ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives.

Photo: Water Solutions (2018)

Proposed by: Island Aviation Services Limited Prepared by: Hassan Shah (EIA P02/2007), Mohamed Umar (EIA T07/2017), Nashfa Nashidh, Abdulla Fazeel, Abdul Aleem. For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives

November 2018

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1 Table of contents For the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives...... 1 1 Table of contents ...... 3 2 List of Figures and Tables ...... 8 3 Declaration of the consultants ...... 10 4 Proponents Commitment and Declaration ...... 11 5 Non-Technical Summary ...... 15 6 Introduction ...... 17 6.1 Structure of the EIA ...... 17 6.2 Aims and Objectives of the EIA ...... 17 6.3 EIA Implementation ...... 17 6.4 Rational for the formulation of alternatives ...... 17 6.5 Terms of Reference...... 17 7 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 18 7.1 Relevant Institutions ...... 18 7.1.1 Ministry of environment and Energy ...... 18 7.1.2 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 18 7.1.3 Ministry of Tourism ...... 18 7.1.4 Civil Aviation Authority ...... 18 7.1.5 Island Aviation Services Limited ...... 18 7.1.6 National Disaster Management Center ...... 19 7.1.7 Local Government Authority ...... 19 7.1.8 City councils , Atoll councils and Island councils ...... 19 7.1.9 Health Protection Agency ...... 19 7.1.10 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure ...... 19 7.1.11 FENAKA ...... 19 7.2 National Policies ...... 19 7.2.1 National Energy Policy ...... 19 7.2.2 Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) ...... 20 7.2.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ...... 20 7.2.4 Waste Management Policy 2015 (Saafu Raajje) ...... 20 7.2.5 Strategic National Action Plan ...... 21 7.3 Relevant national laws, policies and regulations ...... 21 7.3.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act ...... 21 7.3.2 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas ...... 21 7.3.6 Maldivian Land Act ...... 22 7.3.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ...... 22 1.2.5 First Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ...... 22

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7.3.8 Second Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 22 7.3.9 Third Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 23 7.3.10 Fourth Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 23 7.3.11 Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Act 2012 ...... 24 7.3.12 The Civil aviation Act of Maldives 2001 ...... 24 7.3.13 The Civil Aviation Regulation...... 24 7.3.13.1 Aerodrome Rules (MCAR-139) ...... 24 7.3.14 Decentralization Act ...... 25 7.3.15 General Laws Act – 4/68(Public property) ...... 25 7.3.16 Public Services Act ...... 25 7.3.17 Waste management Regulations ...... 26 7.3.18 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal ...... 26 7.3.19 Regulation for cutting down, uprooting and export of trees ...... 26 7.3.20 First amendment to the regulation for cutting down, uprooting and export of trees 27 7.3.21 Dredging and Reclamation regulation ...... 27 7.3.22 Built Environment Regulation ...... 29 7.3.23 Environmental Liabilities Regulation (2011/R-9) ...... 29 7.3.24 Dewatering Regulation ...... 30 7.4 International Conventions ...... 30 7.4.1 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation ...... 30 7.4.2 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 31 8 Project Description ...... 32 8.1 Project proponent ...... 32 8.2 Project Location and Study Area ...... 32 8.3 Justification for the project ...... 32 8.4 Scope of works ...... 35 8.5 Project Components ...... 35 8.5.1 Mobilization and site setup ...... 35 8.5.2 Dredging, Borrow Areas and reclamation ...... 36 8.5.3 Shore protection for the reclaimed areas ...... 38 8.5.4 Vegetation clearance ...... 39 8.5.5 Phase 1 construction components ...... 39 8.5.5.1 Runway, Taxiway and Apron ...... 39 8.5.5.2 Utilities ...... 40 8.5.6 Phase 2 Construction Components ...... 40 8.5.7 Phase 3 Construction Components ...... 40

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8.5.8 Fire and safety during operations ...... 40 8.5.9 Fuel Management ...... 40 8.6 Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 41 8.6.1 Project Inputs ...... 41 8.6.2 Project Outputs ...... 42 9 Methodology ...... 43 10 Existing Environment of Maldives ...... 44 10.1 Existing general environment of Maldives...... 44 10.2 Existing Marine Environment ...... 44 10.3 Methodology of marine surveys ...... 44 10.3.1 Data Processing methodology ...... 45 10.4 Coral reef ...... 45 10.4.1 Benthic composition at site 1 (M1) ...... 46 10.4.2 Benthic composition at site 2 (M2) ...... 47 10.4.3 Benthic composition at site 3 (M3) ...... 48 10.4.4 Benthic composition at site 4 (M4) ...... 49 10.4.5 Benthic composition at site 5 (M5) ...... 50 10.5 Marine water quality ...... 51 10.6 Status of fish abundance ...... 52 10.7 Existing Terrestrial Environment ...... 53 10.7.1 Section Brief ...... 53 10.8 Native Vegetation ...... 53 10.9 Funa Dhandu ...... 54 10.10 Banyan trees ...... 55 10.10.1 Ground water ...... 56 10.11 Existing Socio-Economic Environment ...... 57 10.11.1 Overview of Raa atoll ...... 57 10.11.2 Population ...... 57 10.11.3 Fainu Island ...... 57 10.11.3.1 Utilities ...... 58 10.11.3.2 Health and Education ...... 58 10.11.3.3 Employment and transport ...... 58 11 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation ...... 59 11.1 Impact Identification and analysis ...... 59 11.2 Uncertainty and limitation in impact prediction ...... 60 11.3 Environmental impact analysis for the construction phase ...... 61 11.4 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation for Construction Phase ...... 63 11.4.1 Vegetation Clearance ...... 63

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11.4.2 Dredging and Reclamation ...... 63 11.4.3 Mobilization and Workforce Impact ...... 64 11.4.4 Operation of Heavy Machinery and Construction ...... 64 11.4.5 Generation of Green Waste and Construction and Demolition Waste ..... 65 11.5 Environmental impact analysis for the operational phase ...... 67 11.6 Environmental impacts and mitigation measure for the operational phase ... 69 11.6.1 Airport operations ...... 69 11.6.2 Waste management ...... 69 11.6.3 Storm water and drainage ...... 69 12 Stakeholder Consultations ...... 71 12.1 Consultation with the Local Governance Authority ...... 71 12.2 Consultation with the Civil Aviation Authority ...... 71 12.3 Consultation with the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure...... 71 12.4 Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency ...... 71 12.5 Questionnaire results from public ...... 72 12.6 Consultation with the Island Council, FENAKA, Island Health Center and School 73 12.7 Consultation with the Ministry of Environment and Energy ...... 74 12.8 Consultation with regional airports ...... 74 12.9 Consultations with Ministry of Tourism ...... 75 13 Alternatives ...... 76 13.1 No Project Option ...... 76 13.2 Alternative analysis matrix ...... 76 13.3 Alternative airport access road ...... 77 13.4 Alternative design to reclamation area ...... 77 13.5 Alternative borrow areas...... 77 13.6 Preferred Alternatives...... 78 14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...... 79 14.1 Introduction ...... 79 14.2 Environmental management plan ...... 79 14.3 Cost of Monitoring ...... 79 14.4 Duration of Monitoring ...... 79 14.5 Methods of Monitoring ...... 79 14.6 Monitoring Responsibility ...... 79 14.7 Monitoring Report ...... 79 14.8 Environmental Management plan ...... 80 14.8.1 Sediment Control ...... 80 14.8.2 Ground Water Quality management ...... 81

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14.8.3 Air Quality ...... 82 14.8.4 Noise ...... 83 14.8.5 Hazardous Substances ...... 84 14.8.6 Waste Management ...... 85 14.8.7 Flora and Fauna ...... 86 14.8.8 Cultural Heritage ...... 87 15 Conclusion ...... 93 16 People who have assisted in the preperation of this report ...... 94 17 Acknowledgements ...... 96 18 Reference Books and Sources ...... 97 19 Annex: Terms of reference ...... 99 20 Annex: Bathymetry ...... 101 21 Annex: Approval of concept design from Civil Aviation Authority ...... 103 22 Annex: CV’s of unregistered consultants who assisted in this project ...... 105 23 Annex: Methodologies used ...... 107 24 Annex: Detailed report on dredging and reclamation ...... 109 25 Annex: Public questionnaire responses ...... 111 26 Annex: Tentative work schedule ...... 113 27 Annex: EIA submission letter to Raa Atoll Council ...... 115 28 Annex: List of Stakeholders consulted ...... 117

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2 List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1: Location of Fainu in Raa Atoll 32 Figure 2: Speed boat travel times (minutes) from existing and proposed airports in the Maldives. 34 Figure 3: Approved project layout and boundary area 35 Figure 4: Suggested temporary site and machinery movement areas 36 Figure 5: Reclamation area on the east side and location of the borrow area 37 Figure 6: Reclamation area on the west side 37 Figure 7: Shore protection measures on the east reclamation area 39 Figure 8: Shore protection on the west reclamation area 39 Figure 9: Marine Survey Locations 44 Figure 10: Percentage benthic composition at site 1(M1) ± Standard Error (SE) (8 August 2018) 46 Figure 11: Photos taken from site 1 (M1) (8 August 2018) 46 Figure 12: Percentage benthic composition at site 2 (M2) ± SE (8 August 2018) 47 Figure 13: Photos taken from site 2 (M2) (8 August 2018) 47 Figure 14: Percentage benthic composition at site 3 (M3) ± SE (8 August 2018) 48 Figure 15: Photos taken from site 3 (M3) (8 August 2018) 48 Figure 16: Percentage benthic composition at site 4 (M4) ± SE (8 August 2018) 49 Figure 17: Photos taken from site 4 (M4) (8 August 2018) 49 Figure 18: Percentage benthic composition at site 5 (M5) ± SE (8 August 2018) 50 Figure 19: Photos taken from site 5 (M5) (8 August 2018) 50 Figure 20: Fish abundance based on the fish survey at survey sites (8 August 2018) 52 Figure 21: Area which requires total vegetation clearance. 53 Figure 22: Vegetation types and the distribution in Fainu (R). 54 Figure 23: Patches of Funa in the Island in addition to area of Funa which falls in the total clearance area. 55 Figure 24: Location and height of Banyan trees that fall in the vegetation clearance area 55 Figure 25: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option 76 Figure 26: Schedule for environmental monitoring during the construction period as well as per annum during operation period. 89

Table 1 Travel duration from Velana International Airport to the domestic and international airports in Maldives. 33 Table 2: Reclamation and sand borrow volume calculations. 38 Table 3: Airport construction details 40 Table 4: Matrix of major inputs during construction period 41 Table 5: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage 42 Table 6: Results from the marine water samples from Fainu island, Raa Atoll. 51

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Table 7: Results from the ground water samples from Fainu island, Raa Atoll. 56 Table 8: Evaluation criteria and scoring system for impact analysis 59 Table 9: Impact analysis matrix for Construction Phase 61 Table 10: Impact analysis for Operational Phase 67 Table 11: Alternative analysis matrix 78

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3 Declaration of the consultants This EIA report has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and all the amendments brought to the regulation including the amendment number 2016/R-66 gazetted 11 August 2016. The EIA was carried out by a multidisciplinary consulting team representing Water Solutions Private Ltd. In preparing this report, no data has been manipulated. All field data has been collected by field visits. I as the lead consultant certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge. Name: Hassan Shah (EIA P02/2007)

Signature:

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4 Proponents Commitment and Declaration

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EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

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ާސާލުޚ ާދާސ

.ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްށަކަމުތަގިއަޑަވިދެއ ެގްޑެޓިމިލ ްސަސިވރާސ ްނަޝޭއިވޭއ ްޑްނެލިއައ ީކަޓޯޕިރިމ ާހިކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސެގ ުއޫރްޝަމ ާވިއަފިވޭރ ްށަމުޅެއ ެޓޯޕރައެއ ިއަގުނިއަފ ުޅޮތައ.ރ ީކަޓރޯޕިރިމ ީކަޓޯޕިރ ިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަަތ ްނިއ ްނަޝުއިލޮސ ރަޓޯވ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުލެބ ޯތްއެމަކެނާރުކްއެރަސައ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަަތ ްނުށަދ ެގ 4/39 ުރަބްނަނ ުނޫނާޤ ޭހެބ ާމުޓްއެހެމެދ ްށޮކްތަޔާމިހ ިށެވާމިތ

ްނުލްއެގ ެނޭބިލ ިއާކަތުލަދަބ ަންނައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ެގުށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ީކަދަސްގަމ ުޑނަގިއަމ ެގުޓޯޕިރ ވަޒަންކޮއް، އެކަމުގެ އެންމެ ގެއްލުން ކުޑަކުރުމަށް އެޅޭނެ ފިޔަވަޅުތަށް ބެލުމެވެ. އަދި މިހާރު ތިމާވެށީގެ ހާލަތުއޮތް .ެވެމުރުކާސާރިދ ްތޮގ

ިއާމަކިރެވްސަމ ީކަށަރިމ .ެވެކެށަރ ެގުރަޓްކެހ 93 ަންނޮއ ްއެއީދާބާއ ެގްނުހީމ 464 ީކަނިއަފ ުޅޮތައ ރ .ެވެށަރ ްއެއ ްނިއެރެތ ެގުކަތްށަރ ެގީޅަފުނުކެދ ުޅޮތައ ާރ ީކަނިއަފ .ެވެކެށަރ ާރުކ ްތަކްއަސަމ ެގުމަކިރެވުޑނަދ މިހިސާބުގައި އިތުރު މީހުން ދިރިއުޅޭ ތިން ރަށާއި، އެތަކެއް ރިސޯޓުތަކާއި، ހަދަމުން ގެންދާރިސޯޓުތަކުގެ އިތުރުން ާވިއަފިޅެހަށުހްށަމުޅެއ ިއަގުނިއަފ ްނުމަކްނެހެއ .ެވެއެނެމިހ ްސެވްއަތުޅަފ ާވިއަފީދ ްށަޔްއުކ ިއަކަޓްށަމުރުކ ީޤްއަރަތ .ެވެކެޓޯޕރައެއ ޭޅެއ ްށަމުތަގިބިލ ްށައާފްނަމ ިއާއީގްްއަރަތ ުރުތިއ ްށަކަތްށަރިމ ީކަޓޯޕރައެއ

ެގިއަބ ަމަތަރުފ .ެވެނެގިވެލާހަބ ްއަކަޔަބ ްނިތ ީނަވިއަފާވަމްނިނ ްނަދްނެގ ްއައިރުކ ްތަކްއަސަމ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ މަސައްކަތްތަކުގައި ހިމެނެނީ ރަށުގެ ދެފަރާތުން ބިން ހިއްކުމާއި، އެއަރޕޯޓް އިމުގެ ތެރޭގައިވާ ގަސްތައް ހުސް ކުރުމާއި، އެއަރޕޯޓުގެ ރަންވޭ، އޭޕްރަން، ޓެކްސީވޭ، ޓަރމިނަލް އަދި އަލިފާން ނިވާ ވަސީލަތް ތަކާއި އިމާރާތްތައް ހެދުމެވެ. ދެވަނައަށް ކުރިއަށް ގެންދާނީ އެއަރޕޯޓުގައި މަސައްކަތް ކުރާމީހުން ދިރިއުޅުމަށް ހެދޭ ގެތަކާއި، އޭ.ޓީ.ސީ އާއި އޮފީސް އިމާރާތްތައް ހެދުމެވެ. ތިންވަނައަށް ކުރިއަށް ގެންދާނީ ތެޔޮ ރައްކާކުރެވޭ ތަންތަނާއި، މަތިންދާބޯޓުގެ .ެވެކެދްއަހަރަސ ެނޭވެރުކ ްތާމާރަމ

ފައިނުގައި އެޅިގެންދާ އެެއަރޕޯޓްގައި 0931 މީޓަރު ދިގު 91 މީޓަރު ފުޅާ ރަންވޭއަކާއި، 61 މީޓަރު ދިގު 09 .ެވެއެވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުދެހ ްއެއާއިރޭއ ްނަރްޕޭއ ާޅުފ ުރަޓީމ 49 ުގިދ ުރަޓީމ 33429 ިއާކައ ޭވީސްކެޓ ާޅުފ ުރަޓީމ ެގުޓޯޕރައެެއ ިމ .ެވެއެވ ުރަޓްކެހ 229 ްނެގިއަކްއިހ ުޅަފ ިދައ ުރަޓްކެހ 3122 ްނުމިބ ެގުށަރ ްށަމުޅެއ ުޓޯޕރައެެއ ްލިވިސ ްލަނެޝެނރަޓްނިއ ިއާކަތ ްނަޝޭލުއިގެރ ްނަޝޭއިވޭއ ްލިވިސ ެގޭޖްއާރ ީނާންނުހ ްއަތުޑނަގްނިމ ްނެހިނެހެއ .ެވެށަތޮގްއެެއ ިއާއ ްނަޝޭޒިއަނަގޯއ ްނަޝޭއިވޭއ

ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްނުކަތާސާރިދ ުނުދެހ ިދައ ްނުކަތްއަތްނަކ ިލެބ ްށޮކްތަޔާއިރ ްށަމަކްނަކިމ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގްޓެޖޮރްޕިމ ުހަފްށަމުލެބ ްށަކަތ ާސާރިދ ުނުވެރުކ .ެވެއަފިވެނަގެނެދ ީނަވ ުރަސައ ެނާރުކ ެމްނެއ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގުމުޔިދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއެނެފ ްށަކަމަކެނޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްނުލްއެގ ެގުރަވިކެއ ްނުދްއަހަރަސ ާވިއަފިދެހްސަގ ެގުށަރ ީއިމ .ެވެއީތޭހެޖ ްނަޑނަކ ްސަގްއުރ ެގްއެދަދައ ަނިގ ީނަވްއެމުލްއެގ ުޑޮބ %92 އެވެ. މިއީ ޖުމުލަ 9433 ގަހެވެ. މިހާ ބޮޑު ސަރަހައްދަކުން ގަސް ކަނޑާ، އުފުރާ ހުސް ކުރުމުން މިހިސާބުގެ ވެއްޔާއި، ފެންފަށަލައާއި ރަށުގެ ފިނިހޫނު މިނަށް ނޭދެވޭ އަސަރުތަކެއްކުރާނެއެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން ބިން

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 13 EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

ްނިބ .ެވެއެނާރުކ ްއެކަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ްސެވްށަކަތުރަފ ިއާދޫމ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުކްއިހ ެނޮކުޅަފ ިއަކަޓްށަމުކްއިހ ހިއްކުމައްފަހު، ބިން އެއްވަރުކުމަށާއި އިމާރާތް ކުރުމައްޓަކައި ބޭނުންކުރެވޭ ބޮޑެތި އުޅަނދުތައް ރަށުތެރޭގައި ްށަމިބ ެވުކީލ ޮޔެތ ުކެއާއެއ ަމަހ .ެވެއެނާވ ަދަގުޑައ ްށަކަރަވ ްސެވެމްނޮކ ިއަގޭރެތުށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުވްއުދ ެގްނުހީމ ޭނޭބިތ ިއަގުށަރ ްށަމުރުކ ްތަކްއަސަމ ެގުމުރުކްތާރާމިއ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއެވްނެގީށަކެއ ްސެވްނުޅެއ ިއާމުއެެކ ެގްނުހީމެއ ިއަގުތޮގ ެގްއެެކަތުލަދަބ ޭވެދެއ .ެވެއެނާންނައ ްއެކަތ ުލަދަބ ޭވެދޭނ ިދައ ޭވެދެއ ްނުބަބަސ .ެވެއެދ ްނެގެވިހަފުގަމ ްތޮގ ެނޭބިލ ީނަދްމާއ ުރުތިއ ްށަނުތިޔްއަރ ެގުށަރ ިއަގުމުނިދ ަސްއަޖަމަހ ްއަތްނަކ ެގުމުރުހ ްށަށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުވުނ ިއަފްއޮކްމިއާގ ްއެމާޒިނ ެގާމަދުރަނ ިއާނެފ ެގުށަރ ިއަގުތޮގ ެގްއުކަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ިދައ .ެވެއެނާދ ްނެގެވުރުތިއ ްއަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނާދްނުމަރުކ ިދައ .ެވެއެނާވްނޭދ ްއެމަކްސިއ ްށަމުރުކ ަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައިމ .ެވެއެނާވ ިއަފާލާނަމިހ ިއަގުޓރޯޕިރިމ ްނަކްނަކިމ

ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ ްސެވްނަކެނާރުކ ްއެކަތާދިއަފ ްނުތޮގ ީޙްއިސ ިދައ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ެގުށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްއަތުތަސުރުފ ެގާފީޒަވ ްށަކަތްށަރ ިރިއަކ ިއާނިއަފ ްނުމުށެފްނަގްނިހ ިމިނާޅައ ްޓޯޕރައެއ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ެގުމުވަޑުކ ުތުގަވ ާވަދޭހ ްށަމުރުކުރުތަދ ްށަކަތުޓޯޒިރ .ެވެއެވިހަފުގަމ ްށައީގްއަރަތ ްނެހިނެހެއ ެގުށަރ ެވުރުތިއ ސަބަބުން، ފަތުރުވެރިންގެ ޝަކުވާ މަދުވެ، ރިޒޯޓުތަކަށް އަންނަ ފަތުރުވެރިންގެ އަދަދު ގިނަވެ އާމްދަނީ އިތުރުވުމަށް ަތަވުނ ްނުދ ެވަދަގުޑައ ިއަގުކަތިޑަގެއ ްނުމުށެފ ްނަދަހާސްއަޖ ުޓޯބާދްނިތަމ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެއެނާދ ްނެގެވ ިހަފުގަމ ްށަމަކެނާވުރަޔްއަޣަތ ިއަވ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުކަތްތަވާބ ޭވެދޭނ ޭވެލްއޮކުރޭބ ްނުނީޖްނިއ .ެވެއެވެލެބ

ްއަޑޮބ ްނަޓްއަބ ެގުދްއަހަރަސ ާވިއަފިޅެއަޑނަކ ްށަމުކްއިހްނިބ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގުކަތުލަދަބ ެނާދިވެނެގ ްށައޫރްޝަމިމ ވައްކޮއްލުމަށް ފާހަގަ ކުރެވިފައި ވާނެއެވެ. އަދިމީގެއިތުރުން، ބަނދަރުން އެއަރޕޯޓަށް ދާން ހުށަހަޅާފައިވާ މަގު، .ެވެއެނާވ ިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ ްއަމުދެހ ުގަމ ްނެހެނާވ ަގާޖ ެގ ުރަޓީމ 31 ްނުށޮދުޑނޮގ

.ެވެމްނިހުމ ްނުޅެއ ްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ާވިއަފިވެލާނަމިހ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ްނުލްއެގޭބިލ ްށަޓްއެވ ާވިއަފިވެލާނަމިހ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރިމ ްށައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްށަތޮގްއެއ ާއްނޭލްޕ ގްނިރަޓިނޮމ ެގީށެވާމިތ ާވިއަފިވެލާނަމިހ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރިމ ުކެއާއެެއ ަމަހ ަގަހާފ ިއަގުތޮގްއެމަކ ުމްނިހުމ ްށަރަވ ްށަމުރުކާސާރިދ ިއާށަމުތަގެނެދ ްނުލްއެގ ެނާދްނެގިބިލ ްށަޓްއެވ ީކަމުއިދްނެގ .ެވެމަރުކ

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 14 EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

5 Non-Technical Summary This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study undertaken by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd in order to fulfil obligatory requirements of the National Environment Protection and Preservation Act, Law No. 4/93 for the proposed development of a domestic airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives. The purpose of this EIA is to identify and minimize potential adverse environmental impacts related to this project and enhance the overall quality of the project. By examining the project location, the legal framework and the existing environmental components such as marine ecology and the socio-economic aspects, this EIA provides useful information regarding the extent, nature and the magnitude of impacts that are likely to occur. The EIA will also help to identify the long term socio-economic benefits to the community after implementing this project. It also provides a framework for future monitoring of the environment, so that changes can be monitored and corrective measures can be undertaken. This report is prepared for the project proponent, Island Aviation Services Limited, to establish a domestic airport in the island of Fainu, Raa atoll. The main justification for this project is its alignment with the Government’s policy to improve the connectivity through air transportation and the implementation of the tourism expansion policy. This project will be carried out in three phases. Phase one will comprise of dredging, reclamation, and vegetation clearance, construction of runway, apron, taxiway, terminal, fire station and basic amenities. Phase two will consist of construction of staff quarters, ATC and office buildings. Phase three consists of construction of fuel depot, hangar and service building. This project involves a section from the eastern and western side to be reclaimed to accommodate the length of the runway and the airport infrastructures. The total area for reclamation is estimated at 8.33Ha. The proposed borrow area to acquire the material for 3 reclamation is located at the north-eastern lagoon of the island. A total volume of 249,719.3m can be obtained from the area if dredged to a depth of -16m. The entire boundary of the airport on the south, east and west sides will have revetments constructed as shore protection measures. As the project infrastructure is proposed on a vegetated area, the entire boundary area needs to be cleared. This area accounts for approximately 92% of the island’s vegetation2 The concept design for the proposed airport has been approved by the Civil Aviation Authority of Maldives. The infrastructures, asphalt standards, fire and safety measures shall be in accordance with the Maldives Civil Aviation Regulation (MCAR) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The environmental impacts that are anticipated for the project are both positive and negative. Among the activities from the construction phase, vegetation clearance has been identified as the activity with the most negative impacts. This is because the impacts are long term or permanent, and definite. Vegetation clearance effects the physical, biological and socio- economic environments of the island. Dredging and reclamation has its negative impacts mostly in the marine and coastal environments. However, the magnitude of its impacts can be reduced greatly if the mitigation measures are executed carefully. Reclamation has it positive impacts as it increases the land are of the island and thus increasing the area of freshwater lens over time. It also allows greater utilization of the existing island for the community without sacrificing valuable land for airport development. Remaining negative impacts during the construction phase can be considered mostly temporary as they are from mobilization, impacts from the work force, construction and operation of heavy machinery. Although they may be temporary they can still produce major adverse effects and care must be taken to implements the mitigation measures. The operational phase of the project has its positive and negative impacts as well. Positive impacts includes more employment opportunities to Fainu Island the region. It is expected that the tourism industry would have more demand when the airport becomes operational.

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Furthermore, development to the island community is also expected through stimulation of local economies and other fringe industries such as transportation, trade, food services, fuel, accommodation etc. As more visitors and tourists transiting in the island increases, the demand for basic necessities such as health care would increase, thus resulting in the improvement of the health care facility in the island. Additionally the airport will increase accessibility to healthcare in Male’ as well2 The preferred alternative proposed in this report is for the shape of the reclamation area to be maintained in a more natural shape. The access road can also be shifted towards the island as to abide by the Built Environment Regulation. The no-project option is also recommended considering the two existing airports in the region, and the permanent negative impacts that will be produced. The overall project has a number of concerning aspect, as with any development project of this scale. However it is important to consider the necessity of the project since there is no strategic environmental assessment undertaken for the region or the country as a whole. The proponent shall also carry forward the responsibilities for compensation of trees and the relocation of the island waste management centre, and the recommended monitoring.

