately years, unlicensed solar energy plant invest of merely 600MW capacity. Inthelast three pacity limitations only allow for theallocation energy license demand is close to 8GW, theca In Turkey, althoughtheprivate sector’s solar installed solar energy capacity. 2.1, China is theworld leader with 63 GW solar energy capacity. As illustrated infigure development level of acountry andits installed There is animportant correlation between the 2.1.2. Solar Energy: Where Are We at? - - but thecheapest oneas well (Lazard, 2016). become not only thecleanest energy source in 2016. By 2026, solar energy is estimated to to 5million USDin2006andto 1million USD 15 million USDin1996, this figure decreased While thecost of solar power plants (SPP) was calm 2018. fore, 2017 can beanactive year followed by a considerably by thebeginning of 2018. There reason is that subsidies will begin to decline reach 1.5-2 GW by theendof 2017. The main 850 MW. Turkey’s installed solar capacity can - 41 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 42 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 23 the medium-term return oninvestment can be mostly eliminated this advantage; however, value against theeuro andtheU.S.dollar has The Turkish lira’s recent extreme decrease in in solar energy andtechnological advances. are dropping rapidly with theincreasing interest ▸ The costs persystem inEURorUSDcurrencies because it enables consumption on-demand. gy, highelectricity self-consumption rates, and because of dependency thehighimport of ener tunity than otherenergy production sources ▸ Solar energy offers awider window of oppor 2.1.3. Turkey andSolar Energy

Solarbaba and GÜNDER publications were used used were publications GÜNDER and Solarbaba RAPORU.pdf PROJES%C4%B0-DURUM- B%C4%B0N-%C3%87ATI- content/uploads/100- http://gunder.org.tr/wp- and www.solarbaba.com http:// See, section. this for Why? account for 50percent of total renewable energy production. The transformation inGermany is deliberately based onsmall producers. Small-scale producers 5 MW of energy andsell back to thegrid. income was increasing. It is aknown fact that today inGermany there are farmers whoproduce upto coalition that was inpower during that period,began to support theprogram uponseeing that their Bavarian farmers, whowere not thenatural constituents of the Social Democratic Party/GreenParty producers, andfarmers instead of creating rent-seeking opportunities—so much sothat conservative gy transformation has been programmed to provide additional income to ordinary citizens, small The reason behindthesuccess of these programs is that they were accepted by thesociety. Ener 2. Citizens’ Power Plant (CPP) 2016. 1. 0.5 EUR/KWhpurchase price guarantee for 100,000 roofs. This price was reduced to 0.16 EURin In 2000, two programs were implemented to create scale: The German Renewable Energy Sources Act provides a20-year feed-in tariff. Coal-fired andnuclear power plants’ access to thegridwas restricted incase of increased demand. cess ranking was reviewed andenergy produced from solar andwind were given gridaccess priority. and theright to sell electricity back to thegridbecame legal in1990. Inaddition, in1999 thegridac mation. The transformation accelerated whenparties with environmental sensibilities came to power power struggle between lobbyists, interest groups, andpolitical parties definedthepath of transfor The first country that comes to mindat thementionof renewable energy is Germany. InGermany, the transformation Successful European examples ofrenewable energy 23 - - was 260GWh. Assuming that this amount of ▸ Turkey’s total electricity consumption in2015 target for 2023 would create 400,000 newjobs. plants. Calculations show that setting a23 GW wind power plants, andtwenty for solar power is seven for coal-fired power plants, for thirteen ated at natural gas power plants; this number ▸ For every1MW of investment, five jobs are cre attract investors. non-residential rooftops is also large enoughto rooftop solar panel installations. The numberof tion projects offer important opportunities for million. Also, thewidespread urban transforma panels in Turkey is estimated to bearound 8 ▸ The numberof rooftops suitable for solar rest of theworld. expected as to beshorter will bethecase inthe How? - - - - - vocacy platform Solarbaba in1996, summarizes Ateş Uğurel, whofounded thesolar energy ad be completed injust onemonth. cratic processes, a1MW SPP construction can After aminimumperiodof one year of bureau plants (hydroelectric, coal-fired, andnuclear). in much timethan shorter traditional power ▸ Solar Power Plants (SPPs) can beconstructed This is only 4percent of Turkey’s surface area. the acreage neededfor 155GW is 2,790 km2. capacity requires 18,000m2of land; therefore, lar power plant? OneMW installed solar energy ▸ So, how much land is neededfor a155 GW so nomically attractive alternative. mitigation, andhealth as well as themost eco to energydependency, import climate change appears to bethemost attractive alternative figureimport is 53 billion USD. Solar energy purposes, let us remember that Turkey’s energy would be155billion USD. For comparison solar energy capacity is neededandthecost ergy, calculations show that a155GW installed electricity can beproduced solely by solar en 25 24 an unlicensed solar power plant electricity production facility of this capacity. It should benoted that Calculations show that it is possible to save approximately 17,820 TL inelectricity bills every year with ric consumption, theplant produces enoughelectricity to meet theneeds of 139 residences. transportation by metro, government office, public lighting) of 132 individuals. As for residential elect Municipality’s Solar Energy Plant can meet all thedaily energy requirements (residential, industrial, begun to make aprofit.It is indicated that, with its 438,000 KWhelectricity production, theBornova m2 of land inErzene, has covered its initial cost with theelectricity it sold back to thegridandhas Power System, which became operational inthebeginning of 2015with 2,500 solar panels on7,000 The İzmirBornova Municipality is host to many environmental energy projects. The Photovoltaic Municipality Power Solar Plant An initiative example from Turkey: TheİzmirBornova https://bornova.bel.tr/bornovanin-havasi-iyi-nitelikte/

Source: http://www.enerjiatlasi.com/gunes/bornova-belediyesi-gunes-enerjisi-santralı.html - - - - - 9. Achieving integration with theconstruction 8. Putting inplace smart financial methods, reluctant distribution companies, 7. Establishing acompromise platform with programs, 6. Implementing self-consumption incentive and raise awareness, 5. Organizing campaigns to spread information are permanent, 4. Simplifying regulations andmaking sure they 3. Addressing theissue of electricity storage, targets, 2. Defining domestic production andsetting 1. Creating anational solar energy strategy, the ten steps neededto reach these targets: 10. Putting political will behindsolar energy. industry, Plant Source: Bornova Municipality Source:Bornova Municipality Plant Solar Power Energy Figure 2.3. BornovaMunicipality of CO2 emissions. has prevented theemission of about 300tons The Bornova Municipality solar power plant would amount to approximately 73,545 TL. ced coal, from imported its wholesale price if this amount of electricity were to beprodu 24

25 - - 43 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 44 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 organizational structure inplace where all 2. The initiative should have ademocratic benefits. profitability; it must include public andsocial 1. The initiative’s sole purpose should not be be definedas aCitizens’ Power Plant are: The project’s requirements for aninitiative to energy coalition inHungary. solar power plants in Scotland to acommunity The partners’ effortscover a vast array, from by implementing more favorable regulations. community-owned renewable energy plants by Friends of(FoE)—is theEarth to expand an countries with twelve partners headed Project—a CPPinitiative insixteen Europe The aimof thethree-year Community Energy installations ontheirown rooftops. combine consumption orthrough individual compounds, village andsummer houses to tems ontherooftops of residential buildings, can start co-ops andinstall solar power sys CPPs can take many different forms: citizens citizens. scale solar panels installed onrooftops by Citizens’ Power Plants (CPP)are thesmall- 2.2. CITIZENS’ POWER PLANT (CPP) an active campaign inthis issue. power plants. The French Enercoop is leading monopolies such as EDF also own nuclear to thegrid,because electricity distribution renewable energy they had produced back Energy Project encountered was selling the The most important challenge theCommunity to invest inbigger systems. second phase, used theirincreased incomes cost andsmall-scale solar panels and,inthe First, people got together by installing low- ample inEurope followed atwo-step process. we met inBrussels, informed us that this ex The project’s coordinator, Molly Walsh, whom isolation projects, should beestablished. ated income to fund low-income household 4. Some conditions, such as using thegener open-membership system. 3. The initiative should function with an members have a vote andequal rights. - - - - creasingly strayed from theirpath to become In Spain, energy co-ops seemto have in energy production. co-ops account for 50percent of renewable from renewable sources, farmers andsmall obtain 35percent of total energy consumption many, where it is required that anindividual tive mechanisms, andregulations. InGer choosing small-scale producers, smart-incen an example of abest practice as thecountry is mentioned by Walsh, Germany can becited as expanded, while somewere absorbed. As in different countries. Some successfully Energy co-ops have different experiences organizations. Brixton-Solar are someexamples of umbrella the French Enercoop, andtheLondon-based EU countries. The Flanders-based Ecopower, features many national co-op members from Rescoop, aEuropean umbrella organization, that will apply for alicense. lation should bemandatory for everybuilding transformation, androoftop solar panel instal ▸ Regulations should beintegrated with urban the regulation needs to take into account: realities. Here is asummary of thepoints that countries andadapting themto thecountry’s the experiencesserving of many successful tion in Turkey should beprepared by ob Regulations onrooftop solar energy produc Individual Solar Power Panels 2.3.1. Regulations Needed for PANEL APPLICATIONS 2.3. INDIVIDUAL ROOFTOP SOLAR as afailed enterprise inthecountry. energy co-ops. Accordingly, CPPs are viewed in Spain, theprimary motive is profiting from nuclear energy andfighting climate change; interest to energy co-ops is abandoning many, theprimary motive drawing increased ideas resulting indifferent outcomes. InGer varying approaches play abig partinsimilar merous small-scale producers. It seems that pening resulted infinancial difficulties for nu renewable energy to prevent this from hap Changing thesubsidy system andtaxing structures exploited by big capitals for profit. ------the installation. to theclient andtheEPC company whodid fire orpanels falling down should only belong ▸ Legal responsibility for legal issues such as not thepublic sector. should behandled by theprivate sector and (EPC) companies andtheissue of licensing Engineering, Procurement andConstruction ▸ The installations should bedoneby the final quality control. only interfere inthepost-installation phase for ▸ The relevant distribution company should solar power plant installations. (TEDAŞ) should not beinvolved inrooftop the Turkish Electricity Distribution Company ▸ Centralized public institutions such as should bereviewed. of energy efficiency laws andregulations the self-consumption model within thescope ▸ Solar power plants that are entirely built on install solar power plants should beprovided. people andinstitutions to come together to the regulation, andopportunities for multiple ▸ Crowd funding should beincorporated into 26 417 “rural electricity co-ops” were established during 1933-1939. Following the Second non-profit co-ops through theElectricity Cooperative Corporation Act of 1937. As aresult, were applying for funds, thefederal government decided to support private citizens’ tion that was founded in1935 saw that private citizen groups andnot private companies Deal program whenhecame to power in1933. When theRural Electrification Administra The ill fate of rural America suddenly changed with Roosevelt’s announcement of theNew did not want to take electricity to these regions for profitability reasons. invest inagriculture. The energy companies that were inthehands of theprivate sector The industry favored areas with electricity, andthis condemned rural areas to continue to ten farmers living inrural areas intheUnited States didnot have access to electricity. Energy co-ops date back to theGreat Depression of 1929. Inthemid-1930s, nineout of are established to mitigate climate change are called Renewable Energy Co-ops. energy crisis, highenergy dependency, andcost. These non-profit small-scale co-ops that energy needs for reasons such as lack of infrastructure andfailure of themarket system, Private citizens are forming local energy co-ops with theirown means to meet theirown The history ofenergy co-ops gazeteege.com.tr/ Source: America’s Electric Cooperatives (http://www.electric.coop/our-organization/history/) ve http://www. ve (http://www.electric.coop/our-organization/history/) Cooperatives Electric America’s Source: 26 condition that he/sheresides inthebuilding. sell solar electricity to othertenants with the top solar power system should beallowed to ▸ Acompany orindividual whoinstalls aroof allowed. ▸ Production onrented rooftops should be systems, should beminimized. 25 million-m2 rooftop solar water heating whichreports, were not mandatory for the ▸ Requirements such as permit andstatic a utility subscriber. the process should beas simple as becoming solar power plants should bedecreased, and ▸ The installation bureaucracy for rooftop suitable rooftops. ing installed capacity should beallowed for regulation should berevoked, andincreas ▸ The 10KW limitation featured inthecurrent ing system. should besimplified by using thenet meter should belifted,andselling back to thegrid sell surplus solar electricity back to thegrid ▸ The requirement to create acompany to

