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CMS Open Source Care Poate Sustine O Varietate De Site-Uri Web, De La Bloguri, Brosuri Colective, Pana La Site-Uri Ale Unor Comunitati Largi ( Universitatea “Constantin Brâncuşi” din Târgu-Jiu TEHNOLOGII WEB Lect.dr. Adrian Runceanu [email protected] Curs 5 Mediul de lucru în Web 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 2 [email protected] Curs 5 1. Introducere în Web 2. Browserul Web 3. Serverul Web 4. Serverul de aplicaţii 5. Serverul de baze de date 6. Instrumente pentru dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 3 Internet-ul ofera utilizatorilor o serie de servicii, dintre care amintim: posta electronica (e-mail) transferul de fisiere (FTP – File Transfer Protocol) conectarea la distanta (telnet) World Wide Web-ul (cunoscut si sub numele de WWW sau WEB) 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 4 [email protected] Curs 5 1. Introducere în Web 2. Browserul Web 3. Serverul Web 4. Serverul de aplicaţii 5. Serverul de baze de date 6. Instrumente pentru dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 5 [email protected] 1. Introducere in Web Fara indoiala, cel mai dinamic si mai de success dintre serviciile Internet este World Wide Web-ul. In acest curs prezint o scurta introducere in Web: definitii ale serviciului Web ale aplicatiilor si site-urilor Web prezentarea componentelor mediului de lucru care ofera posibilitatea dezvoltarii si utilizarii acestora 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 6 [email protected] Serviciul World Wide Web Web-ul reprezinta un spatiu informational alcatuit din resurse situate in locatii cunoscute sub numele de noduri, utilizate prin intermediul unui sistem hypertext, folosind modul de identificare denumit URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 7 [email protected] Serviciul World Wide Web Resursele Web-ului sunt organizate in pagini Web si livrate utilizatorilor de catre un program denumit server Web. Utilizatorii folosesc pentru vizualizarea paginilor Web un program-client cunoscut sub numele de browser sau navigator Web. 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 8 [email protected] Serviciul World Wide Web Tim Bernes-Lee a scris primul browser (cunoscut sub numele de WorldWideWeb) si primul server Web (denumit httpd, fiind acronimul pentru Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Daemon), elaborand totodata si specificatiile initiale pentru URL, HTTP si HTML. Primul site Web a fost realizat la CERN si plasat online in data de 6 august 1991: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html (nu mai este activ) O copie din 1992 se gaseste aici: https://www.w3.org/History/19921103- hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 9 [email protected] Site-uri si aplicatii Web O colecţie de pagini Web înrudite şi interconectate – aflate în proprietatea unui instituţii, organizaţii, companii sau persoane – găzduite pe unul sau mai multe calculatoare pe care rulează un server web, având asociată o adresă vizibilă utilizatorilor din Internet, se numeşte sit (site sau website, în limba engleză). 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 10 [email protected] Site-uri si aplicatii Web Un site web poate fi disponibil si in cadrul unui intranet, adica intr-o retea privata a unei organizatii, care utilizeaza tehnologiile Internet. De asemenea, un site Web poate fi disponibil si intr-un extranet, acesta reprezentand o retea privată folosita in scopul partajarii informatiilor sau operatiunilor unei organizatii cu parteneri de afaceri. 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 11 [email protected] Site-uri si aplicatii Web Aplicaţie Web = O colectie interconectata de pagini Web avand un continut generat dinamic (determinat partial de optiunile utilizatorului), creată cu scopul de a oferi o functionalitate specifica: magazin virtual motor de cautare client de e-mail client pentru accesarea bazelor de date 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 12 [email protected] Site-uri si aplicatii Web Una dintre explicatiile, succesului inregistrat astazi de serviciul World Wide Web, consta – fara indoiala – in posibilitatea personalizarii interactiunii utilizatorului cu aplicatia Web, care inseamna generarea unui anumit continut, in functie de datele de intrare/optiunile furnizate de acesta. Tipul de interactiune amintit nu ar fi putut fi implementat fara folosirea tehnologiilor Web pentru server. 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 13 [email protected] Site-uri si aplicatii Web O aplicatie Web rezidenta pe un server, fiind accesata – prin intermediul unei retele (Internet sau intranet) – de catre utilizatori, care folosesc un client Web (browser), functioneaza in mod obisnuit pe trei niveluri: 1. Nivelul I - browserul Web 2. Nivelul II (sau nivelul intermediar) – tehnologia utilizata pentru generarea dinamica a continutului(server de aplicatii) 3. Nivelul III – surse de date, reprezentate de baze de date (BD) si/sau fisiere XML 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 14 [email protected] Server Client Surse de date BD, XML Scripturi Java Script CGL, PHP, ASP, plugin-uri JSP continut continut continut continut static dinamic static dinamic Server Web Server Web Arhitectura generala a unei aplicatii Web 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 15 [email protected] Aplicatiile Web au devenit deosebit de populare, odata cu raspandirea clientilor pentru accesarea acestora, instalati pe diverse platforme (Windows, UNIX/Linux, Mac OS). Odata cu dezvoltarea WWW, a aparut necesitatea ca aplicatiile Web sa prezinte, macar partial, caracteristicile aplicatiilor desktop. In acest scop, au fost dezvoltate tehnologii Web, atat pentru client (in special), cat si pentru server. Functionalitatile aplicatiilor Web sunt oferite, in cea mai mare parte, de server, fiind livrate utilizatorilor prin intermediul unei retele (Internet sau intranet). Din acest motiv, utilizatorii folosesc un client care nu necesita performante deosebite, numit thin client (adica browserul Web). In schimb, aplicatiile desktop sunt bazate pe un client cu performante deosebite, numit thick client (sau fat client), care 06.04.2017ofera cea mai mare parte aTehnologii functionalitatilor Web acestora. 16 [email protected] Componentele mediului de lucru Pentru a implementa, depana si extinde aplicatiile Web este necesar un ansamblu de instrumente software, cunoscut sub numele de mediu de lucru. Excluzand software-ul de sistem (sistemul de operare), mediul de lucru utilizat pentru crearea si utilizarea aplicatiilor Web are urmatoarele componente: 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 17 [email protected] Componentele mediului de lucru 1. un browser Web – folosit pentru afisarea interfetei cu utilizatorul a aplicatiei 2. un server Web – livreaza continutul (static sau dinamic) browserului 3. un server de aplicatii – utilizat (printre altele) pentru generarea dinamica a continutului si pentru interactiunea cu sursele de date 4. un server de baze de date – folosit pentru stocarea si gestionarea unor date folosite de aplicatie 5. un instrument software – utilizat pentru facilitarea dezvoltarii aplicatiei 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 18 [email protected] Curs 5 1. Introducere în Web 2. Browserul Web 3. Serverul Web 4. Serverul de aplicaţii 5. Serverul de baze de date 6. Instrumente pentru dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 19 [email protected] 2. Browser-ul Web Browser-ul (sau navigator-ul) Internet Explorer Web este un program care Firefox ruleaza pe calculatorul Safari clientului, fiind utilizat in Netscape Communicator principal pentru afisarea Opera interfetei cu utilizatorul a Google Chrome aplicatiei Web. mai sunt utilizate si alte navigatoare dintre care Exista un numar mare de enumeram: navigatoare, ruland pe diverse Maxthon platforme (Windows, Konqueror UNIX/Linux, Mac OS). Amaya SeaMonkey Lynx (ruleaza in mod text) 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 20 [email protected] Caracteristici ale browser-elor Navigatoarele Web actuale: asigura support: – pentru limbajele de marcare (HTML, XHTML) – pentru unele limbaje de programare utilizate in paginile Web (JavaScript, VBScript) – si pentru foi de stiluri folosite in scopul obtinerii, unor modalitati de afisare a continutului unitare (CSS, XSLT) ofera posibilitatea realizarii listelor de adrese ale site- urilor favorite (numite in functie de browser, Bookmarks sau Favorites), precum si accesul la istoricul navigarii (History) 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 21 [email protected] Caracteristici ale browser-elor asigura suport pentru aplicatii care extind functionalitatile principale. 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(http://www.netcraft.com/) – date din 2014!: – Apache – Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Server) – nginx – Google – Zeus – Sun ONE Web Server 06.04.2017 Tehnologii Web 24 [email protected] 3. Serverul
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