ANNEX: COMPENDIUM OF GOOD PRACTICES

ANNEX COMPENDIUM OF GOOD PRACTICES to support achievement of Sustainable Development Goals for Children in 2021

1 WASH Innovative Financing for the Poorest West Nusa 2 Tenggara 2 Strengthening the Community-based Total Sanitation East Nusa Tenggara 5 (STBM) Implementation by Utilizing Cultural Norms 3 WASH in Schools and Health Care Facilities in a Central 8 Disaster-Recovery Programme 4 Twinning Programme: Horizontal Learning on Fecal 10 Sludge Management (FSM)

1Full publication can be accessed through: www.unicef.org/indonesia/reports/compendium-of-good-practices ANNEX: COMPENDIUM OF GOOD PRACTICES

WASH Innovative Financing for the Poorest General topic area: Access to water and sanitation, eliminating open defecation, equity Locations: ( City, City, Bima, , , West Sumbawa, East , West Lombok, North Lombok, and Central Lombok)

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province initiated an open defecation-free (ODF) programme, known as BASNO, several years ago. Although the programme was planned as a movement driven by community spirit, the results were modest. By April 2021, only 64 per cent of villages and one district out of 10 had achieved ODF status. A key factor hindering progress was the province’s limited financial capacity in reaching the poorest. Bappeda NTB Province data for 2019 show that only 0.54 per cent of NTB’s annual budget was allocated for clean water and sanitation. An opportunity to accelerate the movement emerged when in 2015 Indonesia Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia or MUI) issued a fatwa (decree) allowing for the mobilization of ZIS to support the provision of access to water and sanitation for the poorest. The fatwa became a legal basis for the provincial branch of the National Alms Agency (BAZNAS NTB) to support the BASNO programme. In 2017, with support from UNICEF, Bappeda began to work closely with BAZNAS NTB to develop a joint programme consisting of interventions to improve access to proper sanitation for the poor and improve unhabitable houses and their sanitation facilities. To Summary ensure proper targeting, Bappeda developed a provisional village beneficiary list, in part of the through consultation with the PHO, based on a poverty data map. During the first three Approach years, BAZNAS bore all implementation cost, contributing IDR 3.7 billion (USD 253,000) in 2017, IDR 4.5 billion (USD 307,700) in 2018 and 2019; and IDR 5.7 billion (USD 360,000) in 2020. District level BAZNAS were assigned to verify provisional beneficiary lists, in collaboration with other authorities. Verification by the DHO was mainly related to the availability of a latrine facility in a household, whereas BAZNAS considered criteria aligned with Islamic law to ensure recipient eligibility. Construction of latrines and house improvements were jointly supervised by village governments, sanitarian, and appropriate health and military personnel. During the course of the project, UNICEF provided technical assistance to Bappeda and the water and environmental sanitation (AMPL) working group and their coordination with BAZNAS. UNICEF conducted advocacy in districts to encourage the adoption of this innovative financing and promote equity and inclusion in WASH. UNICEF also supported capacity building for the AMPL working group and programme monitoring and evaluation in 2018. In early 2020, UNICEF supported the drafting of technical guideline for replication that were disseminated in 10 districts/cities.

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• At least 7,776 adults and children in 36 villages benefitted from latrine construction and improved access to clean water. • 888 family latrines were built and 654 unhabitable houses were renovated and equipped with decent latrines: − 2017: 200 houses, 361 latrines Key Results − 2018: 195 houses, 277 latrines Achieved − 2019: 250 houses, 250 latrines • Project locations continued to expand over the last three years. Beginning in six villages in six districts, the programme expanded to 10 villages across 10 districts in the following year. • Bappeda issued a circular in 2020 calling on district governments to replicate the programme.

Replication is underway in five locations: 1. Sumbawa City: Hijrah Village in Lape Sub-district achieved ODF status through a local Zakat Management Unit -funded project. 2. East Lombok: District BAZNAS allocated IDR 177 million (USD 12,100) for the provision of clean water pipes in Bilok Petung Village. Replicability/ up-scaling 3. Mataram City: Local BAZNAS funded replication in Sayang-Sayang Village 4. North Lombok and West Sumbawa districts are replicating the programme with support from district and UNICEF cross-learning efforts.

