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Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues societies Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues Edited by Naomi Farber Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Societies www.mdpi.com/journal/societies Naomi Farber (Ed.) Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues This book is a reprint of the Special Issue that appeared in the online, open access journal, Societies (ISSN 2075-4698) from 2015–2016, available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/societies/special_issues/adolescent-pregnancy Guest Editor Naomi Farber College of Social Work University of South Carolina USA Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Managing Editor Wei Zhang 1. Edition 2016 MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade ISBN 978-3-03842-294-5 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-295-2 (electronic) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2016 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ V About the Guest Editor................................................................................................... VII Preface to “Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues” ......................................................................................................................... IX Naomi Farber Special Issue: Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues Reprinted from: Societies 2016, 6(4), 32 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/6/4/32 .......................................................................... 1 Jennifer Manlove, Quentin Karpilow, Kate Welti and Adam Thomas Linking Changes in Contraceptive Use to Declines in Teen Pregnancy Rates Reprinted from: Societies 2016, 6(1), 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/6/1/1 ............................................................................ 8 Saul D. Hoffman Teen Childbearing and Economics: A Short History of a 25-Year Research Love Affair Reprinted from: Societies 2015, 5(3), 646–663 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/5/3/646 ...................................................................... 27 Frank Furstenberg Reconsidering Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood Reprinted from: Societies 2016, 6(4), 33 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/6/4/33 ........................................................................ 48 Anne Martin and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Has Adolescent Childbearing Been Eclipsed by Nonmarital Childbearing? Reprinted from: Societies 2015, 5(4), 734–743 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/5/4/734 ...................................................................... 59 III Jacqueline Corcoran Teenage Pregnancy and Mental Health Reprinted from: Societies 2016, 6(3), 21 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/6/3/21 ........................................................................ 69 Huong Nguyen, Chengshi Shiu and Naomi Farber Prevalence and Factors Associated with Teen Pregnancy in Vietnam: Results from Two National Surveys Reprinted from: Societies 2016, 6(2), 17 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/6/2/17 ........................................................................ 82 Martha J. Decker, Nancy F. Berglas and Claire D. Brindis A Call to Action: Developing and Strengthening New Strategies to Promote Adolescent Sexual Health Reprinted from: Societies 2015, 5(4), 686–712 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/5/4/686 .................................................................... 104 Susan Philliber Evaluating Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs: Decades of Evolving Strategies and Practices Reprinted from: Societies 2015, 5(3), 631–645 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/5/3/631 .................................................................... 135 Elaine M. Walker Predicting Youths’ Adherence to Treatment and Retention in Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Interventions Reprinted from: Societies 2016, 6(2), 9 http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/6/2/9 ........................................................................ 153 IV List of Contributors Nancy F. Berglas Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies and Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0936, USA. Claire D. Brindis Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies and Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, and National Adolescent and Young Adult Health National Resource Center, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0503, USA. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn National Center for Children and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W. 120th Street, Box 39, New York, NY 10027, USA. Jacqueline Corcoran Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. Martha J. Decker Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies and Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0936, USA. Naomi Farber College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Frank Furstenberg Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Saul D. Hoffman Department of Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Quentin Karpilow Reproductive Health & Family Formation, Child Trends, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. Jennifer Manlove Reproductive Health & Family Formation, Child Trends, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. Anne Martin National Center for Children and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W. 120th Street, Box 39, New York, NY 10027, USA. Huong Nguyen College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 902 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Susan Philliber Philliber Research and Evaluation, Accord, NY 12404, USA. Chengshi Shiu School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. V Adam Thomas Reproductive Health & Family Formation, Child Trends, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA ;McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Elaine M. Walker Department of Education Leadership, Management & Policy, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA. Kate Welti Reproductive Health & Family Formation, Child Trends, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. VI About the Guest Editor Naomi Farber, Ph.D., M.S.W., is an Associate Professor and M.S.W. Program Coordinator at the University of South Carolina College of Social Work. Her research interests include issues of family formation and well-being in the context of both urban and rural poverty, with a particular focus on prevention of adolescent pregnancy, services to adolescent parents, high-risk sexual behavior, and HIV/STI prevention among low-income adolescents; life trajectories of vulnerable single mothers; and barriers to and supports for upward mobility among low-income youth. She is the author of Adolescent Pregnancy: Policy and Prevention Services, a resource integrating cross-disciplinary research and theory to inform practitioners in a range of service professions. VII Preface to “Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues” This Special Issue of Societies provides a timely forum for leading scholars to examine theoretical insights and empirical findings associated with the recent decline in adolescent pregnancy and childbearing internationally, with special attention given to the United States. This recent shift in the incidence of adolescent fertility is notable in its consistency and magnitude; at the same time, however, continuing historic disparities require focused attention on the contemporary meaning of early childbearing in the U.S. as well as across the globe. The papers included here contribute to interdisciplinary literature, focusing on demographic trends in adolescent fertility; successful intervention approaches and major “lessons learned” regarding primary pregnancy prevention; identification of key theoretical issues associated with these trends, with particular focus on the existence and meaning of disparities and their implications for youth development and wellbeing. Naomi Farber Guest Editor IX Special Issue: Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues Naomi Farber Reprinted from Societies. Cite as: Farber, N. Special Issue: Adolescent Pregnancy: Past, Present and Future Trends and Issues. Societies 2016, 6, 32. The dramatic overall decrease in rates of pregnancies and births to American teenagers over the last few decades should be counted among contemporary success stories in systematic efforts to reduce bio-psychosocial risks to youth. Since the modern peak in 1991, fertility among all major racial and ethnic groups of teens has, with a few brief reversals, steadily and sharply declined: births by about 64% and pregnancies 55% [1]. Though the rate of births to teens remains among the highest in developed nations, approaching twice that of the next-highest, the U.K., the consistency of the trends suggests that the modern
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