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:K 36 J 92875 ~/~ This is the c~pleted IndiaRa Bat Recovery Plan. It has been approved by the. U. S Fish and Wildlife Service. It does not necessarily represent official positions or approvals of cooperating agencie8 (and it does not necessarily represent the views of aU recovery team aellbers/individuals, who played the key role in pre- paring this plan. ~is plan i8 8ubject to modification as dictated by new findings and changes in 8pecies status and completion of tasks deseribed in the plan. Goals and objectives vi 11 be attained and funds e~nded contingent upon appropriations, priorities, and other budgetary constraints.

ACknowledgements should read as follows:

The Indiana Bat Recovery Plan, dated October 14.1983, prepared by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with the Indiana Bat Recovery Team:

John T. Brady, Leader (~980-Pre8ent) Indiana Bat Recovery Team U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 210 Tucker Boulevard North St, Louis, Missouri 63101

Richard K. LaVal, Leader (1979-1980) Apt. 10165 . San Jose, Costa Rica (Formerly vi th the Missouri Department of Conservation)

~O8as H. Kunz, Member Indiana Bat Recovery Team Deparblent of 8i oloqy Boston Uni~r.lty 2 CUIImington Street Boston, Massachusetts 02215

Merlin D. Tuttle, Member Indiana Sa t Recovery Team Vertebrate Division, CUrator of Mammals Hi lwaukee Public Museum 800 West Wells Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233

Donald E. Nilson, Member Indiana Ba t Recovery Team National Fish' Wildlife Laboratory National Museum of Natural History Washinqton, D.C. 20560

Richard L. Clawson, Member Indiana Bat Recovery Team Missouri Department of Conservation Fish and Wildlife Research Center 1110 College A".nue Columbia, ~ 65201 i - Additional cqpies may be obtained from:

Fish and Wildlife Reference Service 1776 E. Jefferson Street 4th Floor Rockville, Maryl'and 20852 800-582-3421 .

~ Approved: J~ t>6put1 Director, U.f. Fish and Wildlife Service

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

PREFACE i

PART I

Description 1

Distribution 1

Life History 1

Habi ta t Requi rements 4

Causes of Decline 5

CUrrent Status of Population and Trends 7

Associations With Other Listed Species 8

Cri tical Habitat for the Indi ana Bat 8

PART II

Step-down Outline 10

Recovery Plan Narrative 12

Literature Cited 17

PART III

Implementation 21

APPENDICES

I. Cave Priority Data 1-1

Acknowledgments 11-1

Cave Management 111-1

Hibernacula by State IV-l

v. Fact Sheet on Bats V-l

Guidelines for Banding and Census Taking VI-l

iii LIST OF FIGURES

Piqure No: .!!!!!. Page No.

1. Known and SUspected Range of the Indiana Bat 2

2. MYO~!S ,!odal,i8 cluster 3

3. Warning Sign used ~ the Missouri Department of Conservation 111-5

4. Photo of FeQc. Erected at Norris ~ Cave, Tennessee, by the ~nnessee Valley Authority 111-6

s. Pnoto of Fence Erected at Hambrick Cave, Alabama, by the Tennessee Valley Authority 111-7

6. Photo of Gate Erected at Great Scott Cave by the Hi ssour! Department of Conserva tiOn 111-8

'7 Photo of Gate Erected at Bear Cave by the Missouri Depart.nt of Conservation 111-9

iv LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title - . P!~ N2.

1. Indiana Bat Population 8 2. Priority l.Caves for indiana" Bats' 27 3. Priority 2 Caves for Indi'ana-'Bats 28 Priority 3 Caves for Indiana Bats 31 4.. , .' C S. Priority 4 Caves for Indlana Bats 35 Indiana Bat Caves in Alabama Appendix IV 6 Indiana Bat Caves in Ark~nsas " , 7. . 8. Indiana Bat Caves in Georgia:" " 9. Indiana Bat Caves in Illinois " 10. Indiana Bat Caws in Indiana . 11. Indiana Bat Caves in Kentooky . 12. Indiana Bat -Caves in'i4a'ryland" . 13. Indiana Bat Caves in Mississippi " 14. Indiana Bat!Ca'ves in Missouri " Indiana Bat Caves in New' York ., " 15. , 16. Indiana Bat Caves in North carolina " 17. Indiana Bat Caves in Ohio . Indiana' Bat Caves It\' Oklahoma" . 18. .' 19. Indiana Bat Caves -in Penn,sylvariia . 20. Indiana Bat Caves in Tennessee' . 21. Indiana Bat Caves in Virginia . 22. Indiana Bat Caves in West Yirginia . 23. Caves with Both Indiana Bats and . Gray Bats present .

v PART I

De8cription

~e Indiana bat (MyoUs sodalis) is a medium-sized .-mber of the qenus with a for~arm lenqth of 3S to 41 mm. The head and body lenqth ranqes from 41 to 49 am. This species closely resembles the little brown bat (Myotis lucifuqus), but differs in havinq a keeled calcar. The hind feet of the Indiana bat tend to be smaller and more delicate and hairs on the hind feet tend to be shorter The skull has a small sagittal crest, and the braincase tends to be smaller, lower, and narrower than that of the little brown bat. Appendix V provides a comparison of characteristics useful in identifying Indiana bats from other potentially confusing Myotis.

Distribution

The Indiana bat is a monotypic species that occupies much of the eastern half of the United States (Fiqure 1). Large hibernating populations are found in Indiana, Missouri, and Kentucky; however, populations and individual records have been reported from Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, MiChigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Some records from areas on the margins of the range may represent occasional wanderers rather than viable populations.

Life History

The Indiana bat is known primarily from the caves in which it hibernates. Approximately 8S' of the entire known population winters in only seven hibernacula, wi th almost half limi ted to two. Summer nursery colonies have been found beneath loose bark of trees, containing 100 bats or less per colony.