• Latrine construction IDR 3 million (USD 205)/unit Cost • House renovation IDR 35 million (USD 2,400)/house

• Planning and development of latrines and safe housing Skills • Coordination and supervision

• Provincial and district BAZNAS • Provincial and district Bappeda Replicability/ • Provincial and district AMPL working group up-scaling Stake- • Provincial and district health offices (PHO and DHO) holders • Public Works and Housing Office • Village government • Sanitarian • Community health centre

• The inclusion of BAZNAS as members of AMPL working groups strengthened coordination with government offices. Lessons • The fatwa from MUI and circular letter from the NTB Governor laid a strong Learned foundation for programme implementation and replication. • UNICEF received a pledge of appreciation from the governor in 2019 for its contribution to the poverty-reduction programme through support for BASNO.

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• Bappeda and BAZNAS NTB, with UNICEF support, shared the good practice at an advocacy/horizontal learning session in in Feb 2019. • When finalized, technical guidelines for programme implementation can become a model for similar guidelines at the national level.

Website: • www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/stories/sanitasi-aman-untuk-feby • www.unicef.org/indonesia/baznas-x-unicef • bappeda.ntbprov.go.id/nusa-tenggara-barat-menuju-buang-air-besar-sembarang-nol- basno-2023/ Further

readings and information Media feature: • www.suarakarya.id/detail/95454/BAZNAS-UNICEF-Berkolaborasi-Bangun-Fasilitas- WASH-Untuk-Anak-Anak-Korban-Gempa-Palu-NTB • www.pamsimas.org/gubernur-ntb-beri-piagam-kepada-pamsimas/ • www.nawasis.org/portal/berita/read/rangkul-baznas-ntb-amankan-rp-4-5m-untuk- dukung-basno/51505

• Rostia La Ode Pado, WASH Officer UNICEF ([email protected]) Contact • Muhammad Zainal, WASH Specialist UNICEF ([email protected]) details • Taufik, AMPL Working Group, Bappeda West Nusa Tenggara ([email protected])

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Strengthening the Community-based Total Sanitation (STBM) Implementation by Utilizing Cultural Norms General topic area: Access to water and sanitation, eliminating open defecation Locations: East Nusa Tenggara (East Sumba and Southwest Sumba)

In rural East Nusa Tenggara, one out of three households lacked access to a latrine, according to 2017 data. In urban areas, the rate was 29.09 per cent. Only households in Kupang City and Alor District had 100 per cent access to latrines. UNICEF has worked with the East Nusa Tenggara government on a programme to eliminate open defecation and promote safe sanitation management since 2013. The goal was to create environments capable of fulfilling children’s basic rights by encouraging districts to achieve open defecation-free (ODF) status and improved sanitation management. Specifically, UNICEF supported the local government in East Sumba and Southwest Sumba districts to implement community-based total sanitation (STBM), which employs advocacy, campaigns, capacity building, mentoring and empowerment to accelerate efforts to achieve an open defecation free (ODF) district. The strategy also includes policy advocacy and socio-cultural advocacy to support community- based movements (Stop Ta’i Wewar/Tai’ko Wewara) that rely on traditional beliefs to promote ODF, including through prohibitions and sanctions. Reliance on cultural norms feared and respected by the Sumbanese led to success in engaging community and religious leaders and village STBM teams, even in remote and mountainous areas of the island. Summary For the Sumbanese, the programme was seen as waging a war against open defecation. of the When war breaks out, heroes emerge. UNICEF and the water and environmental sanitation Approach (AMPL) working group identified and nurtured influential figures to lead the movement. For example, the Kahali Subdistrict head is a progressive figure who demonstrated strong leadership in mobilizing stakeholders: traditional and community leaders, religious leaders, neighbourhood associations and even village officials representing the military and police. He instructed village heads to support the programme and allocated funds to build latrines, in co-operation with state-run community health centres. Local church leaders used the pulpit to echo the spirit of ODF and went further by publishing a collection of sermons supporting the end of open defecation and promoting behaviour change, using biblical symbols and narratives. Customary sanctions, such as placing a black flag in front of houses without latrines, were imposed to name and shame non-compliant households and build awareness. Women conducted a joint saving scheme (arisan) to raise funds for building toilets in their neighbourhoods. In 2015, Kahali sub-district government began a neighbourhood-based movement constructed around the narrative that family toilets must be made available to enhance the safety of women and children. A team was formed to ascertain whether the new latrines were being used by residents and to conduct a campaign targeting non-ODF villages. The sub-district achieved ODF status in 2017.