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6 Introduction This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, law no. 4/93 in order to assess the impacts of the proposed domestic airport development project in R.Fainu. The aim of this project is to ensure that the project is sustainably undertaken to address and manage the environmental issues. 6.1 Structure of the EIA The report has been structured to meet the requirements of the EIA regulations 2012 issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and subsequent revisions. Hence, the report will provide an executive summary at the beginning. The report will then have a project description in detail, existing environmental conditions, justifications given by the proponent for undertaking the proposed project components and alternatives. Alternatives to proposed components or activities in terms of location, construction methods and technologies, design and environmental considerations would be suggested. A mitigation plan and monitoring programme before, during and after the works will be outlined at the end. The major findings of this report are based on qualitative and quantitative assessments undertaken during site visit in August 2018 and through the use of available secondary data. The impact assessment methodology has been restricted to field data collected, consultations, experience and professional judgment. In addition, satellite and aerial photos have also been used to study the geography and environment where necessary. 6.2 Aims and Objectives of the EIA The objective of the report is to:  Promote informed and environmentally sound decision making.  Report the existing situation of wastewater treatment and its shortcomings in the island.  To fulfill the obligations of the proponent to undertake an EIA under Clause 5 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives.  Undertake the proposed project work with minimum damage to the environment.  Ensure that all the environmental and social aspects of the project are addressed.  Propose recommendation measures to the proponent 6.3 EIA Implementation This EIA has been prepared by a local environmental consulting firm, Water Solutions. Water Solutions have been chosen by the proponent as the environmental consultants for this project. The team members were:  Hassan Shah, BSc, EIA (P02/2007)  Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS  Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-P07/07)  Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor.  Mohamed Umaru (EIA T02/2017)  Nashfa Nashidh  Abdulla Fazeel 6.4 Rational for the formulation of alternatives Alternatives analysis provides other ways of implementing the project or various components of the project. Hence, in formulating the alternatives, various critical components of the project were considered such as treatment options, technologies, future expansion, environmental acceptability, cost and benefits to the community. These factors were used to assess the various alternatives for the project as outlined in detail in the relevant sections. 6.5 Terms of Reference Terms of Reference for this assessment has been included in the Appendix of this report.

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7 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework This section outlines the relevant environmental legislation pertaining to this project. The following table outlines a matrix of major environmental laws, guidelines, responsible institutions and permits, both local and international indicating the relevance to this project. Details of these regulations, what they cover and under what circumstances they apply are attached as an annex. 7.1 Relevant Institutions The main government institutions that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarised below. 7 . 1 . 1 Ministry of environment and Energy The Ministry of Environment and Energy is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this respect EPA has now been mandated to manage all issues relating to Environmental Impact Assessment of individual projects. 7 . 1 . 2 Environmental Protection Agency The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy has responsibility for efficient operation of the EIA process. This encompasses a number of tasks, including screening of projects and provision of general procedural advice to the project proponents throughout the EIA process. The EPA manages the review of the EIA report and is responsible for any approvals or recommendations associated with the EIA. It is also responsible for verifying that environmental protection measures are properly implemented by undertaking environmental audits in collaboration with other government as well as non- government agencies with a role for environmental protection and preservation. 7 . 1 . 3 Ministry of Tourism The Ministry of Tourism, is solely responsible to the affairs relating to development and operation of all tourism developments in Maldives. All regulations released by Ministry of Tourism and other agencies pertaining to the operation of tourism projects are monitored and implemented by the Ministry. This project site is not in the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Tourism and does not require obtaining any permits from the said ministry. 7 . 1 . 4 Civil Aviation Authority Maldives Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) was established by the Parliament under Act No.02/2012 on 11th January 2012. The CAA aims to develop and administer policies and regulations to ensure safe, secure, orderly and economic development of aviation in the Maldives. The main tasks of CAA are setting up national safety standards which are compliant with international standards; economic and safety regulation through regulation of airports, air traffic services and airlines. 7 . 1 . 5 Island Aviation Services Limited Island Aviation Services Limited was established in 2000 and is wholly owned by the Government of Maldives. It is also the holding company that owns and operates the national airline of Maldives, ‘Maldivian’2 Maldivian operates inter-island services within the country as well as international services to India, Bangladesh, Thailand and China. Maldivian airline currently makes trips from HDh2Haimaadhoo, R2Ifuru, B2Dharavandhoo, Male’, Th.Thimarafushi, L.Kahdhoo, GA.Kooddoo, GDh.Kaadehdhoo, Dh.Kudahuvadhoo, Gn. Fuvahmulak and S.Gan. Besides the airline services, Island Aviation Services (IAS) also provides cargo, lounge services, travel agency services, charted flights, special medical evacuation flights and freighter flights. IAS is also the Aerodrome operators for Thimarafushi Airport and Dharavandhoo Airport.

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7 . 1 . 6 National Disaster Management Center National Disaster Management Center (NDMC) following the 26 December 2004 Tsunami to facilitate the response and coordination in the relief efforts. NDMC carries out a more holistic model, wherein the processes of hazard identification and mitigation, community preparedness, integrated response efforts, and recovery are planned for and undertaken contiguously within a risk management context to address issues of vulnerability2 NDMC’s objectives and responsibilities include planning processes, establishing standards, developing procedures and policies guided by the National Community–based Disaster Risk Reduction Framework. 7 . 1 . 7 Local Government Authority Local Government Authority (LGA) was appointed as the responsible institution for standardizing and monitoring the local councils in May 2010. LGA was established to regulate the administrative units and to facilitate the local councils as per the responsibilities of the councils stated in the chapter 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives. 7 . 1 . 8 City councils , A t o ll councils and Island councils The Decentralization Act was passed in 2010 to accord with the decentralized governance stated in the chapter 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives. Article 3of the Act states that among the 21 administrative units in the Maldives, an atoll council shall be established in every administrative unit besides the ones that qualify as a city. For these administrative units, a city council shall be established. Island councils are established in every inhabited island and they are to answer and report to the atoll council whilst the atoll councils report to the LGA. This is stated in the Article 3 (d) of the Decentralization Act. There are 18 atoll councils and 3 city councils (Male’, Addu and Fuvahmulah) 7 . 1 . 9 Health Protect ion Agency Health Protection Agency (HPA) is government institution that formed in the year 2013 to ensure public health safety all around. HPA has been tasked with the mandate to take the initiative to monitor food/ water and public health implications and its quality, to respond to medical emergencies brought on by natural disasters and other crisis situations, to maintain emergency stock of medicines and medical equipment in accordance with the manner stipulated in disaster preparedness plans prepared and implemented by the Public Health Preparedness and Response and Epidemiology Division under the HPA. 7 . 1 . 1 0 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure The Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (MHI) is tasked with developing and proving all Maldivian citizens with affordable, quality and safe housing. The ministry develops public infrastructure to achieve the development goals of the country to enrich and maintain the social situation and wealth of the citizens. MHI develops the land use plans and sets the regulations for the use of land for development purposes in the Maldives. Land use plans are an important element in development project as the scope of a water supply system or a sewerage system project should be able to cater for future developments and plans of the islands. Maldives Land and Survey Authority, Office of Programs and Projects, and Public Works Services are institutions under MHI. 7 . 1 . 1 1 FENAKA FENAKA is fully government owned utility company with a mandate to provide island communities with electricity, water and sewerage and waste management services. FENAKA is the utility provider for Fainu Island. At present, only power is provided by FENAKA. 7.2 National Policies 7 . 2 . 1 National Energy Policy The National Energy Policy looks at existing issues, constraints and emerging issues. The policy addresses issues of energy supply, consumption, environment, renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainability. Sustainable supply and consumption is the main focus of the

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policy. According to the policy document, only 3% of energy is from biomass and solar energy while the rest is from refined petroleum products with diesel fuel accounting to 83% of the total energy consumption in the Maldives. Therefore, there is a great deal of work that needs to be done if carbon neutrality were to be achieved by 2020. 7 . 2 . 2 Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) The aim of NEAP III is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage its resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. The following principles outlined in the NEAP III to in environment protection and environmental management are;  Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual  Achieve results - The actions, activities, regulations, supervision, reporting, incentives, information and advice for environmental management shall be directed and well co-ordinated to achieve the results the citizens want.  Promote and practise sustainable development  Ensure local democracy  Inter-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation  Informed decision making  Precaution first  Continuous learning and improvement  Right to information and participation  Environmental protection complements development  NEAP III contains environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the proposed project activities.  The sewerage facility development will also be in accordance with the main strategies of the NEAP III. The proponent is committed to the EIA and the proposed monitoring programme. The monitoring programme proposed in this report outlines the environmental management strategy and plan. This EIA has also been prepared in consultation with the key stakeholders, especially the island council, island community of K.Huraa and relevant stakeholders. Therefore, these measures address the key strategies outlined in the NEAP III 7 . 2 . 3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 (NBSAP 2016-2025) seeks to ensure that threats to biodiversity are addressed, biodiversity is conserved, sustainably used and benefits arising from them are shared equitably. It also encompasses ways of addressing gaps, challenges and constraints highlighted in earlier sections. It is a living document that will have the capacity to adapt to changes in national conditions, capacities and to the changes in the international arena. In implementing the proposed project activities due care would be given to ensure that the national biodiversity strategies are adhered to. The proponent has committed on conservation and protection of the environment while undertaking this proposed project. 7 . 2 . 4 Waste Management Policy 2015 (Saafu Raajje) The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:  Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;  Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration;  Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.

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The proponents of this project must be aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project should be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy. 7 . 2 . 5 Strategic National Action Plan The strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaption (SNAP) (2010-2020) recognizes the islands of the Maldives by nature are low lying exposing the communities to the threat of beach erosion, sea level rise and salt water intrusion to the ground water lens and other impacts from climate change as natural hazards faced by the Maldives. The key goals of the SNAP include building resilient communities through empowerment and incorporating disaster risk reduction into government’s decentralization policy have been stated. 7.3 Relevant national laws, policies and regulations 7 . 3 . 1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act The project conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, Law no. 4/93. The EIA has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulation 2012 of the Maldives by registered consultants. Furthermore, it adheres to the principles underlined in the regulations, action plans, programmes and policies of Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Housing and Infra Structure and relevant local councils. The Articles of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management:  Guidelines and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the concerned government authorities.  Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation of the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW.  Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.  An EIA shall be submitted to MEEW before implementing any developing project that may have a potential impact on the environment.  Projects that have any undesirable impact on the environment can be terminated without compensation.  Disposal of waste, oil, poisonous substances and other harmful substances within the territory of the Republic of Maldives is prohibited. Waste shall be disposed only in the areas designated for the purpose by the government.  Hazardous / Toxic or Nuclear Wastes shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained for any trans-boundary movement of such wastes through the territory of Maldives.  The Penalty for Breaking the Law and Damaging the Environment are specified.  The government of the Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all damages that are caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment. The proposed project will fully abide to the Environmental Preservation and Protection Act. Disposal of oil, chemicals and other hazardous materials will be strictly controlled and managed. Such materials will not be disposed in to the local or the regional environment, but will be transported to designate waste disposal site that need to be identified by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. All mitigation measures will be implemented in the interest of the environment. 7 . 3 . 2 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment is vested with the responsibility of identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.

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As part of the Environmental Regulation, EPA has established list of ‘sensitive sites’ in the Maldives. Although not formalized as a regulation, the sensitive list is mentioned in the recent Regulation on Dredging and Reclamation (Regulation number 2014/R-13, see Section 5.7, page34). The sensitive sites, according to EPA are sites in the Maldives (islands, reefs, mangroves, inter-tidal areas) where developments ought to be restricted, regulated or controlled. Some view those sites mentioned in the sensitive list have no meaning because there is no evidence to show any ‘sensitive features’ of the areas2

7 . 3 . 6 Maldivian Land Act The Maldivian land Act governs the allocation of Maldivian land for different purposes and uses other issues regarding the issuing of land, issuing of state dwellings for residential purposes, conduct regarding state dwellings or private dwellings constructed for residential purposes and the sale, transfer and lease of Maldivian Land. Article 3 (a) states that the policies concerning Maldivian land shall be decided by the president of the Maldives on the advice of the discussions in the Ministers Cabinet. In accordance with section 3 of this act, land shall be allocated for the following purposes and uses for residential, commercial, social, environmental protection and institutional uses. The ministries entrusted with land in accordance to section 4 of this Act shall allocate the land, lease or transact any business in regard to the land only in accordance with this Act and any other Acts in force regarding the allocation of land for different purposes and uses. 7 . 3 . 7 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 The Ministry of Environment has issued EIA regulation on May 2012, which guides the process of undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment in the Maldives – This guideline also provides a comprehensive outline of the EIA process, including the roles and responsibilities of the consultants and the proponents. This regulation outlines every step of the IEE/EIA process beginning from application to undertake an EIA, details on the contents, minimum requirements for consultants undertaking the EIA, format of the EIA/IEE report and many more. The guidance provided in this Regulation was followed in the preparation of this EIA report. And the EIA has also been prepared by registered consultants 1.2.5 First Adde ndum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 This amendment was gazetted on 9th April 2013. As per this amendment the responsible authority has to check the submitted EIA report for everything mentioned in the Regulation’s article (Kaafu) was in order and inform the proponent whether the EIA Report has been accepted or rejected within 2 working days. The penalty for repetitive offenses has been also amended in this amendment of the Regulation 7 . 3 . 8 Second Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 This amendment was gazetted on 30th August 2015. With this Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012, the following important points were noted. - Procedural changes have been made to the EIA process. One of the most important changes was shifting the tourism related developmental project EIA’s to the Ministry of Tourism. Slight changes to the process like finalization of the Terms of Reference during the scoping meeting and changes in the fees structure for review process has been made to three different categories. - Article 8 (a) of the amendment of the decision for screening form is as follows 1) Environmental Management Plan 2) Initial Environmental Examination

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3) Environmental Impact Assessment 4) Approval to go forward with the screened project 5) Approval to go forward with the project with as per the mitigation measures proposed by EPA. - The amendment’s article 3(b) says the decision for IEE will be as follows 1) Environmental Impact Assessment Report if the project anticipated to have major environmental impacts 2) Environmental Management Plan 3) Approval to go forward with the project if the project is not anticipated to occur major environmental impacts - Article 10 of this amendment says that two (2) reviewers are required to review the environmental management plan and the selection of the reviewers are to be carried out as per the article 13(b). 7 . 3 . 9 Third Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 Amendment 3 (issued on 11th August 2016) covers the point systems for consultants, categories of the consultants and amendment of the penalties to consultants and proponents who fail to follow the regulation. This EIA report was prepared by a Category A registered EIA consultant. 7 . 3 . 1 0 Fourth Addendum to En vironmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 There was a 4th amendment done on the EIA regulation 2012 and gazetted on 19th January 2017. This amendment explains about the projects that can be preceded without an Environmental Impact Assessment when the proponent requests to the Ministry of Environment and Energy in writing along with commitments or guarantee that the Proponent will carry out the mitigation measures that may impact on the Environment due to such projects. A list of such projects given in the amendment is as follows. 1- Deepening of Existing harbours and channels as same as the foot print 2- Uprooting trees that fall into the existing plots given to citizens for residential purpose 3- Uprooting trees that fall into the roads/path ways to the above plots. (Only councils or who takes such responsibilities can apply). 4- Drilling boreholes to take water. 5- Reclamation carried out as land extension means to the natural existing land. Such lands that are less than 3 years after the reclamation is completed with exception of the projects mentioned article 1 ( c ) of this amendment. 6- Reclamation carried out in a lagoon with an island shape or characteristics. Such lands that are less than 5 years after the reclamation is completed with exception of the projects mentioned article 1 ( c ) of this amendment. Environmental Impact Assessment shall be carried out and permission shall be obtained in Lands that are mentioned in 5 and 6 as above, when such lands become inhabited. Environmental Impact Assessment shall be carried out in the following projects even in the lands that are reclaimed as per the number 5 and 6 explained above. 1- Projects that involve Dangerous Chemicals 2- Projects that involve in any Oil Storage 3- Projects that involve Incinerators

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4- Projects that involves release of any poisonous elements to the atmosphere 5- Projects that involve fibre glass work. The amendment also says that this amendment will come into force from the date it is gazetted. The relevance of this amendment to this EIA is relevant as some of the mature trees that fall on the foot print of the roads that need to be cleared to lay the sewer line is required. The Island Council has indicated that compensation will be given to tree owners. 7 . 3 . 1 1 Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Act 2012 The civil aviation Act provides for the establishment of a “Maldives Civil Aviation Authority” as a separate government body to regulate the civil aviation of the Maldives by establishing rules and regulations and determine its policy, and defines the powers and duties of the authority. The Act states the powers and responsibilities of the Authority in chapter 3. 7 . 3 . 1 2 The Civil aviation Act of Maldives 2001 The civil Aviation Act of Maldives defines the registration and operation of civil aircraft in the Maldives. This includes the construction, registration, operation and use of civil aerodromes, other matters relating to civil aircraft and aerodromes and safety of civil aviation in the Maldives. The Act states that the aerodromes in the Maldives shall be constructed after acquiring the requisite land or place lawfully, obtaining the approvals from the Ministry after submitting relevant drawings and specifications of the aerodrome to be constructed and other details required under regulations made under this Act. The Civil Aviation Act outlines the safety zones demarcated around aerodromes and establishes guidelines to be followed within the zone in respect if the following matters;  Construction and installation of various structures;  Planting of trees and cultivation of crops;  Driving and parking of various vehicles;  Illuminating, rearing of birds, having of airborne objects and conduct of various act detrimental to the safety of civil aviation. Furthermore, the Act outlines the inspection of safety measures of aerodromes and aircrafts, granting and revocation of licenses, penalties and compliance with international Conventions. 7 . 3 . 1 3 The Civil Aviation Regulation The Maldivian Civil Aviation Regulations (MCAR) was published in July 2007 aimed at complying with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requirements and harmonizing with international standards such European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The regulation consists of details of the regulatory measures such as airworthiness, commercial air transportation, aircraft maintenance and registrations, rules of air, aerodrome rules, and aeronautical information services. 7.3.13.1 Aerodrome Rules (MCAR-139) This section of the MCAR states that an aircraft shall not take off or land at any place in the Republic unless the place has been certified as and aerodromes under MCAR and its use of the place is authorized by the Director of Civil Aviation Authority and complying with the terms of MCAR. This includes (1) the type of aircraft authorized under the regulation to take off and land from the place and (2) the aircraft to be engaged in operations of a class specified by the Director in the instrument of authorization for that place. The following outlines the components of the Aerodrome rules relevant to this project. Subpart-D. The Aerodrome Operator shall be responsible to comply with the standards and practices specified in MCAR this includes ensuring proper and efficient maintenance of the aerodrome facilities, establishing a safety management system and auditing of the system,

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establishing an emergency plan, aerodromes serviceability inspections, technical inspections, and other matters regarding the operations and maintenance of the aerodrome. Subpart-E. The operator of the certified or registered aerodrome must monitor the airspace around the aerodrome for infringement of the obstacle limitation surfaces by any object, building, structures or any gaseous efflux having a velocity exceeding 4.3m per second. Monitoring shall be conducted in accordance with the standards set out in the Air Safety Circulars (ASC 139-5). It is stated that wherever any object located in the vicinity of an aerodrome for public use constitutes and obstruction or potential hazard to aircraft moving in the vicinity of the aerodrome, the occupier of the place, or in the case of movable object, the person having the management of it shall comply with terms of a notice from the Director directing him within time and specified in the notice to remove the object or a portion; or to install and operate lights on the object and mark it in accordance with the requirements of the notice2 In this regulation “object’ includes any man made or natural object whether movable or not and any crops or trees. Zoning of land and waters in the vicinity of aerodrome will be conducted for the purpose of protecting the approach and transitional surfaces of the aerodrome in accordance with the material standards and recommended practices and procedures for air navigation services prescribed under the Chicago Convention. These include the following orders;  Prohibition of the erection of or limitation of the height of buildings, structures or thing;  Prohibition of planting of or limitation of the height of any trees;  Prohibition of sowing or growing any plant or crop; and  Prohibition of the bringing of vessels or vehicles or anchoring, mooring, or parking of any vessel or vehicle in any area or areas to which the order applies. Dumping rubbish such as such as waste food stuffs in the vicinity of the aerodrome is prohibited as it may cause a potential hazard from attracting birds. 7 . 3 . 1 4 Decentralization Act The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as highest authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with this Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils. 7 . 3 . 1 5 General Laws Act – 4/68(Public property) The general Laws Act 4/68, Paragraph 7 stipulates that public property such as trees, coconut palms, farm land, households and such owned by public or private individuals, if required to be obtained by the Government, the property can be obtained by the Ministry of Justice or the High Court of the Maldives. The above shall be done only after the individual is fairly compensated for the property or by financial compensation proposed by the property holder. If the public property to be attained is a land plot or a household, the property holder shall be given adequate time for clearance of the area. If a private property belonging to one individual creates nuisance to another, the matter shall be resolved by the Atoll Council for issues arising in the islands. This project requires removal of a large portion of trees from the island and compensation for these trees will be provided by the proponent. 7 . 3 . 1 6 Public Services Act Public Services Act (Law No. 4/96), has to be taken into consideration the general public services, that require registering the users and levying fees for the provision of service as well as discontinuation of service. The Act has specific relevance to the provision of water, electricity and sewerage services. Relevant Articles under this law pertaining to the proposed project are as follows. Article 3 states that any party can provide general public services only after getting registered in the competent authority and according to its regulations.

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Article 4 states that any public service must be provided after a contract agreement has been made between the service provider and the customer. The agreement must be made according to the regulations put forward by the competent authority. Article 5 states that a transfer of service between customers must be made only after a contract has been made between the customers according to the service providers regulations. If the customer fails to comply with the agreement, the service provider can discontinue service only after approval from competent authority. Article 7 states that the service provider can permanently discontinue its services according to regulation mentioned in article 3 of this law. However temporary discontinuation can be made after giving prior notification to the customers and according to the agreement made between the service provider and the customer. Article 8 states that the tariffs for the services must be approved from the competent authority prior to implementation. Furthermore, any amendments to tariff structure also must be approved from the competent authority before implementation. Article 3 states that any damage made to service provider’s facilities, can be charged with 01 prison penalty or banishment. Furthermore, any action against this law (excluding what is mentioned in article 9 (a) of this law) can be charged between MVR 100 to MVR 5000 by the competent authority. 7 . 3 . 1 7 Waste management Regulations The Ministry of Environment has developed national waste management regulation. The key elements of the regulations include: ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction in waste generated, develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate enforcing these guidelines through inter-sectorial collaboration and ensure safe disposal of chemical, industrial and hazardous waste. Any waste shall be disposed only in the areas designated for the purpose and permitted by EPA. Waste management for the proposed project during the construction and operation phase will be in line with this regulation. The waste generated from the project site would be taken to the Vandhoo island (Raa Atoll) or Thilafushi for processing and disposal. 7 . 3 . 1 8 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal The guideline is developed and implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater. The proposed project has been proposed based on the requirements of this guidelines and EIA has been undertaken within the parameters defined by this regulations. All domestic waste will be disposed as per the guidelines provided by EPA. Hence, the treated wastewater will be as per the following guidelines. Table 1: Treated wastewater quality standards to be achieved MEEW guidelines for maximum allowable Parameter concentrations for discharge into deep sea Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 40 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 50 mg/l Suspended Solids 150 mg/L pH 5 -9.5 Oil & Grease (After effective fat/Grease trap) 5 mg/L 7 . 3 . 1 9 Regulation for cutting down, uprooting and export o f t r e e s The Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another was recently issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. Clause 5 (a) of the regulations states that Prior to the commencement of any project(s) that

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would require the indiscriminate removal and export of trees/palms from one island to another for the purpose of agriculture, development, construction or any other purpose, it is mandatory under the Regulation to prepare an EIA Report stating clearly the details of the Project(s) with all necessary information and submit the same through the relevant Ministry to Ministry of Environment and Energy and the project(s) can only commence upon the grant of written approval from the MEE. Article 8 (a) requires permission be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Energy, if more than 10 coconut palms that are of a height of 15 ft (from base of the palm to the tip of the palm frond) are cut, uprooted or relocated to another island. The regulation also ensures the replacement of the vegetation that is lost by imposing the planting of two palms for every palm tree that is cut or uprooted (Article 2 (d)). Logging on inhabited islands must be done under supervision of the islands chief or an official appointed by the island chief (Article 8 (c). According to Article 3 (a) no trees can be cut or uprooted within the 15m zone inside from the vegetation line of an island. If there is any mangrove areas in the island, no trees and be uprooted, dig out or cut within the 15m buffer zone around the mangrove area (Article 3 (b)). Uprooting and cutting of the trees would be carried out as outlined in the regulations. Two trees would be planted for each tree removed. This regulation has no implication to the proposed project as it is undertaken in a cleared area of the island. 7 . 3 . 2 0 First amendment to the regulation for cutting down, uprooting and export of trees Amendment 1 was issued on 30th January 2014 and revised the articles 8 and 11. Article 3 defines the types of trees that are prohibited from cutting, uprooting or removing. This amendment now consists of the following types of trees: (a) (1) Any tree that is within 15m from the vegetation line (2) Trees within a 15m buffer zone from any mangrove and wetland area.

(3) Trees that are within the Environmentally Protected Area declared by the government

(4) Trees that are protected by the government for conservation

(5) Trees with a special or unique feature

(b) (1) For any tree or palm cut down or uprooted for a government development project, permission will be given if 6 trees or 6 palms trees are proposed to be planted in compensation. (2) Permission mentioned in (b) (1) shall be granted if a monitoring plan is included in the project plan

Previous Article 11 is now changed to be Article and 12 as a new Article is added. The new Article 11 states that Environmental Protection Agency is the regulatory implementing agency. 7 . 3 . 2 1 Dredging and Reclamation regulation Dredging and reclamation Regulation was published in 2014 under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (No.4/93) to mitigate the damages that may be caused during dredging and reclamation of development projects. Following are the relevant clauses of this regulation. Under clause 10, this project can be exempted and the regulatory authority has the legal obligation to issue the approval for this.

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In short the regulation covers situations or cases where dredging permits can be given and types and situations where dredging and reclamation can be undertaken. Criteria for dredging and reclamation, minimum buffer zone, between reef line, shoreline, disposal methods, dredge spoil and maximum area for dredging and reclamation are covered in this regulation. Furthermore, the following points are highlighted. The 21 clauses in the regulation on Dredging and reclamation was gazetted on 2nd April 2013 and this regulation explains in details about the situations of dredging and reclamation. The relevant clauses of this regulation for this project are outlined below. Clause 6 (a). Permission for Dredging and reclamation shall be given as per the following methods. When dredging or reclamation is required, it should be carried out as per the Clause 7 and 8 of the Dredging and Reclamation Regulation. For this the need of dredging or reclamation, land use plan and the details of essential requirement should be submitted to the Implementation Agency. Along with these details, a geo referenced scale map (1:10000) should be submitted and permission should be obtained from the Implementation Agency. Clause 6 (b) says that, when permit explained in Clause 6(a) is obtained, An “Environmental Impact Assessment” Report should be carried out and submitted to the Implementation Agency2 Clause 6 ( c ) says when the said (Clause 6 (b) ) Environmental Impact Assessment Report is reviewed by the Implementation Agency and the decision taken by the Implementation Agency should be informed to the proponent. Clause 7 (b) says If the island is leased for Industrial, Agricultural or Tourism related activities or commercial purpose, then the dredging can be carried out to full fill the permit given by the Government Agency. But this dredging can be carried out only if the permitted activity is not possible to proceed due to the accessibility to the island. Clause 8 (b) If the island is leased for Industrial, Agricultural or Tourism related activities or commercial purpose, then the reclamation can be carried out to full fill the permitted activity by the Government. But this reclamation can be carried out only if the permitted activity is not possible to proceed due to the shortage of land. Clause 10 of this regulation explains about the exemption situations with the exception of the activities explained in clause 6. Clause 10 (2) says If the island is leased for Industrial, Agricultural or Tourism related activities or commercial purpose, then the dredging and reclamation can be carried out as per the initial concept. Clause 13 explains the various areas banned for dredging and reclamation under this regulation. Clause 13 (d) has given reference to clause 13 (c ) number (4) and says sand mining or reclamation that are 200 meters closer to the areas explained in clause 13 ( c ) number 4 are banned First Amendment to the Dredging and Reclamation Regulation. This amendment to the Regulation came into force on 9th February 2014 and has brought changes to the clause 13 (d) of the Dredging Regulation. The amendment says that the developmental projects planned to carry out under cabinet decision or run under government developmental projects can be preceded even after it falls under clause 13 (d) number 4 along with the conditions given in the first amendment. The proponent shall apply to the Implementation Agency for such activities like sand mining; dredging and reclamation and shall be carried out only after obtaining the permission from the Implementation Agency. The conditions given in the amendment are as follows. (a) Carry out a study on the existence of living flora, fauna and threatened species

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(b) Submit a plan and obtain permission for such plans on how to transfer, shift and farm the threatened species

(c) Develop a natural area not smaller than the existing area with the existing characteristics or develop an area with such characteristics that are instructed by the Implementation Agency as per the policy, regulation, standards and set arrangements to protect, manage, and monitor such areas.