- - - - 45 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 46 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 generated income. Inthesecond case, the in thesolar panels andkeeps all of the In thefirst case, theconsumer initially invests 2. Company financing. 1. Personal financing, es: around theworld, we seetwo main approach solar panels. Looking at examples from topic for the proliferation of individual rooftop Investment finance models are animportant Individual Solar Panels 2.3.2. Alternative FinanceModels for 27 participation of local administrations andNGOs . related legislation problems through regulations, andmeetings were held to enable the Public institution representatives were provided with recommendations to overcome co-ops andrepresentatives from banking andcredit institutions were brought together. problems of renewable energy co-ops andimplementing thenecessary regulations, institutions, andNGOs.During theworkshops, which aimed at overcoming thefunding ves from finance andcredit institutions, theprivate sector, local administrations, public and implementing the co-op structure. These workshops brought together representati the local, democratic, andsustainable production of renewable energy by private citizens and policy recommendations for Turkey were organized for thepurpose of encouraging the Sun” project. Three workshops covering international examples andrequirements expansion of renewable energy co-ops through their2016-2017 “Turn Your Business to The Green Thought Foundation didsomepolicy development work for thesustainable examples to the Turkish legislation andto organize meetings to raise awareness. peratives Strategy Action Plan.” Institutions began to work onadapting successful foreign In Turkey, efforts regarding energy co-ops began in2012with thepublication of the“Coo quite abundant inGermany, Canada, andDenmark. and provide electricity to more than 42million people. Renewable Energy Co-ops are Today, more than 900electricity co-ops deliver five percent of thetotal electricity demand to electricity through this model. World War, in1953, more than 90percent of farms intheUnited States had gained access