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• In East Sumba, the number of ODF villages rose from 27 to 47; one subdistrict also achieved ODF status. • The AMPL in Southwest Sumba District allocated IDR 70 million (USD 4,800) to sustain the programme. Key Results • A partnership model was developed involving community health clinics and village Achieved governments, supported by the health sector and Village Funds, respectively. • A network of concerned civil society groups and religious and traditional leaders was developed to continue the movement. • The programme’s success has been widely acknowledged. UNICEF Malaysia supported a knowledge exchange visit to these districts.

In Southwest Sumba: • Health operational assistance (Bantuan operasional kesehatan or BOK) amounting IDR 70 million (USD 4,800) was allocated and detailed steps for achieving ODF status is included in development plans. • In some villages, replication is ongoing using local resources, for example in Wewewa Utara Sub-district. • The AMPL network facilitated knowledge-sharing between Southwest Sumba and Kupang District, inviting a sanitation entrepreneur association.

In East Sumba: • BOK totalling IDR 1.7 billion (USD 116,200), IDR 7.5 million (USD 513)/village, is allocated. • The District Health Office (DHO), community health centres and village governments formed partnerships to improve the quality of latrines, increase supply of clean water and undertake monitoring and evaluation. Replicability/ up-scaling • Latrine construction/rehabilitation • Coordination and supervision Cost • Health promotion staff salary • Knowledge exchange

• Latrine construction Skills • Community-based total sanitation • Stakeholder engagement

• Provincial and district development planning agencies (Bappeda) • AMPL Working Group Stake- • DHO holders • Village government • Community leaders • Sanitarian

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• The strong commitment and leadership shown in East Sumba and Kahali Subdistrict resulted in effective programme implementation. • Programme financing using local resources, especially Village Funds, was key to accelerating results. • Sharing success stories in various forums and to a wider audience to motivate other Lessons villages for active participation, resulting in scaling-up. Learned • To be effective, the programme must be well staffed. For example, Kahali Subdistrict recruited sanitarians, health promotion staff and public health staff to assist the programme. • Effective collaboration between DHOs, community health centres and village governments enhance programme implementation and results.

Local government report: • East Sumba and Southwest Sumba CLTS Rapid Assessment Protocol (CRAP) Tools Report (2020) Further readings and Local government media features: information • www.bappelitbangda.nttprov.go.id/portal/index.php/item/527-diseminasi-hasil- pelaksanaan-clts • www.bappelitbangda.nttprov.go.id/portal/index.php/item/500-upaya-sinergisasi- program-ampl-tahun-2020

• Rostia La Ode Pado, WASH Officer UNICEF ([email protected]) Contact • Muhammad Zainal, WASH Specialist UNICEF ([email protected]) details • Tanda Sirait, AMPL Working Group, Bappelitbangda East Nusa Tenggara ([email protected])

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WASH in Schools and Health Care Facilities in a Disaster- Recovery Programme General topic area: Sub-national WASH support Locations: Central Sulawesi (Palu City, Sigi, Donggala)

In response to the earthquake that struck Central Sulawesi in 2018, UNICEF partnered with CARE Indonesia to implement WASH interventions in damaged schools and healthcare facilities. The aim was to fulfil children’s right to clean water, sanitation and hygiene in three affected districts. Working closely with the three local governments, the programme was conducted in 50 schools and at three district community health centres (puskesmas) from March 2019 through February 2020. CARE engaged with local partners, utilizing close relationships with affected communities to increase access to WASH facilities at targeted schools and healthcare facilities. The following activities were conducted: Summary of the • Training for students on menstrual hygiene management and health and hygiene Approach promotion, including through the appointment of student champions called ‘little doctors’. • Enhancing the role of school health units and helps to reduce student absenteeism due to illness. • Rehabilitation of latrines at schools and community health centres and a campaign to improve student behaviour related to urination and defecation. • Construction of child-friendly handwashing facilities at schools to improve children’s handwashing habits. • Development of standard procedures for maintaining WASH facilities at community health centres

• School’s health and hygiene promotion-related (known as UKS) activities in 49 elementary schools were supported by 98 trained ‘little doctors’. Water and sanitation committee members in 50 schools were also trained to oversee maintenance of WASH facilities at schools as well as hand hygiene practice and facilitate the involvement of all school residents in the programme. Key Results • New toilet facilities were built in nine schools and latrine renovation was completed at Achieved 41 schools. Twelve schools received both new and rehabilitated latrines. Post-activity monitoring (PAM) shows that the 8.2 per cent of students who previously practiced open defecation had totally ceased this behaviour. • After child-friendly handwashing facilities were built in 27 schools, PAM showed that 97.4 per cent of children now regularly wash their hands.

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• 50 schools and three healthcare facilities were given standard guidelines for maintaining WASH facilities, approved by the District Health Office, covering matters such as washing areas and clean water systems and latrines to prevent disease transmission. • Health centres also held workshops with local stakeholders to develop contingency plans to address risks of disaster.

• Training for WASH Committee in 50 schools: IDR 39,340,000 (USD 2,690) • Little doctors training in 50 schools: IDR 128,600,000 (USD 880) / 100 students. Cost • Reconstruction and rehabilitation of WASH facilities in 50 schools and 3 puskesmas: IDR 1.6 billion (USD 109,400) • Puskesmas SOP development IDR 10,580,000 (USD 723) • Printing of knowledge-management product: IDR 12 million (USD 820)

• Training facilitation Replicability/ up-scaling Skills • Project management • Communication

• Healthcare facilities staff • District health office Stake- • Provincial health office holders • Village chiefs • School management and students • Community / civil society

• The process of designing handwashing and toilet facilities should engage children and school stakeholders, both to understand their needs and ensure optimal usage. When designs were not fully comfortable, students demanded a renovation to adjust the newly built facilities which will increase the costs and delay the utilization. • Optimal involvement of the local government, especially the village chief and the community Lessons near schools, is necessary to ensure a sense of shared ownership of the programme. Learned • The availability of WASH facility SOP and WASH Committee is required to ensure the sustainability of WASH in school infrastructures • Contingency planning workshop activities at healthcare facilities should not only involve staff, district and provincial health officers and academics, but also need to engage villages and local communities since they play a vital role in disaster management.

Further WASH in schools and Health Care Facilities in Palu, Sigi, Donggala (Pasigala) Programme, readings and information 2020

• Fauzan Adhitia, WASH Cluster Coordinator UNICEF ([email protected]) Contact • Enrico Rahadi Djonoputro, WASH in Emergency Officer UNICEF ([email protected]) details • Andi Arno, Sigi District Education Office • dr. Rika F. Sakaruddin, Sigi District Health Office

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Twinning Programme: Horizontal Learning on Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) General topic area: Safely managed sanitation Locations: South Sulawesi (Palopo City, City, Pinrang)

Fecal sludge management (FSM) is an integral part of systems enabling safe and sustainable sanitation management. In Indonesia, on-site sanitation is the option normally used by communities; therefore, a well-managed FSM supported by well-capacitated institution with clear operation and procedures is essential. However, in the 24 districts of South Sulawesi, only seven cities/districts have fecal sludge treatment plant with low performance issues related with gaps on management capacity; budgeting; and operations and maintenance. The horizontal learning approach used in the ‘Twinning’ programme represented an effort to close these gaps. Twinning refers to a peer-to-peer or horizontal learning effort that was initially developed by Indonesia’s Settlement Wastewater Treatment Association (FORKALIM) to address and improve capacity of local governments on FSM. This programme uses a mentor-mentee approach guided by a well-defined and agreed timeframe. The ‘mentor’ is a city/district with expertise and capacity for innovation that could serve as a reference point for successful FSM. ‘Mentees’ are cities or districts that agree to participate in a capacity-building programme under the mentor to improve their knowledge and expertise for treating and managing domestic wastewater. The programme’s objective is to accelerate the dissemination of knowledge and experience Summary on governance and technology-related topic on FSM and increase mentees’ knowledge of the Approach and skill on the topic. Limited capacity among human resources is common to sanitation operators across the region, and it has been found that capacity improvement is most effective through peer-learning with fellow experienced operators. Thus, the twinning programme facilitates mentee districts to learn from more experienced mentor districts through an intense and highly focused learning programme. UNICEF’s role has been to pair sanitation operators with expertise and willingness to share it with sanitation operators seeking to improve their capacity and knowledge. After analysis, three cities/districts were selected in South Sulawesi Province (Palopo City, Parepare City and Pinrang). These three mentees were paired with mentor districts Gresik and Sidoarjo in East Java, based on similarity of needs and challenges faced. Specific topics were agreed based on diagnostic results. Palopo focused more on institutional improvement, while Parepare and Pinrang focused on improving operations and maintenance (O&M) of fecal sludge treatment plant which is essential to ensure that the sludge can be treated and safely disposed to the environment. Three or four rounds of learning visits were planned to mentor and mentee districts, respectively, with follow-up action plans to be developed over the course of six to eight months. Assistance and support were provided to the mentees to ensure substantial improvements in the short and medium-terms.