(d) Carry out study to monitor the impact on aquifer and to take mitigation measures to prevent from likely impacts and these activities should be monitored by the implementation Agency.

(e) Carry out study on possible flooding and implement a suitable drainage system as mitigation measures to

Therefore this project can be preceded as per the regulations and its amendments and mitigation and monitoring are explained in relevant sections. 7 . 3 . 2 2 Built Environment Regulation Land Use Plan and Implementation regulation was formulated under the Maldivian Land Act of 2002. This regulation defines the land allocation and planning regulations for inhabited islands, uninhabited islands and islands for other uses such as industrial and agricultural. This regulation was developed to maximize the use of land considering the size of the population and the development required for the island. Article 2 states the planning categories for land development project based on the level of development, importance of the project and type of island (inhabited, uninhabited or industrial). The categories are A, B, C, D, and E. Categories A, B, and C islands are inhabited islands are category A being the urban centers of the region, Category D consists of islands that are populated under special circumstances and Category E consists of uninhabited island developed for economic benefits, such as tourism, agriculture, fisheries and other industrial uses. Article 7 of the regulation states that the Land Use Plan should be prepared for the forecasted population for the next 20 years. Changes to housing and population and density for the next 20 years should be considered. Article 12 states the components for environmental protection that has to be considered in the Land Use Plan. These include, protected areas and environmentally sensitive areas, tree buffers, vegetated areas, freshwater lens, and disposal of waste and sewage. Article 12.1 states that a minimum of 20m should be left vegetated from the shore to built- environment with the exception of harbor area and commercial area and it may hinder the workflow in that area. The regulation also explains the zoning of areas (housing, tourism, industrial, etc.), land allocation and its sizes, institutions and public services, environmental protection, construction, consideration for the disabled, and economic development activities. A Land Use Plan has not been formulated for the Island of R.Fainu. Furthermore, an access road is proposed within the 20m buffer area from the shoreline. 7 . 3 . 2 3 Environmental Liabilities Regulation (2011/R - 9) Under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (No. 4/93), the Ministry of Environment and Energy formulated the Environmental Damage Liabilities Regulation in February 2011, which encompasses the basis to avoid environmental deterioration, extinction of biological resources, environmental degradation and avoid wastage of natural resources. The main purpose of this regulation is to stop unlawful activities on environment and adequately implement a fining procedure for violations as well as implement a compensation mechanism on environmental damages. Its Schedules form the basis for levying fines on various environmental components and activities.

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Under the Article 14 of the regulation, any party, from whom the implementing agency requires information relating to an investigation or for other purposes of this regulation, should provide such information. This regulation describes the factors to consider when determining the fine to be charged on a party causing damage to the environment and formulas to measure the magnitude of the damages caused to the environment. 7 . 3 . 2 4 Dewatering Regulation This regulation was enacted with the aim of minimizing the impacts to ground water while carrying dewatering activities. Dewatering for any economic activity can be done after acquiring the written permit from the competent authority as stated in the Article 5 of this regulation. This does not include extracting water for domestic well placements, cleaning and agricultural purposes. Article 8 states that an administrative fee of MVR 500 has to be paid to the competent authority when submitting the form mentioned in article 7. Article 9 states that water samples must be tested from a certified laboratory and their results attached with the form in this regulations annex 1. The results must not be more than 45 days old from the tested date. The following parameters must be tested; • Temperature, 0C • TDS, mg/l • Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l • Electrical Conductivity, μS/cm • Turbidity, NTU • Salinity, ppm • Ammonia, mg/l • Fecal Coliforms 0/100 • Hydrogen Sulphide, mg/l • Nitrates, mg/l • Phosphates, mg/l Article 15 states that the competent authority has to maintain records about the dewatering approvals they give. If a sanitation service provider gives service of water discharging from dewatering activities, then they must provide those dewatering activity details before the 10 of each month for the previous month’s activities2 Article 16 states that the competent authority has the full discretion to stop any dewatering activities ongoing without approval. The competent authority is EPA and dewatering permits shall be obtained from them. 7.4 International Conventions 7 . 4 . 1 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation The Chicago Convention or the Convention on International Civil Aviation was established the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel. The convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel, and the exemption of air fuels from tax. The convention was signed by 52 states and came into effect on 4th April 1947. Maldives ratified the adherence to this Convention on 12th March 1974. Article 15 of the Convention requires that all aerodromes open to public use under the jurisdiction of a contracting State provide uniform conditions for the aircraft of all other Contracting States. Article 37 states the adoption of International Standards and Procedures as each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organization in relation to aircraft,

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personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation. This includes the characteristics of airports and landing areas. 7 . 4 . 2 Convention on Biological Diversity The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”2 Maldives signed the convention in June 1992 and ratified it on 28th October 1992.

The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognized for its ecological value but occurs in an island with sensitive areas. However, it is unlikely there will be a significant loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended that the developer ensures that mitigation measures are followed while executing works on land and in the marine environment to protect the marine biodiversity.

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8 Project Description 8.1 Project proponent This project is proposed by the Island Aviation Services Limited (IASL). Wholly owned by the Government of Maldives, IASL is the owner and operator of the national airline ‘Maldivian’2 Maldivian operates inter-island services within the country as well as international services to India, Bangladesh, Thailand and China. Maldivian airline currently makes trips from HDh2Haimaadhoo, R2Ifuru, B2Dharavandhoo, Male’, Th2Thimarafushi, L2Kahdhoo, GA.Kooddoo, GDh.Kaadehdhoo, Dh.Kudahuvadhoo, Gn. Fuvahmulak and S.Gan. Besides the airline services, Island Aviation Services (IAS) also provides cargo, lounge services, travel agency services, charted flights, special medical evacuation flights and freighter flights. IAS is also the Aerodrome operators for Thimarafushi Airport and Dharavandhoo Airport. IASL also provides sea plane services for resorts and chartering. They currently have a fleet of 11 seaplanes. The construction for this project will be awarded to competent contractors through the government tendering process. 8.2 Project Location and Study Area The project takes places in the island of Fainu in Raa Atoll. The following figure illustrates the location of Fainu in Raa Atoll. The Island is located at 05°27'49"N and 73°03’09”E on the western rim of the atoll in between the inhabited island Inguraidhoo on the north and Kinolhas on the south, both islands less than 1.5km from Fainu. Fainu is the only island located on its natural reef and has a small lagoon area. The island has an area of about 59 hectares, occupied by a population of about 318 (Census 2014).

Figure 1: Location of Fainu in Raa Atoll 8.3 Justification for the project The unique geography of Maldives consist scattered islands which poses many challenges when it comes to development in infrastructure, facilities, transportation, and economics. Moreover the small size, with an average size of about 70 Ha for inhabited islands, available land becomes a limitation for infrastructural developments for each and every island. Although every

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inhabited island has basic health care and educational facilities, they are often not enough and requires migration or frequent travel. The transportation across the country consists of domestic airports, atoll ferries, and private boats for hire, and majority of the people rely on sea transportation. This mode of transportation is usually considered economically challenging especially during emergencies. For some islands, where an airport is not located nearby, a speedier transportation alternative is not available. Air connectivity would provide better access to healthcare as most islands or even atolls cannot provide the level of services as Male’2 The present government has prioritized air transportation in order to interconnect different regions of Maldives and connectivity to the capital Male’2 Connectivity to Male’ is the most important component as the best facilities for services are in the capital. Moreover, connectivity to the international airport of Maldives allows speedy transfers for tourists to a given region allowing higher occupancy and higher returns. Travel time is a big consideration for resort developments2 The most concentrated region for resorts are the North and South Male’ atolls as the international airports are located here. The next most concentrated are atoll is the Alifu Alifu and Alifu Dhaalu Atoll. Although there other factors in determining an ideal location for resort development, speedy transfer is a major consideration for the developers and tourists. Figure 2 shows the all the existing airport and the proposed airport with each of their travel time via a speed boat. This map also show the inhabited islands, resort and resorts under development (as per documents available from the Ministry of Tourism in 2016). The airports are reasonably spread out. However, Kulhudhuhfushi airport, now completed, and Hanimaadhoo airport are 20 minutes away. These are the closest airports/proposed airport. The next closest airport to two existing airport is the proposed Fainu airport, 30 minutes away from R.Ifuru airport and about 40 minutes from B.Dharavandhoo airport. Even with the proposed airport, there are some regions that are not covered by air transportation within 50 minutes. These are Vaavu atoll, Meemu atoll and Alifu Alifu atoll. A considerable scale of economic development is expected from the development of an airport in Fainu Island, especially from tourism. This development will be local and regional as there are a lot of proposed resort to cater as per the list of ‘facilities in developments’ released by the Ministry of Tourism in 2016. However, it is important to consider the necessity of this proposed airport when there is an existing domestic airport located in Ifuru Island which is 30 minutes away2 Therefore, the main justification for the project is implementation of the government’s policy of transport and connectivity and tourism expansion policy of Maldives. Table 1 Travel duration from Velana International Airport to the domestic and international airports in Maldives. Destination from Velana International Flight Duration Airport (MLE) MLE → HAQ (HDh.Hanimaadhoo) 00:55 MLE → IFU (R.Ifuru) 01:50 (1 stop) MLE → DRV (B.Dharavandhoo) 00:35 MLE → VAM (ADh.Maamigili) 00:30 MLE → DDD (Dh.Kudahuvadhoo) 00:45 MLE → TMF (Th. Thimarafushi) 00:45 MLE → KDO (L2Kahdhdoo) 02:10 (1 stop) MLE → GKK (GA2Kooddoo) 02:35 (1 stop) MLE → KDM (GDh2 Kaadehdhoo) 01:10 MLE → FVM (Gn. Fuvahmulah 01:25 MLE → GAN (S2Gan) 01:35

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Figure 2: Speed boat travel times (minutes) from existing and proposed airports in the Maldives.

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8.4 Scope of works The scope of works in this project constitutes the following.  Mobilization. – Transporting of materials and machinery to the temporary site.  Site preparation. – Clearing of access roads and project area for construction works.  Construction. – Building of the specific components of the project.  Testing phase. – Inspection from regulatory authorities and operators for the quality and functionality of construction and setup.  Handing over of the project.

Figure 3: Approved project layout and boundary area 8.5 Project Components This project is phased out to three phases. These are the major 3 constructional components. This project also requires a preconstruction work such as dredging and reclamation and vegetation clearance. The total duration of this project is estimated to be 2 years. Phase 1: Vegetation clearance, dredging and reclamation, construction of runway, apron, taxiway, terminal building, fire station and basic amenities.

Phase 2: Construction of staff quarters, ATC, Office buildings.

Phase 3: Construction of Fuel depo, hangar facilities and service buildings.

8 . 5 . 1 Mobilization and site setup Mobilization and the site setup includes transporting cement, aggregate, heavy machinery and other materials required on an ideal location near the project site which would be the temporary site. The materials will be brought on barges, heavy cargo dhonis or landing crafts and unloaded at the harbor. The access road from the harbor to the temporary site should be cleared enough to transfer the materials and the heavy machinery required for this project. It is ideal to select a temporary site that doesn’t not require vegetation clearance. The materials and machinery required are provided in Section 8.6.1. The temporary sites given in the Figure 4 is a

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recommended site as no vegetation clearance is required. However, this location has not yet been approved.

Figure 4: Suggested temporary site and machinery movement areas 8 . 5 . 2 Dredging, Borrow Areas and reclamation To accommodate the full length of the runway, a total area of 8.33Ha is required to be reclaimed from the northern and eastern edge of the island. This includes 7.17 Ha from the Eastern side and 1.160 from the Western side. The areas would be reclaimed to a height of +1.3m which is the average height of the island. The reclaimed area is not elevated to maintain a uniform height throughout the runway. Therefore, shore protection measures will be stricter than the usual reclamation measures in Maldivian islands. The proposed borrow area is located north east of the island an area of 17,222.4m2. The average 3 depth of this area is about -2.5m from MSL. A total volume of 249,719.3m can be obtained if dredged to a depth of -16m. The type of dredger proposed to be used is a Cutter Suction Hopper Dredger (CSHD). As this area is the only lagoon in the island reef, alternative borrow areas are suggested from deep sea. This option is explored more in Chapter 13.

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Figure 5: Reclamation area on the east side and location of the borrow area

Figure 6: Reclamation area on the west side

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Table 2: Reclamation and sand borrow volume calculations. Calculations for total volume of material required for reclamation. Area for reclamation on the East side (Ha) 7.170 Area for reclamation on the West side (Ha) 1.160 Total area for reclamation (Ha) 8.330 Total area for reclamation (m2) 83300.000 Average fill height for both areas (m) +1.300 Volume of material required for reclamation 217,171.580 (Above), (m2)* Volume of material required for reclamation 1,080.700 (Below), (m3)* Total volume of material required for 218,252.280 reclamation (m2) Area for borrow area (m2)* 17,222.369 Dredging depth (m)* -16.000 Average thickness of dredging layer (m)* 14.500 Total Volume of dredging material (m3)* 249,719.267 Excess material after reclamation. (m3) 31,466.987

*Detailed reports for the computation of the values are provided in annex The proposed filling area for reclamation will be marked by disposing sand around the boundary of the area to be filled, thus creating a bund wall. The enclosed area will then be filled and compacted. Creating the perimeter sand bund wall is important to control sedimentation and prevent silt from dispersing into the lagoon and ultimately to the reef. 8 . 5 . 3 Shore protection for the reclaimed areas After reclamation, coastal protection will be undertaken in order to prevent erosion of the shoreline and to prevent land loss. Revetments will be constructed around the entire reclaimed area. Two types of revetments will be used for shore protection. Type-1 being Rock boulders and Type-2 being geo-bags. Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows area both types of revetments. Type- 1 revetments are used for the side towards the outer atoll and areas at the reefs edge. Type-2 revetments are used towards the lagoon area where wave action is expected to be lower. This type of revetment also provides and option to create a beach in this area. As the reclaimed land is said to be elevated to 1.3m, the average height of the island, extra precautions are taken by raising the revetments up to 2m. Furthermore, the reclaimed area is a part of a runway with an airport terminal in the close vicinity and therefore this elevated shore protection measures would provide protection against any damage or flooding from climatic factors.

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Figure 7: Shore protection measures on the east Figure 8: Shore protection on the west reclamation reclamation area area

8 . 5 . 4 Vegetation clearance Vegetation clearance is required for the entire airport boundary. Detail of vegetation clearance is provided in the section 10.7. 8 . 5 . 5 Phase 1 construction components 8.5.5.1 Runway, Taxiway and Apron The areas for runway, taxiway and apron contains both existing land from the island and new reclaimed land as seen from Figure 5 and Figure 6. The construction of these components can only start after the demarcation and clearance of access roads, clearance of the thick vegetation in the airport boundary area, and after the completion of the said reclamation works. For the construction of runway, taxiway, apron the entire land area needs to be levelled by bulldozer and wheel loader. A surveyor would need to ensure that the height of reclamation area is levelled with existing land. The asphalt laying works consists of sub grade preparations, base preparations and asphalt wearing course preparations. The construction of runway needs to be in accordance with the Maldives Civil Aviation Regulations (MCAR) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

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Table 3: Airport construction details Component Measurement (approximate) Runway length (m) 1320.0 Runway width (m) 30.0 Taxiway length (m) 60.0 Taxiway width (m) 15.0 Apron length (m) 227.5 Apron width (m) 45.0 Length of boundary fence (m) 1370.0 Length of security fence (m) 265.0 Airport boundary area from existing island (Ha) 20.8 Airport boundary area from reclamation (Ha) 8.3 As the airstrip contains both existing land and reclaimed land, both areas must be levelled. A registered surveyor shall conduct land registrations and determine the levels of the area. 8.5.5.2 Utilities During the operational phase, mobile gensets will be used for power supply. For the operational phase two 100kw generators are planned to be used. A backup generator of 75kw is also planned to be installed in the airport. As the currently does not have a sewerage system, and independent outfall is recommended for airport operations. The island also does not have a water supply system, and therefore it is also recommended that a desalination plant or a rain water harvesting system be commissioned for this project. 8 . 5 . 6 Phase 2 Construction Components Phase 2 of project consists of the construction of staff quarters, Air Traffic Control (ATC), and the office building. 8 . 5 . 7 Phase 3 Construction Components The final phase of the project consists of the construction of fuel depot, hangar facilities, and service buildings. 8 . 5 . 8 Fire and safety during operations Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting equipment, vehicles and trained personnel shall be available at all time during airport operations. The fire extinguishing requirements shall be within the MCAR and ICAO regulations. 8 . 5 . 9 Fuel Management A volume of 10,000 litres per month is required by generators for the full operations of the Airport. Generators for airport operations will be kept and maintained separately. Steel barrel fuel storing tanks would have a capacity of 15 liters per month. Rate of waste lube oil generated is estimated to be 15 liters per month. Fuel transportation will be carried out through leakage proof pipes and fuel barge. The storage tanks will also have leakage proofing.

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8.6 Project Inp uts and Outputs 8 . 6 . 1 Project Inputs Table 4: Matrix of major inputs during construction period Input resource(s) Source/ Type How to obtain resources 50-100 Construction Maldivians +foreign Contractor’s responsibility workers labours Construction materials Aggregate, Bitumen, diesel, Import and purchase where locally cement, concrete blocks, available at competitive prices – sand, PVC pipes, reinforced Contractor’s responsibility2 steel bars, electrical cables fencing material, gypsum, paint, roofing materials, geobags, armour rock.. etc Construction machinery Barges, Excavators, cranes, Import or hire locally where available – concrete mixers. Asphalt contractors responsibility. mixers, loaders, trucks, compactors, and cutter suction dredger hopper. Water supply (during Rainwater from the island From the island. construction) and bottle water when required to be purchased from the island or supply from Male’2 Food and beverages for Mainly imported sources Imported and purchased locally. construction workers. except a few locally available products. Electricity/Energy From mobile gensets Diesel-based electricity from island mains (during construction)

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8 . 6 . 2 Project Outputs Major Table 5: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage Products and waste Anticipated quantities Method of disposal materials Constructional waste 600 to 800 cbm Reused and sent to landfill (either to Vandhoo island or to Thilafushi). Alternatively with approval from the council, the waste can be managed in the island itself. Noise Localized to the project Unavoidable during the construction site including the stage but will be minimized. Noise will surrounding areas. This is not be a nuisance as manual labour will unavoidable. be used without the need for any heavy machinery. Air pollution Limited quantities of dust, Mainly arising as a result of emission oxides of Nitrogen and from the construction work such as from sulphur from use of excavation of trenches to replace the machinery in the existing catch pits, septic tanks and construction zone. pipes. High amount of air pollution will emit from the aircrafts and other increased transportation due to the airport. Green waste Moderate levels at Large trees and palms will be relocated pumping station during the and replanted as much as they can pumping hours especially. within the island, or in other islands or resorts. Remaining waste will either be burnt or transported to Vandhoo. Open burning is not recommended. Waste oil or hazardous Small quantities Incinerated or barreled and sent to waste vandhoo or Thilafushi.

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9 Methodology This section outlines the methodologies used in this environmental assessment. The following table outlines a matrix of methodologies used in this project. Details of these methodologies and their descriptions are attached as an annex.

Methodology type Area / environmental aspect Used in this project (yes/no)

General methodologies of data Generally covering the Yes collection broader Environment Mapping and location identification Coastal, terrestrial and marine Yes environment. Marine Environmental survey Marine environment Yes

20 m Line Intercept transect (LIT), Marine environment Yes Reef Check 50 m photo quadrate analysis Marine environment yes

Qualitative assessment of the reef Marine environment Yes Permanent photo quadrate Marine environment No Ref fish visual census Marine environment Yes

Marine Water Quality Marine environment Yes Coastal Environment Coastal Environment Yes Shoreline and vegetation line Coastal Environment yes mapping Coastal structures mapping Coastal Environment No

Erosion and accretion areas Coastal Environment No mapping Beach profiles Coastal Environment No

Drogues and current Coastal Environment Yes Terrestrial Environment Terrestrial environment yes Terrestrial floral survey Terrestrial environment No Terrestrial faunal survey Terrestrial environment No Groundwater assessment Terrestrial environment Yes Bathymetry Marine / Coastal Environment Yes Aerial Photos Generally covering the Yes broader Environment Long term weather data Generally covering the Yes broader Environment

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10 Existing Environment of Maldives The baseline information of the proposed project and surrounding area were collected through primary data collected during the study period (08 - 09 August 2018) and available secondary data. The environmental baseline data includes general geography, meteorology, (precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind conditions), demographic status, geology, ecologically protected areas, terrestrial and marine environment, bathymetry, tidal conditions, etc. A detailed description of baseline data compiled through the surveys and monitoring is provided in the following subsections: 1 0 . 1 Existing general environment of Maldives The general environmental conditions of Maldives are well documented in many EIA reports and reference is made on the following EIA reports.  EIA for the development of sewerage system in Nilandhoo, Faafu Atoll (Water Solutions Pvt Ltd, 2006).  EIA for the development of a resort in Kalhufahalafushi island in Thaa Atoll (Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, 2006).  EIA for the development of a resort in Vagaru island in Haa Alifu Atoll (Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd; 2006). 1 0 . 2 Existing Marine Environment The marine environmental survey at Fainu island was focused on 5 sites as indicated in the following diagramme.

Figure 9: Marine Survey Locations Site selection for the marine survey was based on the location where the reclamation, borrow areas and sewerage outfall are proposed and control sites for monitoring purposes. 1 0 . 3 Methodology of marine surveys Several methods are available to estimate the percent benthic cover on coral reefs. Some of the common methods are, rapid visual assessment, line-point intercept, and photo-quadrat surveys.

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For this particular survey, a photo quadrate method was used. Photo quadrate surveys involve taking photos at a fixed distance from the substrate generally at a random or regular interval along a transect line. The photo quadrate surveys are undertaken as follows. A transect line of 20 metres at each site, surveyor then places a half a metre quadrate made from PVC along the transect line and takes a photo directly vertically. The second photo is then taken along in the same manner after approximately 1 m away from the first photo. In this manner, photos are taken along the transect line and in total, 10 photos on each transect line is taken. 1 0 . 3 . 1 Data Processing methodology Analysis of the photos were done using a computer program called, CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions). This is an internationally recognized software used all over the word to assess the benthic composition of the reefs. In this programme, photographs are analyzed using a pre-defined benthic categories. Depending on the type of survey, these categories can be user defined at any given level. Users can have very complex levels ranging from individual coral families or have broader assessments categories. As the objective of this survey was to assess the impact of dredging and reclamation, it made sense to use a broader categories. Hence, benthic categories adopted by the Reef Check protocol was utilized. A text file containing these categories were created and imported to CPCe. The Reef Check protocol allows categorizing life forms followed under the Reef Check protocol, which emphasizes on benthic composition categorizing such as hard corals, sand, rock and others. The emphasis is not on recording corals to their species levels, but rather the general coral and other life forms such as hard and soft corals. This method is more accurate as the percentage of healthy coral cover and other life forms can be more accurately recorded even by a non-experienced surveyor. The following are definition of benthic categories used in this survey.  HC: All living coral including bleached coral; includes fire, blue and organ pipe corals  SC: Soft corals and include zoanthids but not anemones (OT)  DC: Coral that has died within the past year; appears fresh and white or with corallite structures still recognizable  ALG: All macro-algae except coralline, calcareous and turf (record the substrate beneath for these); Halimeda is recorded as OT; turf is shorter than 3cm.  SP: All erect and encrusting sponges (but no tunicates).  RC: Any hard substrate; includes dead coral more than 1 yr old and may be covered by turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, etc.  RB: Reef rocks between 0.5 and 15cm in diameter  SD: Sediment less than 0.5cm in diameter; in water, falls quickly to the bottom when dropped.  SI: Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed; recorded if color of the underlying surface is obscured by silt.  OT: Any other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non- living substrate.  SG: All types of sea grass observed categorized in the field SG. Each of the 10 photos from transect are imported, cropped and prepared for analysis. The CPCe program then generates a matrix of random points overlaid on the image for each point to be visually identified. Users can then input the defined categories for each photo and once all the photos are analysed, the results are displayed on a table. 1 0 . 4 C o r a l r e e f Five sites were surveyed to assess the marine environment as baseline for reef benthic community.

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1 0 . 4 . 1 Benthic composition at site 1 (M1) Site 1 was selected from Northern side of the island reef close to the harbour. The site was chosen as a control site for future monitoring purposes. The substrate at the site is dominated by rock (61 ± 1%). Hard coral cover was observed to be high at the site (32 ± 1%). Porites massive and branching were the dominating groups of hard coral observed at the site. Fishes observed to be abundant were Surgeonfishes. The following graph outlines the status of site 1(M1)

Figure 10: Percentage benthic composition at site 1(M1) ± Standard Error (SE) (8 August 2018)

Figure 11: Photos taken from site 1 (M1) (8 August 2018)

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1 0 . 4 . 2 Benthic composition at site 2 (M2) Site 2 is adjacent to the reclamation area on the Western side of the island. The site would undergo sedimentation due to reclamation of the adjacent area. Benthic substrate of this area is dominated by rock (83.5 ± 7.5%). Hard coral cover observed to be low at the site (8 %). Hard coral cover at the site was dominated by Porites massive and Pocillopora. Fishes observed to be abundant were Surgeonfishes, Wrasses, Parrotfishes and Butterflyfishes. The following graph outlines the status of site 2.

Figure 12: Percentage benthic composition at site 2 (M2) ± SE (8 August 2018)

Figure 13: Photos taken from site 2 (M2) (8 August 2018)

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1 0 . 4 . 3 Benthic composition at site 3 (M3) Site 3 was selected from the Southern side of the island reef. The site was chosen as an additional control site for future monitoring purposes. Site 3 is preferred over site 1 as a control site as the general environmental and biological baselines are more similar to the sites close the to the proposed developments. Benthic substrate of this area is dominated by Rock (92 ± 6%). Percentage hard coral cover was low at the site (8 ± 4%). Hard corals observed were predominantly Porites massive and Pocillopora. Fishes observed to be abundant were Surgeonfishes and Damselfishes. The following graph outlines the status of site 3.

Figure 14: Percentage benthic composition at site 3 (M3) ± SE (8 August 2018)

Figure 15: Photos taken from site 3 (M3) (8 August 2018)

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1 0 . 4 . 4 Benthic composition at site 4 (M4) Site 4 is on the South-eastern side of the island reef. The site is of close proximity to the reclamation area on the eastern side of the island. The site could possibly undergo sedimentation due to reclamation of the adjacent area. Benthic substrate of this area is dominated by rock (95.5 ± 1.5%). Hard coral cover was observed to be extremely low at the site (2.5 ± 0.5%). Hard corals observed were predominantly Porites Massive and Pocillopora. Fishes observed to be abundant were Surgeonfishes, Wrasses and Damselfishes. The following graph outlines the status of site 4.