see the project’s website http://isinigunesedon.org/ website project’s the see please Publication, Conference the and Guide, Co-op Energy Renewable Report, Youth Employment and Energy Renewable of Assessment Sectoral Workshops, Development Policy Co-op Energy Renewable For the policies. innovative and administrations, local experiences, local various of context the in production energy renewable and co-ops of issues the addressed workshops The co-ops. local and (France), Normandie EM (Germany), WECF (Belgium), REScoop (Denmark), Energy Renewable for Folkcenter (Denmark), EuroslarDK (Germany), DRGV Law, Boden GÜNDER, Cooperatives, of Directorate General the from representatives by attended The Renewable Energy Cooperative Policy Development Workshops held in Çanakkale in May 2017 were 2017 were May in Çanakkale in held Workshops Development Policy Cooperative Energy Renewable The - sale models (aminimumof 3-5 years). form of bank loans andcompany installment under thecurrent conditions can beinthe As for Turkey, themost realistic finance model cost gradually intheelectricity bill. solar panels free of charge andreflects this contracted distribution company installs the 27 - - For example, thefact that somebig compa technological as well as managerial reasons. expected level. This problem continues dueto ble role inrenewable energy not reaching its in Turkey is old, andthis plays aconsidera The electric transmission anddistribution grid these expectations. need to bewell managed inorder to achieve buildings andtransmission-distribution also However, inaddition to smart meters, the element between producer andconsumer. The smart meter introduced in Turkey is one and consumers (Akcanca and Taşkın, 2013). energy production, transmission-distribution, composed of three main control units: electric way communication. A smart gridsystem is demand andproduction supply using atwo- and controls thebalance between consumer management system that constantly monitors A smart gridcan bedefinedas anenergy mission, anddistribution systems. management tools inthe production, trans applications stand out as effective energy high-quality demand responses. Smart grid provide real-time, reliable, economic, and Electric energy systems are expected to ENERGY DEMAND MANAGEMENT 2.4. SMART GRIDS AND SMART or theEnergy Market Regulatory Authority creates aconflict of interest. The government also transmission anddistribution companies nies whoproduce fossil fuel-based energy are time as renewable energy capacity. smart buildings, andInternet of Things are issues that needto beaddressed at thesame plants is not enoughto accomplish atransformation of theenergy system. Smart grids, ricans was not utilized (Killeen, 2016). This proves that investing inwind andsolar power GW capacity added in2015andestimated to beable to meet theneeds of 3million Ame sion anddistribution networks are old andthere are nomeans to store energy. The 33.9 cannot betransmitted to theindustrial centers inthe South because electricity transmis capacity to 150GW in2016. However, thewind power produced regions inthenorthern energy from renewable resources by 2030 andhas accordingly increased its wind power production, announced at theParis Climate Agreement that it will obtain 20percent of its Even acountry like aChina, which has become thecenter of fossil fuel-based energy power plants? Why isn’t it enough to just subsidize windandsolar - - - develop public interest regulations. As a (EPDK) should play the role of arbitrator and The first oneis that theEPDK’s demand pro There are two objections to bemade here: and nuclear power plants. ceived as a pretext for constructing coal-fired the capacity deficiency argument can beper demand projections added to this argument, ty demand increases. With somequestionable we donot want power outages whenelectrici plants with highavailability are necessary if according to this argument, base load power ing “reliable” (available) sources. Therefore, based onwind andsolar power plants not be fuel andnuclear power plants in Turkey is cates of electricity production through fossil One of themain arguments used by theadvo to TurkeyCost Its 2.4.1. The BaseLoadPower Myth and progress inreaching its climate targets. and demonstrates more determination and and nuclear energy power plant capacities tions, Germany is able to decrease fossil fuel price incentives, andsmart gridtransforma obsolete. With these kinds of regulations, wind energy, fossil fuel power plants become way, whenelectricity is produced from solar or energy’s surge to attain its current level. This grid was adeterminant factor inrenewable prioritization of renewable energy sales to the matter of fact, inGermany, theauthorities’ ------47 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 48 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 that function as base load power plants was share of thermal andnuclear power plants same year inGermany, thetotal production production was 44.7percent. Again, inthe wind andsolar power’s share intotal energy wind andsolar energy. For Denmark, in2014, electricity produced inGermany was from example, in2014,15.9percent of thetotal without causing arisk to energy supply. For shares inelectricity production are increasing In many countries, thewind andsolar energy structing coal-fired andnuclear power plants? way to achieve energy security without con to achieve energy security. Is there any other This forces us to think about alternative ways markets are shrinking. the current situation where global financial billions of dollars for energy investment in this capacity. It is almost impossible to find find thefinancial resources neededto create The second objection is regarding where to figure. than theactual 2014electricity demand EPDK’s projection was 47.6 percent higher 257.2 GWh (EPDK,2016).Inotherwords, the estimated as 397.7 GWh but only reached ple, in2000the2014,electricity demand was fact, theEPDK itself confirms this. For exam jections are quite overstated. As amatter of 28 their solar energy potential can save upto 300 countries whoinvest insmart grids to realize the Middle East Africa andNorth showed that figure (King, 2012). Anotherstudy that covers smart gridis almost twice as much as thecost showed that thebenefits of switching to a from twelve countries infour continents the world can give us anidea. projectsThirty Turkey; however, someexamples from around doubt. There are nostudies for the case of Switching to smart grids comes at acost, no Grids and Smart Energy Management. low-availability? The answer is simple: Smart through wind andsolar power plants with Denmark succeed inachieving energy security 38.6 percent. ranks sixth inenergy security, this figure was 64.3 percent, whereas inDenmark, which org/wiki/List_of_ renewable_energy_topics_by_country org/wiki/List_of_ https://en.wikipedia. reports: country Denmark’s and For more detailed information, please see Germany’s Germany’s see please information, detailed For more 28 So, how didGermany and - - insisting oncoal-fired andnuclear energy. We We needto address theeconomic costs of countries have shown. tive clearly outweighs thefirst one,as many standpoint, we seethat thesecond alterna consider thequestion from asolely economic health, andenergy independency issues and Even if we were to leave out climate change, tricity production. share of wind andsolar energy intotal elec systems into Smart Grids andto increase the to transform transmission anddistribution of investment every year. The second oneis nuclear plants that require billions of dollars continue with thecurrent coal-fired and achieve energy security. The first oneis to In conclusion, we have two alternatives to east Group, 2012). million USDto 1billion USDannually (North 29 government keeps theprofit margin highand investor will invest into asector where the create stranded capacity. Inotherwords, the es to flow into theenergy sector inorder to decisions andcause scarce financial resourc affect theprivate sector’s capital investment worst partis that these energy policies also vate companies that produce this energy. The only winners insuch anenergy policy are pri the economy is led towards stagnation. The consumers’ purchasing power declines, and international markets is affected negatively, the Turkish industry’s competitiveness in high-energy costs meet highinterest rates, lower highinflation andinterest rates. When high play animportant role intheinability to know that energy prices that needto bekept alists andordinary consumers in Turkey. We worldwide, the fact that althoughenergy prices are falling who sets energy prices. This may bebehind subsidies, inaway hold thereins of theEPDK, companies, which invest by relying onthese are determined by thegovernment. Private teed purchase prices andextra subsidies that sil energy investments with thehighguaran can explain theprivate sector’s interest infos per cubic meter. 4USD to meter cubic per USD 11 from dropped have prices gas natural and barrel, per USD 50 to barrel Currently crude oil prices have dropped from 140 per per 140 from dropped have prices oil crude Currently 29 this does not reflect on industri ------tunity to encourage theuse of solar rooftop ▸ Individuals’ propensity to save is anoppor energy system. opportunities for thetransformation of the large investments can generally be turned into small-scale andthose that donot require ▸ Renewable energy technologies that are in Turkey: Policies andRegulations. 2.5.1. The StateofRenewable Energy headings: this workshop can besummarized under two overcome these problems. The outcome of challenges, andtheinnovative solutions to to discuss andreportontheopportunities, to theirfields of interest andspecialization gy, participants formed two groups according of the Solarbaba Platform onrenewable ener solar volunteer, andAteş Uğurel, thefounder tions by Dr. Alper Öktem, whoidentifies as a on September 8,2016. Following presenta a project workshop at Istanbul Policy Center andcivilExperts society activists gathered at RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS ECONOMY:CHALLENGES AND FRIENDLY ENERGY AND GREEN 2.5. THE FIELDOF CLIMATE- should beaddressed as awhole. construction criteria) andenergy policies fore, urban planning (specifically building shouldin reserve not bedisregarded. There base load capacity that is neededto bekept passive buildings andCPPs will decrease the The fact that subsidizing practices such as nuclear base load capacity. encouraging it to increase thecoal-fired and solar energy into theenergy system instead of will enable therapid integration of wind and vate sector to invest inatransformation that profitable policy today is to encourage thepri friendly investments. The smartest andmost for high value-added andenvironmentally offers purchasing guarantee instead of opting opportunity from aneconomic sustainability ▸ Renewable energy presents animportant panels. 1. Opportunities 1. - - - - - ▸ Inareas with hightransformation potential, energy investments. slow bureaucracy are slowing down renewable ▸ Frequent regulation changes, heavy and transformation. will present animportant constraint to the nies’ depreciation periodto come to anend waiting for theprivatized distribution compa to get ready for thetransformation, because ▸ We needto pave theway for companies will. ever more to economic recovery than construction structure could, inthelong term, contribute ▸ Investing intherenewal of theenergy infra sive production increases thecurrent deficit. 50 percent of total andenergy-inten imports, standpoint because energy sources represent lead theway for energy transformation. ▸ We needto ensure that public institutions struction orfossil fuel investments. energy transformation andnot for large con smart energy infrastructure andrenewable purchase agreements should beused for ▸ Public funds, subsidies, andguaranteed sumption financially unfavorable for now. seems to have made 100percent self-con TL vis-à-vis boththeeuro andtheU.S.dollar recent, extreme decrease inthe value of the electricity bill is paid in Turkish liras (TL). The sold inU.S.dollars ortheeuro; however, the ▸ Turkish orforeign solar panel systems are energy. development pathway is supportingfossil ▸ The current subsidy law andeconomic are increasing fossil fuel dependency. purchase power agreements signed by Turkey ▸ The international long-term guaranteed energy transformation. small producers andindividuals’ role inthe centralized administration. This decreases the the licenses as aconsequence of theEPDK’s large energy companies whocollected most of the transformation is being conducted by 2. Constraints2. 3. Policy Recommendations - - - - - 49 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 50 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 portunities to install solar panels for residen part of building complexes can openupop new buildings generally being constructed as ▸ Turkey’s dynamic construction sector and an opportunity. energy for water heating should betreated as tion because of thealready wide use of solar solar panels for personal electricity produc ▸ The fact that individuals are inclined to use advantages. and increased public awareness are important prices, and Turkey’s significant solar potential ▸ Advanced solar technology, rapidly dropping Administrations Production, Energy Co-opsandLocal 2.5.2. LocalandIndividual certain constraints. Rooftops Campaign, could helpto overcome Platform didfor their100Celebrities 100 Solar rities inpublicity campaigns, as the Solarbaba to overcome theconstraints. Featuring celeb ▸ Publicity andadvertisement should beused decrease fossil fuel dependency. agricultural waste to produce biogas could ▸ Using idle resources such as residential and ▸ Municipalities’ co-op experiences can be pave the way for energy co-ops. examples provided by agriculture co-ops can gave co-ops anegative image, thepositive ▸ Even though in Turkey residential co-ops opportunity. gy for water pumps can beconsidered as an Irrigation unions that can invest insolar ener is anadvantage andpresents anopportunity. earthquakes, generating theirown electricity that are obliged to provide services during ▸ For hospitals andotherpublic institutions etc.) will also present anopportunity. ▸ The implementation of carbon pricing (tax, of frequent power outages. tion systems is anadvantage inthepresence ▸ Owning personal off-grid electricity produc tial electricity consumption. 1. Opportunities 1. ------an institution that takes apositive approach the Ministry of Customs and Trade (MoCT)is ▸ The General Directorate of Cooperatives of areas. ties own agreat numberof clear lands inrural tage. Furthermore,many district municipali for public land allocation initially is anadvan that nocapital is neededto establish aco-op ▸ The fact that municipalities own land and in private citizens. energy co-op initiatives will create confidence ▸ Municipalities acting as theguarantor in such as Citizens Power Plants. izen partnerships could develop practices present anopportunity, andmunicipality-cit partners of municipality-owned enterprises cially contribute to co-ops andcitizens can be the fact that district municipalities can finan extended into thefield of energy co-ops. Also, ▸ Agricultural land first needs to betrans considered as anobstacle. reside inthesame distribution area can be co-op, andtheobligation of members to producers to come together to form anenergy ▸ The inability of residential subscribers and tute animportant obstacle. regulations contradicting each otherconsti changes andthefinancial, real estate, etc., ▸ The rapid anduncoordinated regulation potential of thetransformation. decision-makers is negatively affecting the ▸ The lack of knowledge and vision of political ty producers andco-ops. tions can pose obstacles to personal electrici solar energy andwhoare forming organiza who are beginning to operate inthefield of ▸ The conflict of interest of big energy players investments. creates uncertainty andis anobstacle for the existing capacity is not transparent. This grid is insufficient, andinformation regarding provide renewable energy’s access to the ▸ The capacity of thesubstations that will ered as animportant opportunity. to energy co-ops, and this should beconsid 2. Constraints2. ------▸ Municipalities should set anexample, and energy systems will bemandatory. new buildings inwhich installation of solar tion companies to determine apercentage of should beheld with architects andconstruc formation should not bemissed. Meetings ▸ The opportunities offered by urban trans regulation. institution to control the application of this their distribution company, there is no bills of 150 TL ormore are allowed to choose though at themoment consumers with utility produced from renewable sources. Even should beable to choose to buy electricity ▸ Like inmany othercountries, theconsumer an obstacle to renewable energy. power plants create excess supply, which is tricity production by coal-fired andnuclear ▸ The government targets that prioritize elec energy back to thegrid. cle to individual producers whowant to sell in thesolar energy sector constitute anobsta ▸ Distribution companies whodonot operate fitted for it,andthis creates amajor obstacle. prevented because thegridis technically not ▸ Individual small-scale electricity sale is Their knowledge of funding is insufficient. bank loan, which creates funding problems. and it is difficult for anewco-op to receive a vestment generally donot own suitable land, ▸ Individuals whowant to make anenergy in constitutes as anobstacle to farmers. investment to take place. This obligation formed into amarginal field for anenergy case of Izmircan besummarized as follows: tunities, constraints, andexperiences. Some of thepoints that were underlined in the status of renewable energy, rooftop solar panels, andenergy co-ops in Izmir;andoppor discussed energy policies that could beimplemented for climate change mitigation; the cipants. Engineers, doctors, municipality representatives, academicians, andactivists A workshop held onOctober 13, 2016inİzmirBornova brought together 16local parti Climate change andenergy policies: Thecase ofIzmir 3. Policy Recommendations - - - - - investments could beallowed onagricultural ▸ Acertain percentage of renewable energy building analysis. closed later on—to provide free-of-charge after the1999 Marmara earthquake—and municipality study centers that were founded established. They could bemodeled afterthe to produce theirown electricity could be provide information to individuals whowant ▸ Renewable energy study centers that would should beenacted as soonas possible. developed withbe further stakeholders and ternative to co-ops. The relevant draft law can ▸ Crowd funding can beconsidered as anal zation). from theMinistry of Environment andUrbani lifted (first andforemost requiring permission ing electricity intheirown buildings should be the constraints that keep themfrom produc decisions. including thelocal population ininvestment providing scientific andreal information and and solar energy. This should beprevented by ates negative public opinion inregard to wind ▸There is information pollution that perpetu such as cost, technology, andfinance. trainings andobtain competence inissues clean especially energy—and solar energy— relevant NGOs should go through intensive raising public awareness andlobbying. The Civil society organizations should work on electricity. the regional level andjoin forces to produce ▸ Municipalities could come together on investments. lands to enable farmers to partake inthese ------51 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 52 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 portant. Energy co-opsportant. should beestablished oneafter theother, andthe relevant state ties, thus creating acooperation between private citizens andthemunicipality, is very im ▸ king under capacity were cited as determining constraints. and prepare projects inlinewith themunicipality’s strategic plan andinstitutions wor that there are notechnical staff whocan keep track of national andinternational funds have sectoral experience andcan pursue these issues onaninternational level. The fact ▸ natural resources are inIzmir, that is inanuncontrolled manner. energy. Participants underlined that renewable energy should not bemanaged as other same location, and villagers are complaining about thepollution caused by geothermal tion onfirst-degree agricultural lands orconstructing multiple wind power plants onthe ▸ this to date. tion of rooftop solar panels onnewbuildings. However, there is nosuccessful example of sions, andagreements with construction co-ops andcontractors should ensure installa tant opportunity. Municipalities could take initiative inthese issues through council deci ▸ se of bureaucracy andlack of regulations. Another comment was that municipalities, like private citizens, were unable to act becau Izmir possesses geothermal resources andthat biomass should beused inrural areas. many rooftops it owns, such as those of parking lots.It was also pointed out to us that place. The recommendation was for themunicipality to install rooftop solar panels onthe plan; however, there is noadaptation work because there is noclimate actionplan in ▸ plant inAliağa. ▸ why we are producing energy. ▸ year round. on these rooftops oronsuitable locations inthese compounds to produce electricity all region, andparticipants proposed that initiatives should betaken to install solar panels ▸ from solid waste. ▸ developed with thesubsidies provided by IzmirDevelopment Agency two years ago. out to us that subsidies are obligatory andparticipants gave theexample of theinitiatives if solar power plant locations were marked oncity development plans. It was also pointed ▸ Aegean region are not adequate. it is not easy for private citizens to invest. Furthermore, power distribution units inthe ▸ The return onrenewable energy power plant investments is long term, andtherefore, There is unrest regarding thelocation of wind andsolar power plants, such as installa Designing urban transformation inaway that increases energy efficiency is animpor Participants underlined that IzmirMetropolitan Municipality has asustainable energy The IzmirMetropolitan Municipality was criticized for not opposing thecoal-fired power Incorrect industrial policies increase energy demand. We should first discuss thereason There are many summer house compounds that are vacant inthewinter intheAegean Participants pointed out that municipalities should take theinitiative to produce energy Developing renewable energy depends on municipalities, andit would bemore useful The fact that activists mobilize other activists andtogether they persuade municipali It was pointed out that municipalities are suffering from alack of qualifiedstaff who ------were experiencing serious financial andtechnical capacity troubles. the comments was that it is wrong to expect from everything municipalities because they fact that municipalities needto also provide consultancy services was underlined. Oneof that thedemonstration panels set by themunicipalities are just touristic examples. The Being acommercial entity, it can also stay connected to thegrid.However, it is wrong sets agood example by producing 75 percent of its electricity from its own solar panels. ▸ carry theweight of snow—and Izmir, where this problem does not exist. The same standards are applied to acity such as Kars—where rooftops needto beable to report is not required for water heating solar systems, but it is required for solar panels. ▸ back. sell back electricity to thegridmeans that they needto pay taxes, andthis holds them install solar panels. The fact that TEDAŞ is asking for invoices from people whowant to Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ) are obstacles for people whowant to ▸ the lowest. neighborhoods through co-ops andhence enable free access to energy where demand is ▸ hed inaway that allows private citizens to earn income. resolving thelack of regulation. Participants underlined that co-ops should beestablis institutions should bereceiving stacks of application letters. This should put pressure on It is important for municipalities to set agood example. The Municipality of Gaziemir The static load analysis reportconstitutes animportant bureaucratic obstacle. The According to theparticipants, thereal problem here is theregulation. GEDAŞ andthe Oneof therecommendations was to install andgift small solar panels to deprived - 53 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 54 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Energy May 2017 CHAPTER 3

CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND USE 56 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 - “Thetotal area of ice-free land onearth follows: use pattern changes of thelast century as Desertification (UNCCD) defines theland The United Nations Convention to Combat THE WORLDIN LAND USE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3.1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN this chapter. meeting inBursa can befound at theendof workshop andtheDecember 2016local dations noted at theOctober 2016Istanbul examples from Turkey. The policy recommen project field tripto Belgium as well as some practices we observed during ourJune 2016 and adaptation. We will discuss thegood of land use inclimate change mitigation This chapter will first cover theimportance carbon sinks. land use also causes therapid loss of these and grasslands, andthepattern change in situation increases thepressure onforests prises, andnewroad constructions. This trialization, urbanization, industrial enter population is decreasing because of indus arable land that is neededto feed this As theworld’s population increases, the percent (IPCC, Of 2014). this, agricultural land use inGHGemissions to beabout 25 Report of theIPCC estimates theshare of a climate change cost. AssessmentThe Fifth This transformation has beyond any doubt ing activities.” (UNCCD, 2015). forest biome primarily for farming andgraz deciduous forest, and27% of thetropical 50% of thesavannah, 45% of thetemperate or modified70% of theworld’s grasslands, last two centuries, humans have converted dition, while only 10%is improving. Inthe or moderately degraded but instable con slightly all land is currently highly degraded, 36%is - “Theestimates indicate that upto 25% of human infrastructure.” considered urban, peri-urban ormodifiedby for agriculture andforestry; almost 7%is this, about 46% is currently being used is estimated at 13 billion hectares. Of CHAPTER 3:CLIMATE CHANGE AND LANDUSE - - - - - Soil is animportant andsafe carbon sink. biodiversity loss, andclimate change. in turn sets off thecycle of land degradation, crease of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which reduces carbon sinks. This results inthe time as soil and vegetation loss considerably production increases emissions at thesame consequence of climate change. Intensive Land degradation is bothacause anda GtC02e per year by 2030 (UNCCD, 2015). ly land use to bebetween 7.2 and10.6 total carbon sink potential of climate-friend mitigation potential. The IPCC calculates the consideration has important climate change using land by taking climate change into counts for 4.3-5.5GtC02e. This shows that conversion for otherpurposes, etc.) ac tion), andland use change (deforestation, of which is attributed to livestock produc emissions account for 5.0-5.8GtCO2e (50% half of Turkey’s agricultural land) is being million hectares of productive land (about dation. Furthermore, every year about 12 worldwide has beenlost to land degra that 2billion hectares of productive land productivity to meet this end.It is estimated We needproper land use andincreased adaptation. systems for climate change mitigation and use is oneof themost important economic accelerates climate change. Therefore, land change, thesecond oneis aprocess that the first one is athreat caused by climate bon-absorbing forests andgrasslands. While GHG concentration by thedestruction of car dimension is theincrease of atmospheric drought orextreme weather events. Another cipitation andproduction losses triggered by by changes inaverage temperature andpre decrease inagricultural productivity caused many different dimensions. The first oneis a Climate change’s relation with land use has ment. of extensive agriculture andbad manage the carbon inthesoil has beenlost because trillion tons). However, 25 to 75 percent of tons) andthecarbon inall plant life (0.56 of carbon intheatmosphere (0.8 trillion the soil: this figure is larger than theamount Two andhalf trillion tons of carbon reside in ------desertification risks. east Anatolia is facing intensive erosion and amount of land inCentral, East, and South degradation, we can seethat animportant of themost important reflections of land fication risk map (Figure 3.2),which is one degradation risk area. Looking at thedeserti Turkey is situated inanimportant land Economy andClimate, 2014). emissions (TheGlobal Commission onthe climate change resiliency anddecrease GHG will feed 200million people andincrease of theworld’s eroded/deformed soil by 2030 has beenindicated that restoring 12percent lost to land degradation (UNCCD, 2015).It of Combatting Desertification and Erosion) Erosion) and Desertification Combatting of Directorate General Waterworks, and Forestyr of Ministry (Source: 2015 Map, Risk Desertification Turkey’s 3.2. FIGURE - - 57 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 58 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 figure 3.4,agriculture, forestry, andother increasing productivity losses. As shown in studies show that climate change will cause The IPCC agricultural production model another factor. zation (Figure 3.3).Climate change is also overgrazing ingrasslands, andindustriali deforestation, expansion of agricultural areas, The main reasons for land degradation are forms of land use account for 24 percent of - seen in figure 3.5. seen infigure 3.5. agricultural production andLULUCF can be and Forestry (LULUCF). GHGemissions from this 24 percent is LandUse, LandUse Change GHG emissions. The most important factor in ▸ Heirloomseedimprovement andseed transformation, Aydemir lists themas follows: As for thetools neededto accomplish this independent from themarket. 4. Making production-consumption networks between cities andnewrural areas 3. Urban transformation through connections villages 2. Rural revitalization andtransformation of 1. Encouraging “Rural Progress” taken as follows: Aydemir lists (2014) thesteps that needto be in climate change mitigation andadaptation. rural policies play aquite determinative role Therefore, theattributes of agricultural and the production-consumption balance. 6. Local dynamics not being able to impact that “feed thesoil” into yearly monocultures, 5. Transforming perennial production systems seeds, one typeof hybrid seeds instead of heirloom 4. Promoting agricultural production based on agricultural techniques, 3. Rise of energy andchemistry-intensive 2. Disappearance of traditional knowledge, tion chains, monopolization of theproduction-consump 1. Disintegration of small-scale farming and as follows: countered in Turkey’s food andurban policies Aydemir summarizes (2014) theproblems en economic, andecological sustainability. sumption balance negatively impacts social, cultural system, thechanging production-con brought about theindustrialization of the agri While population pressure andmacro policies CLIMATE CHANGE AND RURAL LIFEPOLICIES ON 3.2. THE IMPACTS OF FOOD ▸ Community-supported agriculture andfood ▸ Organic markets exchange systems - - - - price guarantee, capital access difficulties are or poorsales, price uncertainties are offset by guarantee eliminates therisks of poorharvest ble food. For example, theCSA’s purchase consumers’ access to healthy andafforda the risks encountered by farmers andfacilitate consumption of food”. Its goal is to eliminate vide adirect link between theproduction and farm andacommunity of supporters that pro partnership of mutual commitment between a Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) is “a of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), According to theInternational Federation AGRICULTURE 3.3. COMMUNITY-SUPPORTED ▸ Transition cities to quiet cities. Ecovillages ▸ ▸ Urban agriculture andbalcony gardens communities 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 Yaşam ÜrünDayanışma Dostu Üretimve Paylaşım Grubu BALIKESİR Doğal Ürünler ve Sağlıklı Yaşam Platform ANTALYA Güneşköy (DBB) Grubu Bilinçli Beslenme Doğal Besin, 100. Yıl Food Community ANKARA Website ofGıda Toplulukları Table 3.1.Example inTurkey initiatives ofCSA (Source: Turkey. Table 3.1.lists examples of CSA initiatives in overcome by real orfinancial contributions.

