The Loggerhead in Florida: The Evidence Revisited

P. William Smith PO. Box 1992 OceanShores, Washington 98569 ([email protected]) Glen E. Woolfenden ArchboldBiological Station Venus,Florida 33960 (gwoolfenden@archbold-stat[on.org) AlexanderSprunt IV 102 lqohawkStreet Tavern•er,Florida 33070

ABSTRACT LoggerheadKingbird, the illustration was merely a linedrawing of a ' theheLoggerheadWest Indies, Kingbirdhas been reported (Tyrannus in caudifasciatus),Floridaon at leastendemicsix occa- to 's head. sions,with threesupported by archivedphotographs. These reports The report evidentlywas submittedas a LoggerheadKingbird formthe basis for thespecies' inclusion on thelists of birdsknown to bothfor the Christmas Bird Count itself (Sprunt 1972) and to Henry occurin North Americanorth of Mexico.However, after reviewing Stevenson,that season'sRegional Editor for AmericanBirds. Two all the evidence we could locate, we concluded that none of the photographs(TTRS P25 and P26),both appearing to be differently recordsclaimed can be verifiedind, ependently as definitely pertain- magnifiedenlargements cropped from one of thosetaken by Sprunt lng to a LoggerheadKingbird. Depending upon the evidenceavail- 31 December1971 (now TTRS P708, Fig. 1), werearchived at Tall able, the (T. cubensis),endemic to , Gray TimbersResearch Station, where Stevenson kept an office.At least •ngblrd (T. dominicensis),or Eastern Kingbird (T. tyrannus)appear onephoto of the bird was sent to James Bond at the Academy of to be amonglikely alternatives. We suggest,therefore, that the NaturalSciences, Philadelphia. Bond must have conveyed his opin- LoggerheadKingbird be removed from formal lists of birdsrecorded ion about it both to Stevensonand to others;he alsoexpressed it from North America north of Mexico. directlyin print severalyears later without details(Bond 1978:3). INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Bondclearly considered the photo(s)he sawto pertainto a Giant During the Upper Florida Keys ChristmasBird Count on 29 Kingbird(T. cubensis),a Cuban endemic even less well-known than December1971, FrancesHames and Mary Crane (both now the Loggerheadand also rather poorly illustrated in Bond(1971). deceased)observed an unexpectedkingbird in Islamorada,"first Bond'sopinion apparentlywas not well-receivedby some taken to be an EasternKingbird" (Tyrannus tyrannus; Stevenson observerswho sawthe bird andwho agreedwith the identification 1972),among a winteringflock of WesternKingbirds (T. verticalis) thenwidely held by Florida birders. Edscorn (1972) wrote, for exam- and Scissor-tailedFlycatchers (T. forficatus).Two dayslater, the ple, "Somequestion has arisenthat the [first-everLoggerhead count'scompiler (Sprunt) took a seriesof colorphotos of thisbird. Kingbird]was a GiantKingbird (Cuban) based on photos. .. but Althoughno longerrecalling details, Sprunt may have suggested its those of us who saw the bird have no doubt." Stevenson(1972) identificationas a LoggerheadKingbird (T. caudifasciatus),a wide- referredto the bird as"Tyrannus dubius" [sic], however, and after spreadGreater Antillean never before reported in theUnited summarizingthe controversy,concluded that "neitherof thesetwo States,with which he had some limited prior field experience (Sprunt potentiallynew species for Floridacan claim an unequivocal place on 1972)We knowof no contemporarywritten field notes or analysis. the state list." At that time, photographsof endemicWest Indian birdswere not The followingwinter, presumablythe same bird reportedly widely available;the principalillustrations were thosein Bond returnedto Islamorada.The timing and durationof its secondstay (1971),many of whichwere simplified, even misleading. For the werenot publishedand a statementthat it wasphotographed again

NORTHAMERICAN 54 235-Z40• ZOO0 , reached the hands of active North Americanfield birders.Because of the uncertaintysurrounding previousevents, primarily in the 1970s,that led to the Loggerhead Kingbird'saddition to the state and national avifaunas,we believedit appropriateto reviewcarefully some of the original photosin the contextof modernknowledge about that species andto publishour results. THE LOGGERHEAD KINGBIRD