Figure 16: Percentage benthic composition at site 4 (M4) ± SE (8 August 2018)

Figure 17: Photos taken from site 4 (M4) (8 August 2018)

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1 0 . 4 . 5 Benthic composition at site 5 (M5) Site 5 is on the Eastern side of the island reef. The site is of close proximity to the borrow area, proposed sewerage outfall and the reclamation area. Benthic substrate of this area is dominated by rock (89 ±3%). Hard coral cover was observed to be very low at the site (2.5 ± 1.5%). Hard corals observed were predominantly Porites massive and Pocillopora. Fishes observed to be abundant were Surgeonfishes and Parrotfishes. The following graph outlines the status of site 4.

Figure 18: Percentage benthic composition at site 5 (M5) ± SE (8 August 2018)

Figure 19: Photos taken from site 5 (M5) (8 August 2018)

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1 0 . 5 Marine water quality The marine water quality sample were obtained during the field visit and the required tests were run. The results from the samples are tabulated below. Figure 9 indicates the locations where sea water samples were obtained. Table 6: Results from the marine water samples from Fainu island, Raa Atoll.

Water Quality Site WS1 Site Site Site WS4 Optimal Ref WS2 WS3 range Physical Clear with Clear Clear with appearance particles with particles particles Temperature C 19.6 19.5 19.4 19.6 18 - 32 GBRMPA Degree 2009 Celcius Salinity (PPT) 34.61 34.34 34.32 34.48 3.2% - GBRMPA 4.2% 2010 pH 8.16 8.21 8.24 8.24 8 to 8.3. Levels below 7.4 will cause stress Turbidity (NTU) 0.114 0.106 - 0.125 3 to 5 Cooper et al NTU. > 5 2008 NTU causes stress Conductivity - - 52300 - - TSS - - <5 (loQ - - 5 mg/L) Phosphate - - <0.05 - - (loQ 0.05 mg/L) BOD - - 2 - - Nitrate - - <0.01 - -

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1 0 . 6 Status of fish abundance The amount and type of fish present at a given site can be a good indicator of the marine environment. For example, increased grazers are generally a sign of increased nutrients in the area, thus decreased coral cover and increased algal cover. The following table outlines the fish count survey at all the sites. Figure 20: Fish abundance based on the fish survey at survey sites (8 August 2018) Site Site Site Site Site Borro Family/Subfamily M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 w Area Anthias(Anthiadinae) ------Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) A A A A A R Wrasses (Labridae) C A C A C R Parrotfishes (Scaridae) C A R R A - Triggerfishes (Balistidae) R R R R R - Boxfishes (Ostraciidae ) ------Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) C C A A C R Groupers (Serranidae) ------Moorish idol (Zanclidae) R R - - R - Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) R A R R R - Goatfishes ( Mullidae) R - R R C - Hawkfishes(Cirrhitidae) ------Threadfin and Whiptail breams (Scolopsis) - - R - - - Octopus ( Octopodidae) ------Fusiliers (Caesionidae) - - C - - - Rabbitfishes( Siganidae ) ------Gobies (Gobiidae) - C - - - - Pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathinae) ------Pufferfishes ( Tetraodontidae) ------Emperors or scavengers ( Lethrinidae) ------Jacks and Trevalleys (Carangidae) ------Angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) R - - - R - Lizardfishes (Synodontidae) ------Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes (Holocentridae) R - - - R - Grunts and Sweetlips(Haemulidae) ------Eels and Morays (Anguilliformes ) - R - - - - Rudder Fish (Kyphosidae) ------Napoleon Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) ------Snappers (Lutjanidae) R - - - R - Sharks & Rays (Elasmobranchii) ------Sea Turtles (Chelonioidea) ------Mullet (Mugilidae) ------A= Abundant (Meaning that during the 15-minute time swim survey, species counts were recorded more than 50, hence it is difficult to count their numbers). C=Common (Meaning that during the 15-minute time swim survey, they were spotted occasionally and throughout the survey, but their numbers were less than 50). R=Rare (Meaning that during the survey, only few of these species were observed, often 1 or 2.

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1 0 . 7 Existing Terrestrial Environment 1 0 . 7 . 1 Section Brief Terrestrial vegetation of Fainu was studied using the two methods described below. The objective of the survey was to assess the existing island vegetation and assess whether specific key activities of the project would require clearing of any vegetation. 1- High definition low aerial photography with high accuracy GPS to assess the vegetation and the island as a whole from above.

2- Ground truthing of the island by undertaking a visual inspection of inside the airport boundary. The objective of the terrestrial assessment was to generalize the abundance of trees within the clearance areas.

3- Terrestrial transects to generalize the vegetation.

4- Testing the ground water quality both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Majority of the vegetation clearance would take place within the Airport boundary. All vegetation within the boundary needs total clearance. The area accounts for 38 percent of the Islands vegetation. In addition vegetation clearance required to build an access road to the airport. The diagramme below shows the vegetation area within the airport boundary which requires total vegetation clearance. The Fainu Island Council enumerated the trees to be 5792. Compensation for these trees will be given by the proponent.

Figure 21: Area which requires total vegetation clearance. 1 0 . 8 Native Vegetation The Islands vegetation consists of three types which are coastal vegetation, Secondary and Tertiary vegetation. For the purposes of the report, coastal vegetation is considered areas of vegetation where the height of trees are on average less than 10 meters. There vegetation were

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observed to be dominated by Magoo (Scaevola taccada), Boa kashikeyo (Pandanus tectorius), Boashi (Tournefortia argentea) and Uni (Guettarda speciose). Additionally large plants Ruh (Cocos nucifera), Dhigga (Talipariti tiliaceum), Kaani (Cordia subcordata), Funa (Calophyllum inophyllum) and Midhilli (Terminalia catappa), which are in early growth stages could be found in the zone. The vegetation in the zone is not unique as the vegetation is generally observed in costal zones of the Islands of Maldives. However they are important as their roots hold the soil and are important to prevent coastal erosion. Secondary vegetation is defined as vegetated areas with tree height between 5 to 10 meters. Plants such as fully grown Boa kashikeyo and Uni are abundant in these areas. Additionally large plants Ruh, Dhigga, Kaani, Funa and Midhilli less than 15 meters in height are commonly found in these areas. Tertiary vegetation is defined as vegetated areas which predominantly contain trees greater than 10 meters in height. These areas contain large mature trees such as, Ruh, Dhigga, Kaani, Funa, Midhilli, Madhoshi (Adenanthera pavonina), Nika (Ficus benghalensis), Maakashikeyo (Pandanus odorifer) etc. The diagram below shows how these vegetation types are spread throughout the island.

Figure 22: Vegetation types and the distribution in Fainu (R). 1 0 . 9 Funa Dhandu A large area of approximately 2.03 Ha of Funa (calophyllum inophyllum) Plantation is present on the Southern side of the Island. The area is the largest single patch of Funa present in the island. Loss of the plantation is a major environmental concern. 0.46 Ha of the plantation falls in the Airport boundary. The 0.46 Ha accounts for a total of 22 percent of the plantation, which would require clearing. The island contains approximately 3.46 Ha of Funa distributed into patches of varying size. The area of Funa which needs clearing, accounts for only approximately 13 percent of the total Funa present in the island. The Following diagramme shows the distribution of Funa in the addition with the area of the Funa plantation which needs clearing.

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Figure 23: Patches of Funa in the Island in addition to area of Funa which falls in the total clearance area. 1 0 . 1 0 Banyan trees There are a total of 20 Banyan trees 20 meters or greater in height in the island. They can reach a height of approximately 30 meters and live for hundreds of years. Out of these large Banyan trees 8 trees falls in the total clearance boundary. These trees need to be removed during the vegetation clearance. The largest tree on the island with an approximate height of 29 meters is among the trees which require removal.

Figure 24: Location and height of Banyan trees that fall in the vegetation clearance area

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1 0 . 1 0 . 1 Ground water Groundwater quality was assessed by taking samples from a groundwater well. The household wells were visually inspected, and samples were obtained to run the required water quality tests. The water quality results for the sampled wells for each are tabulated in the following table. Figure 9 shows the locations from where the ground water samples were obtained from. Table 7: Results from the ground water samples from Fainu island, Raa Atoll. Water Quality Site GW1 Site GW Physical appearance Pale yellow with particles Pale yellow with particles

Conductivity 1069 1016 pH 8.07 7.91 Salinity 0.53 0.50 Temperature 19.9 20.1 TDS 535 508 TPH 3.5 0.3

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1 0 . 1 1 Existing Socio - Economic Environment 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 Overview of Raa atoll Maalhosmadulu uthuruburi or Raa Atoll is located in the north central region of Maldives and corresponds to the geographical atoll of the same name, Maalhosmadulu atoll and Ehthigili-Alifushi atoll. The atoll consists of 93 island of which 15 inhabited islands. Raa atoll has the 4th largest population among the atolls (excludes the capital Male’) and also has the most number of inhabited islands. Measuring 96 km in length and 34 km in width, Raa atoll is approximately 041 km from the Male’2 The atoll capital of Raa atoll is Un’goofaaru and has more facilities compared to the rest of the islands in the atoll2 Un’goofaaru Regional Hospital located on this island is the largest in the Northern Province. The atoll also has a domestic airport developed on the island Ifuru. 1 0 . 1 1 . 2 P o p u l a t i o n The population of Raa atoll was enumerated to 15,723 in the 2014 Census. Population of resident Maldivians in the atoll in 3104 had a 321% increase compared to 31162 The residents of Kan’dholhudhoo were relocated to Dhuvaafaru after the 3114 Tsunami2 The last census Kan’dholhudhoo participated was in 2000 and their population was 2,717. Dhuvaafaru is also now the most populated island in the atoll, with a population of 2,920 residents (Census, 2014). Table 7: Population statistics for Raa Atoll (2006 & 2014) Population 2014 Population 2006 (Including resident Locality foreigners) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 14,643 7,024 7,619 15,723 7,747 7,976 Alifushi 1,974 939 1,035 1,804 939 865 Vaadhoo 320 141 179 398 190 208 Rasgetheemu 504 236 268 509 237 272 Agolhitheemu 272 111 161 403 201 202 Ugoofaaru 2,988 1,471 1,517 1,501 729 772 Maakurathu 877 413 464 798 393 405 Rasmaadhoo 487 242 245 516 266 250 Innamaadhoo 537 266 271 577 324 253 Maduvvari 1,558 745 813 1,449 744 705 Inguraidhoo 1,278 614 664 1,209 586 623 Fainu 251 120 131 318 158 160 Meedhoo 1,736 838 898 1,726 857 869 Kinolhas 345 163 182 464 231 233 Hulhudhuffaaru 1,516 725 791 1,131 520 611 Dhuvaafaru - - - 2,920 1,372 1,548

1 0 . 1 1 . 3 F a i n u I s l a n d The island of Fainu is located on the eastern rim of the atoll Maalhos Madulu Uthuruburi in the administrative Raa Atoll. Measuring up to 59 Ha, Fainu Island is located at 9°34′91204″N 73°03′09.05″E2 The total registered population at the island council is 464 with 304 females and 243 males.

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10.11.3.1 Utilities The utility provider for Fainu Island is FENAKA, providing round-the-clock electricity by 2 generators of 170W and 150W. The island does not have a water supply system. Their main source of potable water is by harvesting rain water. For non-potable use, ground water is extracted. However, many residents mentioned the water to have an odour and in some areas oxygen pumps are used to aerate the water to improve the quality. Fainu Island also lacks a sewerage network system and the current method of disposal is using septic tanks. The lack of a proper sewerage system poses the threat of faecal and microbiological contamination to the freshwater lens. 10.11.3.2 Health and Education There is a health centre that provided pharmaceutical drug for common ailments with 1 doctor present on the island. The nearest hospital is Ungoofaaru Regional Hospital (URH) with doctors, nurses and diagnostic equipments that are not available in the health centers. URH provide secondary level care including obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatric care, internal medicine, dental care, surgery, physiotherapy, orthopedic, ophthalmology, X-ray, ultra sound scanning and some major operations. In addition, the hospital also provides emergency services including sea and land ambulance services, common laboratory diagnostic facilities including microbiology. URH is 22km from Fainu Island and a speed boat transfer would be less than 30 minutes. Fainu Island has 1 school that accommodates for pre-school, primary and secondary education. At present there are 95 student enrolled in the school. In addition to business stream to secondary, the school also runs a ‘Dhasvaaru’ programme2 Dhasvaaru is a government run program that ensures each student who goes through the school system is able to serve the country. Some of the courses offered by the programme include mechanical engineering, technical engineering, tailoring, IT technician, pastry and baking chef, photograpgy, etc. 10.11.3.3 Employment and transport Most of the islander’s primary resource is from fishing and farming. Others are employed in government offices and have private businesses. Atoll ferry operates within the islands of R atoll and adjacent atolls. Private boats for hire is also available for transportation. The closest domestic airport from Fainu is R.Ifuru domestic airport at 26km and B.Dharavandhoo domestic airport at 35km.

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11 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Environmental Impact identification was undertaken for the proposed activities necessary for the construction phase and the activities that will continue during the operational phase. The impact analyses for construction phase and operational phase were made separately to better understand the impacts as the duration, magnitude and probability of impacts greatly differ. 1 1 . 1 Impact Identification and analysis Environmental Impact identification was made by a combination of matrices along with expert opinions and experiences from similar projects in the past. The environmental impacts were examined using an adaptation of the Leopold matrix method. The Leopold matrix (Leopold et al, 1971) implements a two-dimensional checklist, where the columns of the matrix contains the project’s activities while the rows list the environmental receptors under the three main categories – Physical components, Biological components, and Socio-economic and Cultural components. This interaction matrix helps to identify impacts on individual factors of the three main categories of the impact. Furthermore, sum of the magnitude from each impact activity and/or a certain environmental factor could be identified. This method analyses three aspects of each action which may have an impact on the environment – Magnitude, Duration, and Probability.  Probability – Likelihood of an impact to be produced from a said activity.  Duration – Defines the duration of which the environmental impacts would persist.  Magnitude – Defines the severity of the impact, for both positive and negative. A score is given from a scale of +10 to -10. +10 being major positive and -10 being major negative.

Table 8: Evaluation criteria and scoring system for impact analysis Magnitude Category Evaluation criteria Score Probability (I) O Impact is possible (Probability < 50% M Impact is likely (Probability >50% X Impact is certain (Probability = 100%) Duration (II) T The effects of the activity would not be identifiable within a few months of its completion. S The effects of the activity would not be identifiable within months to a year of its completion. L The effects of the activity would not be identifiable within multiple of its completion. P The effects of the activity will persists endlessly causing irreversible impacts. Magnitude (III) 9 & 10 Major Positive 7 & 8 Moderate Positive 5 & 6 Minor Positive -4 to 4 Negligible -5 & -6 Minor Negative -7 & -8 Moderate Negative -9 & -10 Major negative

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1 1 . 2 Uncertainty and limitation in impact prediction Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. There is also a lack of long term data, for instance, shoreline, local currents, economic actives and such, which are crucial to analyse impact predictions. There is also uncertainty with the continuation of this project. Minor or even major changes to the project’s concept plan could alter the series of impacts2 Major changes would require and EIA addendum to be made. There are also certain areas of the project that has not been finalized, such as the utilities for airport and the islands waste management centre. Moreover, impacts from the operational phase are predicted with more uncertainty than the impacts from the construction phase as the impacts from operational activities depends on how well they are done, with regular monitoring and improvements. There is also a political uncertainty in such projects.

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1 1 . 3 Environmental impact analysis for the construction phase Table 9: Impact analysis matrix for Construction Phase Project Activities (Construction Phase) Envisaged Impact factors Vegetation Dredging and Mobilization Operation of Green/ Total Clearance Reclamation and work heavy construction impact force impact machinery and and demolition Magnitude (M) construction waste & Importance (I) I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III Ground water X S -3 X P +7 X T -4 X T -7 -7 Vegetation X P -9 X L +3 M L -4 -10

Land/ Soil X L -6 X P +9 X P -8 -5 Coastal zone X P -5 M S 0 X T -5 X T -4 -14 Air O T -5 X T -6 X T -4 -15 Noise X T -5 -15

Physical Physical components Coral Reef X L -7 O L -9 -16 Ground Water O T -3 X T -5 O L -4 O T -5 -17 Diversity of terrestrial X P -6 -6 environment

Diversity of marine Environment M L -7 -7

Biological Biological Componen ts

Coral reef and ecosystem O P -4 O T -3 -7 Local economy X S -7 X P +5 X T +9 X T +5 -12

- Health and well being M P -7 M S -7 -14 Accidents O T 0 O T -8 O T -7 -15

Socio economic cultural and component Aesthetic X P -7 M P -3 X T -5 X T -5 X T -7 -27 Total Impact -58 +3 -29 -47 -22 Magnitude

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B L A N K P A G E

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1 1 . 4 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation for Construction P h a s e 1 1 . 4 . 1 Vegetation Clearance Vegetation clearance is the construction activity that would produce the most negative impact on the environment for all three components studied, giving a total of -58 points. Most of these impacts are permanent and certain. Therefore, poses the highest impact significance. For this project, 38% of the islands vegetation has to be cleared. This vegetation includes a portion of an iconic Funa Dhandu (calophyllum inophyllum) of the island, 8 Banyan trees or Nika gas (Ficus benghalensis) that reaches to heights of 22m to 29m and other secondary vegetation. Section10.7 details the islands terrestrial environment. The impacts to physical environment due to vegetation clearance include increased GHGs. Removal of trees disrupt the soil layer, thereby releasing long term stored carbon. This may also increase the overall temperature of the island, especially in areas close to vegetation clearance. The heat will be exacerbated when the asphalt roads are laid. Erosion from the coastal zones may also be seen when the coastal vegetation from the eastern and western side of the island are removed. The biological impacts due to vegetation loss includes loss of terrestrial diversity. As the all the tree species in the island has not been identified, it is hard to say an entire species of trees will be wiped out. However, it may reduce the genetic diversity of trees. Terrestrial fauna such as birds, bats, rats and invertebrate in this area will lose their habitat. Negative impact will be seen from local economy due to vegetation loss as about half of the farms are lost. The aesthetic luscious greenery of the island will be lost as well. Mitigation measures All trees to be removed from the proposed road pathways, including their roots to be cleared and properly dug out. All trees that can be replanted to be replanted elsewhere in the island, or shall be taken to another island or resort. Only soil removed from uprooting trees shall be used to backfill the pot holes created after removal of trees. If additional soil is required, it is best to obtain from a reputed source. 1 1 . 4 . 2 Dredging and Reclamation The total impact for dredging and reclamation is negative but considered negligible as there are a lot of benefits from it. Furthermore the positive impacts are mostly permanent whereas the negative impacts are reversible even if some them are long term. Positive impacts for the physical environment is the increase of land area of the island, which additionally increases the area for freshwater as well. As the third concept plan has a bigger reclamation area than the first and second, it saves a significant amount of vegetated area from being cleared. This is also regarded as positive impact. Reclaimed land can also be turned into fertile land. The negative physical impacts are sedimentation to the coastal zone and coral reefs when dredging. Impact to the biological included the destruction and disruption to the marine environment due to sedimentation. This can be considered a short term impact or a long term impact depending on the time taken for recovery based on the actual mitigation measure implemented. Negative socio-economic impacts include the possible threats to local fisherman. It is again beneficial to local economy as significant vegetated areas is saved by increasing the reclamation area. Mitigation measures Sand bunds shall constructed around the area for reclamation before being filled to reduce the amount of sedimentation

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Avoid dredging and reclamation works during rough weather conditions. Complete the dredging and reclamation works during the shortest duration possible. Place buoys to identify reefs edge as it might not be visible due to high turbidity. 1 1 . 4 . 3 Mobilization and Workforce Impact The overall impact for mobilization and workforce area is negative. These impacts they are mostly temporary and have minor to moderate impacts, except for damages caused to vegetation and reefs, and accidents. Accidents are considered major impact magnitude but with low probability. The minor to moderate negative impacts are from the usage of resources from the island. The social impacts have both positive and negative impacts. Negative impacts are the loss of aesthetic of the construction and pilling of construction material on the temporary site. The positive impacts are the increased income from local businesses (cafés and rental rooms). Mitigation measures Use existing roads as access roads to temporary site and project site. Raise awareness among the workers about environmental friendly practices. 1 1 . 4 . 4 Operation of Heavy Machinery and Construction The operation of heavy machinery such as bulldozers, compactors, excavators, barges, and dredgers have moderate to major negative impacts but are mostly temporary. These include air and noise pollution during machinery operation. Leakage of oils from machinery may contaminate the soil and ground water. Improper use of barges may cause destruction to reefs and this may be a long term or permanent impacts. Any dewatering works during construction will have negative impacts on the ground water as well. Social impacts include the possibility of accidents which are low in probability but has a high magnitude when it happens. Aesthetics of the island during jthe construction works will decrease as well as huge machinery will be operating of parked at the proximity of the construction site. However this is considered minor negative and is temporary. Mitigation measures Vehicles should be serviced and maintained to avoid delays and excess emissions of pollutants. Oil spill contaminant equipment shall be installed in all vehicles. Construction materials shall not be transported during bad weather conditions. Materials for construction and equipment shall be stored at a designated area, temporary site. Sheds can be made on temporary site to protect the materials and equipment from rain and direct sunlight. Ensure that dewatering during the excavation for construction works is done as per EPA guidelines and methods of dewatering. Ensure that no leaks and accidental spillages of oil occur from vehicles and that they are maintained adequately. Nominate a site manager, to be responsible for good site practices, arrangements for collection and effective disposal to an appropriate facility, of all wastes generated at the site during construction stage. Training of site personnel in proper waste management procedures and general environmental care. Dewatering to be done in to the island to prevent wastage of fresh water from the island system. Limiting dewatering only to the required amount by ensuring that the pipe laying works are undertaken within the minimum time period and strategically phasing the pipe laying works.

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Elimination of noise may not be totally achieved, as construction takes place within the island. Despite being temporary, all construction activities that generate noise will be carefully supervised by project supervisors to ensure they cause minimal noise. Work will be minimized at night as much as possible to avoid disruption to the community. Workers should be provided with and made compulsory to use safety wear and equipment while at work 1 1 . 4 . 5 Generation of G reen Waste and Construction and Demolition Waste The overall impacts from green waste generated from vegetation clearance and C&D (Construction & Demolition) waste, as excavated soil, and waste materials used for construction are almost all negative. Any leachate formed from green waste or waste considered hazardous may infiltrate into the fresh water lens. Careless handling of waste or workers ethics may contribute to marine pollution. C&D waste may generate particulate matter (PM) which will contribute to air pollution. Mitigation measures Appropriate waste handling, transportation and disposal methods for all waste generated during the construction works should be managed in such a way that these wastes do not pollute the environment. Waste should be disposed to Either Vandhoo Island or Thilafushi at the end of the construction period. Alternatively it may also be managed in the island with assistance and approval from the Island Council if permission is granted. All left over construction materials that can be reused should be taken back by the contractor at the end of the project.

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1 1 . 5 Environmental impact analysis for the operational phase Table 10: Impact analysis for Operational Phase

Project Activities (Operational Phase) Envisaged Impact factors Airport Waste Storm water Total Operations management and drainage impact

Magnitude (M) & Importance (I) I II III I II III I II III

Ground water O T -5 X P +6 +1 Vegetation O L +2 +2 Land/ Soil M S 0 O L +2 +2

Coastal zone M P +7 +7

Air X P -8 O P +7 -1 Noise X P -8 -8 Coral Reef M P 0 -9 Physical Physical components Ground Water X P +9 M P 0 +9

Diversity of terrestrial O L 0 0 environment

Diversity of marine Environment 0

Biological Biological Componen ts Coral reef and ecosystem +9 Local economy X P +7 +16 Health and well being X P +10 X P +7 X P +5 +22 - Accidents O P -9 -16 Aesthetic X P 0 X P +6 O P +4 +10 Socio and economic cultural component Total Impact -4 +16 +19 Magnitude

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1 1 . 6 Environmental impacts and mitigation measure for the operational phase 1 1 . 6 . 1 Airport operations The airport day to day operations would have impacts on the physical biological and social aspects of the environment. Impacts from airport operations include transportation, energy consumption, and utilities. Health and well-being of the society and local economy would greatly benefit from the airport operations. The people who transit in the island would increase with the airport. As a result the demand for basic necessities such as health care would increase, thus resulting in the improvement of the health care facility in the island. Additionally the airport will increase accessibility to healthcare in Male’2 As a result it would lead to better health and wellbeing of the society. This is a major positive impact that can benefit the islands Inguraidhoo an kinolhas The local economy will get direct benefits from the airport operations. Locals would be employed in the airport. In addition as more people transit in the island there would be greater demand for local businesses such as guest houses, dive centers, cafes, private boat for hire, and tourist shops. These factors would contribute to increase in household income and improvement of the local economy. Significant negative impacts would occur due to Noise and Emissions from the airport. During aeroplane take-off and landings the noise levels in close proximity to the airport would increase. As the locals are not used to such noise, the noise maybe a nuisance, especially to families with young children. Air quality around the airport would decrease as a result of direct emissions from the new power house, Aeroplanes, and Vehicles in day to day operations of the airport. Mitigation Measures Implement ICAO (Annex 16) regulations on noise and emissions control for airport operations. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by reducing or maintaining the operation more efficiently. This can be achieved through regular monitoring. 1 1 . 6 . 2 Waste management The impacts for waste management has more uncertainty as the current waste management center comes within the boundary of the proposed airport. The proponent is responsible to relocate the waste management center. Therefor waste management practices may improve after airport operations, with better waste handling and transportation. Waste will be given a special priority within an airport as open landfill waste areas attract a lot birds and pest which are hazardous to flight operations. Better waste management practices will prevent coastal and marine pollution Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures for waste management would be for the proponent to relocate the existing waste management center before the commencement of the airport construction works. The waste management center should be relocated to and ideal location considering the wind direction and distance from the airport runway. 1 1 . 6 . 3 Storm water and drainage The overall impact from the storm water drainage is positive as the water is allowed to seep into the ground. This includes flood prevention. Flooding is a significant risk at an airport runway and its vicinity. Laying of the asphalt will almost completely reduce the amounts of infiltration and cause flooding.

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Mitigation Measures A mechanism to allow ground water infiltration should be preferred, where some amount allowed to seep into the ground. If the infiltration rate is too slow and flooding occurs, a catch pit with sea outfall shall be established.