http://ankaradbb.wordpress.com http://www.facebook.com/yuzyilgida http://www.facebook.com/groups/ http://www.yasamdostu.org http://www.guneskoy.org.tr

The list from http://gidatopluluklari.org/?page_ from list The on Community information detailed For more dogalurunplatformu updated. id=103 been has community-supported-agriculture-csa http://www.ifoam.bio/en/ see Agriculture, Supported 34 32

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- 30 36 - ” 59 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 60 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 42 41 40 39 38 37 Initiative Koşuyolu Co-op Kadıköy Co-op Direnen ÜreticiTüketici Kooperatifi (Dürtük) UniversityBoğaziçi Co-op Consumer İSTANBUL InitiativeYeşil EvCo-op Consumer GAZİANTEP EkolojikÇanakkale Yaşam İnisiyatifi (ÇAYEK) ÇANAKKALE organisms to feed thegrowing population) will industrial agriculture orgenetically modified Focusing onjust one target (like encouraging and exploits land andsmall-scale farmers. to feed theworld, increases climate change, It is clear that thecurrent system is unable THROUGH CORRECT LAND USE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION 3.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR http://www.cayek.org

http://www.bukoop.org http://www.facebook.com/kosuyolukoop http://www.facebook.com/ http://www.facebook.com/durtuk http://www.facebook.com/KadikoyKoop early payment upto six months inadvance. the producer decides to invest ingreenhouses and such, he/shehas theoptionto receive One of themost important features of GASAP is theone-year purchase guarantee. Incase Therefore, thecommunity generally gives preference to producers from around Brussels. tents. The community leaders state that reducing carbon emission is theirkey motivation. the system is based ontrust. Producers directly distribute 80percent of thebasket’s con the needs of afamily of five. The products are not expected to have anorganic certificate; members each. Members pay 20Euros for aweekly vegetable andfruit basket that meets provide 30to 60 varieties of organic produce to approximately 90consumer groups of 20 the severed relationship between urban andrural life. Today, the36producers of GASAP cers andconsumers without any middlemen, increasing producers’ income, andmending to develop inFrance inthe1960s, with thegoals of directly bringing together small produ Solidaires del’Agriculture Paysanne) network. GASAP is one thecommunities that began munity founded in2005andconnected to theBrussels-based GASAP (Groupe d’Achat One of theinitiatives we met during ourBrussels visit was Le Début des Harricots, acom Harricots groups/573407206045155/

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47 46 45 44 43 TohumBodrum Foundation CSA Group Bizim Bostan MUĞLA İmece EviAile Abone Sistemi ment ofAgricultural Markets Foça Economics Earth CSA ofEgeUniversity Group Faculty ofAgriculture Depart İZMİR Yeryüzü Association Consumer Derneği (to thedisadvantage of bothparties andto ference between production andconsumption decline of food varieties, increase inthedif monopolization of distribution result inthe The industrialization of agriculture andthe ecological context to which it belongs. be reinstated into theeconomic, social, and tation efforts. This is why agriculture needs to obstruct climate change mitigation andadap

http://www.yeryuzudernegi.org/projeler.php?pid=71 http://www.imeceevi.org http://www.facebook.com/bodrumtohumdernegi http://www.focazeytindali.org/earth-markets haricots.org/presentation Brussels: Débutdes Le A food community in For more information, please see http://www. see please information, For more