Greater Antilles, east to , west to Cuba and the CaymanIslands, and north to the northern BahamaIslands east of thesouthern end of theFlorida peninsula. Historically, because of inter-islandvariation, each population was considered a sepa- rate species.During the 19th centurythe group,then generally known in Englishas petcharies, was usually placed in the genus Pitangus(now restricted to kiskadees)because of similarityin size and structure.Ridgway (1905) createda genusTolmarchus for Figure1. Kingbirdphotographed at Islamorada,Florida, 31 December them, mostlybecause of differencesin colorationand a broader, 1971(TTRS P708). This photograph and others were the primarybasis moredepressed bill structure.He did not considerthem members for inclusionof loggerheadKingbird on the UnitedStates list, and of Tyrannus() primarily because of their bill structure later on the Floridalist, despite the fact that JamesBond believed it and becausetheir primariesare shortand roundedcompared to a GiantKingbird. Photograph by Alexander Sprunt IV. kingbirds'relatively long, attenuated primaries (Ridgway 1907). Combiningall the petchariesinto a singlepolytypic species by Sprunt(Woolfenden 1973) is untrue.Further details pertaining to was done with one simpleelegant sentence by Hellmayr (1927): thislater appearance seem unavailable. By now it had become"The "Accordingto my conceptionof specificunits, the representativesof LoggerheadKingbird" (italics ours), althoughWoolfenden (1973) Tolmarchuson the variousislands should be classedas subspecies, referredreaders back to the controversymentioned by Stevenson their charactersbeing only differencesof degreein size and col- (1972). No furtherclaims of thisspecies were made before the American BirdingAssociation published its first checklist(ABA 1975a).That list failedto includeeither the Loggerheador the Giant Kingbird. Perhapsspurred by commentsfrom Floridians,the ABA did place the LoggerheadKingbird on its first checklistsupplement (ABA 1975b).Guy McCaskie, a memberof theABA ChecklistCommittee at that time, recalls(in litt.) no discussionof the merits of the addi- tionof thatspecies to thelist or anyreview of thephotos by the com- mittee. With the LoggerheadKingbird established in the lore of Florida and Americanbirding, there sooncame subsequent reports. Two later observationsare supportedby photographsthat are still archived: Miami 7-14 March 1976 (Stevenson 1976, TTRS Pl13 [Fig. 2] and Pl14), and lslamorada25 November-17December 1976(Edscorn 1977, Stevenson 1977, TTRS P136).The two photos of the Miami bird werestated (Stevenson 1976, paraphrased) to be clear enough to allow removal of LoggerheadKingbird from Florida'shypothetical list, an unofficialcompilation that Stevenson apparentlymaintained. Additional daims were made in lateryears. At leastone, "in the opinionof the observers,definitely not a Gray Kingbird (T. dominicends);was reportedlyphotographed (Kale 1977).The photosof the 1977bird, apparently now lost, were stated by Kale(1977, paraphrased) "to illustratethe difficultyin determi- nation... [for] it isnot possibleto easilyseparate [Loggerhead from Gray] in the field."None of the birdsphotographed in the 1970s apparentlywere described by written details.Of the handfulof later sightingsthat reachedprint, none apparentlywere photographed Figure2. Kingbirdphotographed at Miami,Florida, 8 March1976 and only one wassubmitted to the FloridaOrnithological Society (TTRSPl13), saidby Stevenson(1976), without stating a reason, RecordsCommittee. That reportwas not accepted. to furnishevidence for removingloggerhead Kingbird from EasternKingbird, Gray Kingbird,Loggerhead Kingbird, Giant Florida's(unofficial) hypothetical list. That statement may have Kingbird:confusion seems to havereigned during the periodbefore reflectedmisunderstanding of its field characters.Photograph by good quality photos of some West Indian species,particularly W. J. Bolte.