Most Indiana bats migrate seasonally between winter and summer roosts. Movement has been recorded between hibernacula in central Kentucky and summer areas in Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan (Barbour and Davis, 1969), as well as between hibernacula in southern Missouri and summer areas in northern Missouri and southern Iowa (Myers, 1964; LaVal and LaVal, 1980; Bowles, 1980). On arrival at hibernating caves, swarming occurs. Swarming is described as a phenomenon in which large numbers of bats fly in and out of cave entrances from dusk to dawn, While relatively few roost in the caves during the day. (Cope and Humphrey, 1977). SWarming may continue-for several weeks. Fat supplies are replenished prior to hibernation. In Missouri, Indiana bats tended to hibernate in the same cave in which they swarmed, although elsewhere (i.e., Indiana) swarming has occurred in caves other than where they hibernated (LaVal et al., 1977b). Males tend to

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FIGURE 1 2

r_ain active over a ~onger period of tille .t cave ent~ances during the swarming' period than females (1.aVal and LaVal, 1980). Bats ate and females enter directly into hibernation, sorne as early as Octobe~. Nearly all male. are hibernating by late November.

Presumably, adult females store sperm through the winter and bec~e pregnant 8oon after emergence from hibernation. Hall (1962) noted limited Mting activity thr~ghout the winter and in late April a8 the bats :were leaving hibernation.

Females emerge in late March or early April, follCNed by males. Most IX>pulations leave by late April, but some males spend the summer in hibernacula. Migration is probably hazardous (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1977), especially in spring when fat reserves and food supplies are low. Consequently, adult mortality may be highest in late March and in April.

Females give birth to a single young in June or early July. At that time, they join toget,her in nursery colonies beneath the loose bark of trees. Scattered records indicate that ma'les disperse throughout the range in summer, but little is known of their roosting habits. Known maternity colonies occupy home ranges containing roost sites in riparian habitat. Loyalty for a particular reach of stream has been documented (J.B. Cope, pers. comm.). Recent evidence suggests that colonies may also occur in upland habitat (Bowles, 1981).

The young are capable of flight within a month of birth. Flying young have been taken as early as the first week in July in Iowa (Bowles, 1981), but an immature taken from beneath a concrete bridge in Indiana in late July appeared barely able to fly (Mumford and Cope, 1964). They spend the latter part of the summer accumulating fat reserves for fall migration and hibernation.

Habi tat Requirements

1. Winter Habitat. Depending on local weather conditions, Indiana bats hibernate from October throuqh April (LaVal et al., 1977bJ Hall, 1962). They require 8pecific roost si tes in caves or aines that have stable temperatures below 10°C, preferably from 4° to 8°C. Only a small percentage of available caves provide for this specialized requirement. Stable low temperatures allow bats to maintain a low rate of metabolism and conserve fat reserves until spring (Humphrey, 1978). Indiana bats usually hibernate in larqe, dense clusters of about 300 bats per square foot (3200/meter2, Fiqure 2) (Engel et al., 1976; Clawson et al., 1980). Relative humidity at roost sites during hibernation is usually above 74\ (Humphrey, 1978; LaVal et al., 1977b; Hall, 1962), althouqh Myers (1964) observed relative humidity as low as 54\. Specific cave confiqura- tions determine temperature and humidity aicroclimates required by these bats (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978J LaVal and LaVal, 1980).

2. SUmJler Habitat. Little is kn<*n about Indiana bat sum.r habitat. Recent studies indicate that maternity colonies are formed mostly in riparian and floodplain areas of ..all to .dium-sized streams (Humphrey et al., 1977; Cope et al., 1978; Sparling et al., 1979; Gardner and Gardner, 1980). Bats a180 have been found along tree-lined drainage ditches in Illinois (Brack, 1979).

4 A f.w Indiana bats have been captured in uplana sites (Easterla and Watkins, 1969; Bowles, 1980). LaVal and LaVal (1980) 8U(Jgested that most reproductively active f_ale Indiarta bats in northetn Missouri, southern Iowa, and Illinois are found in riparian forests because this is usually the only forest remaining after clearing for aqriculture. They hav. captured reproductively~ctive females at cave entrances in the OZarks and believe that they are foraqinq'in non-riparian siti:lations, because extensive forest exists there. Another possibility is that riparian foraginq habitat is optimal for the I~diana bat, but in areas where they are sympatric with qray bats they may be forced, by competition, to forage away fr~ etreams. To avoid using such suboptimal habitat, it is possible that some female Indiana bats leave areas near caves that are occupied by gray bats during the summer and miqrate to places Where gray bats do not occur (LaVal et al., 1977a).

The three maternity colonies that have been found ranged from 50 to 100 individuals, including young (Humphrey et al., 1977; Cope et al., 1978). Humphrey et ale (1977), found a maternity colony under the loose bark of a dead bitternut hickory tree (£!!l! cordiformis). This colony occasionally used a livihg shagbark hickory tree (£. ovata) as an alternate roost.

Optimum Indiana bat foraging habitat appears to consist of streams lined on both sides with mature trees that overhang the water by more than three meters. Streams without riparian vegetation do not appear to be suitable (Cope et al., 1978). Bats forage at a height of two to thirty meters under riparian and floodplain trees (Humphrey et al., 1977). Indiana bats appear to feed primarily on Lepidoptera and aquatic insects (LaVal and LaVal, 1980; Brack and LaVal, in .anuscript; Whitacker, pers. comm; Belwood 1979). Population estimates in foraging habitat range from sixty to ninety bats per kilometer of sui table stream with an average of seventy-five bats per kilometer. Riparian habitat is occup~ed by Indiana bats from mid-May until mid-September (Humphrey et a1., 1977).

Distribution. of males during the summer is not well known. A few individuals have been found in caves (LaVal et al., 1977b; Hall, 1962; Graves 1982; Brack, pers. comm.). Others have been observed feeding in floodplain and upland forests (LaVal et al., 1977a; Bowles, 1980, 1981; BraCk, pers. comm.).