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12 Stakeholder Consultations 1 2 . 1 Consultation with the Local Governance Authority As part of the EIA consultation process, Local Governance Authority (LGA) was consulted. Meeting was held at the Civil Aviation Authority Office on 16th August 2018 at 10am. Following are the summary of discussion points: - On no occasion has LGA been consulted regarding a development project. For any island or region specific project such as this, the atoll council and the island council are more capable of providing issues and suggestion to this specific project. However, they mentioned it is better to have them involved in initial stages of such project. - Raised concerns if there is any association with children who grow up near an airport exposed to regular aircraft noise with any psychological effects and if there is a safe minimum distance from an operational airport. 1 2 . 2 Consultation with the Civil Aviation Authority As part of the EIA consultation process, Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) was consulted. Meeting was held at the Civil Aviation Authority Office on 16th August 2018 at 2pm. Following are the summary of discussion points: - CAA consults for airport projects regarding its design concept and regulates the safety of the operations. This includes the orientation of the airport in reference to average wind speed and direction, any nearby obstacle that may be face while taking odd and landing. - CAA does not have any regulation or guideline for the minimum distance for an airport to be from a population. - Inquired about LGA’s concern regarding the association of air craft noise with psychological effect in children growing up in close proximity to airports. CAA replied that there are no safe minimum distance for noise to an inhabited area. This EIA is based on an approved concept design from the Civil Aviation Authority. 1 2 . 3 Consultation with the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure As part of the EIA consultation process, Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (MHI) was consulted. Meeting was held at the MHI on 5th September 2018 at 10am. Following are the summary of discussion points: - ‘Built Environment Regulation’ requires a 31m vegetation area to be maintained from hightide throughout the island. Therefore, suggests the design of this project to take into account this factor. The main road from the harbour to the airport is now planned to be at the edge of the island. There is a road of significant width through the vegetation from the harbour to the airport boundary. Considering this road will save the 20 buffer zone from the shoreline. - For reclamation, the revetments should be constructed with a more natural shape with rounder edges. - Population projection to the island should be taken into account as well the future harbour demand which would include vessels from resorts after the operations of the airport. - If there is need for a slipway or beaching areas for the island, which should be considered while dredging the borrow area. - The percentage vegetation on the island should be recorded and monitored to avoid it turning into an urban heat island. 1 2 . 4 Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency As part of the EIA consultation process, Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was consulted. Meeting was held at the EPA on 10th September 2018 at 10am. Following are the summary of discussion points:

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- IWMC falls into the boundary of the airport project. The IWMC was a new project and please check the status of this. - Please address the livelihood and legal issues for the Agricultural lands in the EIA - Please try not to destroy the trees that are 50 years and above and instead relocate them at appropriate places. IASL informed that the matured trees will be relocated to the new reclamation sites around Male area interests for this has been receiving to the company. - The vegetation of Fainu is famous for flood control and address this issue in the EIA. IASL responded to this saying airport development will have a good flood drainage system which can control flooding. - Sewer lines, bathymetry and possible outfall location to be addressed in the EIA. - EPA enquired if house/building height restriction has been informed to the households and requested to ensure that his information has been passed to the relevant households. - EPA enquired if any coastal protection will be taken place to which IASL responded saying that it will be only for the proposed reclamation area. Shoreline changes to be addressed in the EIA. - EPA enquired about the harbor expansion and if the capacity of the harbor for the next 10 years will be sufficient with the new airport. - To include any land use plans if available in the EIA report. 1 2 . 5 Questionnaire results from public A written questionnaire was given to public to find their views and concerns regarding the proposed project. A total of 69 forms were filled by residents. From an island of 467 residents (as per island council register), this is about 15% of the island. Copies of some of the completed questionnaires are attached in the annex.

Questions Yes No Total % Yes % No Were you aware of this project? 64 5 69 92.75 7.25 Do think this project will bring necessary development to Fainu? Tourism, Guest houses? 55 14 69 79.71 20.29 Do you think Fainu/region needs an airport? 57 12 69 82.61 17.39 Do you practice farming? 54 15 69 78.26 21.74 Are you losing your farm? 41 28 69 59.42 40.58 Do you think the loss of vegetation and farms are a fair trade for the development? 55 14 69 79.71 20.29

- It was observed that a lot of residents of fainu were not aware of the project details. Most of them have just heard of a proposed airport project. As the concept of this project has changed a few times, they were not fully aware of the changes. This project has also received a lot of attention from the media. This helped spread the information regarding the project, however, created confusion about the actual project updates. The first concept plan of the project included, 2 city hotels along with the airport. This plan takes up more than half (about 56%) of the islands land and luscious vegetation including farm lands. Later, the city hotel component was removed, however, some of the residents were not aware of this and even those who were, raised concerns that the city hotels may come at a later stage.

- A large majority (87%) of the residents were for the proposed prosed project. Some of them have mentioned that they want the airport and it is even necessary. Others have mentioned that the airport would open more opportunities for employment and would also increase the possibility for a much needed sewerage system to the island.

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- More than half (59%) of the islanders were losing their farms, however no one raised serious concern for this matter.

1 2 . 6 C o n s u l t a t i on with the Island Council , FENAKA, Island Health Center and School As part of the EIA consultation process, a formal meeting was held at the Fainu Island Council on 9th August at 10:00 AM. Participants of the meeting included members of the Island Council, Health Centre, School and Fenaka. The following are the main summaries of the discussions.

- It was indicated by the members that the present design of the terminal and other facilities are taking a lot of space from the island as these facilities are placed closed to the existing residential areas. Members raised the issue of whether there could be a solution to this. - It was proposed that if possible, the run way to be moved further south. However, the consultants explained that this was not a possibility as there is no available space from the lagoon on the south side. - One of the major concerns of the participants were the reduction of land space from the island. - It was indicated that people who own coconut and other trees that fall within the terminal area were at risk of losing them. - There were also some concerns raised about the increased number of influx of people to the island during the construction and operational stage. - According to the participants, the main concern with the project was the allocation of land to develop a city hotel in addition to the airport. The city hotel would take up a lot of space from the island which is available for the islanders. Hence, the resentment of the project is very much related to this component. - Discussions and questions were also raised regarding the use of the island’s southern side beaches for recreational use. Members questioned whether the general public would be allowed to use the beaches on the southern side. - There were also concerns raised about some of the allocated houses close to the airport boundary which could be taken back. This was not very clear but it was mentioned that some land allocations had been done close to the airport area. Some of these houses have already been designed to be constructed as three-story houses and there was the fear of losing the opportunity for construction due to height restrictions. - Some of the areas allocated for new housing plots have been allocated within the airport boundary. - The present farm lands that will be taken up by the airport was also of some concern. However, the council indicated that these are temporary farmland given on a small lease for seasonal farming practices. It was indicated that during a 2 months period of farming, owners get about MvR 15000. Farmers then have to deduct their cost and the net profit therefore is not something that would be considered as a big loss. - According to the council, most of the farmers are not full time farmers but rather grow crops seasonally, especially before Ramadhan. - The participants highlighted that the project will improve the over-all condition of the health centre as with the opening of the airport, it will stimulate the development. - Participants also noted that at present mosquito control is a big issue and clearing of a large area for the development will significantly reduce the mosquitoes. It will thus improve the capacity to control mosquitoes.

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1 2 . 7 Consultation with the Ministry of Environment and Energy As part of the EIA consultation process, a meeting was held at the ministry of environment and energy on 25th October at 13:30. Participants of the meeting included members from the biodiversity unit and coastal unit. The following are the main summaries of the discussions.

- Flooding is a major concern as large area of vegetation is proposed for clearance. Therefor it is important to outline areas which currently undergo flooding, additionally identify areas which would be at risk of flooding and outline the mitigation measures for flood prevention. - Areas in the Eastern and western side of the island needs to be reclaimed for the project. Therefore it is important to identify the possible changes to coastal processes such as  Erosion and accretion patterns.  Changes to tidal flows and velocities  Impacts to the coral reef and to fish communities around the areas. - As the reclaimed areas are adjacent to the surf zone, any coastal protection measure in place should be sufficient enough to prevent erosion by sediment seepage. Eg: Waves might break over a boulder revetment and the resulting water draining out will lead to erosion. - Important outline any impacts and mitigation measures to ground water (fresh water lens) based on key activities of the project such as vegetation clearance and reclamation. - As large portion of the islands vegetation is been cleared important to identify:  How the native fauna in these areas change/move and monitor these changes and movements overtime.  The Social issues which would arise due to loss of income to people involved in activities such as thatching and fish processing(requires fire wood) etc. - As Dharavandhoo and Ifuru Airport are close by, based on the population density of the islands and the adjacent resorts, the need for the airport should out way the environmental costs of the project. - One third of the farmland in the island is lost, as a result, it is important to consult the farmers to understand the importance of farming to their livelihoods. - Identify if any reef fishermen if would be impacted by the project based on the impacts to the marine environment or due to loss access to fishing grounds etc. - Additional meeting with MEE Waste Department is required as no personnel from the unit were available for the meeting. Biodiversity and costal unit cannot comment on the relocation of the newly built waste management center. 1 2 . 8 C o n sultation with regional airports As part of the EIA consultation process, a meeting was held at Regional Airports on 30th October at 13:30. The proposed concept was designed by regional airports. The following are the main summaries of the discussions. - The proposed location is the optimum location that provides the runway length with reclamation and requires the least vegetation clearance. The island is fairly close to the reef’s edge on the south and the design cannot be shifted further south2 - To reduce the amount of vegetation clearance as much as possible, trees that fall outside of 30m from the airport boundary can be kept. This area should also be maintained to avoid vandalism to the fence. Bushes and grass can be grown, but tall branching trees must be avoided.

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- A 6m perimeter road can be suggested outside of the airport boundary to limit any construction and high rise structures. The council should also limit the allocation of land for building near the airport boundary fence. A park is ideal as well. - The drainage for the design allocates a buffer area with a downward slope from the runway. As the island height is also at the same level as runway, the slopes are foreseen to prevent flooding to the island. This allows water to drain into the ground, which will replenish the ground water lens. Kahdhoo and hanimaadhoo has similar drainage methods without failiure. However, Gan Airport and Kaadehdhoo airport requires a drainage system with sea outfall. If the flooding occurs in Fainu after airport operations, a drain pit with sea outfall can be established. - Stressed on the importance of monitoring after construction. The impact on natural drainage systems of construction on different islands should be studied as well as other impacts. 1 2 . 9 Consultations with Ministry of Tourism - The location the new airport development at Fainu is ideal as there several resorts to be opened in the near future. Four resorts – Aarah, Fasmendhoo, Kuda kurathu and Bodu fushi are expected to open next year. - There are around 8 existing resorts in this area and are almost always fully occupied.

The list of stakeholders met are attached in the annex.

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13 Alternatives This section looks at alternative ways of undertaking the proposed project. There are two basic options: (1) leave the situation as it is (no project option), or (2) take action to change the situation (undertake the project option). If the project were to continue, it would be necessary to take economic, ecological and environmental aspects of the project into consideration and ensure that these concerns exist within a delicate balance. Neither the economic benefits nor the environmental and ecological concerns can be avoided. Therefore, it is important to consider all options and ensure that the best available option(s) is chosen. A single activity can bear effects on a considerable number of key components determining a range of closely interconnected impacts. The relative importance of each of these beneficial and detrimental impacts has to be evaluated in the context of a set of alternative options. The effectiveness of an EIA process depends on the successful identification of these alternatives. We can then aim at minimising negative impacts and maximising positive ones acting on specific activities through selection of best alternative options and / or mitigation measures. 1 3 . 1 No Project Option There is a significant amount of environmental impact from the proposed projects as it requires a large area of vegetation clearance from an inhabited island as well as dredging and reclamation. Building an airport on an island where the physical structure and appearance is altered, brings about a lot of changes to entire ecosystem and livelihood of the islands. Furthermore, when airport operations start, and more tourists and visitors coming in or transiting, changes some social aspects of the islands. This may be viewed differently by different people. However, no project comes together without some negative impacts, but it is important to consider if the development brought is more beneficial at a later stage or if it is necessary. The two existing airports from within the Fainu region, are about 30 minutes to 45 minutes from the inhabited islands that Fainu airport would cater. If the Fainu airport is developed, a speedier sea transfer to the nearest airport is provided to only five inhabited islands. Fainu airport is the airport with the closest proximity to 2 existing airports that generally cater to the same islands. It is believed that a lot tourism development is expected within this region if the Fainu airport is developed. Even so, it is important valuate the benefits over the negatives of a project before considering to forward with it. The main advantages and disadvantages of these are given in the following table. Strategy Advantages Disadvantages Leave the Farm land belonging to local farm Limits the economic and tourism island as it will not be lost. development to the existing is without Large area of thick vegetation will be transportation means to the region. the saved, along with avoiding all the Limits the economic development development negative environmental and social for the island of Fainu. of airport. impacts that come with vegetation Airport development may lead to clearance. the development of water supply Newly built waste management system and sewerage network in centre does not need to be relocated. the future. Negative impacts due to dredging and reclamation can be avoided Figure 25: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option 1 3 . 2 Alternative analysis matrix For this project, an alternative analysis was carried out on the basis of various biophysical and socioeconomic parameters including the following using an analysis matrix:  Technical feasibility,

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 Economic viability and  Environmental acceptability of the project and  Social benefits Based on the above four factors, an alternative analysis matrix was developed with scores given for each factor from 1 to 5. This analysis provides information about the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative considered with regard to its technical, economic and environmental factors. The purpose of this matrix is to obtain a favourable implementation of alternatives proposed by considering alternatives in terms of site selection, design and operational methods, the project scale and timing of project. The total for all factors gives an overall score for a given alternative. The highest total score provides the most desirable and preferred alternatives and vice versa. 1 3 . 3 Alternative airport access road The current access road from harbor to the airport is proposed on the outer boundary of the island. According to the Built Environment regulation, 20m buffer area shall be left from the shoreline. As an alternative, the road can be shifted as to abide by the regulation. However, this may require additional vegetation clearance. 1 3 . 4 Alternative design to reclamation area The current reclamation area is designed with sharp edges on both side of the island. It is advisable to always maintain the island in the most natural shape possible. Therefore the suggested alternative id to reclaim the area and place revetments in a rounder, more natural shape. 1 3 . 5 Alternative borrow areas. The proposed borrow area is located in the islands lagoon. Fainu is situated on its own reef and lagoon with no other islands and a very small lagoon area. Therefore, there is only one option for a borrow area from the lagoon. Alternative borrow areas could be surveyed from the deep sea. After a detailed bathymetry survey, shallower areas could be identified. Soil tests should confirm the type of soil and specific areas of the sea would then be identified for borrow area options. Dredging in the deep seas would be done by a trailing suction hopper dredger.

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Table 11: Alternative analysis matrix SN Alternatives Technical Economic Environmentally Social benefits proposed feasibility viability acceptable A1 Alternative Not Similar cost Less desirable No change as is access road to technically as the able additional it the same airport. more proposed vegetation general challenging road. clearance may be location. than the require, however proposed a very small road. amount. A2 More natural Similar to Similar to Better as wave - shape to the proposed proposed action would be reclamation design design distributed better. areas A3 Alternative More More More - borrow area technically economically environmentally from deep sea challenging challenging acceptable as and it requires as it more borrow areas can an extensive costly for the further away from bathymetry entire the reef than survey procedure proposed option

1 3 . 6 Preferred Alternatives The “no-project” alternative, in this case is an option that should be considered2 However, if the project is to go forward, the options A1 and A2 are the preferred alternatives. These proposed alternatives does not bring about major changes to the initial concept plan.

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14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 1 4 . 1 Introduction Environmental management and monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. Monitoring will be carried out as part of the environmental impact assessment and monitoring requirements addressed in this EIA report. The following table summarizes the aspects of monitoring. 1 4 . 2 Environmental management plan An environmental management plan is outlined in this section. This plan outlines the measures that need to be undertaken during construction period. The management plan should be followed during the construction period. The plan also outlines the monitoring components. A detail monitoring plan is separately outlined. 1 4 . 3 Cost of Monitoring The proponent has committed fully for the monitoring programme outlined in this report. The total cost of undertaking the regular monitoring is estimated in the following table. Cost of monitoring includes all data collection and reporting to the client as well as the relevant government agencies. 1 4 . 4 D u r a t i o n of Monitoring Monitoring will include marine, terrestrial and social components. The proposed scheduled for monitoring has been prepared for 12 months during the construction period as well as annually during the operational stage. During the annual monitoring, some aspects will need to be monitored more frequently during the year. Hence, this schedule will be applicable for monitoring during the construction period and annually during the operational stage after the project. Monitoring will be undertaken by subcontracting the work to an independent consultant or a consulting firm. 1 4 . 5 M e t h o d s of Monitoring Environmental monitoring will be undertaken using standard methods described in the Methodology section. Monitoring is recommended for marine, coastal and social aspects. 1 4 . 6 Monitoring Responsibility Monitoring responsibility will be with the client and financial provisions will be made in the project to undertake the monitoring. 1 4 . 7 Mon i t o r i n g R e p o r t A detailed monitoring report should be compiled after the completion of the civil works. During the construction period, summary monitoring reports must be provided every two months and final report should be provided at the end of the construction stage and should adhere to EIA Regulations, 2012. During the operational stage, regular monitoring reports should be provided once every three months. This report will be submitted to the relevant government agencies for compliance. The report will include details of the site, data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed.

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1 4 . 8 Environmental Management plan 1 4 . 8 . 1 Sediment Control

To manage construction activities with the potential to cause Objective sedimentation and runoff in to the beach and the marine environment.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

Installation of nets or Site Manager Prior to and during barriers during trench construction. excavation.

Performance No mud/dirt/ visible Site Manager Throughout Indicators on public roads construction works (other than those where work is carried) as well as the beach due to construction works

Monitoring (Refer to Daily inspections of Site Manager Throughout the monitoring works site and construction works programme). sediment control options.

Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager. construction works

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 2 Ground Water Quality management

To appropriately manage groundwater quality during construction Objective activities

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

Excavation of Site Manager Prior to construction trenches and commencing identifying dewatering / discharge locations.

Performance No groundwater to be Site Manager Throughout Indicators discharged to marine construction works waters and all water to be recharged back to the ground.

Monitoring (Refer to Ground water quality Site Manager or Throughout the monitoring monitoring program independent construction works programme). or complaint based consultant. monitoring.

Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager and also construction works keep records for the monitoring report.

Any reporting to Site Manager or Throughout EPA independent construction works consultant.

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame.

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1 4 . 8 . 3 Air Quality

To manage construction activities with the potential to impact on air quality (dust suppression, stockpiles, maintenance of equipment’s / Objective machinery and other methods)

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

Periodic watering Site Manager Throughout will be used for dust construction works suppression in the work areas (eg, roads).

Performance No complaints Site Manager Throughout Indicators regarding dust from construction works workers / neighbours / community members.

Regular maintenance Site Manager Throughout logs of vehicle/ construction works machinery inspection and servicing.

Monitoring (Refer to Visual air quality Site Manager Throughout the monitoring monitoring program construction works programme). or complaint based monitoring.

Reporting reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 4 N o i s e

To appropriately manage noise during construction activities to Objective minimise impact to workers, neighbours and community members.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

All significant noise Site Manager Throughout generating activities construction works will be undertaken between Sat- Thursday 8.30am to 6.30pm

Performance no complaints Site Manager Throughout Indicators regarding noise from construction works workers / neighbours / community members / schools

Monitoring (Refer to Complaint based Site Manager Throughout the monitoring monitoring construction works programme).

Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 5 Hazardous Substances

To manage construction activities with the potential to cause Objective contaminated soil.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

All chemicals such as Site Manager Throughout fuels will be stored in construction works bunded, roofed areas with MSDS’s kept nearby

All refueling of vehicles Site Manager Throughout and machinery will be construction works done with careful supervision.

Fuel transport to be done Site Manager Throughout in proper vehicles. construction works

Performance no spills Site Manager Throughout Indicators construction works

Monitoring (Refer to Chemical / fuel storage Site Manager Throughout the monitoring areas and spill kits will be construction works programme). inspected on a routine basis.

Complained based Site Manager Throughout monitoring of spills by construction works workers.

Reporting reporting to site manager All staff Throughout construction works

Corrective Actions corrective actions and Site Manager Throughout implementation time construction works frame

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1 4 . 8 . 6 Waste Management

To appropriately manage waste during construction activities. Objective

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

Appropriate waste Site Manager Prior to works collection methods commencing will be provided during work period.

Performance No waste deliberately Site Manager Throughout Indicators or unintentionally construction works released on to roads and public space.

Monitoring Waste collected will Site Manager Throughout be inspected daily construction works and emptied weekly

All waste to be stockpiled in to one place.

Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 7 Flora and Fauna

To appropriately manage construction activities with the potential to Objective disturb flora and fauna.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

No terrestrial vegetation Site Manager Throughout (trees) will be disturbed construction works without prior approval

All clearing areas to be Site Manager Throughout inspected by Island Council construction works before clearing.

Marking the boundary of Site Manager Throughout sea outfall to reduce construction works damage foot print.

Sedimentation of the reef Site manager Throughout during outfall construction. construction works

No unnecessary cutting and Site Manager Throughout clearing of vegetation. construction works

Performance Visual monitoring of trees Site Manager Throughout Indicators removed. construction works

Monitoring Coral reef monitoring. Independent Throughout consultant construction works

Sedimentation monitoring. Site manager Throughout construction works

reporting to site manager By contractor Throughout during construction works construction

Reporting Corrective actions and Site Manager Throughout implementation time frame construction works

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1 4 . 8 . 8 Cultural Heritage

To appropriately manage construction activities with the potential to Objective disturb / uncover cultural heritage sites / artefacts during excavation.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing

All workers will be Site Manager Throughout educated on their construction works cultural heritage duty of care.

Performance No cultural heritage Site Manager Throughout Indicators artefacts uncovered construction works

Monitoring Visual monitoring Site Manager Throughout construction works

Reporting reporting to site All staff Throughout manage construction works

Any reporting to Site Manager Throughout regulators or EPA construction works

Corrective Actions corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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Figure 26: Schedule for environmental monitoring during the construction period as well as per annum during operation period.

Cost during Cost Per annum Monitoring Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction (operational Attribute phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage

Sedimentation No mud/dirt/ visible on public roads (other Visual. Daily - control than those where work is carried) as well as the beach due to construction works Air quality No complaints regarding dust from workers Visual air Daily / neighbours / community members during quality the excavation and pipe laying work. monitoring Regular maintenance logs of vehicle/ Maintenance machinery inspection and servicing. logs Noise No complaints regarding noise from Complains workers / neighbours / community members received / schools Marine environment Live Coral cover at Percentage benthic cover (live coral cover) Qualitative & - Annually $5,500.00 survey sites Quantitative M1 to M5 Diversity and Number / percentage of selected fish Qualitative & - Annually $2,500.00 abundance of fish Quantitative communities at sites M1 to M5

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Cost during Cost Per annum Monitoring Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction (operational Attribute phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Marine water Conductivity, TSS, Turbidity, Faecal and Lab analysis - Twice $1,500.00 quality at survey total coliform, BOD annually site SW1 to SW4 (Faecal and total coliform, BOD in SW3 only) Siltation Sediment deposited on reef substrate Qualitative & Once after Once a $2000 Quantitative reclamation month for a work year Terrestrial Environment Ground water Salinity, conductivity, pH and TSS, TPH On site and Twice during Thrice $1,500.00 quality from GW1 Lab analysis construction. annually and GW2 Solid waste Amount of solid waste generated at airport Twice a Monthly $300 boundary month Coastal Environment

Sand transport / Shore line mapping, Erosion and accretion Physical - Annually $200 Erosion patterns inspection and shoreline mapping of the island Revetment Damages to the revetments Physical Annually $200 inspection Socio-economic and engineering aspects

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Cost during Cost Per annum Monitoring Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction (operational Attribute phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Volume of Volume of discharge Engineering - Annually $200.00 wastewater records and discharged monthly logs (also includes storm water) Frequency of pump Decrease or increase in cases Engineering - Annually $200.00 breakdown records and logs Regular logs of Assess the sustainability and operational Engineering Annually $200.00 pump operations. quality of the operation and maintenance records and system in place. logs Sea outfall Assess any damage Physical Annually $ 1500.00 inspection survey using snorkel and dive gear. Complains about Assess whether the odour control measures Through Monthly No cost. The smell from pump are functioning or not. complain Island Council station records will log formal obtained complaints by from Island residents. Council. Assess whether the odour control measures Through Bi-annually $2500.00 are functioning or not. period surveys

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Cost during Cost Per annum Monitoring Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction (operational Attribute phase). phase) Construction Operational stage stage Community To assess the community’s satisfaction Through Bi-annually $ 1000.00 satisfaction about the project. periodic surveys Employment Inventory of jobs created locally Annually $1000 Energy Total monthly energy consumption from Through Monthly No cost consumption the Airport monthly energy bills

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15 Conclusion This EIA report is prepared for the development of a domestic airport in the Island of Fainu Island in Raa atoll. The project will be implemented by Island Aviation Services Limited. This report was made based on data collected from the field and secondary information collected from consultation, discussions and literature. Environmental impacts for this project would occur during the construction phase and the operational phase. There are major negative impacts during construction stage such as vegetation clearance from a large area of the island, dewatering for construction and dredging and reclamation. Most of the negative impacts from the construction phase are long term or permanent and definite. The mitigation measures suggested in this report for these impacts does shall reduce the magnitude of the impact, and could prevent further damage from occurring. The operational impacts from the proposed project includes both positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts include the socio economic development to the region. As the airport becomes operations, there will be a demand for guest houses, dive center, more local shops and cafes. This is expected in the nearby island, Kinolhas and Inguraidhoo as well. As the travel time also decrease to nearby resorts, the occupancy and thus more development to the resorts are also expected. Development of resorts will also generate more jobs for this region. However, Ifuru airport in Raa atoll already caters to these resorts and a development of a second airport in this atoll is debatable. Raa Atoll is considered to be a large atoll in Maldives and many resorts are under development including the lagoons which are leased for resort development. Ifuru airport has limitations and during bad weather the VIP tourist has to stay in the waiting area for longer time making complains and this impacts the reputation of the tourism sector of Maldives. It is important to weigh and valuate the different types and magnitude of the impacts and benefits that can be expected from a development project. The necessity of the project is also a crucial factor to be considered. It is extremely challenging to valuate the ecosystem services from the natural environment. The effects of clearing a mass of vegetation that has been flourishing for many years would have developed a complex system of interrelation with the terrestrial fauna, different species of vegetation and the physical environment such as the soil. Therefore, to compare the loss of vegetation and environmental damage with the economic development for an airport that already has an existing airport in the atoll, is debatable. This report also looks at three different alternatives, two of which are recommended if the project continues. One alternative is the change of the access road to the airport from the harbour. This is a suggestion by the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure as the proposed road is within 20m from the shorelines. As per their built environment regulation, a minimum distance of 20m shall be maintained as a buffer zone from the shoreline. This area is mostly clear from vegetation however it can be vegetated at a later stage. The second alternative was also suggested by MHI. The change to the design recommended was to bring about a more natural shape to the island with rounder corners when reclamation and revetments are being made. The proponent shall also carry out all of their responsibilities. This includes the compensation for vegetation clearance and the relocation of the waste management centre as the current waste management center is within the proposed airport boundary. Proponent shall also undertake the mitigation measures during the construction and operational phase. The proposed project work will need to be closely monitored by IASL in consultation with atoll and island council as well as with the help of an independent consultant. As monitoring is a crucial factor in understanding the real impacts from the construction and operational phase, it is strongly encouraged to undertake the monitoring programme outlined in this report. The monitoring programme has been focused mainly for marine, terrestrial and social environment. Monitoring during the construction stage has also been suggested in this report and is important to follow through.

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16 People who have assisted in the preperation of this report

EIA People who registration Page assisted in data number (only Chapter Signature number collection and for those report writing registered consultants)

Introduction 17 Abdul Aleem

Nashfa Nashidh

Project Description 18

Hasan Shah EIA P02/2007

Project Setting Ahmed Jameel EIA P07/07 (Legislative section)

Abdulla Fazeel

EIA Existing 44 T02/2017 Environment Mohamed Umar

Nashfa Nashidh

Ahmed Jameel EIA P07/07 Impact and 59 Mitigation

Nashfa Nashidh

Stakeholder Abdul Aleem

Consultations

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EIA People who registration Page assisted in data number (only Chapter Signature number collection and for those report writing registered consultants)

Hassan Shah EIA P02/2007

EIA Monitoring 79 Mohamed Umar T02/2017

Abdul Aleem

Conclusion 93 Hassan Shah EIA P02/2007

Nashfa Nashidh

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17 Acknowledgements Various people have assisted the consulting team in preparing this report, name and their designations are listed below2 CV’s of the field assistants are attached as an annex2 Water Solutions would like to thank their support and assistance provided in completion of this report. 1- Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS 2- Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-P07/07) 3- Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor. 4- Mohamed Umaru, Junior Environmental Consultant 5- Abdulla Fazeel 6- Nashfa Nashidh 7- Fainu Island Council 8- Water Solutions staff

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18 Reference Books and Sources Department of National Planning. (2009). Statistical Year Book. Male: DNP. Falkland, T. (2000). Report on Groundwater Investigations, . Male': Ministry of Atolls Administration. Jameel, A. (2007). Developing a Disaster Profile for Maldives, A thesis for the Masters Degree. Chirstchurch, New Zealand: University of Cantebury. Kargeorgos, P., Latos, M., Kotsifaki, C., & Lazaridis, M. (2010). Treatment of unpleasant odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, , 2635-2644. Leopold, L. B., Clarke, F. E., Hanshaw, B. B. & Balsley., J. R., 1971. A Procedure for Evaluating. In: Washington DC: USGS Ministry of Planning and National Development. (2006). Analytical Report of Population and Housing Census. Male': Ministry of Planning and National Development. UNEP, M. o. (n.d.). State of the Environment Report . Maldives: UNEP2002. Water Solutions Pvt Ltd. (2006). EIA for the development of Sewerage system in Nilandhoo Faafu Atoll. Male': Water Solutions Pvt Ltd. Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (2006). EIA for the development of a resort in Kalhufahalafushi in Thaa Atoll. Male': Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd. Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (2012). EIA of Harbour development and rehabilitation in Maavah island, Laamu Toll. Male': Water Solutions.