236 NORTH AIdERICAN BIRDS oration." Bond (1936) supportedthis treatment but called the species "LoggerheadFlycatcher" (as did some others of the era, including Barbour 1923), assertingthat the name 'petchary' was an onomatopoeticrendering of Gray Kingbird calls. After laying the ground- work in a footnote by assertingthat Tolmarchus resembledTyrannus more than Pitangus(Bond 1950: 97), Tolmarchuswas com- bined into Tyrannusby Bond (1956:105). Figure3. LoggerheadKingbird (jamaicensis), St. JamesParish, , mid-February 1991. This figure, Presumablythis union was togetherwith Figs.4 and 5, illustratemost of the majorfield marksof the LoggerheadKingbird from the based on his philosophy westernpart of its range(Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Caymans): Long bill not especiallydeep; short round- (e.g., Bond 1971:13)that ed primaries;squarish head often showinga smallposterior crest; variably blackish cap and napecon- taxonomyand nomencla- trastingwith grayishback; prominently whitish-edged wing coverts;whitish tail outline(most prominent ture should emphasize on undersideof tip);Myiarchus-like "jizz". Photograph by M. C Wheeler. similarities between birds rather than differences. LaterBond (1958:7) claimed support for histreatment of Tolmarchus membersof strict Tyrannus(sensu Ridgway 1907). Most people from an obscureearlier paper by a Germantaxonomist. Thus the familiarwith Loggerheadsin the fielddo not considerthem partic- Petchary,or LoggerheadFlycatcher, became the LoggerheadKingbird ularly kingbird-like.The bill is long but not deep (cf. Figs.4, 5), in Bond'ssubsequently published works (e.g., Bond 1971 ). aboutthree times longer from the nostrilsto the tip thanits depth at To avoidpossible confusion in the followingdiscussion, we shall the nostrils.Kingbirds' bills, on the otherhand, are relatively short- simply use the English name 'Loggerhead'for the Loggerhead er and deeper,giving them a morewedge-shaped appearance when Kingbird(sensu Bond 1971)and shallrestrict the word'kingbird' to viewedlaterally. The square-lookinghead shape with a slightposte- rior crest(cf. Figs. 3, 4) is a typicalfield char- acterfor Loggerheads;in the Cubancountry- • sidethey are evenknown as "pitirre me•udo (crestedkingbird)" (E RegaladoRuiz pets. comm.). However,individuals may mostly collapsetheir crests,as in Figs.5 and 6. The relativelyshort length and roundedshape of the Loggerheads'primaries (cf. Figs.3, 5) in all populationsdiffers from the longer,more pointed wing shapeof kingbirdsand con- • trastswith a relativelylonger tail compared to mostkingbirds. Kingbirds' primaries also are mostlynotched. The plumage of Loggerheadsvaries betweenpopulations and thereforeis difficult to characterize. The Cuban and Bahamian populationsare thosemost likely to occurin Florida (Robertson and Kushlan 1984). All populationsshow a generaluniformity in the dark colorof the cap and nape,contrasting with the palercolor of the back.The main- landCuban caudifasciatus (Fig. 4) hasa black cap/nape contrastingwith a gray back, whereasthe Bahamian bahamensis(Fig. 5) usuallyshows a dark ashy-browncap/nape contrastingwith a more olive gray-brown back.Cuban Loggerheads usually are entirely snowy white below (Fig. 4), whereas Figure4. LoggerheadKingbird (caudifasciatus), Cayo Coco, Cuba, 25 April 1999. BahamianLoggerheads usually are yellow- Photographby J. Bangma.

VOLUME54 (ZOO0), NUMBER3 237 rather than whitish tips to the wing ? covertsand lacking most white in the tail, particularlyon the undersideof the tip (Fig. 6). Overall, these populations (gabbii and taylori) are browner above comparedto any of the others.They also have relatively shorter tails than the otherpopulations. Behaviorally,Loggerheads tend to be shy and sluggish,although some popula- tions, notably the Jamaican, may be more active and seem more visible. Pedro RegaladoRuiz, who has studied them in Cuba (pers. comm.), has found that Cuban Loggerheadstypically hunt from woodland interior perches well below the canopy, where they often Figure5. LoggerheadKingbird (bahamensis), Abaco, Bahamas, 12 March1999. gleaninsects rather than hawk for them. Photographby L. Manfredi. Smith,who hasseen representatives of six of the sevennamed populations,usually has observed them within a few meters of vented(Fig. 5), but thesecharacters vary amongindividuals and the ground,often appearingand behavingmore like a Myiarchus with age and season.Both populationshave considerable whitish than a Tyrannus. edgingon the wing covertsand mostflight feathers(cf. Figs.4, 5). The Giant Kingbird(Fig. 7), now confinedto Cubaand consid- Mosttail feathers,especially including the outer,and the tipsof the eredrare even as long ago as the 1920s(Barbour 1923), is quitesim- tail particularlyon the underside,also are white (• Figs.3, 5). The ilar in plumageto the CubanLoggerhead (distinctions are beyond Jamaicanjamaicensis (Fig. 3), the GrandCayman caymanensis, and the scopeof thispaper). Otherwise it is mostlylike otherkingbirds the Isleof Youthfiavescens generally fall betweenthe Bahamianand in proportions,except for itsvery large bill andrelatively shorter tail. Cubanpopulations in overallappearance. TheGiant Kingbird now is officiallyclassified as endangered (Collar The populationsgabbii of Hispaniolaand tayloriof PuertoRico et al. 1994).In the 19thcentury it wascollected several times in the differ from the more westernpopulations in havingmainly rusty southernBahamas (Great lnagua and CaicosIslands; Buden 1987).