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44 ------use andrecovering eroded soil will increase The idea is that aholistic approach to land mation of land use andagricultural systems. of climate change with thecomplete transfor recommendations oneliminating theimpacts There are various policy andapplication policies go through aserious revision. is only possible if rural life andagricultural use of chemicals. Breaking this vicious circle and decrease infood quality dueto intensive the advantage of theintermediary companies) According to the law of thermodynamics, thetotal numberof carbon atoms intheworld microbiota. tosynthesis andreaches thesoil intheform of complex molecules with the help of thesoil interactions we call nature. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken inby plants through pho through photosynthesis—the basic process of all energy andmatter transformation and Soil organic matter is asubstance that is 55to 60percent carbon atoms andis created environment that is measured according to theamount of organic matter it contains. action network. The difference between soilby and“dirt” definitionis that soil is a“living” trees, bushes, agricultural crops, etc.) have established anextraordinary symbiotic inter biodiversity; it is anecosystem where, insubsoil andtopsoil, living matter (grass, flowers, “soil.” Soil is as a very thinterrestrial layer cm (30 to afew meters) that is hometo amazing repairing ourrelationship with soil.Let us begin by explaining what we mean whenwe say plex ecosystems within atriple bottom line(TBL) In this section,we will frequently use theword “soil” anddiscuss oneof themost com 1. A very bigandhungry carbonsink: the soil food, agriculture, economy, andnature. being atechnical methodology andprovides aparadigm shift intherelationship between will provide someexamples. Lastly, we will discuss how regenerative agriculture transcends as abuffer against the extreme weather events that are related to climate change, andwe We will also examine theimpacts of regenerative agriculture onclimate adaptation by acting calculate how much increasing thesoil’s organic matter impacts climate change mitigation. carbon sequestration characteristics andpotentials. Then using numerical data, we will We will first examine theprincipal dynamics of theworld’s carbon cycle andthesoil’s establish anewrelationship between climate change andsoil andagriculture. at thesame time,ensure food safety andsecurity through regenerative agriculture that will This will article examine if it is possible to fight climate change andadapt to its impacts and, Mitigation “Regenerative Agriculture” for ClimateChange 48 is constant. All of this carbon travels from onesink to theotherby going through certain same time. same Durukan Dudu TBL is a concept that achieves a “win-win-win” situation for ecological, economic, and social aspects at the at the aspects social and economic, ecological, for situation a“win-win-win” achieves that aconcept is TBL - 48 soil. soil. increase thecarbon sequestration capacity of defines regenerative agriculture andhow to The following sectionfeatures that anarticle agriculture, anewapproach to thetraditional. nities, it is necessary to analyze regenerative nity-supported agriculture andfood commu good consumption practices such as commu climate resilience. Therefore, inaddition to framework, which is aconcrete step in - - - - - 61 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 62 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 short- andlong-termshort- cycles. We call this macro cycle the“carbon cycle.” For example, each loss of biodiversity anddesertification, hunger, andthefall of human civilization? Inother and reverse this process that causes soil depletion andloss of water retention capacity, At this point,we needto ask thefollowing question: What would happen if we were to stop yearly amount of anthropogenic carbon emissions. into theatmosphere since theadvent of agriculture is 150times more than thecurrent total In otherwords, according to someestimates, theamount of soil carbon we have emitted have lost close to 50percent of soil organic matter the atmosphere since theadvent of agriculture, according to themost reputable claims, we Even thoughthere are various estimates regarding how much soil carbon was emitted into nomic process by which agriculture became dependent onchemistry instead of biology. with the“Green Revolution,” which can basically beexplained as atechnical andsocio-eco ture. The rate and spread of theloss of soil organic matter increased inthelast 60 years years, we have lost soil organic matter as aresult of human impact, most notably agricul that is thefoundation of all soil andterrestrial ecosystems. We know that inthelast 10,000 of organic matter, andorganic matter, as mentionedabove, is thereal trigger of plant growth (forests, agricultural crops, grass, etc.). Aconsiderable amount of soil carbon is intheform contained by theatmosphere andfour times theamount contained by all green biomass (NASA), thesoil contains about 2,500gigatons of carbon—that is, three times theamount the soil.According to data provided by theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration ciency”—and according to sometheonewith themost cumulative impacts—takes place in Among theanthropogenic disruptions of thecarbon cycle, theleast known but oldest “defi and/or reduction of forest areas. which is intheform of trees/woody plants, moves upto theatmosphere as aresult of fires man-caused damage to thecarbon cycle is deforestation. Inthis case, thesurface carbon, er sink—the carbon increase inoceans causes acidification. Anotherexample of hu When someof this carbon “surplus” intheatmosphere is absorbed by oceans—anoth the atmosphere. ranean andundersea fossil fuels for energy resulting incarbon emission from this sink into carbon-surplus at anincreasing rate. The best known example is whenhumans burn subter sink cycles: while certain sinks become continuously carbon-deficient, othersinks exhibit cycle” problem. Climate change is theresult of thehuman-caused imbalance incarbon in aconstant state of motionbetween sinks. We also know that climate change is a“carbon through thedecomposition andrespiration of plants andanimals. Inotherwords, carbon is and during thesame year, thesame amount of carbon is converted into atmospheric carbon year 120gigatons of atmospheric carbon is transferred to plants through photosynthesis, 49 last year it became part of agovernmental agenda whentheFrench government launched methods. This issue also caught theattention of private companies andentrepreneurs, and farmers,” some NGOs,andleaders whodeveloped andpracticed regenerative agriculture which was started by independent platforms, rural organizations calling themselves “carbon year, climate change activists such as NaomiKlein andBill McKibben joined this discussion, erative farmers” whoare currently restoring thesoil’s organic matter are being shared. Last This question has been voiced for thelast ten years, andtheresults obtained by the“regen words, what would happen if we were to restore thesoil’s organic matter? and advance food security. Soil Sci. 172, 943–956 172, Sci. Soil security. food advance and Lal, R., Follett, R. F., Stewart, B. A. & Kimble, J. M. (2007) Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change change climate mitigate to sequestration carbon Soil (2007) M. J. &Kimble, A. B. F., R. Stewart, Follett, R., Lal, 49 . ------50 to beobtained through photosynthesis, theprocess by which thesoil is incontact with the “create” 650grof organic matter, we needapproximately 360grof C atoms. This C needs Fifty-five to 60percent of organic matter is composed of carbon (C).Inotherwords, to 0.1 percent increase inOMandcreating 650grof OM. 1 m2area of soil, a0.1 percent OMincrease insoil with adepthof 50cm means achieving In a650kg mass, a0.1 percent OM increase corresponds to 650grams. In otherwords, ina or anincrease of 650kg/m2. depth of thesoil would mean that theamount of organic matter is increased by 0.5 m3/m2, Considering that the average density of thesoil is 1.3ton/m3, anincrease of 50cm inthe area) of soil andadepthof 50cm. an area of 500million hectares million (5 km2,approximately six times Turkey’s surface Let’s assume that we increase organic matter (OM)by anaverage of 0.1 percent (OM)within phere SC x 3.66(thefraction of C inCO2) =Amount of carbon dioxide removed from theatmos SOMI x 0.55 (thecarbon content of organic matter) = Sequestered Carbon (SC) volume = Soil Organic Matter Increased (SOMI) Affected soil mass (=unit area x depth x soil density) x increase inorganic matter perunit This is theformula and z percent organic matter were to beincreased? captured andstored inthesoil (sequestration) if inan x unit area of soil, ina y depth/layer, The question we will address inthescenarios is as follows: How much carbon (C)would be that can becleaned through Holistic Management practices by looking at two scenarios. We can analyze thesoil’s carbon storage and theamount of atmospheric carbon dioxide the soil 2- Two scenarios that analyze the amountofcarbon that canbestored in hectares, depending onhow this category is classified. in theworld, show great variations. The terrestrial area they cover can reach upto 4.5billion The annual rainfall distribution ingrasslands, which are thelargest terrestrial ecosystems spread across almost all theEarth. Holistic Management andHolistic Planned Grazing ingrasslands, meadows, andpastures Another practice is to use planned grazing andanimal impact tools inaccordance with 50 ing compost from urban food waste andusing theminurban gardens andnotill-agriculture There are many ways to increase soil organic matter of different conditions andscales. Mak the “4pour1000”initiative, which calls for “an0.4 percent increase of soil organic matter.” 51 inagricultural lands are someof theways to permanently restore thesoil’s organic matter.

For a calculation using this formula, see: Jack Kittredge, “Conversions, Quantities, Calculations and and Calculations Quantities, “Conversions, Kittredge, Jack see: formula, this using For acalculation Tilling is one of the first agricultural inventions, and it is one of the most important causes of the loss of organic organic of loss the of causes important most the of one it is and inventions, agricultural first the of one is Tilling Indulgences: A Primer”, The Natural Farmer, Summer 2014 http://www.nofa.org/tnf/Summer2014B.pdf 2014 Summer Farmer, Natural The APrimer”, Indulgences: matter. Slight 1: Scenario increase 51 : - - 63 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 64 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 atmosphere through plants. So, creating 650grof organic matter signifies capturing 360gr hectares of soil with adepthof 50cm In this scenario, let us assume that we increase organic matter by 0.5 percent across 1billion of soil will sequester about 17 percent of the2015global CO2 emissions. In conclusion, thecalculation shows us that such anapplication over 500million hectares 500 million hectares.) tonssoil. (Thirteen of CO2 inonehectare or 10,000 m2and6.5 billion tons [Gt]of CO2 in an area of 1m2signifies capturing 1,300grof CO2 from theatmosphere andstoring it inthe According to this calculation, increasing OMby 0.1 percent insoil with adepthof 50cm and tain 360grof C. weight of CO2 molecules to obtain 1unit weight of C atom, we need1,300grof CO2 to ob The atomic mass of C is 1/3.66themolecular weight of CO2. So, since we needa3.66unit of C atoms from theatmosphere. 54 53 52 scientific studies showed that it is possible to achieve two percent organic matter increase m-deep layer of soil is not merely theoretical andcan beconsidered as empirical data. Some soil analysis, showed that anannual increase of 0.1 to 0.4 percent of organic matter ina1 the “carbon farmers,” whopractice regenerative agriculture onaglobal scale andconduct organic matter increase rates mentionedinthescenarios above. The results obtained by A question that comes to mindat this point is how long it will take to achieve thesoil 100 ppm decrease intheconcentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide . gigatons of carbon ina40million km2area of global grassland would correspond to about a dioxide per1,000m2insemi-arid terrains. Calculations estimate that storing atotal of 210 soil states that it is possible to sequester six tons of carbon, more than 20tons of carbon thatAn article compiles up-to-date academic articles onthesequestration potential of the will correspond to adecrease of about 40partspermillion (ppm). (all cultivated anduncultivated terrestrial systems—fields, grasslands, pastures) through humanby intervention) using regenerative agriculture practices inagricultural lands matter (which is themost modest estimate regarding theamount of organic matter lost of atmospheric carbon dioxide andstore it inthesoil if we restore 200gigatons of organic Institute andsuggests thefollowing pathway: It is possible to capture atotal of 300gigatons An alternative approach to these calculation methods is used by GRAINandtheRodale times theamount of annual global carbon dioxide emissions. dioxide andstoring it inthe soil intheform of organic matter. This equals approximately 1.6 According to theformula above, this means capturing 65gigatons of atmospheric carbon

See: https://www.globalpolicy.org/home/217-hunger/48282-tackling-the-climate-crisis-from-the-ground-up. Founded by the developer of Holistic Management (the fundamental regenerative agriculture practice and and practice agriculture regenerative (the fundamental Management Holistic of developer the by Founded Capture on Grasslands http://www.planet-tech.com/upsidedrawdown html Turkey. in hub Institute Savory the is Grasslands Anatolian 2025. by scale global on a agriculture regenerative and Management Holistic with managed be to area atarget as hectares billion 1 sets Institute Savory International the friends, his and Savory Allan on grasslands) focuses that method Strong 2: increaseScenario Upside (Drawdown) – The Potential of Restorative Grazing to Mitigate Global Warming by Increasing Carbon Carbon Increasing by Warming Global Mitigate to Grazing Restorative of Potential –The (Drawdown) Upside 52 . 54

