Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 7: Phonological shifts, 1

Phonological shifts

The causes and even the details of the Great English Shift still remain unclear. In fact, the causes of phonological shift in general are not well understood. A possible motivation in some cases appears to involve the phonemic system itself, where the notion of phonological space plays a role. As in the case of ease of articulation, phonological space is difficult to define precisely. For our purposes and focusing on only, we can consider the vowel quadrangle (a schematicization of the oral cavity) as the phonological space that vowels must occupy. Although the vowel systems of can be arranged in various ways (see Chapter 8), there is a tendency for languages to maximize the use of space in the quadrangle. Accordingly, if a has only three vowels, they will likely be [i], [a], and [o] or [u], not (for example) [i], [e], [ɛ]. Similarly, if a language has five vowels, they will be distributed throughout the phonological space typically as [i], [e], [a], [o], [u] rather than [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [a] for example (see Figure 1).

Languages with seven (or more) vowels (e.g. English at the starting point of the Great English Vowel Shift) often undergo diphthongization. This can be seen as a - reaction to the overcrowding of the phonological space, since the effect of the - diphthongization of a pair of vowels is to reduce a seven-vowel system to a five-vowel system. (Think of the two as not infringing on the space of the simple vowels.) Overcrowding appears to have resulted in diphthongization in many languages, including Old High German and Spanish (see Table 1). The diphthongization in these two languages differs from that of the Great English Vowel Shift in two ways. The mid vowels and not the high vowels are affected and different sets of diphthongs result. Nevertheless, in terms of phonological space, all these cases of diphthongization achieve the same result: namely, a reduction of the overcrowded seven-vowel system. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 7: Phonological shifts, 2

Although the Great English Vowel Shift was complicated by other developments, diphthongization resulting from overcrowding appears to have been a contributing factor.

Sound change and rule ordering

In describing language change, it is often crucial to identify the relative chronology, or times at which different changes have occurred. Three important changes in the history of English can be given as the following (somewhat simplified) rules in Figure 2.

These changes have played an important role in the evolution of English plural forms such as hooves (versus hoof) and wolves (versus wolf). Of the possible orderings of these three rules, only one will derive the contemporary pronunciation from the earlier (Old English) phonemic form. Two of the possible orderings are given in Table 2. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 7: Phonological shifts, 3

If we assume hypothesis A with the ordering voicing, , and , we can account for the [vz] in the modern pronunciation of a word such as wolves. By contrast, the ordering proposed in hypothesis B would not account for the present pronunciation.