Figure6. LoggerheadKingbird (taylon•, œiales, Puerto Rico, May 1997.This photo shows that LoggerheadKingbirds from the eastern part of their range(Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) are browneroverall, with muchless white on the wingsand tail, comparedto other pop- ulations.Photo9raph by t. Miranda.

Z38 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Io, gerheadkingbird

species'appearance. Such a misunderstand- ing may have reflected the inadequate descriptionsand illustrationsthen generally available(e.g., cf. Bond 1971).Photographs of the late autumn 1976 bird at Islamorada, both the one archived (TTRS P136) and oth- ers we wereprivileged to see,do not clearly showany plumage or structuralcharacters of a Loggerhead.No photoof this bird that we sawis sodear andwell-posed as to encourage us even to speculateabout what the bird mighthave been. We also reviewed field notes made avail- able to us for two other Florida individuals identifiedas or thoughtto be Loggerheads(in additionto the archivedphotographs). The first, at HypoluxoIsland, Palm BeachCo., 5 October 1984 (Atherton and Atherton 1985), wasreviewed by the FloridaOrnithological •" SocietyRecords Committee (FOSRC 85-073) but wasnot accepted(Dowling 1988).We see no reasonfor this reportto be reconsidered, Figure7. GiantKingbird, Area Protegida 'øLa Belin," Cuba, 17 February1999. This for the descriptionsfail to describeany char- imagedemonstrates the overallLoggerhead-like pattern of thisspecies and its notice- actersthat webelieve are truly distinguishing ablywedge-shaped bill. From video by G.Mackiernan. of Loggerheads.The second,a bird at Bill BaggsCape Florida State RecreationArea, Miami-Dade Co., 11-12 September 1990 An old recordfrom Isla Mujeresoff the coastof Yucat•n,Mexico (hithertounpublished), was sketchedin the field by one of the (Salvin1889), has been questioned (AOU 1998)although probably observers(M. C. Wheeler)but wasonly described very simply from withouta soundbasis (Smith 2001). Whether such outlying records fairlybrief sightings. The sketch and other field notes do suggestthe reflecta widerformer breeding range or non-breedingdispersal is plumagecharacters of someLoggerheads (e.g., Cuban), but theyare unknown.Because all outlyingspecimens were collectedduring not sufficientlydetailed to rule out Giant or possiblyother king- winter (Salvin1889, Buden 1987), the latterinterpretation may be birds.The observerswithheld publication for that reason(M. C. morelikely. Wheelerpets. comm.) and we seeno basisfor pursuingthis report DATA REVIEW further. Other reports cited or alluded to by Robertsonand In reviewingthe availablephotos from Florida, it wasapparent that Woolfenden (1992) or Stevensonand Anderson (1994) have no none of the birds photographedwere dearly and unequivocally existingsupporting details of whichwe areaware. Loggerheads.Photographs of the Islamoradabird, taken in 1971by CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Sprunt(e.g., Fig. 1 ), showa bird with plumageseemingly not unlike The photographsof the bird at Islamoradasecured 31 December that of a CubanLoggerhead but apparentlywithout its structure. 1971,those previously archived (TTRS P25 and P26), plus the orig- Fromthe roundedhead and its relatively short, wedge-shaped bill it inalsall takenby Sprunt on thatdate (now TTRS P698-P708; Fig. 1), appearsto be a kingbird(Tyrannus sensu Ridgway 1907), possibly a in our opiniondo not provideconvincing evidence that this bird was GiantKingbird as James Bond thought, although we are unprepared a LoggerheadKingbird. Sprunt no longerholds to hisearlier belief to identifyit assuch. Other photos(e.g., TTRS P703) showpointed that the bird he photographedwas that species.Pending further primariesand other typical kingbird features. review, we believe that its identity, the basis of Loggerhead The two archivedphotographs taken at Miami in March 1976 Kingbird'saddition to the AmericanBirding Association checklist, (e.g.,Fig. 2), showa bird lackingnot onlythe structurebut alsothe instead should be considered uncertain. plumagefeatures of a Loggerhead.Based solely on thesephotos, we We thinkthat the photographsof birdsat Miami and Islamorada suspectthat it is a wetand overly worn Eastern Kingbird, but again in 1976(TTRS Pl13 [Fig.2], Pl14, and P136,et. al.) in themselves weleave the matter of correctlyidentifying it to others.Some litera- also are inadequateevidence to establishin either case that a turesuggests that the color of thecrown patch (apparently yellowish LoggerheadKingbird was photographed. We cannotdeny the possi- especiallyin anotherphoto of this bird) indicatesthat it is not an bilityin eithercase that a LoggerheadKingbird might have been seen EasternKingbird; Ridgway (1907) stated that the shadeof the crown by theobservers, but wesee no unequivocalindication of thatpos- patchin kingbirdsvaries depending on age,sex, and otherfactors. sibilityin anyof thephotos available to us.No contemporaryfield Withoutsupporting documentation we do not knowwhy this bird notes were archived for these birds. We believe that Robertson and was identified as a Loggerheadand can only speculatethat Woolfenden(1992) thereforewere mistakenin consideringthat Stevenson's1976 statementabout the photosproviding sufficient thesephotographs, along with thosesecured in 1971,provided satis- evidenceto accordLoggerhead Kingbird an unequivocalplace on factoryverifiable archived evidence that LoggerheadKingbird ever Florida'sstate list was basedon some misunderstandingof that has occurred in Florida.