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19 Annex: Terms of reference

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Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 100 (ut? .U. foD 'r'' No: 203-EtARES/tAS/2ol 8/04

Terms of Reference for Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Airport Development Project in Fainu, Raa Atoll.

The following is the Terms of Reference (ToR) following the scoping meeting held on 19/06/2018 for undertaking the EIA of the Proposed Airport Development Project at Fainu, Raa Atoll. The proponent of the project is Island Aviation Senices Limited. The EIA consultant is Mr. Hassan Shah (EIA Pn2l2OO7).

While every attempt has been made to ensure that this ToR addresses all of the major issues associated with development proposal, they are not necessarily exhaustive. They should not be interpreted as excluding from consideration matters deemed to be significant but not incorporated in them, or matters currently unforeseen, that emerge as important or significant from environmental studies, or otherwise, during the course of preparation of the EIA report. l Introduction to the proiect - Describe the purpose of the project and, if applicable. the background of the project and the tasks already completed. Clearly identifo the rationale and objectives to enable the formulation of altematives. Define the arrangements required for the environmental assessment including how work carried out under this project is linked and sequenced with other projects executed by other consultants, and how coordination between other consultants, contractors and govemment institutions will be carried out. List the donors and the institutions the consultant will be coordinating with and the methodologies used.

Studv area - Submit a minimum A3 size scaled plan with indications ofall the proposed infrastructures. Specifo the agreed boundaries of the study area for the environmental impact assessment highlighting the proposed development location, size and important elements ofthe proposed water schemes. The study area should include adjacent or remote areas. such as relevant developments and nearby environmentally sensitive sites (e.g. coral reef, sea grass, mangroves, marine protected areas, special birds site, sensitive species nursery and feeding grounds). Relevant developments in the areas must also be addressed including residential areas, all economic ventures and cultural sites.

3. Scope of work - Identifo and number tasks of the project including site preparation, construction and decommissioning phases. The following tasks shall be completed:

Task l. Description ofthe proposed project - Provide a full description andjustification ofthe relevant part of the works, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. Information on the following activities should be provided where appropriate:

o Details on mobilization and temporary site setup o Scope of island expansion o Dredging and reclamation procedures including information on possible borrow areas and altemative borrow sites o ScoDe of land clearance works . a:t"1"'""1=In:1ll_1. ."""r"ment including access roads,ifrelirecl. _ ,.._rO* Lnvro.menra Prote.non AEencv

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:-t -.2 ; : t ti; t tt tt t tt:ru fo0, Eivironmentat Protection Ag.*y EPA . Measures to protect the environmental values during construction and once the new area has been established . Measures to protect newly reclaimed areas o Labour requirements and availability . Land profiling and coastal protection . Waste management during and after construction . Safety measures at construction site o Fire safety and prevention during operations . Construction of utilities facilities . Sewage and waste water disposal management . Water production and distribution during construction and operational phase (including details of RO plants, intake location and methodology, brine outfall location) . Energy production and distribution r Road development . Buildingconstruction . Airport operations and management Fuel Management

o Volume required o Rate of waste lube oil generation its collection, storage and disposal; . Fuel storage tank details (size, location)l . Fuel transport and Pipeline drawings and specifications especially leakage proofing: o Measures of fuel containment . Method offuel transport from harbour to storage r Fuel handling and management plan during operations o Mitigations in case of fuel spillage

Project management (include scheduling and duration ofthe project (component wise scheduling) and life span of facilities; communication of construction details, progress, target dates, labour requirement. local labour availability, housing of temporary labour, construction/operation/closure of labour camps. Emergency plan in case of spills (diesel, grease, oil) access to site, safety. equipment and material storage, fuel management and emergency plan in case of spills)

Task 2. Description ofthe existing environment - Assemble, evaluate and pres€nt the environmental baseline studies/data regarding the study area and timing of the project (e.g. monsoon season). Identif baseline data gaps, studies and the level of detail to be carried out by consultant. Consideration of likely monitoring requirement s should be bome in mind during survey planning so that data collected is suitable for use as a baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they will be usefully applied to future monitoring.

All data must be collected as per the reouiremenls ofthe EPA Data Collection Cuideline (published on \! \! \!.epa.!:o\'.m\ ). The reoort should oulline detailed methodologv ofdata collection utilized 1-+-a=1 Env(o.menral Proted on agencv

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-t;t t,-ttri :ttttttt: : foW Lnvrronmenral Protectron Agency EPA The baseline data will be collected before construction and from at least two benchmarks. All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographic Positioning System (GPS) including water sampling points, reef transects and vegetation transects for posterior data comparison. lnformation should be divided into the catesories shown below:

Climate . Temperature, rainfall, wind, waves, . Natural Hazard Risks including storm surgest

Geolory and geomorphology (localized maps) o lsland geomorpholory including presence ofbeach rocks and any special characteristics (use maps); . Bathymetry ofthe required sites (use maps) including borrow areas and reclamation areas o Shoreline and vegetation line ofthe island o Beach profiles o Seasonal) patterns ofcoastal erosion and accretion (see appendix for monitoring details), and o Characteristics of seabed sediments to assess direct habitat destruction and turbidity impacts during construction . Erosion prone areas

Hydrograohy/hydrodynam ics ( localized maos t . Tidal ranges and tidal currents; o Wave climate and wave induced currents; o Wind induced (seasonal) currentsi . Sea water quality measuring these parameters (at the outfall location) : temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, Total suspended solids, phosphate, nitrate, Biological Oxygen Demand. o Ground water quality with these parameter: Temperarure, pH, Salinity, E. Conductivity, TDS, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

Ecologr

o ldentifu marine protected areas (MPAs) and sensitive sites such as breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species (e.g. coral reefs, spawning fish sites, nurseries for crustaceans or specific sites for marine mammals, sharks and turtles). Include description of commercial species, species with potential to become nuisances or vector. o Benthic and fish community monitoring around the reclamation and borrow areas. r Detailed study of the environmentally sensitive area on the island including flora and fauna in this area, endangered species, their habitats and breeding grounds. . Benthic and fish community monitoring around harbor, reclamation and borrow areas. . Vegetation survey of potential impact areas including existing condition of the area and details of vegetation to be removed. . Fate of vegetation removed and method of ground leveling and source of sand for ground leveling. o Landscape integrity RJ Envrondenral Protecnon ASency

Green Aurldrng, 3-' Floor, H..dhuvareeHrnt!n

Male, Rep. ol Mald ves, 2039.2

Tel: [+960] 333 5949 l+9601 333 s9s1 Emal:[email protected] i:ja

Fax: 119601 331 5951 3 of't Websne: www epa gov mv ii:-,t; e?'/.

-t;: t'*::i; ;rtttttt: =p[ foW Environmental Protection ng.n.y f Socio-economic environment . Demognphy: total population, sex ratio, density. groMh and pressure on land and marine resources; lncome situation and distribution Economic activities ofboth men and women including seasonal changes in activities: Land use planning, natural resource use and zoning of activities (an approved land use plan needs to be provided): Accessibility and (public) transport to other islandsl Service quality and accessibility (water, waste/water disposal, energy, social services like health and education); Community needs; Sites with historical or cultural interest or sacred places (mosques, graveyard). a Details of local community use of the project area and families depending on the project area for their livelihood (ifany) Details of houses, families and any other infrastructures (including, but not limited to buildings, pipes. cables etc.) that may have io be relocated due to the project and arrangements for providing comDensation for such infrastructures shall be clearlv demonstrated.

Hazard vulnerability . VulnerabiliV ofarea to flooding and storm surge.

*All water samples shall be taken at a depth ofl m from the mean sea level or mid water depth for shallow areas. The report should outline the detailed methodology of data collection utilized to describe the existing environment.

Task 3. Legislative and regulatory considerations - Identif the pertinent legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and identi$ the appropriate authority j urisdictions that will specifically apply to the project. Show that the proponent has applied for all necessary permits. Specifically show how the proposed project me€ts the required legislative and regulatory requirements.

Task 4. Potential irnpacts (environmental and socio-cultural) of proposed project, include all stages -The EIA report should identifr all the impacts (direct, indirect and cumulative) and evaluate the magnitude and significance ofeach, both fiom the construction and operation. This shall include:

ImDacts on Natur1al Environment

. Impacts due to mobilization: o Changes in flow velocities/directions, resulting in changes in erosion/sedimentation pattems which may impact shore zone configuration/coastal morphology; o Loss of marine bottom habitat, both in the borrow area as well as due to enlargement ofthe islands, resulting in loss ofboftom life, which may impact fish stocks and species diversity and density ofcrabs, shellfish etc.: o Sediment dispersal in water column (turbidity at the dredging site (overflow), the reclamation areas and - q4J-4 Envrronmenla Protect'on AEency

Green Burld'ng, 3 Floor, Handh!va'eeNrng!n Male, Rep. ol Mald ves, 20392 - rel [+960] ri3 5949 l+9601 3i3 s95r ]i;t Enral:sec,eta,,[email protected] .i:::

Faf: l*9601 lll 5953 L;) 4ol 7 website www epa go!.mv ia:'3i Plt'', g P2- e # P' erJ .r cu 2/2tt-rt foW Environmental Protection Agency TPA related to shore protection activities), possibly resulring in changes in visibility. smothering ofcoral reefs and benthic communilies and affecting fish and shellfish etc ; a Impacts ofnoise, vibration and disturbance; a Impacts on ground water table and quality (leaching ofsalts in the deposited sediments and change in ground water quantity); Impacts on unique or threatened habitats or species (coral reefs, sea turtles etc.), and lmpacts on landscape integrity/scenery, Impacts due to generation of waste Loss of coastal vegetation. if any. a Drainage / Flooding issues that may arise due to the proposed activities Inrpacts on the terrestrial and ntarine ecosystsnls duc to the proposed pro.jecl.

Imoacts on the socio-economic environment

o Benefits and impacts ofthe works on agricultural activities; . Impacts ofthe airport development on resource users (adjacent businesses. nearby resorts and dive sites); . lmpacts on employment and income, potential for local people to have (temporary)job opportunities (and what kind) in the execution ofthe works; . Impacts ofthe reclamation works (diminished) access to groundwater and risks of covering up hazardous materials, and o Level of protection against hazards like sea level rise, storm surges, etc. . Employment and economic opportunities and diversification; . Increased demands on natural resources and services (domestic water supply, waste water disposal. treatment systems. solid waste disposal systems, energy supply, etc): o Social destabilization ofthe island community, and o Monitoring of socioeconomic and demographic development. o Issue ofloss ofexisting land and infrastructure (including existing waste management site, house plots and revetment) . lmpacts on land use due to the proximity ofairport . lmpact on food security ofthe island

Construction related hazards and risks

o Pollution ofthe natural environment (e.g. oil spills, discharge ofuntreated waste water and solid waste. including construction waste); o Risk ofaccidents and pollution on workers and local population, and . Impacts on social values, norms and beliefdue to presence ofworkers ofdredging company on local population.

EnvrronmenlaL Protecnon A€ency

Green Bu ldhE, 3' Floor, fandhuvareeHinEUn

Male, Rep of Maldrves,20392 ' rei: I+9601 333 5949 I+9601333 s95f it; tma i:secrerariat@epa gov.mv j:)a tix: 133 I+9601 59s3 :-;) SolT Webs te www eoa eov mv ;-:-:t -t ;: .1'*: iii,i,ittttt: :, foD Environmental Protecrion eg"n.1 fp[ The methods used to identify the significance of the impacts shall be outlined. One or more of the following methods must be utilized in determining impacts; checklists, matrices, overlays, networks. expert systems and professional judgment. Justification must be provided to the selected methodologies. The report should outline the uncertainties in impact prediction and also outline all positive and negative/short and long-term impacts. Identifu impacts that are cumulative and unavoidable.

Task 5. Alternatives to proposed project - Describe altematives including the "no action option "should be presented. Determine the best practical environmental options. Altematives examined for the proposed project that would achieve the same objective including the "no action altemative". This should include alternatives for key components of the proposed project that may adversely impact the environment. The report should explore altemative designs, locations: borrow areas and scheduling of the project activities. All altematives must be compared according to international standards and commonly accepted standards as much as possible. The comparison should yield the preferred alternative for implementation.

Task 6. Mitigation and management of negative impacts - Identifu possible measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation measures must also be identified for both construction and operation phase. Cost of the mitigation measures, equipment and resources required to implement those measures should be specified. The confirmation of commitment ofthe Proponent/Developer to implement the proposed mitigation measures shall also be included. In cases where impacts are unavoidable arrangements to compensate for the environmental effect shall be given.

Task 7. Development of monitoring plan - ldentif the critical issues requiring monitoring to ensure compliance to mitigation measures and present impact management and monitoring plan for: . Coastal erosion around the island: . Water qualiU assessments (ground water and surrounding seawater quality); o Waste management . Noise assessment o Flooding o Marine ecosystems monitoring (coral reef, sea grass and fish and invertebrates communities). and o Socio-econonric nronitoring fbr pro.icct sr.rccess ()r inrprrrrcrncnl reqttircmcttts

Environmental monitoring reports shall be submined to the EPA. The baseline study described in task 2 of section 2 of this document is required for data comparison. Detail of the monitoring program including the physical and biological parameters for monitoring. cost commitment from responsible person to conduct monitoring in the form of a commitment letter, detailed r€porting scheduling, costs and methods of undertaking the monitoring program must be provided.

Task 8. Stakeholder consultation (Inter-Agency coordination and publicAIGO participation) - EIA report should include a list of people/groups consulted and what were the major outcomes. Identiff appropriate mechanisms to supply stakeholders and the public with information about the development proposal and its progress. Major stakeholder consultation shall include relevant government agencies, engineers/designers' development managers, Island Council and members ofthe general public. The report should include a statement from the Atoll Council indicating that they have received a copy ofthe final draft report. Consultation shall be canied out with the following stakeholders: e-4-14- _ Envronmenta P.olecl'on AgencV

_ Burld ng, 3 Floor, HandhLva,.efrng!n ''.,: Green 'i "'' ''\" "i Ma e. Rep of Mald,ves, 20392 j:ja Eha,l secrerar at@€pa *, Tel: l+9601 333 s949 [+960] lli 5951 ]i.t! 8ov www ePa nrv Fa' Ir960ill3 59sl 6of7 !!ebs,te: Bov i-:'t; €ub?.

-t;: trttii;ttttttt:w foW Environmental Prolection og"n.y fpfl

l. Civil Aviation Authority, 2. Ministry of Environment and Energy (Environment Department, Waste Department, Enerry Department) 3. EPA (Waste Section) 4. LGA 5. Ministry of Tourism 6. Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (Planning Department, Engineering Department) 7. National Disaster Management Centre 8. Proponents of all on-going projects on the island 9. R. Fainu Island Council 10. Ifuru Airport Management I l. Raa Atoll Council 12. R.Fainu Public 13. Utility providers ofthe island

Presentation - The environmental impact assessment report, to be presented in digital format, will be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. It will contain the findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations of or any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be organized according to, but not necessarily limited by, the outline given in the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2012 and relevant amendments.

Timeframe for submittins the EIA report - The developer must submit the completed EIA report before 20th December 2018.

27th August 2018

Env ronmental Proteclron ABency -t;: t-*:i;;;atttttt: Green B!rldrn8, 3'" Floo., HandhuvareeH'n6un

Male', Rep. of Maldivet,20192 ' Tel: j33 j:ia I+960i 5949 l+9601 t33 5951 tma l:5ecretar at@epa tov.mv Fax: {}9501 333 s9sl 7 ol7 W€bsne www ep. sov.nrv ;::':i EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

20 Annex: Bathymetry

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 101 EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

BLANK PAGE

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 102 73°2'0"E

5°29'0"N 5°29'0"N 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8

606000 1 2 3 4 606000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

605000 605000 Legend Shoreline_20180923 Borrow Area Quaywall Inner_Reef Reef Quaywall

5°28'0"N 5°28'0"N - -5 7 -9 -4 -6 -8. .5 .5 5 - 1 -3 -34 38 -2 -6 -8 1 3.5 -37. -1 -7. - 5 -5 -3 -5 5 19. 5 4 .5 5 -2 -34 . 1 9 .5 20 - -5.5 -10 -36 - 3 -37 .5 -1 -2 -26 -3 5 - .5 6 9-1 5 -2 .5 1 5 -4 9.5 - - -3 5 - -2.5 -2 0 -35 . 3 - 3 -3 .5 7 -6 5 . 2 . - 5 -1 5 . 3 -4 5 - - - - - 6 2 8. 31 5 2 . 5 -1 .5 -3 . .5 5 8 -2 3 8 - 6 - -1 4 - -3 -20 3 6 - .5 -25 5 7 - 7 -2 - 4 -2 1 - -1 2 2 . 7 . 5 - -3 .5 5 1 8 3 0.5 3 1 5 - -2 -2 .5 - . - 8 -7 .5 3 -1. -11 - 4 . - -1 5 .5 1 5 3 0 1 9 2. 2 -1 - -2 5 - 5 7 - 8 .5 . 8 -3 9 0 1 0 1 -1 - . - -3 - 5 6 .5 1 -1 2 0 2 -2 2 1 7 - - . 2 - 5 - 2 5 .5 - 3 1 9 - -1 -1 .5 5 . - 6 2 1 0 - .5 2 .5-1 4 1 - - 2 1 .5 . 1 5 1 - - 1 - .5 2 5 -

1 .

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0 1 5 4 3 - - 3 - - 2 5 . 5 6 . 8 1 1 - 3 1 3 - 4 - - - 2 3

. 8 5 - 4 - 3 5 - 2 6 -

4 - 3 1 - 2 4 6 9 . 5

3 4 -

5 604000 . 2 604000 8 4 - 2 5 - . 1

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.5 .5 .5 -4 -2 -3.5 -15 3 12 -1 5 - .5 -2.5 - 9.5 - -2 -2 -11 -3. - -2 5 4 -16.5 0 -4 -17.5 -1 -15 -9. -3 9.5 5 -5.5 -9 -20 -7.5 -8.5 .5 -23 -21. 18 5 -6 0.5 -14 - 5 -2 -13 -1 -2 1 -24 -18 -12.5 -1 5 -23.5 -24 -1 0 -11. .5 -24.5 - 7 -20 22 -19 - -25 -23.5 16 .5 -22.5 -14 Geodetic Parameters -24 -25.5 .5 -26 -24 Coordinate Systems :UTM Zone: 43 North Projection :Transverse Mercator (TM) Datum : WGS 1984

Scale: 1:6,374

Map Title: Fainu Bathymetry

Project: Fainu Airport Development

Client: IASL

µ Consultant: 0 75 150 300 Water Solutions Pvt Ltd 1st Floor, Ma. Fas Eri, Ameenee Magui, Male', Maldives Tel: +(960)3341643, Fax: +(960)331643 www.water-solutions.biz Meters Ranveli Map Number : Purpose : EIA

603000 603000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2

73°2'0"E EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

21 Annex: Approval of concept design from Civil Aviation Authority

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BLANK PAGE

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 104 FOR THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMAPCT ASSESSMENT ONLY.

BUILD. HT ALLOWED

BUILD. HT ALLOWED

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 81.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 76.50

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 72.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 67.50

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 63.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 58.50

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 54.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 49.50

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 45.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 40.50

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 36.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED 31.50 120m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 24.0m 105m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 21.0m BUILD. HT ALLOWED 27.00 90m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 18.0m 75m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 15.0m 22.50 60m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 12.0m 45m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 9.0m 18.00 30m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 6.0m 15m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 3.0m

75M FROM CENTRE LINE RESA BOUNDARY FENCE R-TYPE -2

60.00 FIRE STAFF S/Q C/P R-TYPE-1 RUNWAY CENTRE LINE

PASSENGER TERMINAL P/H

RWY C/L CAFE'/ SECURITY FENCE WAITING W

T AIRCRAFT HANGAR 15m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 3.0m FIRE 227.50 REEF LINE 30m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow75M =FROM 6.0m CENTRE LINE 300MT provision for fuel facility 45m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 9.0m 45.00 OUTER REEF LINE 60m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 12.0m APRON 1320.00 75m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 15.0m 1500.00 90m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 18.0m 60.00 105m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 21.0m 120m From EL / Buildg Ht Allow = 24.0m 90.00

R-TYPE -1

RESA

60.00

BUILD. HT ALLOWED

REEF LINE

18.00 RUNWAY LENGTH - 1320 M PROJECT: RUNWAY WIDTH - 30 M FAINU AIRPORT TAXIWAY LENGTH - 60 M

TITLE: TAXIWAY WIDTH - 15 M OUTER REEF LINE APRON LENGTH - 227.5 M AIRPORT CONCEPT LAYOUT - CPT/01/18 AIRPORT CONCEPT LAYOUT APRON WIDTH -45 M FAINU AIRPORT R. ATOLL AIRPORT BOUNDARY REQ FROM VILLAGE (20.81 HEC) DRAWN BY: SAMIR

RECLAMATION ( 8.33 HEC) DESIGN BY: MAHREEN CPT/01/2018 BOUNDARY FENCE 1370 M DRAWING NO: SECURITY FENCE 265 M 0 50 100 200m SCALE: SCALE: - REVETMENT TYPE 1 1280 M DATE: AUG-2018 REVETMENT TYPE 2 190 M CHECKED BY: MAHREEN

REGIONAL AIRPORTS MIN. OF , TRANSPORT AND- COMMUNICATION MALE' REP. OF MALDIVES TEL: 323805, FAX: 320911 Email: [email protected] EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

22 Annex: CV’s of unregistered consultants who assisted in this project

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BANK PAGE

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 106 Curriculum Vitae of Environmental Consultant

1. POSITION : Junior Environmental Consultant

2. NAME : Nashfa Nashidh

3. CONTACT DETAILS M.Dhonalhamaage Shaheedh Ali Hingun Male’ Maldives Mobile:+(960) 9533094

4. DATE OF BIRTH : 20th March 1994

5. NATIONALITY : Maldivian

6. EDUCATION : Bachelor of Science with Honours in Environment Science

University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia, 2017 General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level Edexcel Examinations, HSC Examinations 2013 General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level University of Cambridge International Examinations, SSC Examinations 2010

8. OTHER TRAINING

7. LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF Speaking Writing Reading PROFICIENCY : English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue

8. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES : -

9. COUNTRIES OF WORK EXPERIENCE : Maldives

10. EMPLOYMENT RECORD :

FROM: May 2014 To: August 2014 EMPLOYER Ibrahim Nasir International Airport POSITION HELD AND Load control officer DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Weight balance and trimming of aircrafts

FROM: July 2013 To: September 2013 EMPLOYER Elections Commissions POSITION HELD AND Officer DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Data Entry

FROM: 10th September 2017 To: Present EMPLOYER Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. POSITION HELD AND Environmental Consultant DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Undertake field surveys required for environmental studies, development and monitoring. Preparing EIA and environmental monitoring reports.

Page (1)

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Landhoo Island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Utheemu Island, Haa Alif Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Omadhoo Island, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Hangnaameedhoo Island, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 3 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Maavah Island, Laamu Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 10 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Collecting field data for the report and contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Feeali Island, FaafuAtoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 10 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Collecting field data for the report and contributing to report writing

Project Name : Environmental monitoring report, Lhaviyani kanifushi Client : Atmosphere Kanifushi resort Period : 2017 Time Spent: 5 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Kaashidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Utheemu Island, Haa Alif Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Page (2)

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Rasmaadhoo Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 4 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Maakurathu Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives Client : Ministry of Environment and Energy Period : 2017 Time Spent: 5 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

Project Name : Addendum 1 to the Environmental Impact Assessment Client : Bon Free Pvt. Ltd. Period : 2018 Time Spent: 7 days Position Held : Junior Environment Consultant Duties : Contributing to report writing

CERTIFICATION:

I, THE UNDERSIGNED, confirm that:

(i) To the best of my knowledge, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience (ii) I have given my full consent to be included in this Proposal (iii) I am available for the assignment as indicated/scheduled in this Proposal.

Nashfa Nashidh

Page (3)

Curriculum Vitae of Environmental Consultant

1. POSITION : Junior Environmental Consultant

2. NAME : Abdulla Fazeel

3. CONTACT DETAILS H. Gurus Muithoshi Goalhi Male’ Maldives Mobile:+(960) 9669483

4. DATE OF BIRTH : 25th January 1995

5. NATIONALITY : Maldivian

6. EDUCATION : Bachelor of Marine Science

James Cook University, Australia 2017 General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level Edexcel Examinations, HSC Examinations 2013 General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level University of Cambridge International Examinations, SSC Examinations 2010

8. OTHER TRAINING

7. LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF Speaking Writing Reading PROFICIENCY : English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue

8. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES : -

9. COUNTRIES OF WORK EXPERIENCE : Maldives

10. EMPLOYMENT RECORD :

FROM: July 2013 To: November 2013 EMPLOYER Elections Commission POSITION HELD AND Administrative Office DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Voter Registration

FROM: January 2014 To: November 2014 EMPLOYER Marine Research Center POSITION HELD AND Assistant Research Officer DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Grouper and Aquarium fish Proforma entry Assist with lab and Maniyafushi field station work

FROM: 18th February 2018 To: Present EMPLOYER Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. POSITION HELD AND Junior Environmental Consultant DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES Undertake field surveys required for environmental studies, development and monitoring. Preparing EIA and environmental monitoring reports.

Page (1)

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

-

CERTIFICATION:

I, THE UNDERSIGNED, confirm that:

(i) To the best of my knowledge, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience (ii) I have given my full consent to be included in this Proposal (iii) I am available for the assignment as indicated/scheduled in this Proposal.

Abdulla Fazeel

Page (2) Abdul Aleem (Amooo) – Curriculum Vitae

Personal and contact Full name: Abdul Aleem details Common Name: Amooo Date of birth: 2nd November 1973 Nationality: Maldivian Sex: Male’

Permanent address M.Dhonumaruge Dhekunubai, Jahaamuguri Goalhi, Male', Republic of Maldives Present address G.Boduga Villa 2nd Floor, Majeedhee Magu, Male', Republic of Maldives

Tel: + 960 3341643 Mobile: + 960 7793502 Web: www.water-solutions.biz Email (Office): [email protected] Email (Personal): [email protected]

Experience

Specialized in Environmental Health, Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Health Impact assessment, Water quality assessment and monitoring (ground and drinking water). Good practical and working experience on terrestrial surveying, qualitative and quantitative fresh water quality surveys, groundwater quality assessment for monitoring purpose (small islands), bathymetric surveys of reefs and lagoons, coastal and marine survey (beach profile measurement using levels and current measurement using dye test), noise assessment and air pollutant measurement. Competent in mapping islands using differential GPS and developing GIS base maps.

Good theoretical and practical knowledge of MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, Macromedia Director MX, Macromedia Deamweaver MX, Macromedia Flash MX, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Quick Time Pro, Corel Draw. Basic knowledge of MS Access. Good working knowledge and experience in designing and maintenance of static websites and basic knowledge on Dynamic websites. Good knowledge and experience in designing and authoring multimedia CD’s for personal computers using macromedia Director. Good theoretical and practical knowledge on GIS and capable of developing small to medium size GIS projects.

Good practical knowledge on coastal management, coastal surveying, especially use of shorelines as an indicator of coastal erosion, identifying methods of erosion control and beach management and rectification issues.

Fluent in coral reef surveys and a certified Reef check surveyour.

PADI Open Water Instructor and Specialty Instructor (PADI No: 261728) with experience in teaching and diving in a number of atolls in the Maldives.

LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY:

Speaking Writing Reading English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 1

Education

Master of Public Health (MPH) - 2003 to 2004 University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Subjects undertaken: Foundations of Public Health; Social Health Research methods, Statistics for Health Sciences; Child Health, Computer Applications in Epidemiology; Research methods for health professionals; Principles of Health informatics; Alcohol, tobacco and other drug studies; Mental health development-theories and principles; Health and Society; Masters dissertation: A qualitative study on “Impact of Stroke on caregivers”.

Bachelor of Environmental Health - Feb 1999 to Nov 1999 University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Australia

Subjects undertaken: Environmental Health in Practice, Environmental Planning, Food Safety, Noise Assessment and Control, Environmental and Health Education, Environmental Health in Practice (Healthy City Environments), Air Quality Assessment and Management

Diploma in Environmental Health - Feb 1996 - Nov 1998 Fiji School of Medicine, Suva, Fiji

Subjects undertaken: Environmental Health Practicum 1-Primary Health Care, Public Health Administration, Public Health Law, Introduction to Building, Introduction to Population Studies, Environmental Health Practicum 2- Community Health, Epidemiology and Health, Food Handling and Hygiene, Physiology and Toxicology, Chemistry Concepts and Compounds, Environmental Health Practicum 3-Water Quality Studies, Waste Management, Non Formal Education, Introduction to Management, Environmental Health Practicum 4-Terrestrial and Human Ecology, Building 2, Construction Technology, Building Technology, Adult Learning, Environmental Health Practicum 5 – Environmental Impact Assessment, Occupational Health, Town and Country Planning, Organizational Management, Organizational Behaviour, Final Year project (Water Quality Study of Nabukalau Creek, Suva, Fiji Islands).

General Certificate of Education Examination (June 1990 - June 1992) Advanced Level Certificate, University of London, School Examinations Board

General Certificate of Education Examination (Jan 1987 - Dec 1989) Ordinary Level Certificate, University of London, School Examinations Board

Other Professional Courses and training

PADI Open Water Scuba Instructor (Instructor Number 261728) and NITROX Specialty Instructor PADI International

Teledyne PDS Software Multibeam Acquisition & Processing (2015) Training course on the use of Multibeam Echosounder for underwater surveying held in Male’, Maldives in November 2015.

Reef check surveying protocols (2014) Training course on the use of Reef Check protocol for undertaking coral reef surveys held in Male’, Maldives in 2014. Training organized by Marine Research Centre.

International Training Programme in GIS for Policy Making, Planning and management of Spatially Distributed resources (2005) 19.12.2005 to 30.12.2005, International Center for Geo-informatics Applications and Training, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Certificate course in Web Designing and Multimedia (2001) 19.12.2000 to 20.2.2001, Access Computers, Republic of Maldives

Basic French (1996) Three month course in basic French, Alliance Francaise, Suva, Fiji Islands

Photography Basic Course (1993) Six months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

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Photography Advance Course (1994) Six months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Photography Technical Course - Advertising Photography (1995) 6 months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Technical papers and research undertaken

Mapping the incidence of Dengue using GIS in Male from 1998 to 2005 Available Dengue incidents reported from Male’, was transformed in to a GIS to assess the disease occurrence patterns in Maldives during the study period and identify any patterns in its occurrence January 2006, Project undertaken for WEB Foundations (webfound.org). The project was completed entirely on my own

Drafting of the 1st National Drinking Water Quality guidelines for Maldives Drafting the guidelines with the assistance and supervision from Dr. Machiel Stynberg, South Africa.

Safety of Rainwater harvesting in Maldives Data analysis and reporting of a pilot survey conducted for the 12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference, New Delhi 2005.

Occupational Health Injury Situation Analysis (December 2002) Joint study on assessing occupational injuries and its situation in Maldives. Study done for Ministry of Health with Ahmed Zahid.

Environmental Health Review (November 2001) A review of Environmental Health status in Maldives done for Ministry of Health

Health and Safety Aspects (October 2001) Joint study on the Feasibility of a Poultry Farm in Maldives. Feasibility study done for a private firm.

Environmental Impact Statement (December 2000) Undertaken for the RO plant at ADK Hospital, Male’, Maldives.

Healthy Islands Plan of Action for Maldives: (2000) Prepared for Environmental Health Unit of Ministry of Health, Maldives

Critique on Hawkesbury Healthy City Project (1999) One year research project undertaken at WHO Collaborating Center for environmental Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Sydney, Australia

Healthy River: Water Quality Study of Nabukalau Creek, Suva, Fiji Islands; 1998 Third year research project undertaken at Department of Environmental Health, Fiji School of Medicine, Suva, Fiji

Environmental and other technical reports

Name: EIA for the design and project management of the construction of bridges, channels, harbours and shore protection works at Hulhumale’ phase 2 Completed Date: 30 January 2018 Proponent: Housing Development Corporation Responsibilities: Undertaken the EIA as one of the lead consultants. Technical expertise provide includes marine survey studies / assessment and impact assessment for the dredging components. Additional members: Hassan Shah (EIA P02/2007)

Name: EIA for the construction of sewerage system in Utheemu Island in Haa Alif Atoll. Completed Date: 05 November 2017 Proponent: Ministry of Environment and Energy Responsibilities: Undertaken the EIA as one of the lead consultants during data collection, site visits, analysis, leading junior trainees and report writing. Input as technical person for the assessment of groundwater studies and estimation of aquifer size. Additional members: Ibrahim Faiz (T06/15), Mohamed Umaru

Name: EIA for the Resort Development of Thilamaafushi island in Lhaviyani Atoll. Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 3

Completed Date: 15 November 2017 Proponent: Selo Holdings Pvt. Ltd Responsibilities: Undertaken the EIA as one of the lead consultants during data collection, site visits, analysis, leading junior trainees and report writing. Additional members: Ibrahim Faiz (T06/15), Mohamed Umaru

Name: EIA for the construction of sewerage system in Baarah Island in Haa Alif Atoll. Completed Date: 1 October 2017 Proponent: Ministry of Environment and Energy Responsibilities: Undertaken the EIA as one of the lead consultants during data collection, site visits, analysis, leading junior trainees and report writing. Input as technical person for the assessment of groundwater studies and estimation of aquifer size. Additional members: Ibrahim Faiz (T06/15), Mohamed Umaru

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of Dhandhoo island into a resort in Baa Atoll Date April 2017 Client Paradee Resorts, Thailand / Dhandhoo Holdings Pvt.Ltd Location Dhandhoo Island, Baa Atoll Project Component Development of the island to a new resort. Contact Mr. Pong, Thailand based project Manager, Email:[email protected] Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in the project. During the EIA preparation, I also involvements trained two new staff members on data gathering at site including terrestrial, marine and coastal data.

Name of the EIA EIA addendum for Coastal Protection works. Date February 2017 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hoarafushi Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Exploring options for the change in borrow areas from where sand will be obtained for backfilling. Contact / client Ministry of Housing and Environment. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for the project. My role includes visiting the island involvements and collecting on site data at the same time leading the team of junior consultants to undertake the EIA data collection. During the project, stakeholders were met and social issues related to the project were identified and the process as used as a means to come up with a suitable and acceptable solutions.

Name of the EIA EIA for the creation of an artificial reef in Hondaafushi by sinking a cargo vessel. Date January 2017 Client AAA Resorts Location Hondaafushi Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Preparation of EIA report Contact Number Mr. Ahmed / Civil Engineer, AAA Resorts, 7907320 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the construction of a new entrance channel Date December 2016 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Location Bilehdhoo Island, Faafu Atoll Project Component Construction of a new entrance channel Contact Number Nafha Aujaz / Ministry of Housing

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Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. The Project involvements involves development of a new entrance channel in Bilehdhoo as the existing channel has several design flaws resulting in difficulty and functionality. The report was prepared by collecting on site data including stakeholder consultations and other data including marine, coastal and harbour details. The project was particularly a challenging project as the harbour was only recently developed and having to implement another new project had its draw backs.

Name of the EIA EIA addendum repot for the creation of a channel in Muthaaufushi Island. Date November 2016 Client Well Land Investment Private Limited Location Muthaafushi island, Baa Atoll Project Component Development of a new entrance channel. Contact Number Mr. Arif, 7782136 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the setup of sewerage system in Mulah. Date November 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Mulah Island, Meemu Atoll. Project Component Development of a new sewerage system. Contact Number Ministry of Environment and Energy Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included ground water and calculation of groundwater quantity in the island.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of Fasmendhoo island in to a resort. Date October 2016 Client Emil resorts / Mr. Fransesco Location Fasmendhoo Island, Raa Atoll Project Component Development of the island in to a resort. Contact Number 7508694 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, terrestrial and social environment

Name of the EIA EIA for the Dhihdhoo Coastal Protection. Date September 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Dhihdhoo Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project. Name of the EIA EIA for the Gahdhoo Coastal Protection. Date September 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Gahdhoo Island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

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Name of the EIA EIA for the Coastal Protection in Fainu Island. Date July 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Fainu Island, Raa Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the Coastal Protection in Guraidhoo Date June 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Guraidhoo Island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the resort concept change in Vomulli Island. Date June 2016 Client Residency Resorts Maldives Location Vommuli Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Changes to the original project concept. Contact Number 9946464 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing for the proposed involvements concept change in the development concept.

Name of the EIA EIA for the coastal protection of Dusit Thani. Date May 2016 Client Dusit Thani Maldives Location Muhdhoo Island, Baa Atoll Project Component Implementation of a coastal protection plan for the eastern side of the island. Contact Number 7954716 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in formulating the coastal protection plan, data involvements collection and report writing for the proposed project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the proposed additional changes brought to Helengeli resort redevelopment. Date April 2016 Client EON Resort Location Helengeli island, North Male Project Component Changes to the original project concept. Contact Number Mr. Krishna / Project Manager, 9983160 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing for the proposed involvements concept change in the development concept.

Name of the Report Coastal management and assessment report Date February 2015 Client Dusit Thani, Maldives

Location Muhdhoo island, Dusit Thani Project Component Coastal management / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Aruna Bandaranayaka Nature of my Lead Consultant for the environmental monitoring and management. involvements Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 6

Name of the Report EIA for the shore protection works in Maafushi Island Date December 2015 Client Ministry of Environment

Location Maafushi island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Contact Person Ms. Aishath Huma Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Gaafaru Island Date December 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Gaafaru island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Gahdhoo Island Date September 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Gahdhoo island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Nilandhoo Island Date September 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Nilandhoo island, Faafu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Kendhoo Island Date August 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Kendhoo island, Baa Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Kelaa Island Date August 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Kelaa island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Technical report for the development of a coral reef in Mai Falhu in north Male’ Atoll Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 7

Date July 2014 Client WATG Singapore Location North Male’ Atoll Project Component Development of islands in a coral reef Contact name Mr.Krishna Chalise Nature of my Lead Consultant for planning and executing the bathymetric surveys and involvements preparation of technical report for the client including the development of islands, reclamation and its feasibility components.

Name of the Report EIA for the refurbishment of Viceroy at Vagaru Date May 2015 Client EON Resorts Location Vagaru, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the reclamation of Maafushi island Date May 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Maafushi Island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA addendum report for the redevelopment of Helengeli resort with a modified harbour design Date March 2014 Client Atmosphere OBLU Location Helengeli Island, North Male’ Atoll. Project Component Redevelopment of resort Contact name Saleel Panigrahi Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including development of modified concepts involvements for the harbour

Name of the Report EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Milandhoo island Date March 2015 Client MWSC Location Milandhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Kelaa island Date February 2015 Client MWSC Location Kelaa Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Addendum to the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed redevelopment of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date December 2014 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 8

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coastal Environmental Report for Thanburudhoo Island Date December 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the development of resort in Innahera Cluster of Islands, Date November 2014 Client SIMDI

Location Innareha Cluster of islands, Gaafu Dhaalu Project Component Environmental consultancy Contact Person Mr. Yoosuf / SIMDI Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report Preliminary Coastal Environmental Report for Thanburudhoo Island Date November 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and jetty in Baarah Date November 2014 Client Ministry of Housing Location Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and sewerage system in Alifushi Island Date October 2014 Client MWSC Location Alifushi Island, Raa Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the Report Progress report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date October 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report EIA for the redevelopment of Helengeli resort Date September 2014 Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 9

Client Atmosphere OBLU Location Helengeli Island, North Male’ Atoll. Project Component Redevelopment of resort Contact name Saleel Panigrahi Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report Inspection and assessment of Vandhoo Harbour Date August 2014 Client Kocks Consult Gmb, Germany Location Vandhoo, Raa Atoll Project Component Assessment Contact name Mr. Kasdarli Sid-Alir Chakir Nature of my Lead Consultant for the assessment of the harbour. involvements

Name of the Report Implementation and launching report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date July 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report EIA for the construction and harbour in Magoodhoo Date July 2014 Client Ministry of Housing Location Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for the marine environment assessments. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction of sewerage system in Meedhoo island Date July 2014 Client MWSC Location Meedhoo island, Raa Atoll Project Component Assessment of marine and ground water components. Contact name Mr. Mohamed Rasheed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the assessment of the marine and ground water involvements environments including data collection.

Name of the Report Initial assessment report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date June 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work / feasibility assessment and report writing.

Name of the Report Technical report for the development of a coral reef in Faafu Atoll Date May 2014 Client EON Resort / Boston Consulting Group Location Faafu Atoll Project Component Development of islands Contact name Mr.Krishna Chalise

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Nature of my Lead Consultant for planning and executing the bathymetric surveys and involvements preparation of technical report for the client.

Name of the Report ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the redevelopment of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date February 2014 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coastal Environmental Report for Meradhoo Island (Jumeirah Dhevanafushi) Date March 2014 Client CDL Hospitality Group / Singapore

Location Meradhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the development of a resort in Thanburudhoo Island Date February 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component EIA report Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report Coastal management and assessment report for Park Hyatt Hadaha Date February 2014 Client Park Hyatt

Location Hadaha Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Project Component Coastal Assessment / Coastal management Contact Person Mr. Assad Ali Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coral reef monitoring report Date Jan 2014 Client Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Coral Reef monitoring Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including coral reef survey assessments and involvements report writing.

Name of the Report EIA for the resort development at Kandholhudhoo island Date Jan 2014 Client Universal Resorts Location Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component EIA Contact name Mr.Ibrahim Ali Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine environment assessment. involvements Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 11

Name of the Report EIA addendum report for unloading rock boulders in Dharavandhoo island Date Jan 2014 Client Coastline Hotels and Resorts Location Baa Atoll Project Component EIA Contact name Mr. Hussain Fulhu Nature of my Lead Consultant for the environment assessment and report writing. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and setup of an STP Date October 2013 Client Adaaran Location Hudhuranfushi, North Male’ Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the construction and harbour at Gulhi Island Date August 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Gulhi Island, South Male’ Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA Feasibility report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date September 2013 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of a Artificial Reef Contact Number Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of a resort in Dhoores Island. Date August 2013 Client Vermillion Location Dhoores Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Development of a resort on an uninhabited island. Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of roads in Hanimaadhoo Date July 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Hanimaadhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine and socio-economic surveys. involvements Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Eydhafushi island Date July 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Eydhafushi Island Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine surveys and preparation of the report. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the setup of an RO plant in Guraidhoo Date June 2013 Client MWSC Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 12

Location Guraidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, ground water and socio-economic surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of road in Kudahuvadhoo Date June 2013 Client Road Corporation Location Kudahuvadhoo Island Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the project concept change at Maavelaavaru Island Date June 2013 Client Athama Investments Location Maavelavaru Island, Noonu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Guraidhoo island Date June 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Guraidhoo Island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Meedhoo island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Meedhoo Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Kudahuvadhoo island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kudahuvadhoo Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Marine environment surveys Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Thulusdhoo island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Thulusdhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Marine environment surveys Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Maafushi island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Maafushi Island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 13

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Bodugiri in North Male’ Atoll. Date April 2013 Client STO Location North Male’ Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the harbour rehabilitation in Kurendhoo island. Date March 2013 Client Ministry of environment Location Lhaviyani Atoll. Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Utheemu Date February 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Utheemu island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Hulhumale 2nd phase

Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Hulhumale Island Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Vashafaru island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Vashafaru island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Kumundhoo Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kumundhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Vaikaradhoo island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Vaikaradhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Kunahandhoo island Date January 2013 Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 14

Client Ministry of Housing Location Kunahandhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Maavah island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Maavah Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Dhanbidhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Date December 2012 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Dhanbidhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Development of a harbour Contact Number Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for undertaking marine survey assessment, aerial involvements photography and coastal assessment and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Naifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Date December 2012 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Naifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Project Component Development of a harbour Contact Number Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for undertaking marine survey assessment, aerial involvements photography and coastal assessment and report writing.

Name of the EIA Addendum to the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date September 2012 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Dhunikolhu Resort, Baa Atoll Date August 2012 Client Sunland Hotels

Location Baa Atoll Dhunikolhu Island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the marine surveys and assessment. involvements

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Boduhithi Resort, Baa Atoll Date August 2012 Client Sunland Hotels

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Location Boduhithi Island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the marine surveys and assessment. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the repair and rehabilitation of the sea water intake pipe line of STELCO. Date June 2012 Client STELCO

Location Male’ Project Component Marine surveys Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of over water villas at Hudhuranfushi resort Date May 2012 Client Adaaran Resorts Location K.Hudhuranfushi (Lhohifushi) Project Component Development of new water villas Contact Number Mr. Vijay Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA of resort Development at Vommuli island Date April 2012 Client Maldives resort pvt ltd Location Dhaalu Atoll Vommuli island Project Component Development of the entire island to a resort Contact Number Mr. Shaaheen. 7777650 Nature of my EIA consultant advising the architects on developing the concept, involvements identifying appropriate locations for water villas and jetty construction and also guiding them in designing and locating the structures on the island so that minimal disruption to the coastal environment will occur.

Name of the EIA EIA of beach replenishment and coastal modification, Date April 2012 Client Villa Hotels Location Royal island, Baa Atoll Project Component Beach replenishment in some areas and extraction of sand from some areas with high accretion Contact Person Mr.Thihaan, Manager, Royal Island resort Nature of my Involved in the mapping of eroding areas and also undertaking the marine involvements environment surveys.

Name of the EIA EIA of Kudahithi Redevelopment Date April 2012 Client Coco Palm Resorts Location Kudahithi island, North Kaafu Atoll Project Component Rehabilitation of the beach including nourishment Contact Person Mr. Adam, Coco palm Resorts Nature of my Involved in the coastal assessment and undertaking marine surveys involvements including identifying areas for sand borrowing and developing methodologies for nourishment of sand.

Name of the EIA EIA of Dhonakulhi Redevelopment Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 16

Date March 2012 Client Island Hideaway Location Dhonakulhi island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of the resort Contact Person Mr. Hafeez, 7773233 Nature of my Lead EIA consultant for the project including undertaking marine and involvements coastal surveys.

Name of the EIA EIA of development of a sewerage system Date February 2012 Client Shin Nipppon Location Meemu Atoll Kolhufushi island Project Component Development of a new sewerage network Contact Person Mr. Saman Adhihetty. [email protected] Nature of my EIA consultant for the project including assessment of groundwater involvements resources and quantification of freshwater availability. Also assist the team in identifying best locations for outfall as well as treatment tanks. Also designed and analysed the willingness to pay survey in the island.

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Thimarafushi second phase Date December 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Thimarafushi island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Reclamation of the island lagoon, second phase Contact Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed upgrading and development of the Regional Port, Kulhudhufushi, Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives Date November 2011 Client Kulhudhufushi Port Limited Location Kulhudhufushi island, Haa Dhaal Atoll Project Component Upgrading of Kulhudhufushi Port Contact Kulhudhufushi Port Limited Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed development of a mooring area Date November 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Mathikomandoo, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Development of a mooring area Contact Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my EIA consultant, undertaking marine and island surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development and upgrading of harbour Date November 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Mulah, Meemu Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of Mulah harbour Contact Person Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Assistant EIA consultant including undertaking bathymetry surveys and involvements marine assessments.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of road Date August 2011 Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 17

Client Southern utilities Location Hithadhoo island, Addu Atoll Project Component Development of a new roads for SAARC summit Contact Person Mr. Zareer, Southern Utilities Nature of my Assessment of vegetation clearing and undertaking vegetation surveys, involvements undertaking marine surveys in areas of the lagoon where sediment was borrowed to level the roads. Also extensive mapping was undertaken in the project site to determine the boundary and extent.

Name of the EIA EIA for the For the proposed development of a Marina at Hulhumale lagoon, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives

Date July 2011 Client Housing Development Cooperation (HDC) Location Hulhumale, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Development of a marina Contact HDC Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA addendnum for For the Proposed Airport Development in Dharavandhoo, Baa Atoll

Date June 2011 Client Coastline Hotels and Resorts Location Dharavandhoo island, Baa Atoll Project Component Change in reclamation concept Contact Person Mr. Gahthan Haleem Nature of my Lead consultant for the project including mapping and undertaking marine involvements assessments for the report.

Name of the EIA EIA of Harbor Rehabilitation in Biledhoo, Faafu Atoll, Date May 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location F. Biledhoo Project Component Rehabilitation of the Harbour at F. Biledhoo Contact Number Shaana Farooq, Project Coordinator at Ministry of Housing and Environment, Director, 3004300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed concept change in Vagaru, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Date March 2011 Client Vagaru holdings Pvt.Ltd Location Sh. Vagaru Project Component Resort development at Sh. Vagaru Contact Number Dilip Kumar, Finance Controller- Projects, 333 9992 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA INITAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION For the proposed convention centre at Hithadhoo Date January 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hithadhoo, Addu City Project Component Development of the convention centre at Hithadhoo for the SAARC Summit

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 18

Contact Number Shaana Farooq, Project Coordinator at Ministry of Housing and Environment, Director, 3004300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date January 2011 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the Coastal involvements Component

Name of the EIA SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Expansion and Modernization of Malé International Airport

Date November 2010 Client GMR Malé International Airport Private Limited Location Malé International Airport, Hulhule Project Component Expansion and Modernization of Malé International Airport Contact Number P. Sripathy, Managing Director +918040432000 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed Upgrade and Redevelopment in Thudufushi Resort, South Ari Atoll, Maldives Date June 2010 Client Voyages Maldives Location ADh. Thudhufushi Project Component Resort development Contact Number Mohamed Shafeegu, Director, 7784933 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT For the Proposed 1000 houses in Hulhumale, Maldives Date May 2010 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hulhumale, Project Component Housing Contact Number Ahmed Saleem, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the redevelopment of Moofushi resort Date June 2009 Client Constance Hotels and Resorts, Mauritius Location Moofushi island resort, Alif Dhaal Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of Moofushi resort Contact Number Constance Hotels and Resorts

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Nature of my EIA consultant for the project including helping clients develop the project involvements concept including guiding the architects in locating of new structures, jetties.

Name of the EIA EIA for the proposed water bottling plant at Hulhumalé Industrial Area Date May 2009 Client Handy Industries Pvt Ltd Location Hulhumalé Project Component Water bottling plant at Hulhumalé Industrial Area Contact Number Hassan Saeed, Project Manger, Director, 7774888 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed Upgrade and Redevelopment in Athuruga resort, South Ari Atoll, Maldives

Date May 2009 Client Voyages Maldives Location Athuruga Island Resort Project Component Upgrade and Redevelopment in Athuruga resort Contact Number Mohamed Shafeegu, Director, 7784933 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the coastal component involvements of the poject

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the the Development of a Boat Yard and Slipway at Kaashidhoo, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives Date April 2009 Client Veyla Travels and Tours Pvt. Ltd Location Kaashidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Development of a boat yard Contact Veyla Travels and Tours Pvt. Ltd Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the coastal component involvements of the project

Name of the EIA INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION for the proposed construction of a jetty joining Thulusdhoo and Thulusdhoo - Huraagandu, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives

Date February 2009 Client Thulusdhoo Island council Location Thulusdhoo Project Component Construction of a jetty Contact Number Mohamed, 645553 Nature of my EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed modification for the original development concept in Hadahaa island, Gaafu Alif Atoll, Maldives

Date May 2009 Client Driftwood Maldives Location Hadaha, Gaa Alif Atoll Project Component Concept change for the originally developed concept. Contact Driftwood Maldives Nature of my Lead EIA consultant for the project. involvements

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Social and Environmental Impact Assessment for the setup of a drinking water supply network in Thinadhoo, Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives; September 2008 Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing.

Environmental Impact assessment for the redevelopment of Bolifushi resort, South Male’ Atoll; August 2008 EIA consultant for data collection and Marine environmental surveys and preparation of marine survey findings.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Proposed Refurbishment of Adaaran Club Rannaalhi, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives; April 2008. Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Restoration of Beach at Royal Island Resort and Spa, March 2008 Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Proposed Redevelopment of Vaadhoo Island resort, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives, March 2008 Lead EIA Consultant for the project.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Hirilandhoo Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Mathiveri Island, Alif Alif Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Kendhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Makunudhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Ungoofaaru Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Manadhoo Island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the redevelopment of Lily Beach Resort, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (June 2007) Lead EIA Consultant for data collection including bathymetric surveys and report writing.

Projects, programmes, research or activities participated in or contributed to

Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (April 29 –1st May, 2007, Khulhudhufushi, Haa Dhaal atoll) Managing and leading the workshop. Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 21

Bathymetric Survey of Emboodhoo Finolhu Island (Taj Exotica Resort), South Male’ Atoll, Maldives (April 2007) Detailed bathymetric survey of the island’s northern lagoon using sonar equipment and differential GPS.

Bathymetric Survey of Olhuveli Island, Laamu Atoll, Maldives (30-31 March 2007) Detailed bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon using sonar equipment and differential GPS. Survey also include identifying and mapping coral patches, specific shallow and deep areas and other ecosystems such as sand banks within the lagoon system.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Noonu atoll Kudafaree, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Meemu Dhiggaru, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Gaafu Dhaal Dhaandhoo, Maldives (March 2007) Data collection for the IEA including noise and particulate matter levels during peak and off peak hours. Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Laamu Dambidhoo, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of an IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Groundwater assessment of Noonu Atoll Manadhoo, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters for the preparation of an EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in the island.

Groundwater assessment of Raa atoll Ungoofaaru, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters for the preparation of an EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in the island.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Daalu atoll Meedhoo, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters. Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Laamu atoll Dambidhoo, Maldives (Dec 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Naridhoo island, Haa Alif atoll, Maldives (Dec 2006) Assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA.

Shoreline survey of Cocoa Palm island Resort, Maldives (Oct 2006) Mapping the island’s shore line, vegetation line, high tide line, reef line and the extent of erosion. Setting up baseline GIS maps to assess the extent of coastal damage.

Survey of Royal Island Resort and Spa, Baa atoll, Maldives (Oct 2006) Mapping the island’s shore line and setting up baseline GIS maps to assess the extent of coastal damage.

Addendum to EIA for the resort development in Noonu Maavelaavaru, Maldives (Sep 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Vaavu Felidhoo, Maldives (Sep 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the redevelopment of villivaru resort in Male’ Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island including, broad bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon and reef extent .

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Medhafushi island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2006) Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 22

Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon using differential GPS and echosounder.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Gaakoshibi island, Maldives (Sep 2006) Assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Vagaru island, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives (Aug 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring purposes. Broad bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon.

Bathymetric survey of Giraavaru Island resort, Male’ atoll, Maldives (June 2006) Broad bathymetric survey of the islands lagoon system using GPS and ecosounder. Mapping the limits of the reef line.

Mapping and bathymetric survey of Halaveli Island resort, Alif atoll, Maldives (May 2006) Mapping the island including shore and vegetation line and generating maps including the islands existing coastal infrastructure and entrance channel. Broad bathymetric survey of the islands lagoon system using GPS and ecosounder.

Workshop on Drinking Water quality monitoring and surveillance (May 14 - 16, 2006, Meemu atoll) Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work. Managing and leading the workshop

Workshop on Drinking Water quality monitoring and surveillance (Jan, 2006, Raa atoll) Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work. Managing and leading the workshop

Mapping newly renovated Olhuveli Island resort and spa, South Male’ atoll, Maldives (April 2006) Mapping the island including shore and vegetation line and generating maps including newly reclaimed land mass.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Seenu Villingilli, Maldives (March 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring purposes.

Mapping and baseline groundwater survey of Kurendhoo Island in Lhaviyani atoll, Maldives (April 2006) Mapping the entire island including shore and vegetation line and setting up GIS base maps for water quality for a sewerage system design.

Erosion study for Royal Island Resort and Spa, Maldives (February 2006) Baseline data collection and assessment of the coastal aspects of the study. Mapping the island’s shore line and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring erosion.

EIA for the establishment of Kaafu Maafushi island’s sewerage system, Maldives (November 2005) Baseline data collection and assessment of the groundwater and terrestrial environment.

EIA for the establishment of Kaafu Guraidhoo’s sewerage system, Maldives (November 2005) Baseline data collection and assessment of the groundwater and terrestrial environment .

EIA of Viligilimathidahura reclamation and development, Maldives (October 2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna and socio- economic impacts.

EIA of the Fourth Power Project for STELCO (August 2005) Assessment and reporting of the health impacts of the project.

EIA of Boduhithi Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Kudahithi Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Maavelavaru Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 23

EIA of Kalhufahalafushi Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial and water quality aspects.

EIA of Alidhoo Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Horizon Fisheries Complex, Laamu Atoll, Maldives(2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the marine and beach water quality, land contamination and coastal aspects.

EIA of Lonudhoohutaa Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater and rainwater in selected islands of Gaafu Alif and Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives (March 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater and rainwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in seven islands.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater and rainwater status in selected islands of Gaafu Alif and Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives (March 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in two islands.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater in selected islands of Laamu atoll, Maldives (Jan 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in seven islands

Presentation on Waste management and recycling opportunities in the Maldives (27-29 October 2002). Local Consultant for CDE Pvt Ltd. International Workshop on Environmental Management and Sustainable Tourism 27-29 October, Paradise Island, Maldives. Presentation on Waste management and recycling opportunities in the Maldives given at the workshop held jointly by Villa Hotels and International Finance Cooperation. The aim of the workshop was to adopt Environmental Management Systems at Villa Hotels.

Publicity campaign for the First Regional Development Project, Maldives (March 29 - 30, 2002). Local Consultant for Business and Financial Services (BFS) Pvt Ltd. Presentation on water resource management, especially on protecting ground water and application of various methods to protect groundwater pollution, Waste management with special emphasis on the first regional development project in the Maldives and environmental protection, especially wetlands and their relationship to groundwater.

Workshop on Drinking Water safety and sanitation (Jan 14 - 18, 2002) Presentation on water resource management, especially on protecting ground water and application of various methods to protect groundwater pollution. Workshop held to provide information to the community and school children at A.dh Dhangethi island, Dhaal Ribudoo Island, Meemu Muli and Vaavu Keyodhoo Island, Maldives

Workshop on Water and Sanitation (Jan 5 - 7, 2002) Presentation on Environmental protection given at the Workshop held to provide information to leaders of islands, teachers, health workers in Ari Atoll, Maldives A.dh Mahibadhoo, Maldives

Comparative Study on Indoor Air pollution (Nov 28-Dec 2, 2001) Assessment of the status of Indoor air pollution in Addu Atoll, Maldives to compare data with Male’, conducted by Ministry of Health, Maldives

Joint ground water research of Maamigili island, Maldives (October 20, 2001) Ground water quality assessment survey of the island of Maamigilli island in Ari Atoll, Maldives conducted by MWSA, Maldives.

Joint ground water research of Fuvah Mulaku Island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Fuvah Mulah, Maldives Conducted as part of the V & A assessment study by Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Joint ground water research survey of Bodu Rehaa island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Bodu Rehaa, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives. Conducted as part of the V & A assessment study Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Joint ground water research survey of Hithaadhoo Island, Maldives (November 2000)

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 24

Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Hithaadhoo Island in Baa Atoll, Maldives. Conducted as part of the V & A assessment research. Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Employment

Director (June 2005 to present) Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, An Environmental Consultancy firm

Research Student (July 2007 to 2009) Lanka Hydraulics Institute undertaking part time research in Maldives as part of a PhD research programme.

Senior Environmental Analyst (18 September 2005 – 22 July 2007) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (4 Jan 2005 – 18 September 2005) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Sep 2001 – 24 Feb 2003) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Aug 2000 – Sep 2001) Health Education Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Dec 1999 – Aug 2000) Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Maldives

General Secretary (December 1999 – August 2001) Tennis Association of Maldives, Male’, Republic of Maldives

Secretary (Jan 1993 - Feb 1996) Planning and Coordination Section, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Maldives

Secretary (1992- December 1995) Soft Tennis Association of Maldives, Male, Maldives

Public Health Officer (May 1993 - Dec 1993) Food Safety and Epidemic Control Section, Department of Public Health, Republic of Maldives

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 25

Achievements

NZAID Scholarship, 2003 Awarded a New Zealand Government Scholarship (NZAID) to undertake a Masters programme in Public Health at University of Auckland (2003-2004).

Third place in the photography division (April 2005) Exhibition organized by WHO and Ministry of Health on the occasion of World Health Day

Third Place in the Photography Division (October 2001) First Youth Exhibition, Male’, Maldives Organized by the Youth Center, Ministry of Youth and Sports, Male’, Maldives

Kodak KPAN Black and White Photographer of the year (Jan 1996) Organized by KODAK, 1995, Republic of Maldives

2nd place, in the Advance and Technical Photography Exhibition (October 1995) Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports, Male’, Maldives

3rd place, in the Advance and October 1995 Technical Photography Exhibition, Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 26

Participation in seminars, conferences, workshops, short courses and training

Biennial conference and Exhibition of Water Institute of South Africa (WISA) 21-25 May 2006, Durban, South Africa

12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference 15-18 November 2005, New Delhi, India. Presented a Paper of issues of rainwater harvesting in Maldives.

ISO 14000 Advance Training on Environmental Management Systems Auditing 13-18 June 2005, New Delhi, India

Asia Pacific Regional Consultation on water and poverty 22 – 26 September 2002, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Seminar on Forward Thinking Policies of Groundwater Management; Energy, Water Resources and Economic Approaches 2 – 6 September 2002; New Delhi, India

International Training course on “Environmental Sanitation – Solutions and Management” 2 – 12 July 2002, Trivandrum, India

Workshop on Concept and Application of IUCN categories to Protected Areas Nasandhura Palace Hotel, Male’, Maldives, (Nov 7-8, 2001)

Workshop on Facilitation skills 14-18 October 2001, UNICEF/MWSA, Male’, Maldives

Congress of the Asian Soft Tennis Federation, Saga City, Japan, October 2000

Training Workshop on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Male’, Maldives, August 2000

Training Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Bandos Island Resort, April 2000

First Sports Medicine Workshop Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports, 11 March 1995, Male’, Maldives

Workshop on Techniques of Script – Writing for Educational Radio Programmes UNICEF and Department of Public Health, 10th –14 July 1993, Male’, Maldives

Workshop on Production of Health Educational Materials on Family Planning & AIDS Department of Public Health, 29th April 1993, Male’, Maldives

International Coaches Programme, International Tennis Federation, 16th December 1990, Male’, Maldives

Computer and IT Experience

2006 Designing and maintenance of “Budget Maldives” web site.

www.budgetmaldives.com

2005 Designing and maintenance of “Water Solutions” web site.

www.water-solutions.biz

2003 Designing and maintenance of “Photography of Amu” web site.

www.amooo.com Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 27

2003 Designing and development of the Website for Ranveli Resort and Spa in the Maldives. Website for Shaviyani Atoll www.ranveli.com.mv

2003 Designing and maintenance of the first Website for an atoll in the Maldives. Website for Shaviyani Atoll www.shaviyani.gov.mv

2002 Development of an incident database for Department of Civil Aviation, Maldives Jointly developed with Ahmed Zahid.

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Maldives Surfing Association www.maldivesurf.org.mv

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Hulhumale Development Unit (currently restricted) www.hdu.gov.mv

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Web Foundation. www.web.org.mv

2000-2001 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Tennis Association of Maldives

2000-2001 Designing and programming of the first interactive CD-ROM on Male’, Republic of Maldives (samples available upon request)

2003 Designing and programming of the first interactive CD-ROM on Surfing in Male’, Maldives (samples available upon request)

Other professional work and experience

Organizational skills

2000 Experience in organizing and managing 3 national level tennis tournaments in the year 2000 in Maldives.

Photography

2001 Photography assignment for UNICEF Maldives to photograph the available fruits and vegetables in the Addo atoll region of Maldives.

Most of the photography work for the year 2000 diary published by Libaas Pvt Ltd.on Maldivian handicrafts

Most of the photography work for the year 2001 diary published by Libaas Pvt Ltd, Maldives on Historical mosques

Various government photography project experiences

Various other private photography project experiences.

Script writing

2002 Writing video documentary script on Cervical Cancer for a 15 minute educational video Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 28

Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Oral Cancer for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on TB for a 15 minute educational video Client: Chest Clinic Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Kidney Failure for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Sexually Transmitted Diseases for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Mental Health for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Pap Smear for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Hand Foot and Mouth Disease for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Food Safety for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Environmental Health for a 15 minute educational video Client: Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

Video and Film making

2001 One hour film on the first body boarding championship “National Varunulaa Challenge” held in Male’, August 2001. Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 29

Miscellaneous

November 2000 Manager Maldives Soft Tennis Team participating in the 4th Asian Soft Tennis Championship (Maldives won the 3rd place in the team consolation event) 1-5 November 2000 Saga City, Japan

May 2000 Manager Maldives Tennis Team participating in the Sri Lankan National Junior Hard Court Tennis Championship Colombo, Sri Lanka

January 2000 Manager Maldives Junior Tennis Team participating in the ITF under 18 Junior Ranking Tournament Colombo, Sri Lanka

October 1995 Manager Maldives Soft Tennis Team participating in the 10th World Soft Tennis Championship (Maldives was the champion in the team consolation event) Gifu City, Japan

October 1992 Player / Manager The 2nd Asian Soft Tennis Championship Oct 21-24 Jakarta, Indonesia

Referees

Mr.Brent Powis Director WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Sydney, Australia

Tel: 02 4570 1660 Fax: 02 4570 1660 Email: [email protected]

Mr. Navi Litidamu Lecturer and Department Head Department of Environmental Health Fiji School of Medicine Suva, Fiji

Mr. Ahmed Zahid Consultant, Environment Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd Male’ Maldives

Signed: ______Date: ______Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 18 March 2018 30

EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

23 Annex: Methodologies used

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 107 EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

BLANK PAGE

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 108 1 . 1 Introduction

The annex describes detail methodologies used to collect data on the existing environment for EIA studies in the Maldives. For EIA studies in the Maldives, various methodologies are used and the type and methods vary for different projects. Almost all projects will utilize some general data collection methodologies in combination of various other methods. The following section outlines the data collection methodologies that are used in Maldives and their description.

1 . 2 General Methodologies of Data Collection

In this method, the condition of the existing environment is analyzed using appropriate scientific methods. The environmental components of the study area are focused for terrestrial, marine and coastal environment depending on the specific projects. In general, for any project that requires the study of the marine environment, the marine environment of the island is studied including the coral reef and the lagoon. Focus is given on specific areas of the island’s reef which is expected to have the greatest impact as a result of the proposed project. Coastal environmental data collection involves mapping the shoreline, taking beach profiles from selected locations, identifying and mapping costal defense structures and assessing the coastal environment for erosion or accretion. Terrestrial data collection usually includes creating a terrestrial map of the island or a specific area.

1 . 3 Mapping and Location Identification

The island, lagoon, reef or specific areas of islands or a project site is mapped, including shore line, vegetation line, reef lines, existing mature trees, coastal defense structures or other significant topographic features. Mapping is undertaken using hand held differential GPS and available aerial photos. The location of data collection sites are marked using handheld GPS. These data collection points includes marine water sampling locations, marine survey locations, existing groynes and sea walls, mature trees, breakwaters, protected or archaeological sites, erosion prone areas, sand spits, beach rocks etc.

1 . 4 Marine Environment Surveys

Marine environmental surveys were conducted to collect data on key environmental components (i.e. the coral reef system and the lagoon), that will be impacted due to the project. Four methods are primarily used to collect data, namely:  Line Intercept transects (LIT’s)  Detail photo quadrate analysis,  Fish census and  Visual observations.

Purpose of the survey is to define and establish marine environmental baseline conditions for impact evaluation during and after a project. Surveys are based on standard marine environmental surveys so that they can be repeatedly carried out to monitor and record changes and assess possible impacts on the marine environment from the proposed work activities. Surveys include quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition, photos are taken along the reef survey sites and the length of the lagoon.

1 . 5 Line Intercept Transects (LIT)

Line Intercept Transect (LIT) surveys are carried out to assess the benthic types and species at the survey sites. This method uses life form categories to assess the benthic sessile community of reefs and it is possible to incorporate taxonomic data as well. LIT surveys can be used to evaluate the community structure of corals in terms of species composition and

Annex: Methodology - Page 2 diversity patterns in different zones on a reef. LIT method also provides a rapid estimate of percent cover of corals, algal cover, and cases of other prominent organisms as well as bare substratum.

Quantitative percent cover of the reef community can be obtained using this method and it can be repeated over time to obtain changes over a period of time. Disadvantages of this method include difficulty in standardizing the life form categories and the limitation of the data collected, to information on percent cover and relative abundance (English et al. 1997). LIT surveys produce valuable data even though they are time consuming and require considerable effort and skills to record notes underwater (Segal & Castro 2001). A line transect of 20m length is normally used, but transect lengths can vary depending on the surveyor.

1 . 6 Photo quadrate analysis

Photo transect coral reef survey method is used to quantify the data of coral reef benthic communities i.e. live corals and their types, other benthos, dead corals and other reef substrate. This method is used to support the LIT surveys or as an alternative to line transect. A series of photographs are taken along the transect line (usually 20 m each) using an underwater camera. These photographs are combined to form a photo-composite. Photo- composite of the mapped area of the reef are then analyzed using computer software. It provided a detail record of individual corals, sandy or rubble area and other benthos to a mapped area. The photographs not only allowed speedy collection of data in the field, but also provided a permanent record of the transect line, which is useful for long-term monitoring of growth, mortality and recruitment.

Figure 1: Typical photo quadrate analysis

1 . 7 Qualitative assessment

Qualitative assessment of the reef or lagoon is based on visual observation by snorkeling and then comparing the result with underwater photos and aerial photographs.

Annex: Methodology - Page 3 1 . 8 P e r m a n e n t Photo Quadrats

This method involves taking still photographs of a fixed quadrat that are analyzed in the lab. It is useful to determine temporal change in shallow macrobenthos communities. Permanent photo-quadrats can also complement LITs and are suitable for small-scale questions and to follow the fate of individual colonies. Detailed temporal change can be determined for individual corals for biological condition, growth, mortality and recruitment. Data can be used to estimate percent cover, species diversity, relative abundance, density and size. Percentage cover of target organisms can be determined in the lab by either point sample methods by placing a grid cover the quadrat or by digitizing the image (digitizing is more expensive, time-consuming, requires special software and expertise). The precision depends on the apparatus used and the ability to take photo from exactly the same spot as well as observer differences for analysis.

On each designated Impact Sites squares of 50x50cm side length are placed randomly along the coral patches in about 1,5m depth. Still photos are taken and analyzed using the software CPCe 3.4 (Kohler and Gill 2006) with an equally spaced grid overlaid in 10 columns and 10 rows (100 points) per 50x50cm quadrat. Substrate categories are recorded and described. Statistical analysis is then undertaken using PAST software (PAlaeontological Statistics ver. 1.90, Øyvind Hammer).

All quadrats at the survey sites are permanently marked with square plastic markers for further monitoring studies. In addition, when possible, sub-surface buoys are installed at each Site close to the quadrats.

1 . 9 Reef fish Visual Census

Under water counts of reef fishes or underwater visual census (UVC) method is used to assess the fish population at an Impact Site and a Control Site. Visual counts appear to give reasonably reliable results provided that they are applied to fish that are non-cryptic and either diurnally active or at least evident by day. In this method, the surveyor swims along the transect paths above the reef, counting fish that were observed within 1,5m either side of the transect and above up to the water column. The same transects line as for the Visual Quadrat survey is normally utilized to carry out the fish census. Fish are counted along the 20 m transect path (that is in a belt of 1.5 m on either side and up to the water surface). To count the fish, the surveyor swims slowly along, counting fishes that are seen within the defined band transect, 20m long by 3m wide (i.e. one with a total area of 60m²). All fish encountered are recorded at least up to family level, some up to genus and species level, noted on the underwater slate immediately after they are seen. Counting any fish more than once is avoided by training and experience. Speed at which the path swum is controlled so as to standardize the efficiency of search. If the surveyor swims too fast it is easy to miss fish, especially of smaller species, that may be temporarily obscured by corals or rock or be taking shelter. Experience shows that the slower the surveyor swims, more fish that is recorded up to a point. However, the highest number recorded by moving along very slowly may actually be an over estimate of fish density. Hence it is necessary to standardize swimming speed to a slow but not too slow pace. The standard speed of swimming practiced is at a mean rate of 8m a minute. For results, only the most abundant fish families are taken into account, each representing one of the following functional groups: herbivores (Acanthuridae, Scaridae), omnivores (selected Labridae), corallivores (Chaetodontodae) as well as habitat specialists (Pomacentridae).

1 . 1 0 Marine Water Quality

One of the main environmental components that is affected by implementing a number of projects in Maldives is the marine water quality. Water quality is assessed during the field trip by collecting samples and testing them at National Health Laboratory. Water quality is

Annex: Methodology - Page 4 assessed from multiple locations depending on the project. The locations, frequency and parameters to be monitored are given in the EIA report.

1 . 1 1 Coastal environment

1 . 1 2 Shoreline and vegetation line mapping

The island’s shore line and vegetation lines are mapped during low, high and mid tides using a handheld GPS assisted by aerial photos. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated.

1 . 1 2 . 1 Coastal structures mapping

Similar to the island’s shore line and vegetation lines, all the coastal infrastructures such as groynes, sea walls, revetments, offshore and near shore breakwaters are mapped using a handheld GPS assisted by aerial photos. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated.

1 . 1 2 . 2 Erosion and Accretion areas mapping

Areas where severe erosion and accretion occurring are mapped using a handheld GPS. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated and compared with previous available maps and satellite photos.

1 . 1 2 . 3 Beach Profiles

Dumpy levels were also used to survey around selected locations around the island and beach profiles were generated from these data. The location along the which the beach profiles were taken was marked using a GPS for future monitoring. When selecting locations, a permanent structure or object such as a building corner, larger mature tree or any other similar benchmark were identified for future reference. The final beach profiles are corrected to MSL and graphs developed.

1 . 1 2 . 4 Drogues and currents

Nearshore currents in the lagoon or reef were measured by deploying a handheld GPS in a watertight casing with a fin attached at the bottom. The GPS is deployed for a period of minimum 15 minutes during which time its displacement from the original position are recorded as a line. After 15 minutes, it is removed and deployed at another location. Once the data is collected, currents in a particular area is calculated by measuring the distance it has travelled by 15 minutes.

1 . 1 3 Terrestrial environment

1 . 1 3 . 1 Terrestrial floral survey

The baseline terrestrial environment of the project location is studied in detail by counting trees existing in the area, and gathering information available from island office or from other available sources. The survey concentrates on identifying vegetation types, their abundance and occurrence in a given area. The methods used to assess the tree types and abundance are using line transects. A measuring tape is used to set up the transect line which is selected randomly from within the project boundary. The surveyor measures and records the type of trees and their average heights. Average heights are estimated and so there is a greater degree of error in estimating the tree heights. The results are then tabulated to calculate the

Annex: Methodology - Page 5 percentage of different trees. In addition, records from island office / resort or other sources are also used to cross check the figures.

1 . 1 3 . 2 Terrestrial faunal survey

In depth faunal survey is not assessed but the types of fauna encountered during the floral transect is identified and recorded. Focus in given on specific fauna such as turtles, fruit bats, sea birds and other sensitive birds. Birds and their habitation patterns are also observed and recorded during the survey.

1 . 1 3 . 3 Ground Water Assessment

Groundwater quality is assessed by collecting samples from given locations selected randomly or from available points within the island using YSI 6820 multi parameter handheld water quality meter. In addition, water quality is also tested at the National Health Laboratory.

1 . 1 4 Coastal Environment

Data collected on coastal environment includes beach profiles, existing coastal structures (sea walls, breakwaters, groyns etc.), beach composition, beach width, shore line and vegetation line. All beach profile locations are marked on GPS maps and their geographical coordinates are marked on a map. Beach profiles are taken as baseline data to make comparisons during monitoring programme so that any changes resulting from the coastal or any other component of a project can be assessed accurately. Beach profiles are measured using auto levels, GPS and a staff.

1 . 1 5 B a t h y m e t r y

Bathymetric survey are undertaken in the lagoon or reef using Echosounder attached to a boat. The levels are then corrected for mean sea level and represented in a map. Bathymetric maps provide accurate estimates of depths in a particular lagoon or a reef.

1 . 1 6 Aerial photos

Aerials photos provide useful information such as assisting the analysis of marine environment, identifying wave patterns and changes to shoreline and also vulnerable areas of the island for all kinds of projects. Aerial photos are purchased from DigitalGlobe.

1 . 1 7 Available long term weather data

Long term available weather data is obtained from the nearest weather station to a project in Maldives, which is based in Male’ International Airport (Male’ atoll), Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaal Atoll), Kaadehdhoo (Gaaf Dhaal atoll and Gan island in Seenu atoll. These data sets are used to develop a regional model in ArcGIS to assess the vulnerable areas of the island or any other project during both monsoons, thus helping the EIA team to assess the vulnerable areas of the island for erosion and various other weather related issues.

Annex: Methodology - Page 6

EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

24 Annex: Detailed report on dredging and reclamation

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Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 110 Grid model volume computation: Brrow_Area_Report

Project Fainu Generated 10-Sep-18 5:28:33 PM Grid model Copy of Initial Surface 1 0.5 Clipping polygon Borrow area_1 Area of clipping polygon 17222.369 m² Reference Reference fixed level:-16.000 m Reference offset 0.00 m Reference Z Shift 0.00 m Volume above 249719.267 m³ Volume below 0.000 m³ Volume difference 249719.267 m³ Area above 17222.369 m² (100.000 %) Area below 0.000 m² (0.000 %) Area without data 0.000 m² (0.000 %) Area without reference 0.000 m² (0.000 %) Average layer thickness 14.500 m

Result:

Model:

Volume computation: Proposed_Design This report represents the end area volumes for the proposed reclamation of R.Fainu airport development project.

Created for EIA purposes only.

By Water Solutions Pvt Ltd Data file: Design 1 0.5 (Grid Models) Reference file: Initial Surface 1 0.5 (Grid Models)

Totals Volume Vertical Area Coverage Above Below Above Below [%] Volume computation: 217171.58 1080.70 4343.43 21.61 32 Proposed_Design Runlines file: Fainu_airport 217171.58 1080.70 4343.43 21.61 32 Block: UserLine(1) 217171.58 1080.70 4343.43 21.61 32

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.11 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 39907.34 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.10 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 43576.89 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.13 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.12 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 33360.67 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.8 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.7 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.1 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.9 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.7 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 11804.82 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.6 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 7036.69 33.93 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.9 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 35423.53 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.8 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 25696.74 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.3 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.2 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.5 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: R.4 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.13 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.12 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.15 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 5319.35 568.80 99

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.14 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 913.94 11.96 96

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.1 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: C.L Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.11 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.10 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.4 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.3 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.6 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.5 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.17 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 8087.37 233.41 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.16 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 6044.23 232.60 100

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.2 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 0

Runline File: Fainu_airport Block: UserLine(1) Line: L.18 Sections Volume Coverage Above Below [%] Total 0.00 0.00 100

EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

25 Annex: Public questionnaire responses

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EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

26 Annex: Tentative work schedule

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EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

27 Annex: EIA submission letter to Raa Atoll Council

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Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Nov 2018 Page 116 c

Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd . Reg No: C-344/2005 Ma. Fas Eri, 1st Floor, Ameenee Magu, Male’, Maldives

WS/LTR/2018/1567 :ުރަބްމަނ

ރ. އަތޮޅު ކައުންސިލްގެ ރައީސް އަށް، .ެވެމަވަންނަދ ުހަފްށަމާލަސ ްނުދެވ ޭހެބ ިއާޓރޯޕިރ )ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ( ްޓްކެޕްމިއ ްޓްނަމަރިއަވްނެއ ޭހެބ ާއޫރްޝަމ ެގުޓޯޕރައެއ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުޅެއ ިއަގުނިއަފ .ރ ާވެއ ިއަގީރިތ ެގީޓިސިމ ިދައ .ެވެމީވުނޮފ ްށައާރާދިއ ަޔިތ ުކެއ ިއާއީޓިސިމ ްއެއީޕޮކ ެގްޓރޯޕިރ )ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ( ްޓްނަމްސެސެއ 3331333 ( ްސްކެފ ްށައ ްސްނަޝުއިލޮސ ރަޓޯވ ުހަފ ްށަމުވްއެދްށޮކ ަމަހިރުފ ްޕިލްސ ެގުމަކުނުބިލ ްޓރޯޕިރ .ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ .ެވެމީވެންނެދ ިދެއ ްނުވްއެދ ްށޮކ )[email protected]( ްލިއެމީއ ަތަވުނ ) .ެވެމެދެއ ްނުވްއެރުކ ްލޫބަޤ ްމާރިތްޙިއ .މ 8118 ރަބްމެވޮނ 05 ްމުކްމިދާޚ

ާބަތުޖުމ ުދަމްއަހުމ ރަސިފޮއ ްވިޓޭރްޓްސިނިމްޑެއ . އަތޮޅު ކައުންސިލްގެ އިދާރާ ، [email protected] :ްލިއެމީއ 658-0027 :ުނޯފ ------.ްނުޔިލ ެގުމަކުނުބިލ ްޓރޯޕިރ ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ ްޓްކެޕްމިއ ްޓްނަމަރިއަވްނެއ ޭހެބ ާއޫރްޝަމ ެގުޓޯޕރައެއ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުޅެއ ިއަގުނިއަފ .ރ :ްނަނ ެގުޓރޯޕިރ ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ ްޓރޯޕިރ )ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ( ްޓްނަމްސެސެއ ...... :ްނަނ ްނުތާރަފިވުލާވަޙ

...... :ްމާޤަމ

...... :ްނަނ ެގާރާދިއ

...... :ިޑަގ ...... :ްޚީރާތ

...... :ަކްއިސ ...... :ިއޮސ

Tel: (960) 334 1643, Fax: (960) 333 1643 www.water-solutions.biz; [email protected]

EIA for the Development of a Domestic Airport in Fainu, Raa Atoll, Maldives

28 Annex: List of Stakeholders consulted

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