Causes of Decline

1. Natural Hazards. Indiana bats are subject to a number of natural hazards. In Bat Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, an estimated 300,000 skeletons were found, apparently victims of flooding from the nearby Green River. A few other cases of hibernacula being flooded also have been recorded (Hall, 1962; DeBlase et a1., 1965).

Bats hibernatin9 in mines are vulnerable to ceilin9 collapse. This has occurred in Illinois (Hall, 1962) and is presently a serious concern at a mine in Missouri that is the largest known Indiana bat hibernaculum (Brady in press). Another potential hazard exists because Indiana bats hibernate in cool portions of caves that tend to be near entrances. Some bats say freeze to death during severe winters (Humphrey, 1978).

s 2,. HumanCI\I;... .

a. Disturbance and Vandalism. The most serious cause of Indiana bat decline is human di.turbance of hibernating bats. The bats enter hiber- nation with only enalgh fat reserves to last until spring. When a bat is aroused, it uses a portion of these reserws, a. auch as 10 to 30 days of fat 8upply ~r average disturbance ('1\1ttle, pers. cosm.). Cavers or researchers passing near hibernating Indiana bats cause arousal (Huaphrey, 1978). If this happens often, the bats likely will leave the cave too soon and .die.

Vandalism also has been documented. In 1960, an estimated 10,000 Indiana bats were killed in Carter Cave State Park, Carter County, KentuCky, by three boys Who tore masses of bats from the cei ling and trampled and stoned them to death (Engel etal., 1976). ntere are many examples of such tragedies. Bats often are misunderstood and are viewed by many people with fear and repugnance.

b. Deforestation and Stream Channelization. Forest is being destroyed throuqhout auch of the range of the Indiana bat. Major destruction includes both stream channelization for aqricultural drainaqe and surface mining. Conlin (1976) reported that of the 18,737 kilometers of interior streams in Illinois (not includinq the larger rivers such as the Illinois, Mississippi, and Ohio), 5,566 kilometers (30') were channelized by 1976 and an additional 3,000 kilometers were proposed for channelization. If so modified, it would brinq the total to 8,520 kilometers or 45.5' channelized.

There are a number of variables and unknowns that complicate an evaluation of the effects of channelization. 'nle suitability of streams and their associated riparian forest for Indiana bat summer habitat is not known. In addition, channelization data for other states within the s~mer range of the Indiana bat are lacking. At least some channelized streams and drainage di tches that, have riparian forest support Indiana bats (Brack, 1979).

The destruction of forest habitat could have a serious impact on Indiana bat populations. Of particular importance is the increasing demand for use of wood as fuel, which threatens dead standing trees that are potential roost sites. Further research is needed to identify optimal summer habitat and to evaluate the effects of forest destruction throughout the range of this species. It is also important to restore riparian forest cover to channelized streams and ditches, as further discussed in the -Needed Recovery Actions" section.

c. Pesticide Poisoning. Although the effects of pesticides on Indiana ba~s have not been studied, pesticides have been implicated in the decline of a number of insectivorous North American bats. (Mohr, 1972; Reidinger 1972, 1976J Clark and Prouty, 1976, Clark et al 1978, Geluso et al., 1976, Clark, 1981).

d. Other. Other sources of decline include indiscriminate collecting, handling and banding of hibernating bats by biologists, commercialization of hibernacula, exclusion of bats from caves by poorly designed gates, changes in cave microclimate by opening of additional entrances or blocking of air flow by poorly designed gates, and flooding of caves by reservoirs (Humphrey, 1979).

6 These 8ource. are believed to be the leading factors of decline for x.ntucky (Graves, 1982).

Current Statue of Population and Trends

Based on censuses taken at hibernacula, the total known Indiana bat population i8 estimated to nUllber about 550,000. The moat recent population estimates for i8p'rtant hibernacu1a are included in Table 1.

Indiana bat populations wre first systematically censused in the late 1950's (Hall, 1962). Although the total known population has increased since that time, due to newly located colonies, many known colonies have decreased in size.

The status of the Indiana bat in the three states with the largest hibernating populations is reviewed below:

Missou~i: Due to its continuing collapse, the largest hfbernaculum (an abandoned iron mine) may become unsuitable for occupancy by Indiana bats. The population' in the third largest hibernaculum in the state has declined from 71, SOD bats in 1960 to 33,000 in 1980. While the second largest hibernaculUDI initially experienced a decline, recent censuses show an increase in the population.

Although Missouri has done more than any other state to protect bat caves, some Indiana bat populations in gated hibernacula have continued to decline. Censusing in these caves is being reduced from yearly to every second year to see if this will reduce adverse human impacts and allow an increase in the populations. This situation should be monitored carefully to determine if gates are harmful in certain situations.

Indiana: The known population has increased greatly in recent years due to the discovery of two large hibernacula. The population appears fairly stable.

Kentucky: Kentucky has had the greatest population decline of any state since 1960. Populations in the two largest hibernacula dropped about 75\ because of changes in aicrocliaate at hibernation sites due to poorly designed gates (Humphrey, 1978).

In summary, there are three major reasons for the Indiana bat's endangered status (Brady, 1981):

(1) Hibernating populations in Missouri have shown a decline over the last seven years despite an intensive cave management program.

(2) The largest known hibernating population, at Pilot Knob Mine, Missouri, continues to be threatened by subsidence (mine collapse).

(3) Kentucky hibernating populations are not protected adequately and continue to be depressed.

On the positive side, a. shown on Table 1, the ..jority of i.portant hibernacula are now in public ownership and therefore easier to protect.

7 TABLE 1

INDIANA BAT POPULATION

Priority 1* Priority 2** Population State Hibernacula -Hibernacula (!980-81)~-

Missouri 3 (1) 6 (6) 281,700 Indiana 2 (2) 4 (1) 144t600 Kentucky 3 (2) 12 (3) 109,000 Tennessee 0 4 (1) 12,400 Arkansas 0 3 (1) 5,200 Illinois 0 1 (0) Virginia 0 1 (0) West Virginia o.! 1 (0) New York 0 2 (2) 2,000 Pennsylvania Q,-- - . 1 (1) ~

GRAND TOTALS 8 (5) 37 (16) 554,900

. *Hibernacula vith a recorded population greater than 30,000 since 1960.

**Hibernacula with a recorded population greater than 1,000 but less than 30,000 since 1960.

( ) - Number of caves in public ownership or or protected under cooperative agreements.

NOTE: Detailed information on individual caves is presented in Tables 2-30.

!~oc!!~ions with Other Listed Specie!

Bat hibernation caves sometimes contain environmental gradients suitable for more than olle federally listed species. Since management needs and protection priorities may differ by species, we provide a list of multiple use caves and their assigned priorities in Table 22.

The following areas (exclusive of those existing man-made Rtructures or settlements which are not necessary to the normal needs or survival of the species) are critical habitat for the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis):

(1) Illinois: The Blackball ~tinet LaSalle County.

(2) Indiana: Big Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County; Ray's Cave, Greene County.

8 Kentucky: Bat Cave, Carter CO\luty; Coach Cave, Edmonson County.

(4) Missouri: Cave 021, Crawford County; Cave 009, Franklin Coimty; Cave 017, Franklin County; Pilot Knob Mine, Iron Co~nty; Bat Cave, Shannon County, Cave 029, Washington County (numbers assigned by Division of Ecological Services, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6).

Tennessee: White Oak Blowhole Cave, Blount County.

West Virginia: Hellhole Cave, Pendleton County.

Pursuant to Section 7 of the Act, all Federal agencies must take such action as is necessary to insure that actions authorized, funded, or carried out by them do not result in the destruction or modification of these critical habitat areas.

a PART II

6t.p~Down O~tUne

PRIME cmJECTIVE: TO ~OVE THE INDIANA BAT PROM ENDANGERED STATUS

1. Prevent Disturbance to Important Hibernacula

1.1 Prevent Entry

1.1.1 Erect Warning Signs

1.1.2 Gate or Fence Cave

1.1.3 Moni tor Hibernacula

1.1.4 Moni tor Caves by Law Enforcement Agencies

1.1.5 Discourage Human Access

1.2 Prevent Adverse Modifications to winter and Fall Roost Sites

1.2.1 Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the Subsurface

1.2.2 Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the Surface Watershed Surroundi ng Important Roos t Si tea

1.2.3 Make Locations of Hibernacula Available to Appropriate Fish and Wildlife Service Offices and State Wildlife Agencies

1.3 Protect Winter and Fall Roost Sites

1.3.1 Identify all Indiana Bat Winter and Fall Roost Sites

1.3.2 Evaluate Roost Sit~s

1.3.3 Identify Roost Sites to be Protected

2. Maintain, Protect, and Restore Foraging and Nursery Habitat

2.1 Prevent Adverse Modification to Foraging Areas and Nursery Roost Habitat

2.1.1 Determi ne Habi ta t Requi remen ts

2.1.2 Preserve Water Quality

2.1.3 Restore and Preserve Forest Cover along Rivers and Streams

2.1.4 Moni tor Habitat

10 3. Moni tor Population Trends

Monitor Statua of Populations in Bibernacula

Monitor Statu8 of Population. in Sua.r

3.3 Monitor Residues of Toxic ChelDical.

3.3.1 S..ple In..cta

3.3.2 Sample Bats

4. Public Education

4.1 Govern8ental Official.

x..nd~ers

Warning Signs at Cave.

4.4 Pamphlets

4.5 Slide proqru

4.6 Ranger-Naturalist Talks

5. Research Needs

SUmmer Habitat Requirements

Effects of Habi tat Destruction

5.3 Foraqinq Habitat and Prey Preferences

Effects of Winter Disturbance

Effects of Mater Pollution and Siltation

Effects of Pesticide ContaBdnation

5.7 Effects of Cave Modification.

11 Recovery P lanW.rra ti ve

OBJETlVE: ro RDiOVE 'l'HE INDIANA BA'l' FRQ4. !:N~GDED S'l'ATUS

!!\e ~8t i8portant feature of thi. plan i. the protection of Indiana bats by vaining con~rol of i8portant hibernacula and protecting them from human di.t\n'bance. We also believe that, as 8uch a8 ~ssible, foraging habitat including riparian forest vegetation and dead trees 8USt be aaintained, protected, and restored. Finally, in order to evaluate the 8uccess of our efforts, a 8Onitoring program should be established to document changes in Indiana bat ~pulations.

. The atatus of the Indiana bat can be reclassified from endangered to threatened following documentation of atable or increasing populations for three consecutive census periods and peraanent protection at seven priority one caves. The criteria for delisting are the above and protection and documentation of increasing or .table populations for three consecutive census periods (aee 3.1) ~t fifty percent of the priority two caves in each atate.

1. Prevent Disturbance to I.portant Hibernacu1a. A number of hibernacula distributed throughout the range of the Indiana bat must be preserved if the specie. i. to .urvive. Disturbance, especially from human beinqs, has been documented as a aajor factor in Indiana bat decline (LaVal et al., 1977bi Humphrey, 1978).

1.1 Prevent Entry. Preventing unauthorized entry of humans into hibernacula i. the best way to curtail disturbance at these sites. Because Indiana bat usage of caves is ..asonal, protection efforts should be concentrated during the hiber- nation period. It i. best to avoid all disturbance between mid-August and early May. Entry to hibernacula .hould be prohibited during the period of September 1 to April 30.

1.1.1 Erect Warning Signs. Signs can be used at certain caves to di8courage entry. Signs also are used in conjunction with gates to inform the public about bats. Signs should not block bat aovement or air flow (See Appendix III). Piqure 3 shows a properly worded sign. Criteria for the selection of caves Where signs should be used are in Appendix III.

1.1.2 Gate or Fence Cave. Place a structure such as a gate or fence at the roost cave entrance to prevent unauthorized human access. The structure 8U.t perai t Indiana bats to p&88 without danger (See Appendix 111). All plans to qate or fence a cave should be reviewed by the appropriate Regional Director, because i.proper construction can de.troy the gery bat colonies that they are wilt to p;otect.

1.1.3 Monitor Hibernacu1a. After hibernacula are protected, they 8Ust be 8Onitored periodically to determine if the 88thod of protection is effective and to deteraine if repairs or changes in 8&nagement are needed.

The inforaation .hould be .ent to the Region 3 Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Office. This office 8hould ..intain a file of this census information.

12 1.1.4 Monitor Cave. by L8W 8nfor!!!ent Aqencies. ~e WW Enforcement Division of the U. 6. Fish and Wildlife Service .hould request funds to investigate violation. at Indiana bat caves. State agencies 8hould cooperate in tili. effort..

1.1.5 Di8courag. Acc..s. After gating, fencing, or 8ign posting caves, roads or trail8 .hould be closed or obliterated to further d18Couraqe acc8.. to the caves. .1.2 Prevent Adver.e Modi f1cat1ons to Winter and Fall Roo.t 61 te8. To preserve roo8t habitat for Indiana bat use, adverse modifications 8UBt be prevented.

Prevent Adverse Modifications to and Rehabilitate the Sub8ur- 1.2.1 ------face.. A number ~C'-ve8 that fur.-riy _"impo-rtant~ roos-t -8~have been' modified adver8ely by 8uch means a8 partially blocking an entrance or creating new entrance.. Modifications such as the8e can greatly affect the air flow and, as a re.ult, the temperature and humidity regimes (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978). Any'roost sites that are identified for protection in item 1.3.3 and that have been adyerse!y modified should be restored. Reference to Appendix 111 and Tuttle and Stevenson (1978) .hould prevent additional adverse modifica- tion. In addition, any propo.ed modification to an important Indiana bat roo.t aite aay require Section 7 consultation by the appropriate Regional Director of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

1.2.2 Prevent- Adverse--- Modifications- - to and- Rehabilitate- the-- Surface Watershed Surrounding I.~rtant:-ROost S-i-tes. Caves are~rywlnerable to chanqes made to the surface areas above, including areas that drain into caves. For exaaple, deforestation can increa.e the amount of silt entering a cave or cause cave flooding.

1.2.3 Make Locations of Hibernacula Available to Appropriate Fish and Wildlife Service Offices and State Wildlife Agencies. Ensure that appropriate u. S. Fish-end-Wi ld~lili Service offices and state wildlife agencies are provided with locations of hibernacula, 80 that they can be used to identify p>tential conflicts during Section 7 consultations and other planning activitie..

1.3 Protect Winter and Fall ROO8t Si te8. Becau8e Indiana bata hibernate almost exclusively in caves and aine8, a sub8tantial eeasure of protection will be afforded the 8pecies if at least the most important of these caves are protected fr08 human disturbance or adverse modifications. In order to accomplish this, qovernmental aqencies, and possibly private conservation orqanizations as well, 8U8t afford SO8e deqree of protection over the caves. This may be by fee acquisition, lease, easement, cooperative aqreement, or 8~ other arranqe.ent, the critical factor beinq that the aqency can leqally take whatever steps are required to reduce or eliminate disturbance to the batao

1.3.1 !den'tify all Indiana Bat Winter and Fall Roost Sites. 1be i-.ediate objective 8U.t be to reduce human disturbance in occupied caves. First, the locations of Indiana bat caves .ust be aade known to appropriate Federal, .tate, and local aqencies, and private organizations, alonq with options recommended for protection. Locations of .ost Indiana bat caves are known to bat researchers. Even those not yet known to researchers are usually known locally

13 to apelunkers. Access to 8uch location lists, however, should be restricted to protect the sites.

1.3.2 Roost Site Evaluation. Certain caves that have been especially important to bat. in the recent past, rot are now abandoned due to heavy disturbance, probablY will be recolonized if protect.d. Cave protection ..y require one of the following easures: signposting, gating, fencing, and surwillance by enforcement agents in addition to those identified in 1.1.2 above. No gating or other entrance alteration of Indiana bat caves should be att_pted without careful consideration of the ~tential impact up>n movement of both bats and air (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978).

1.3.3 Identify Roost Sites to be Protected. After all known Indiana bat roost sites are identified, recommendations will be made on the sites to be protected and final assigned cave priorities (Appendicies I and IV) will be based on colony size and management needs.

2. Maintain, Protect, and Restore Fora in and Nurser Habitat. Indiana bats pri8Arily forage over s.treaDS and rivers, and in adjacent riparian habitat Where crepuscular and nocturnal insects occur in large numbers. Preferred foraging habitat appears to be ~treams with more than thirty meters of mature woody vegetation on both sides (Cope et al., 1978). Indiana bat maternity colonies located to date have numbered from fifty to one hundred females and young in recently dead trees where they roost in the space under loose bark (Humphrey et al., 1977). Populations where maternity colonies exist have been estimated at sixty to ninety bats per kilometer of suitable stream.

2.1 Prevent Adverse Modification to Foraging Areas and Nursery Roos~ Habitat. Destruction of forests and alteration of streams should be avoided whenever possible. Efforts also should be made to maintain large, dead trees which are potential nursery sites. Forest aanagement should reflect the need for such trees as sites for maternity colonies. When a stream is diverted or channelized, as much riparian forest as possible should be preserved.

2.1.1 Determine Habitat Requirepents. Additional data on summer habitat requirements should be 9athered. Summer surveys to identify foragin9 and nursery habitat should be encouraged. Land management agencies should make an effort to locate iOtential summer habitat for Indiana bats.

2.1.2 Preserve Water Quality. Much of the insect fauna Which serves as a food base for the Indiana bat is affected adversely by water pollution. Streams and lakes near known roosts should be maintained or restored to natural conditions. Individual states should insure that water quality standards are met throughout the range of the Indiana bat.

2.1.3 Restore and Preserve Forest Cover alonq River~ and St!:eams. Where riparian forest i. removed, such as a stream diversion in a surface- mined area, both sides should be planted in a band at least thirty meters wide with riparian vegetation.

2.1.4 Konitor Habitat. Additional foraging areas and nursery roosts should be identified and all such sites monitored. A system should be developed using U. S. Geological Survey infared photographs, LANDSAT images, wetland surveyor other sources to monitor habitat alteration within the range of the

14 1n~.na bAt. Adjaoent land u.. SAould be conaidered for po88ible detrimental effects. Survey data collected by state and federal agencies should be sent to the nfS Region 3 office. Guidelines for sua~r habitat survey may be requested fr~ the Region 3 Office of Endangered Species.

3. *nitor population Trends. In order to Masure the effectiveness of the actions recommended in this recovery plan, it will be nece8sary to monitor the 8tatus of various populations on a regular basis. Decreasing populations vi 11 8ignal the need for remedial action, and increasing populations should be used to measure progress towards the prime objective of removing the Indiana bat from the endangered species list.

3.1 Monitor Status of Populations i~ Hi~~~acul~. '11\e Regional Director (Reqion 3) of the Fish and Wildlife Service will coordinate a monitoring system whereby each accessible Priority 1 hibernaculum and at least half of the Priority 2 hibernacula are censused every two years between aid-January and !lid-February. Censuses will be conducted by e~erienced bat biologists to insure reliable estimates. (See Appendix VI.) Bats in small clusters 8aY be counted individually; bats in large clusters ~y be estimated ~ multiplying the area by the number of bats per unit area (o300/ft2 according to LaVal and LaVal, 1980).

3.2 Monitor Status of Populations i~ S~~~. 'ftle Regional Dire.ctor (Region 3) of the Fish and Wildlife Service vill maintain an inforaation file on the summer occurrence of Indiana bats. Survey data collected by state and federal agencies should be sent to the Region 3 office. Guidelines for summer habitat surveys may be obtained from that office.

3.3 Monitor Residues of Toxic Chemicals. The possible influence of - pesticides in causing the decline of North American populations of insecti- vorous bats has been reported. Clearly, further investigation is needed.

3.3.1 Sample Insects. Where bat mortality has been demonstrated, insect samples from-known I~diana bat foraging areas should be collected and analyzed for toxic chemical residues. Significant amounts should be traced to their source, and reaedial action taken.

3.3.2 S!mple Ba~. If unusual numbers of dead bats are found, they should be examined for cause of death, as per methods described by Clark (1981).

4. Public Education. The public must be inforMed of the consequences of their actions When they disturb Indiana bat roosts. In addition, knowledge of the beneficial qualities of Indiana bats should be promoted. Landowners in the vicinity of known Indiana bat roosts should be urged to leave natural forest corridors Wherever possible, especially along streams. The beneficial effects of insectivorous bats should be stressed.

4.1 Governmental Officials. Governmental officials at all levels should be educated regarding the ecological role of bats. Many officials, through exaggerated fear of bats as disease vectors, believe that all bats should be destroyed. Disease problems should be put in perspective, and officials and the public should be informed that bats consume large quanti ties of insects, .any of which may be pests. Bats a180 may 8erve as bioloqical indicator for environmental pollutants.

is 4.2 Landowners. Major e~fort. should be .-de to educate and ,ain the cooperation of landowner.. *ny would co(jperate if contacted by local wild- life officials or conservation qroups. Cave owners should be provided with an official written statement outlining the basic probl~, the valUe of protecting bats, and Federal and .tate lavs ~nd penalties for di8turbinq them. Additionally, Federal and state ~ncie. 8hould offer to po8t private1y-owned Indiana bat caves with siqns, briefly outlining reasons for protection and .pacific times during Which entry is prohibited (.ee Appendix III). It is iaportant also to infora landowner. that a valuable and rare re.ource i. involved and to generate a .enae of pride and 8tewardahip, aaking the protect! ve posture a positive step.

4.3 Warning Sign. at Caves. Signs can be used at certain caves to discourage entry. Signs are also used in conjunction with gates to inform the public. Signs should not bloCk bat movement or air flow (see Appendix III). Such procedures i.pre.s the landowner that protecting bats i. important enough to warrant his participation and lets hi. .off the hook. with neighbors and other. who aight otherwise think of him as unfriendly. Also, inforu.tive signs may elicit coqparation even ,from would-be vandals, especially if a definite time period is identified when bats are vulnerable.

4.4 Pamphlets. A carefully written brochure should be made available for distribution by state and federal agencies throughout the range of the Indiana bat. The purpose of the brochure should be to convince the public that the bats are worth protecting and that the public's cooperation is essential if bats are to be protected successfully. The need to avoid disturbance of Indiana bat caves should be emphasized. A sample brochure published by the state of Missouri is attached (Appendix V).

4.5 Slide prograa. A color slide presentation should be prepared for use in parks, nature centers, 8chools, etc., located within the distributional range of the Indiana bat. The National Speleological Society, Boy Scout and Girl Scout troops, and other organizations whose 8embers explore caves should receive 8pecial e8Phasis in the8e efforts.

4.6 Ranger-Naturalist Talks. These talks, given at places 8uch as state and national parks and forests, and Corps of Engineers and TVA reservoirs, can include appropriate infor8ation on the In~iana bat. All agencies conducting natural history programs within the range of the Indiana bat should be urqed to include inforaation on the need for protection of In~iana bat habitat.

5. Research Needs. There are a number of areas of Indiana bat bioloqy that require further inve.tigat~on in order to increase management efficiency.

5.1 Su8mer Habitat Require8ents. Although riparian forest i. uaed as suamer habitat for nursery colonies (Humphrey et al., 1977; Cope et al., 1978; Sparling et al., 1979; Gardner and Gardner, 1980), it is not known to what extent other habitat types are used. laVal and LaVal (1980) and Bowles (1980; 1981) have captured reproductive Indiana bate in upland for.sts. Habitat types used by Indiana bats should be investigated and clarified as to iaportant environmental para..ters.

16 needs to be delineated and the habitaU characterized. Present and projec~.d ra~8 of habitat destruction should be determined.

S.3 .!oragj,ngH.bitat ~ PrecYPreferences. Belwood (1919) st~ied the feeding ecology of Indiana bats in Indiana. ~ere i8 still a ~eed to 8uppl..ent her data, especially in other parts of the range.

5.4 Effects of Winter Disturbance. Plans for further studies raise the questi-onof potenuial res;arch-related disturbance. Indiana bats are ,especially vulnerable to disturbance during hibernation. Observation should be limited to biennial censusing. Handling, banding or other research-related activities should be avoided during this critical period (see Appendix VI).

5.5 Iffects of Water Pollution and Siltation. Because Indiana bats are found in ri~rian habitat and ..y feed larqely on aquatic insects, water quality may be important to their continued existence. Studies are needed to determine the effects of water pollution and siltation on the insect prey base of thea~ bats. The impact of water quality deterioration on food availability needs further study.

5.6 Effects of Pesticide Contamination. The accumulation of pesticide residues in insectivorous bats is well documented (Clark, 1981). However, li ttle is known about this problem in Indiana bats. Studies should be directed towards the amount and kind of pesticide poisoning in various parts of the bat's range.

5.7 Effects of Cave Modifications. Indiana bat management is concentra- ted on a variety of methods such as gating or fencing caves, erecting warning signs, and attempting to preclude disturbance of hibernacula. In spite of these efforts, populations in some areas h~ve continued to decline. Studies are needed to determi ne which cave management techniques are helpful or harmful to these bats.

Literature Cited

BARBOUR, R.W., and W. H. DAVIS. 1969. Bats of America. Univ. Press, Kentucky, Lexington, 286 pp.

BELWOOD,J.J. 1979. Feeding ecoloqy of an Indiana bat community with emphasis on the endangered Indiana bat, Myoti. !odalis. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, 103 pp.

BOWLES,J.B. 1980. Preliminary report, ecological studies on the Indiana bat in south-central Iowa in sumaer 1980. Iowa Cons. Co... Des Moines, Iowa.

1981. Final report, 1980-81. Ecological studies on the Indiana bat in Iowa. Final Report to Iowa Cons. Comm., Des Moines, Iowa.

17 BRACK, V. 1979. DeteQinat1on of pre..nce and ~it.t auitabi1ity for the Indiana bat (Myoti8 sodalis) and gray bat (Myoti8 qri8e8cens) for portions of three ditche8, Big Five Levee and Drainage District, Union and Alexander Countie., Illino18., St. Louis Di.trict, CO~8 of Engineers.

and R.K. La~L. In manuscript. Food habit. of the Indiana bat in Missouri. Purdue University.

BRAdY, J.T. In Press. Status and Management of the Indiana bat (Myotis 8odalis). Proceedings of the 1980 Cave MAnagement Symposium, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky.

1981. Letter to Harvey Nelson, Regional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cites, Minnesota. Indiana/Gray Bat Recovery Team, St. Louis, Missouri.

CLARX, D.R., Jr. 1981. Bats and environmental contaainants; a review. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Spec. Sci Rep. - Wildl. No. 235, 27pp.

and R.M. PROUTY. 1976. Orqanochlorine residues in three bat 8pecies from four localities in Maryland and West Virginia, 1973. J. Pestic. Monit.,10:44-53.

CLARX, D.R., Jr. R.K. La~L, and D.M. SWINEFORD. 1978. Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis qri8escens) Science, 199 (4335): 1357-1359.

CLAWSON, R.L., R.K. La~, M.L. La~, AND W. CAIRE. 1980. C1usterinq behavior of hibernatinq Myoti...~a1i. in Missouri. J. Mamm., 61:245-253.

CONLIN, M. 1976. Stream channelization in Illinois - 1976 update. Illinoia Department of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois.

COPE, J.B. and S.R. HUMPHREY. 1977. Sprinq and autumn swarminq behavior in the Indiana bat, Myotie aodelia. J. MaJDDI.58&93-95.

--, A.R. RICHTER, and D.A. SEARLEY. 1978. A aurvey of bats in Bi9 Blue Lake project area in Indiana. u.s. Army corps of Engineers. Joseph Moore Museum, Earlhaa College, Richmond, Indiana., Sl pp.

18 DEBLASE, A.F., S.R. HUMPHREY,and K.S. DRURY. 1965. Cave flooding and mortality in baa in Wind Cave, KentuCky. J. Mamm., 46:98.

EASTERLA,D.A. and L.C. WATKINS. 1969. Pregnant Myotis .cdalis in north- western Mi88ouri. J. Hamm., 50:372-373.

ENGEL, J.M., F.R. COURTSAL, R.L. MARTIN,J.R. MESSERLIS,T.H. HOOPER,R.E. MUMFORD,and L.E. TERRY. 1976. Recovery plan for the Indiana bat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, washington, D.C., 34 pp.

GARDNER,J.E. and T.L. GARDNER. 1980. Determination of presence and habitat suitability for the Indiana bat (Myotis 8odali8) and qray bat (~ qrisescen!) for portions of the lower 6.6 ailes of McKee Creek, McGee Creek Drainage and Levee District, Pike Co., Illinois. St. Louis District, Corps of Engine.rs.

GELUSO, K.N., J.S. ALTENBACH, and D.E. WILSON. 1976. Bat mortality: pesticide poisoning and migratory stress. Science, 194:184-186.

GRAVES, W.O. 1982. Letter to James C. Gritman, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities, Minnesota.

HALL, J.S. 1962. A life history and taxonomic study of the Indiana bat (Myotis 8odalis). Reading Public Mus. and Art Gallery, Sci. Publ., 12:1-68.

HUMPHREY, S.R. 1978. Status, winter habitat and management of the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Florida Sci., 41:65-76.

._, A.R. RICHTER, and J.B. COPE. 1977. Summer habitat and ecoloqy of the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis Boda!!!. J. Hamm., 58:334-346.

La~, R.K., and M.L. La~L. 1980. Ecological studies and management of Missouri bats, with emphasis on cave-dwellinq species. Terrestrial Series

. No.8, Missouri Dept. Conserv., Jefferson City, S3 pp.

'-, R.L. CLAWSON,M.L. LaVAL, and W. CAIRE. 1977a. Foraging behavior and nocturnal activity patterns of Missouri bats, with emphasis on the endanqered species Myotis qrisescens and Myotis Bodalis. J. Mamm., 58:592-599.

, R.L. CLAWSON, W. CAIRE, L.R. WINGATE, and M.L. LaVAL. 1977b. An evaluation of the status of 8yotine bats in the prolX>sed Meraa.e-c Park Lake and Union Lake project areas, Missouri. U.s. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis Dist., 136 pp.

19 MOHR, C.E. 1972. The 8tatus of threatened species of cave-dwelling bats. Bull. Hatl. Speleol. Soc., 34:33-47.

MUMFORD, R.E., and J.B. COPE, 1964. Di.tribution and status of the Chiroptera of Indiana. Amer. Mid1. Nat., 72:473-489.

MYERS, R.F. 1964. Ecology of three species of ayotine bats in the OZark Plateau. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, 210 pp

REIDINGER, R.F., Jr. 1972. Factors influencinq AriEona bat population levels, Unpubl. Ph.D. di88ert., Univ. Arizona, Tu8con, 172 pp.

1976. Organochlorine residues in adults of six southwestern bat species. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 40:677-680.

SPARLING, D.W., M. SPONSLER, and T. HICKMAN. 1979. Liaited biological asses..ent of Galum Creek. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.

TUTTLE, M.D. 1977. Gating as a means of protecting cave dwelling bats. pp 77-82 El National Cave Management Syaposi um Proceedings, 1976. (T. Aley and D. Rhodes, eds.), SpeleoboOks, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 146 pp.

and D.E. STEVENSON. 1978. Variation in the cave environment and its biological implications. Pp 108-121, in National Cave ManageDent Symposium Proceedings, 1977 (R. ZUber, et al., e48.). SpeleoboOks Adobe Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 140 pp.

1911. An analysis of aiqration as a 8Ortality factor in the gray bat based on public recoveries of banded bats. Amer. Midland Nat., 91:235-240.

20 PART III

I_apleMntation

Pri6rities in column four of the following implementation schedule are assigned as follows:

1. Priority 1 - All actions that are absolutely essential to prevent extinction of the species.

2. Priority 2 - All actions necessary to maintain the species' current population status.

3. Priori ty 3 - All other actions necessary to provide for full recovery of the species.

21 raJ' 5 Q B ~

~ ~ £.< ~ ~ ! ('II ~ ~ ~

3 Q.o >- ~ ~ 0 to) ~ APPENDIX I

CA VE ~IORITY DATA

1-1 The most important action recommended in the imple.entation schedule is the protection of Indiana bat hibernacula. The following tables (2-5) contain a list of these caves, their location by state and county, an index number for computer purposes, priority levels (1-4) protection needs, and recommended management agencies. Priority levels were set based on the following criteria:

Priority 1. Hibernacula with a recorded population greater than 30,000 since 1960.

Priority 2. Hibernacula with a recorded population qreater than 1,000 but less than 30,000 since 1960.

Priority 3. Hibernacula that require further investiqation.

Priority 4. Other hibernacula of mar9inal si~ificance that require no action.

1-2 ABBREVIATIONS tEED IN INDIANA BAT R~OVERY PIAN

Arkansas Gameand Fish CoaDdssion

Missouri Departaent of Natural Re8ource.

Eligible Natural Land8ark

GA DNR Georgia Departaent of Natural Resources

IDNR Indiana Depart8nt of Natural Re8ourcea mFWR Kentucky De~rtment of Fish and Wi Idlife Resources

Kentucky Departnent of Parks

KNK: Kentucky Nature Preserves Co8Ddssion

MIX: Mis.ouri Depart.ent of Conservation

MD DNR Maryland Departaent of Natural Resources

~ Nature Conservancy

National Natural Landmark

National Park Service

National Speleological Society

NYSDB:: New York State Depart88nt of Environmental Conservation

Pennsyl vania Game ComDdssion

Pri vate Individual

Tennessee Heri tag- Proqraa

Tennessee Valley Authority

Tennessee Wi ldlife Resources Agency

USA-CE U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

USADOD u. S. Depart8ent of Defense

U. S. Fore8t Service

USFWS u. S. Fiah and Wildlife Service

~IF Virginia Coaai..ion of Game and Inland Fisheries

WVDNR West Virginia Departaent of Natural Resources

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~ APPENDIX II

ACKNOWLmGEMEN'l'S

We Are especially indebted to those official consultants Who he~ed us prepare thia plan: John Bowles, James Cope, Michael Harvey, Stephen Hu~hr ey and Ralph Jordan.

The following persons, due either to their knowledge, experience, or position, have been contacted, or contributed in the Indiana bat recoYery effort. The list 1s not necessarily complete, and does not include team members. Names are liated alphabetically.

Baqley, Fred Barr, DOnald Brack, Virqil Caire, Willi.. O1i tvood, hn CUrrie, Robert Davis, Wayne Elder, William Eaqer, Dan Estes, Jerry and Beth Gardner, