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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form NFS Form 10-900-b / X 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing__________________________________________ Historic and Archeological Resources Associated with the Little Rock Campaign of 1863 B. Associated Historic Contexts____________________________________________ Troop Movements and Strategies in the Little Rock Campaign of 1863__________ C. Geographical Data State of Arkansas LJ See continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date Arkansas Historic Preservation State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple propdrw documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis fw evaluating re/alejfi properties for lisftma in the National Register. ture of the Keeper of the National Register Date E. Statement of Historic Contexts Discuss each historic context listed in Section B. See continuation sheet F. Associated Property Types I. Name of Property Type II. Description III. Significance IV. Registration Requirements See continuation sheet I I See continuation sheet for additional property types G. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing. See continuation sheet H. Major Bibliographical References LxJ See continuation sheet Primary location of additional documentation: State historic preservation office I I Local government B Other State agency I I University I I Federal agency I I Other Specify repository: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program I. Form Prepared By name/title Mark Christ / Community Outreach Director organization Arkansas Historic Preservation Program_____ date November 13 y 2002________ street & number 1500 Tnwer Building, 323 Ont^r Street telephone (501) 324-9886_______ city or town Little TRock________._________________ state Arkansas_____ zip code 72201 NFS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section _E__ Page _1__ Historic and Archeological Resources of the Little Rock Campaign of 1863 Multiple-Property Submission Background On July 4, 1863, two events occurred that had a direct influence on the ultimate fate of the capital of Arkansas. In Vicksburg, Mississippi, the Confederate defenders of that beleaguered fortress surrendered to Union forces under General U.S. Grant, opening the Mississippi River to unrrammeled Federal River traffic. At Helena, Arkansas, Confederate forces under Lt. Gen. Theophilus Holmes attacked the strongly entrenched federal garrison there, suffering serious losses.1 This latter attack decimated Confederate forces in Arkansas, while the former event freed thousands of Union troops for use elsewhere. A little more than two months after the fall of Vicksburg, Federal soldiers occupied Little Rock. Origins of the Little Rock Campaign The chain of events that resulted in the Little Rock Campaign began with the capture of a Rebel lieutenant in Missouri in early July 1863 who reported an impending invasion of Missouri by nineteen thousand troops under Maj. Gen. Sterling Price. Brig. Gen. John Wynn Davidson, commanding Union cavalry in eastern Missouri, took the bait, reporting to Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield that "Price crossed from Jacksonport to Crowley's Ridge, by a good road, 40 miles,"2 with the intent to attack Davidson's division at Bloomfield, Missouri. Schofield duly reported this phantom movement to General in Chief Henry W. Halleck, who saw an opportunity to crush the troublesome Price and his Confederate army. In a terse note to Maj. Gen. Benjamin Prentiss in Helena, Halleck reported Price's northern movement and ordered that "all available forces should immediately move on his rear so as to cut off his retreat. The forces 1 On July 4, Lt. Gen. Theophilus Holmes had mounted a four-pronged attack on well-entrenched Union positions in that Mississippi River port. Holmes had issued vague orders for complicated coordinated attacks on the series of Union hilltop fortifications at Helena (Battery A, NR 8-18-92; Battery B, NR 8-18-92; Battery C, NR 12-1-78; Battery D, NR 9-17-74). From the attacking Confederate force of 7,646, 173 were killed, 687 wounded, and 776 missing or captured- a total loss of 1,636 or some 20 percent of the men involved decimating some of Holmes's best infantry regiments. Conversely, Prentiss's defending force of about 4,000 effective troops lost only 57 killed, 146 wounded, and 36 missing, or 239 total casualties. The mauled Rebels slunk away from Helena by mid-morning. Thomas A. DeBlack, "1863: 'We Must Stand or Fall Alone,'" in Rugged and Sublime: The Civil War in Arkansas, ed. Mark K. Christ (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 1994, 78-84. 2 Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1959), 322. NFS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section _E_ Page __2__ in Missouri will prevent his penetrating very far into that State and, if he is cut off in his rear, his forces must disperse or surrender."3 Far from considering an invasion of Missouri, Holmes's army was in sad shape in the wake of the Helena fiasco. A visiting officer reported that "a great number of desertions ... have occurred and are daily taking place, particularly in the case of Pagan's and McRae's brigades," two units composed primarily of Arkansians who had taken some of the heaviest casualties at Helena.4 Coupled with the disastrous losses at Helena, the Transmississippi Rebels were stunned, too, by the news of the Confederate defeats at Vicksburg (the relief of which was the reason for the assault on Helena); Port Hudson, Louisiana; and Gettysburg. Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, overall commander of the region's Southern troops, succinctly summed up the strategic situation in a letter to the Confederate governors of the Transmississippi states: "Vicksburg has fallen. The enemy posses[es] the key to this department."5 Davidson's Advance Down Crowley's Ridge Despite their knowledge of the hammering the Rebs had taken at Helena, the Yankees took the threatened invasion of Missouri extremely seriously. "Price, I believe, is on the Ridge [Crowley's Ridge, a towering loess ridge running from the Missouri bootheel to Helena]," Davidson wrote Schofield on July 15. "If you will give me some infantry I will be glad to go down on the Ridge or on Batesville."6 Schofield, however, urged prudence, responding that any infantry would come from the now idle captors of Vicksburg, who would have to travel via the White or Arkansas rivers to threaten the Confederate host:. "The most you can do at present is to be ready to move in concert with them."7 Davidson told his commander that his supply train was loading "with all haste" and "the division will leave Bloomfield on the 17th and . will make good time."8 The Union 3 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. In 128 books and index (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1890-1901) Ser. I, 22, pt. 2: 376, in The Civil War CD-ROM [CD-ROM] (Carmel, IN: Guild Press of Indiana, 1996), (hereafter referred to as OR; all references to Ser. 1), 4 Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 153. 5 OR, 935 6 Ibid., 376. 7 Ibid. 377. 8 Ibid. NFS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section _E__ Page _3__ buildup was sufficient to lead Col. S.G. Kitchen of the Tenth Missouri Cavalry (C.S.) to bring most of his forces back to Gainesville, Arkansas, observing that "they are looking for Price to come into Missouri."9 Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant, with his characteristic overview of the region's strategic situation, pledged to immediately send a division of troops now idle at Vicksburg to Helena to release that stronghold's garrison to pursue Price, but bluntly told Maj. Gen. Stephen Hurlbut in Memphis that "I cannot believe any portion of your command is in any danger from anything more than a cavalry raid."10 Grant requested Frederick Steele, then under William Tecumseh Sherman's command, to lead operations in Arkansas. Steele, a West Point classmate of Grant's, was no stranger to the Transmississippi, having commanded troops at Wilson's Creek, Pea Ridge, and Arkansas Post.11 The Union invasion of Arkansas began on July 19 when a reconnaissance force of fifty Missouri horsemen swam the St. Francis River at Chalk Bluff. The Yankee cavalrymen captured a pair of Rebels and occupied the high ground at Chalk Bluff as Col. Lewis Merrill's First Brigade of Davidson's First Cavalry Division laid a pontoon bridge for the remaining troopers to cross over.
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