VOLUME54 (2000), NUMBER3 239 To the bestof our knowledge(Robertson and Woolfenden 1992, of NaturalSciences, Philadelphia. Stevensonand Anderson1994, AOU 1998), the presenceof the Bond,J. 1956. Check-list ofbirds of the West Indies, 4th ed. Academy LoggerheadKingbird on scientificallybased lists of birds known ofNatural Sciences, Philadelphia. from Florida or elsewhere in North America north of Mexico rests Bond,J. 1958.Third supplement to thecheck-list of birdsof theWest primarilyon the statedidentification of thesephotographs. As far as Indies(1956). Academy of NaturalSciences, Philadelphia. we know,within the statedregion, (a) no specimenhas been taken, Bond, J. 1971. Birds of the WestIndies, 2nd Am. ed. Houghton (b) no bird hasbeen measuredand studiedin the hand, and (c) no Mifflin, Boston. sightreport, whether supported by photosor not,has been carefully Bond,J. 1978.Twenty-second supplement to the check-listof b•rdsof reviewedand then accepted as a LoggerheadKingbird by anyrecords the West Indies (1956). Academy of Natural Sciences, or checklistcommittee. In the absenceof additionalsupportive evi- Philadelphia. dence, therefore,we recommendthat LoggerheadKingbird be Buden, D. W. 1987. The birds of the southern Bahamas. Br•t•sh removed from such "official" lists. This recommendation is not an Ornithologists'Union Check-list 8. opinion that LoggerheadKingbird has never occurredin North Collar,N.J., M. J.Crosby, and A. J.Stattersfield. 1994. Birds to watch Americanorth of Mexico.We simplysuggest that the verifiableevi- 2: The world list of threatenedbirds. BirdLifeInternational dence we are aware of is insufficient to confirm that it has. Conservation Series 4. If anylesson is to be learnedfrom this exercisein hindsight,it is Dowling,H. 1988. [Third] FOS recordscommittee report. FlorMa the value of curated archives,which allow earlier identificationsto be Field Naturalist 16:77-79. reassessed.Another lesson is the potentiallycascading effect of plac- Edscorn,J. B. 1972.FAS forms new ornithologicalcouncil. FlorMa ing an apparentlyspeculative identification of a generallyunfamiliar Naturalist 45:131-132. species"on the record."We doubtthat mostof the subsequentinad- Edscorn,J. B. 1977.Florida Region [autumn 1976 seasonal report] equatelysupported reports of LoggerheadKingbirds would have American Birds 31:166-169. beenmade if the originalprobable misidentification had not received Hellmayr,C. E. 1927.Catalog of birdsof theAmericas, part V F•eld prominence.Perhaps if a LoggerheadKingbird subsequently did Museumof Natural History Zoological Series 13 (publication 242) appearin Floridaor elsewherenorth of Mexico,observers otherwise Kale,H. W., II. 1977.Florida Region [spring 1977 seasonal report] mighthave made a greatereffort to documentit thoroughly. American Birds 31:988-992. In retrospect,Henry Stevensonmay haveshown the bestjudg- Pddgway,R. 1905.Descriptions of somenew genera of Tyranmdae, ment in this matter by simplyreferring to the originalbird as Pipridae,and Cotingidae.Proceedings of the Biological Society of "Tyrannusdubius." Nearly thirty years later, that wisdom still contin- Washington18:207-210. ues to shine. Ridgway,R. 1907.The birdsof North andMiddle America, part IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bulletinof the UnitedStates National Museum 50. Wededicate this paper to thememory of thelate William B. Robertson, Robertson,W. B., Jr., and J.A. Kushlan. 