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• As of September 2020, the programme had resulted in significant improvement in faecal sludge management in the three mentee districts. • In Parepare, technical improvements were completed in the treatment plant (sludge receiver, aerobic/anaerobic chambers and Imhoff tank). Non-technical improvement was also made, such as developing standard O&M procedures. These improvements were stated in their action plan and followed up during a series of consultations with Sidoarjo mentor district. Another key result for medium-term follow-up is institutional Key Results reorganization, which requires multi-stakeholder agreement and high-level approval by Achieved the district. • In Pinrang District, significant technical and institutional improvements were made, (e.g., adding a rooftop to the chambers and refining O&M procedures, based on their action plan and consultations with Sidoarjo mentor district. • In Palopo, with a focus on the institutional improvement, a standalone sanitation operational body was formed under the District Public Works Office and approved by a mayoral decree. This is a major change that will affect planning and budgeting capacity and lead to improvements in manpower, O&M, and services.

It is expected that enhanced knowledge and capacity of mentees have prepared them to mentor other districts, at least within the province. The province could play the role of ‘knowledge broker’ for its districts and organize similar horizontal learning, since intra- province twinning replication is likely to be more cost-effective. Therefore, support at the provincial level is essential to ensuring that learning processes are accountable, institutional support can be provided and future follow-up and replication can take place.

• Multiple visits between six districts (mentors and mentees) in two provinces: IDR 585 million (USD 40,000) Cost • Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the actual cost was 40 per cent lower than the initial budget. Replicability/ • Intra-province twinning among districts could be more affordable. up-scaling • Provincial and district sanitation planning • Knowledge of management, operations and technology of domestic Skills wastewater treatment • Government planning and budgeting process • Mentoring skills

• Provincial Water and Environmental Sanitation (AMPL) Working Group Stake- • District AMPL Working Group holders • Private sector, for sanitation services • FORKALIM

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• Comprehensive improvement. Through mentoring, the three districts were able to identify the root challenges of FSM, which are interconnected and often complex. This highlighted the need for significant improvements, requiring comprehensive technical and non-technical support at all levels (i.e. facility to institutional arrangement level). In the end, the three districts had to include matters outside the initial focus of their action plans in order to make significant improvements. • Collaborative process. The degree of success in creating change differed in the three mentee districts, highlighting the importance of multisectoral collaboration, since many of the issues faced should be addressed by involving various offices in the district or support from the province. Lessons • Strong support from decisionmakers. In addition to greater collaboration, strong Learned support from senior decisionmakers in the districts (mayor/regent/local parliament) is also essential, as some fundamental improvements require budgeting consideration in upcoming annual government plans. • Cost effective and systematic cross-learning interventions for scaling-up. COVID-19 posed both challenges and opportunities related to a more affordable horizontal learning option which is relevant for replicability. As the interactions during the pandemic were conducted virtually, the Twinning provided a great example on how an effective learning still can be conducted through combination of in-persons and remote process. Thus, this experience created an innovative good practice that the program could be replicated beyond the pandemic situation in a cost effective manner.

Further Bermitra Mengelola Lumpur Tinja (Catatan Pembelajaran Twinning Program Pengelolaan readings and information Air Limbah Domestik di Sulawesi Selatan), Yayasan BaKTI, 2020

• Wildan Setiabudi, WASH Officer UNICEF ([email protected]) • Maraita Listyasari, WASH Specialist UNICEF ([email protected]) Contact • Prasetyo, Director for Sanitation, Ministry of Public Works and Housing details ([email protected]) • Asdar Muhammad, Bappelitbangda South Sulawesi ([email protected])

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