53 . Andthis - physical structure has been regenerated by organic matter, acquires a“sponge-like” charac Soil that has beenregenerated, inotherwords soil that is covered by vegetation andwhose and turning into deserts. floods increase further soil erosion anddegradation inlands that are already worn-out, arid, sudden downpours occur simultaneously. Andthese simultaneously occurring drought and areas intheworld, rainfall gradually becomes rarer, andserious drought episodes and increase of theheating atmosphere’s moisture-holding capacity. Inotherwords, inmany in rainfall frequency andtheincrease intheforce of rainfall, which are caused by the The most widespread andperceivable acute crisis linked to climate change is thedecrease areas: 3- The win-win-win cycles created by regenerative agriculture inother gas emissions to this equation. to add thedecreasing impact of thereduced global land use emissions ontotal greenhouse adverse effects are unknown. increase Afurther inefficiency can beanticipated if we were promised by the very costly methods that have beensuggested upuntil now andwhose dioxide through thewide adaptation of regenerative agriculture practices than theamount In conclusion, it seems possible to sequester amuch larger amount of atmospheric carbon six percent andachieved anaverage increase of four percent. Brown was able to increase thesoil organic matter from below two percent to above five to he began in1993 andgradually varied throughout the years, theAmerican farmer Gabe studies. Oneof these studies shows that through regenerative agriculture practices, which Carbon Coalition andCarbon Farmers collect data from farmers for mapping andsampling results of theAnatolian Grasslands. The United States-based grassroots organizations Soil Data from various regenerative agriculture practices from around theworld support the Grazing. stitutes animportant example to illustrate theresults of solely practicing Holistic Planned where nootherform of regenerative agriculture except grazing is practiced. Thus, it con ing this process. The implementation field is afield that is neitherirrigated norseededand There was also anincrease inthesoil’s nitrogen, phosphorus, andpotassium content dur • Increased from 0.31 percent to 0.34 percent at adepthof 60-90cm. • Increased from 1.15percent to 1.54percent at adepthof 30-60cm, • Increased from 1.75 percent to 2.37percent at adepthof 0-30 cm, December 2014andDecember 2015thesoil organic matter: The results showed achange inthesoil’s organic matter. According to theresults, between lyzed by theDirectorate of Food, Agriculture andHusbandry intheProvince of Çanakkale. 30-60 cm, and60-90cm inDecember 2014andDecember 2015. The samples were ana tation field near Biga, Çanakkale, from six locations with soil depths ranging from 0-30 cm, In acase study, random soil samples were collected intheAnatolian Grasslands implemen in soil with adepthof 90cm over aperiodof 10-25 years. ing organic matter by 0.43 percent ina90-cm-deep layer of soil intheAnatolian Grasslands’ holding capacity of approximately four units of water. According to this calculation, increas teristic. We can say that each mass unit of organic matter provides thesoil with thestoring/ Adaptation along with mitigation ------65 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 66 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 field would signifyensuring that thesoil holds, approximately, anadditional 25 liters of resilience in local economic cycles. sion of small-scale family farms, therestructuring of rural areas (andcities), anddeveloping the current chemical-based agriculture economy into biology-based agriculture, theexpan important systemic changes such as seedfreedom, biodiversity, food security, converting of these individuals, organizations, andnetworks constitute afundamental momentum for them together under theconcept of being a“pro-sumer.” Operating indifferent forms, each tive farms), andtryingto merge consumers andproducers inthemedium-term by bringing tion dividend systems that enable food communities to become shareholders of regenera the box” recommendations andpractices for thefinance system (such as thenewgenera brave andinnovative steps to establish food communities andco-ops, developing “out of a wide range of activities: raising ageneration of newand“regenerative” farmers, taking ers of regenerative agriculture ontheglobal scale act inalocal context andparticipate in methods andprocedures but also animportant paradigm Almost shift. all of theimplement food production andagriculture. Regenerative agriculture is not only abody of technical Another aspect of regenerative agriculture is thesocio-economic impact it has, notably on ture practices is oneof thesymbiotic climate change adaptation tools that can beused. of thestruggle against them.Inotherwords, regenerating thesoil with regenerative agricul droughts andfloods, not being affected/or being minimally affected by them,andtheend regenerative agriculture practices can signifybeing equipped with aserious “buffer” against For regions, basins, or countries, thelarge-scale application of holistic management and enters thedrought periods with astrong water reserve. precipitation by 2011 flow andrun off (causing erosion). The same soil was able to absorb 200mm/hourstrong exceeded 13 mm/hour, thesoil could not entirely absorb thewater, andthewater would agriculture, his soil’s “water absorption rate” was 13mm/hour. Inotherwords, whenrainfall above. According to Brown’s measurements in1993 whenhewas practicing conventional We can also provide somedata from Gabe Brown’s field, theAmerican farmer we mentioned rapidly.dry both soil erosion andfloods, andthesoil will become vulnerable to drought because it will increase its vitality andfeed streams and aquifers. The same rainfall onafrail soil will cause the surface. However, even severe rainfall can beabsorbed by regenerated soil andcan Degraded andincreasingly frail soil is like aceramic-tiled surface, therain just slides off water or25 millimeters/m2. This corresponds to 25 tons/1,000 m2and250 tons/hectare. 55 agriculture holds animportant place intherapidly spreading approaches to nutrition and duced inthis soil have higher nutritional values. Today, food production with regenerative agricultural crops that are more resistant to “agricultural pests.” Andthefoods that are pro human health. Moreover, amore resilient microbiological life makes it possible to obtain with regenerative agriculture practices donot contain any chemicals that are hazardous to In addition, crops andanimal products that originate from soil that has beenenriched ment that paves theway of decentralizing society, politics, andeconomy. In this context, regenerative agriculture also possesses thequality of being a social move

Extension), http://extension.psu.edu/plants/sustainable/news/2014/spring/browns-ranch Regenerative agriculture andhumans Brown’s Ranch: Farming in Nature’s Image to Regenerate Land, Productivity, and Quality of Life (PennState (PennState Life of Quality and Productivity, Land, Regenerate to Image Nature’s in Farming Ranch: Brown’s 55 . This means that there is nomore water erosion andthat thesoil ------3.5.1. Regenerative3.5.1. Agriculture these two headings: of this workshop can besummarized under to overcome these constraints. The outcome tunities, constraints, andinnovative policies groups to discuss andreportontheoppor agriculture, workshop participants formed two Institute hub,onland use andregenerative Dudu from theAnatolian Grasslands, a Savory ate Professor Barış Karapınar andDurukan presentations of Project Advisor andAssoci at theIstanbul Policy Center. Following the society activists was held onOctober 27, 2016 A project workshop gathering expertsandcivil SOLUTIONS RECOMMENDEDPROBLEMS AND USE AND GREENECONOMY: 3.5. CLIMATE-FRIENDLY LAND changing. a temperate climate zone—although this is tural land andgrasslands and is situated in ▸ Turkey is acountry that is rich inagricul 1. Opportunities 1. future healthy living andis definedas oneof themost important human health trends inthenear ment against those whoargue that economic constraints constitute anobstacle to climate equipment, training, andtechnical support expenses) provides animportant counterargu in themediumterm, orinotherwords that they have negative costs (aftertheinitial low regenerative agriculture practices are less costly than conventional agriculture practices important solution opportunities for climate change mitigation andadaptation. The fact that As abody of agricultural methodologies andapproaches, regenerative agriculture presents 56 inter-disciplinaryresearchers. agriculture practices in Turkey provide extensive research opportunities for disciplinary and cycles andonthechanges inland use practices. Inthis sense, thewidespread regenerative specific andcomprehensive studies, such as theeffects of carbon sequestration onwater life” andacademia, it is important that scientists in Turkey andall over theworld focus on is just beginning to draw theattention of scientists. Inorder to close thegap between “real Regenerative agriculture is agrassroots movement that originated from therural setting and mitigation.