1984. The southern Florida Jr.,whose assistance, encouragement, and fellowship helped us to com- avifauna.Pp. 219-257 in Gleason,E J.,ed. Environments of South pleteit. ToddEngstrom of theTall Timbers Research Station kindly made FloridaPresent and PastII, 2nd ed. Miami GeologicalSociety, it possiblefor us to studyat our leisurethe rdevantphotos under his Coral Gables. care.Much of the preparationof this papertook placeat Archbold Robertson,W.B., Jr., and G. E.Woolfenden. 1992. Florida bird species BiologicalStation. We thankthe stafffor providingus the facilitiesand An annotated list. Florida Ornithological Society Special opportunityto work there.We alsowish to thankthe followingpeople Publication 6. who assistedwith our studyin manydifferent ways: Lyn Atherton, Jim Salvin, O. 1889. A list of the birds of the islands of the coast of Bangma,Richard Banks, Robert Barber, Reed Bowman, Marge Brown, JoannConstantides and JanetHinshaw for the JosselynVan Tyne Yucatanand of the Bayof Honduras(cont'd). Ibis 31:359-379 Memorial Library of the Wilson Ornithological Society, Donna Smith, P. W. 2001. Commentson GeorgeF. Gaumer and the Dirtmann,Jack Hailman, Alvaro Jaramillo, Stuart Keith, Wesley Lanyon, Provenanceof a Giant Kingbird(Tyrannus cubensis) speomen FredLohrer, Gall Mackiernan, Larry Manfredi, Guy McCaskie, Leopoldo from Mexico.Bulletin of theBritish Ornithologists' Club 121m Miranda-Castro,Steven Mlodinow, Robert Morse,Mark Oberle,Dennis press. Paulson,Bill Pranty,Pedro Regalado Ruiz, Van Remsen,Chandler Sprunt,A., IV, compiler.1972. Key Largo-Plantation Key [Christmas Robbins,Susan Smith, Paul Sykes,Tom Webber,Tom Weber,Doug bird count, 29 Dec 1971]. AmericanBirds 26:301-302. Wechsler,Mickey Wheeler, Bob Whitcomb, Kathleen Wolgemuth. Stevenson,H. M. 1972.Florida Region [winter 1971-1972 seasonal LITERATURE CITED report].American Birds 26:592-596. AmericanBirding Association (ABA). 1975a.ABA Checklist,1st ed. Stevenson,H. M. 1976.Florida Region [winter 1975-1976 seasonal AmericanBirding Association, Austin, Texas. report].American Birds 30:708-711. AmericanBirding Association (ABA). 1975b.ABA Checklist1975 Stevenson,H. M. 1977.Florida Region [winter 1976-1977 seasonal Supplement.Birding 7:355. report].American Birds 31:322-325. AmericanOrnithologists' Union (AOU). 1998.Check-list of North Stevenson,H. M., and B. H. Anderson.1994. The Birdlife of Florida American Birds, 7th ed. American Ornithologists Union, UniversityPress of Florida,Gainesville. Washington,D.C. Woolfenden,G. E. 1973.Florida Region [winter 1972-1973 seasonal Atherton,L. S., and B. H. Atherton.1985. Florida Region [autumn report].American Birds 27:603-607. 1984seasonal report]. American Birds 39:43-46. Barbour, T. 1923. The birds of Cuba. Memoir of the Nuttall --Received29 March2000; Accepted 11 August 2000. OrnithologicalClub 6. Bond,J. 1936.Birds of the WestIndies. Academy of NaturalSciences, Philadelphia. Bond,J. 1950.Check-list of birdsof theWest Indies, 3rd ed.Academy

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