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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Guest Editors: Thomas L. Cherpes, Peter A. Rice, and Richard L. Sweet Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Guest Editors: Thomas L. Cherpes, Peter A. Rice, and Richard L. Sweet Copyright © 2011 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro- vided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Kevin Ault, USA Diane M. Harper, USA Patrick Ramsey, USA David Baker, USA Lu-Yu Hwang, USA R. S. Sauve, Canada Catalin S. Buhimschi, USA Grace John-Stewart, USA B. M. Sibai, USA Susan Cu-Uvin, USA Ronald F. Lamont, UK Elaine M. Smith, USA Charlene Dezzutti, USA Bryan Larsen, USA Gregory T. Spear, USA Gilbert Donders, Belgium Flor Munoz, USA Jorge E. Tolosa, USA Ann Duerr, USA Roberta B. Ness, USA Austin Ugwumadu, UK Michael G. Gravett, USA David Oelberg, USA Anna Wald, USA Ron Gray, USA Faustino R. Perez-L´ opez,´ Spain Leonard Weisman, USA Louise Hafner, Australia JanetS.Rader,USA Harold C. Wiesenfeld, USA Contents Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Thomas L. Cherpes, Peter A. Rice, and Richard L. Sweet Volume 2011, Article ID 714289, 1 page Mycoplasma genitalium: An Emerging Cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Catherine L. Haggerty and Brandie D. Taylor Volume 2011, Article ID 959816, 9 pages Treatment of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Richard L. Sweet Volume 2011, Article ID 561909, 13 pages Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Control Programs: Lessons Learned and Implications for Vaccine Development, Jean M. Chavez, Rodolfo D. Vicetti Miguel, and Thomas L. Cherpes Volume 2011, Article ID 754060, 5 pages Detection of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Development of an Automated Case-Finding Algorithm Using Administrative Data, Catherine L. Satterwhite, Onchee Yu, Marsha A. Raebel, Stuart Berman, Penelope P. Howards, Hillard Weinstock, David Kleinbaum, and Delia Scholes Volume 2011, Article ID 428351, 7 pages TheRoleofChlamydia trachomatis Polymorphic Membrane Proteins in Inflammation and Sequelae among Women with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Brandie D. Taylor, Toni Darville, Chun Tan, Patrik M. Bavoil, Roberta B. Ness, and Catherine L. Haggerty Volume 2011, Article ID 989762, 8 pages Antichlamydial Antibodies, Human Fertility, and Pregnancy Wastage, Amanda J. Stephens, Mira Aubuchon, and Danny J. Schust Volume 2011, Article ID 525182, 9 pages Endometrial Histopathology in Patients with Laparoscopic Proven Salpingitis and HIV-1 Infection, Nelly R. Mugo, Julia Kiehlbauch, Nancy Kiviat, Rosemary Nguti, Joseph W. Gichuhi, Walter E. Stamm, and Craig R. Cohen Volume 2011, Article ID 407057, 6 pages Abdominal-Pelvic Actinomycosis Mimicking Malignant Neoplasm, Teresa Pusiol, Doriana Morichetti, Corrado Pedrazzani, and Francesco Ricci Volume 2011, Article ID 747059, 4 pages Nonhuman Primate Models Used to Study Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Jason D. Bell, Ingrid L. Bergin, Kelsey Schmidt, Melissa K. Zochowski, David M. Aronoff, and Dorothy L. Patton Volume 2011, Article ID 675360, 7 pages A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Oluwatosin Jaiyeoba and David E. Soper Volume 2011, Article ID 753037, 6 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 2011, Article ID 714289, 1 page doi:10.1155/2011/714289 Editorial Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Thomas L. Cherpes,1 Peter A. Rice,2 and Richard L. Sweet3 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA 2 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Thomas L. Cherpes, [email protected] Received 15 December 2011; Accepted 15 December 2011 Copyright © 2011 Thomas L. Cherpes et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory pro- PID pathogenesis, while the third explores a possible associa- cess elicited by the migration of pathogenic microorganisms tion between C. trachomatis-specific humoral immunity and from the lower to upper genital tract. Although PID is known genital tract inflammation. The fourth PID pathogenesis- to increase the risk of tubal factor infertility, many other focused paper is a case report that reminds readers of the link aspects of this disease remain less well defined. For example, between Actinomyces israelii and this disease among women while PID is often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or using intrauterine devices, while the fifth reviews evidence Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, frequently, neither of these supporting Mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of PID. bacterial pathogens is isolated from the upper genital tract The five remaining papers in this issue address PID diag- of women with PID. This etiologic ambiguity also creates nosis and treatment. The first diagnosis-related paper defines uncertainty regarding the decision to include antibiotics a practical approach for the identification of women with effective against genital mycoplasmas and anaerobic vaginal PID, while the second tests an algorithm for PID case iden- flora in PID treatment. Moreover, since clinical signs and tification in epidemiological research using administrative laboratory measurements do not precisely identify all PID diagnostic codes rather than the more unwieldy medical cases, and as the accuracy with which imaging modalities record review. The third describes an investigation among a identify upper genital tract inflammation is not firmly cohort of women with high prevalence of HIV-1 that found established, PID remains a diagnostic challenge. It is clear, that the conventional markers of histologic endometritis however, that better understanding of disease pathogenesis, (i.e., neutrophils and plasma cells) are, at least in this pop- diagnosis, and treatment is needed to improve the care ulation, unreliable surrogate markers for laparoscopically provided women with PID, and this issue of Infectious confirmed salpingitis. The fourth paper reviewed existing Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology was constructed to literature regarding serologic diagnosis of C. trachomatis deliver specific focus on these topics. infection in order to construct an algorithm for chlamydial Three papers in this issue examine the role of C. tra- serologic antibody testing in clinical work-up of the infertile chomatis in PID pathogenesis. The first examines findings couple. We close this issue with a comprehensive review from C. trachomatis infection control programs that have of the antimicrobial therapies currently available for PID altered our understanding of the host immune response to treatment. chlamydial infection, and considers implications of these findings for prophylactic vaccine development. The second Thomas L. Cherpes paper concisely reviews how non-human primate models of Peter A. Rice chlamydia infection have improved our understanding of Richard L. Sweet Hindawi Publishing Corporation Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 2011, Article ID 959816, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2011/959816 Review Article Mycoplasma genitalium:AnEmergingCauseof Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Catherine L. Haggerty1 and Brandie D. Taylor2 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 2 Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Catherine L. Haggerty, [email protected] Received 14 June 2011; Revised 10 September 2011; Accepted 13 September 2011 Academic Editor: Thomas Cherpes Copyright © 2011 C. L. Haggerty and B. D. Taylor. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted pathogen that is increasingly identified among women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Although Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae frequently cause PID, up to 70% of cases have an unidentified etiology. This paper summarizes evidence linking M. genitalium to PID and its long-term reproductive sequelae. Several PCR studies have demonstrated that M. genitalium is associated with PID, independent of gonococcal and chlamydial infection. Most have been cross-sectional, although one prospective investigation suggested that M. genitalium was associated with over a thirteenfold risk of endometritis. Further, a nested case-control posttermination study demonstrated a sixfold increased risk of PID among M. genitalium positive patients. Whether or not M. genitalium upper genital tract infection results in long- term reproductive morbidity is unclear, although tubal factor infertility patients have been found to have elevated M. genitalium antibodies. Several lines of evidence suggest that M. genitalium is likely resistant to many frequently used PID treatment regimens.
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