The Next Hot Trends in Food, Wall Street Journal, October 16 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-next-hot- 16 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-next-hot- October Journal, Street Wall Food, in Trends Hot Next The Conclusion trends-in-food-1476670682 56 . - - - pave the way of such newapplications. certification andinformation exchange can lish networks for processes such as organic ▸ Enabling farmers to come together to estab ty for spreading regenerative agriculture. and opento change can present anopportuni fact that the young generation is educated the incentives are insufficient, these andthe people to go back to rural areas. Even though ▸ The government began to encourage young nity. caused by rapid urbanization is anopportu cultural practices because of theproblems ▸ City dwellers’ deepinterest innewagri erative agriculture on their agenda. alternative practices, andthis can put regen climate change, lead farmers to search for conditions,▸ Dry which are aggravated by present anopportunity. ▸ Development agencies that provide support cost andthus easy to implement. ▸ Regenerative agriculture practices are low ------67 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 68 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 cooperation present apermanent constraint. tralization, as well as the lack of institutional of thedecision-making mechanism andcen ▸ Structural problems, such as theslowness practices. cultural planning obstruct theway of these ▸ Restrictive regulations andincorrect agri alternative practices. of agriculture as well as to theapplication of are important constraints inthedevelopment lands (such as the amendment to 80) Article tunities inforests, grasslands, andagricultural paved theway for endless investment oppor sequence, thelegal amendments that have ▸ Rapid economic growth and,as its con productivity is economically attractive. the costs. Therefore, theincrease of grassland and animal feed accounts for 80percent of ▸The price of animal products is very high, tive agriculture. soil also presents anopportunity for regenera search for alternative methods to enrich the caused soil deterioration andsalinization. The ods used inthe South Anatolian region have ▸ Industrial agriculture practices andmeth zation of otheruses. indifference to grasslands, allows thelegitimi odds with each otherandtheadministrators’ access, such as thebehavior of villagers at ▸ Problems regarding grassland control and this aconstraint that increases costs. composed of small andfragmented and parts, ▸ The structure of Turkey’s agricultural land is minimization, andthis is aconstraint. versities emphasizes management andcost ▸ The agriculture education provided at uni grassroots movements. the spreading of these innovations through organizations cause difficulties anddelays in ▸ The shortcomings informing co-ops and practices. and detrimental to these kinds of alternative companies are pro-industrial agriculture ▸ The lobbying activities of multinational 2. Constraints2. ------Australia, carbon farming andcarbon offset regenerative agriculture: for example, like in ▸ Writing regulations that will encourage culture. Holistic Management andregenerative agri together to buy lands where they will practice ample, food communities can bebrought ▸ Creating joint capital structures: for ex accession to lands. ▸ Creating opportunities for landless farmers’ obstacles. create lifestyle of theunsustainability of theindustrialized consumer behavior andthelack of awareness ing. Similarly, cultural codes that determine as aresult social awareness is not develop and motivating decision-makers to act,and ▸ NGOs fall of short providing information these areas for cultivation. tive approach will make it possible to recover ▸ Non-cultivated areas are increasing. Aproac on land use can be presented. legal platform where newrecommendations the scope of the Zoning Act No. 3194 offer a ▸ The recent Environmental Plans written in and Mitigating Emissions 3.5.2. Protecting Agricultural Land ing herds together. co-ops that will develop thepractice of bring ▸ Ensuring theformation of structures such as lands andprivate gardens. that would make it applicable to bothgrass ▸ Adapting regenerative agriculture inaway promulgating best practices. awareness ontheresults of bad practices and ▸ Making effortstowards raising social regenerative agriculture. data through citizen science can contribute to a systematic exchange are needed.Gathering ers andfarmers; effortsto transform this into ▸ Exchanging information between research applications can beprioritized. practices could besubsidized. Regional pilot 3. Policy recommendations 1. Opportunities 1. ------that thecost of reducing emissions is high ▸ The lack of information andtheperception cle to thecorrect use of agricultural lands. of rent-oriented income andcreates anobsta Act No. 6360. This increases theexpectation ban plots with theMetropolitan Municipalities ▸ Many rural agricultural areas will become ur down thespread of new practices. es inindividual parcel ownerships are slowing tion andapplication mistakes such as chang ▸ The continuous amendments to thelegisla interpreted as opportunities. financial contributions inthese areas can be the Ministry of Development’s increasing ▸ The Ministry of European UnionAffairs and agricultural practices. can lead to anincreased interest intraditional and thecontinuing decline inproduct quality ▸ The low yield of existing agriculture practices income. provide farmers with anadditional source of carbon sequestration technologies can ▸ With thedevelopment of carbon markets, opportunities. people moving back to rural areas present eco-tourism andtheincreasing numberof in ecologic villages, eco-consumption, and ▸ The urban population’s increasing interest varieties of produce. Producers donot use any pesticides orchemical fertilizers. produced. The Nilüfer Urban Vegetable Garden boasts 96local seeds belonging to 16 different and local wheat varieties from Hatay are among thedifferent varieties of wheat that are being product yield analysis for somerarely produced wheat species. Siyez wheat from Kastamonu of various organic seeds such as heirloomwheat seeds. Eskişehir Research Institute conducts racabey Vocational College. The urban vegetable garden features work areas for theproduction neighborhoods. Agriculture faculty students work at thegardens of Uludağ University andKa hood committee representatives work ontheirown parcels andtake theproduce back to their seeds. The distribution of land consists of oneparcel perneighborhood committee. Neighbor gardeners practice ecological agriculture andmostly focus theireffortsonproducing organic m2 of land provided by theNilüfer Municipality, and consists of 67 gardens, each 64 m2.Here, The Nilüfer Urban Vegetable Garden is located intheÜrünlü neighborhoodof Bursa, on5,500 Vegetable Garden Climate-friendly landuse:BursaNilüfer Urban Constraints2. - - - - established inorder to spread information. and newplatforms andchannels needto be be increased through education programs, ▸ Sustainable agriculture awareness should in this field needto besupported. ▸ Ecology movements andNGOs that operate spread. ments make it difficult for newpractices to ness andthelimitations of ecology move ▸ Society’s insufficient environmental aware difficult to earn aliving from agriculture. spending andthis makes it increasingly more between producers’ gain andconsumers’ olizing agricultural production causes agap ▸ The fact that retail chain stores are monop lic agenda. prevents theissue from getting onto thepub to berevised. ▸ The insurance andliability regulations need be provided subsidies. crease theamount of carbon inthesoil should ▸ Organic agriculture andpractices that in to besupported. ▸ Producer andconsumer associations need ties can also berecommended. Establishing special departmentsat universi 3. Policy recommendations ------69 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 70 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 (that donot exist inthelegislation) for theproducers. from going organic. These bureaucrats are not well informed, andthey create obstacles ▸ individually. ▸ the name of protecting human health. organic products, andthestate should provide subsidies to reduce theprice difference in administrations should also take responsibility. Municipalities should facilitate access to ▸ reason behindthelow demand for organic markets. the land are not severed, this made it possible to buy from villages andthis might bethe ▸ properly. also signify that there is indeedademand for organic products but that it is not managed tion at thefaculty, andthese products are very rapidly sold within thefaculty. This can markets is inreality ademand for organic products. Moreover, there is organic produc price than organic products. Andthis might lead us to think that thedemand for villagers’ villager might beselling produce labeled organic at a villagers’ market at amuch lower ▸ transportation cost for local products and yet theprices are thesame inthetwo cities. be thesame, however inreality thepurchasing power inBursa is lower andthere is no the seller.. The purchasing power of consumers inIstanbul andBursa are considered to products are not attractive enough,andthere is atrust issue; thebuyer does not trust products first go to Istanbul andthencome to Bursa, andthey are oftennot fresh. The a few varieties of organic products andthey are too expensive andof poorquality. The ▸ of shopping centers/malls. village markets, oneorganic market (inNilüfer), 64 neighborhoodmarkets, andhundreds strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, etc.), they only produce Bursa to export. boasts three ducts. Even thoughthere are about 500to 600organic farmers inBursa (mainly, cherry, a demand for organic produce andthat there was less demand for organic animal pro only three producers. The reasons provided by theparticipants were theinability to create organic market. Founded in2006,it didwell thefirst three to four years, but today it has example of insufficient organic produce supply inthecity, we were told about theNilüfer ▸ identified by theparticipants as particular to Bursa can besummarized as follows: communities, opportunities, constraints, andexperiences. Some of theissues that were change mitigation, thesituation inBursa inregard to organic food production andfood academicians, andactivists. The 17 participants discussed land use policies for climate ducers andmarket-owners, members of thecity council, municipality representatives, sed of agricultural engineers, food engineers, medical doctors, farmers, organic pro The workshop held inDecember 2016inNilüfer, Bursa, brought together agroup compo Climate change andlandusepolicies: Bursa There was also acomment about thefact that since Bursa’s ties with traditional life and Society needs to beeducated about what organic is andwhat it is For not. example, a The otherreasons for low demand for organic produce in Bursa were that there are only Bursa is well suited to organic agriculture, but production for local markets is low. As an Bureaucrats working at theProvincial Directorate of Agriculture dissuade producers Villagers should establish production andconsumption co-ops instead of producing Participants recommended that organic production should besubsidized, andlocal - - - - and will impact organic production. cause of thecurrent transition period,but this will create ahuge problem for the villagers will increase andbethe same as inthecity center. The villagers are not aware of this be not bepossible to raise livestock anywhere inBursa. Water andenergy prices andtaxes palities; if husbandry is banned when villages become neighborhoods with this Act, it will and grasslands that belonged to the village administration will now belong to themunici ▸ that would beopento thepublic. ▸ city into urban vegetable gardens illustrates this demand. on theweekends. People transforming empty lots near theirapartment buildings inthe are demanding areas where they can beengaged with agriculture andhave agood time public. Ontheotherhand, there is ademand for urban vegetable gardens, andpeople awareness. However, there are nourban vegetable gardens andhobby gardens for the focuses onorganic seedproduction, plays animportant role ineducating andraising the Nilüfer Municipality at theÜrünlü village. This organic agriculture center, which mainly ▸ pesticides andchemical fertilizers are not used. coal-fired power plants. There is concern that theproducts might beunhealthy even if ▸ According to othercomments, with theMetropolitan Municipality Act, common areas Municipalities should allocate space for NGOs to establish urban vegetable gardens According to participants, theonly urban vegetable garden is theoneestablished by Onecomment addressed thepollution inBursa, which is caused by industrial and - - 71 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 72 CLIMATE-FRIENDLY GREEN ECONOMY POLICIES Climate Change and Land Use May 2017 directly contribute to theeconomy andeven and also enable newjobs whereby citizens tives with easy andwidespread applications environmental andclimate-friendly alterna regenerative agriculture—is that they create by bicycle, urban vegetable gardens, and agriculture,ported inner-city transportation buildings, energy co-ops, community-sup featured inthis report—such as passive The common point of innovative practices cally satisfying results. organizations—examples that bear economi innovative technologies andcreative social The success of European countries lies in that insist onprioritizing economic growth. brilliant examples for countries like Turkey ment of climate protection policies, provide countries, which for years led thedevelop The experiences of theEuropean Union climate change. the realistic framework we needto fight and fair labor conditions andcan provide and emphasizes job creation, social rights, prioritizes protecting theclimate andnature approach, thegreen economy approach conservation of the traditional development hinder growth andtherefore prioritizes the and claims that protecting nature does not ch does not question theeconomic process While thesustainable development approa and protect theenvironment. reduce GHGemissions, minimize pollution, ronmental quality andproposes policies that ment by encouraging social justice and envi green economy prioritizes human develop and even considers themas hindrances—a ignores environmental andsocial concerns duces economic development to growth and traditional economic approach—which re solution to climate change. Incontrast to the provides animportant frame for finding a solution to overcome this triple crisis, also approach, which claims to develop aholistic and ecological crisis. The green economy The world is facing aneconomic, social, only creates newjobs but also provides the profitability of big companies. This not individual initiatives instead of increasing earn income. The priority is set onfamily or CONCLUSION ------practices andtheiradaptation to Turkey to to discuss theimportance of European best The participatory methodused inthis report mic viewpoint. ment protection, as well as from anecono ture inmatters of food quality andenviron be more successful than industrial agricul constructions; andorganic production will buildings will cost as much as conventional gy production inten-years time;passive will bethemost economical form of ener panels continues to drop, andsolar energy for anewera has come: theprice of solar success of widespread practices. The time costs was recently overcome through the practices result inunrecoverable, additional The misperception that these innovative inclusiveness andequality. benefits for increasingly corroding social our survival—to agreen economy can be. dered anillusion but today is necessary for the transformation—which was once consi comes clear to us how easy andapplicable participatory andinnovative approach, it be the processes of science andpolicy using a the solution to climate change. If we rethink of GHGandpollution andbecome parts of and construction stop being thesources such as energy, transportation, agriculture, citizen is agreen entrepreneur, sectors In aneconomic system where each private bers, activists, andprivate citizens is higher. by academicians, experts, civil society mem tions that were designed during discussions lity of implementing thepolicy recommenda nomy across thecountry. 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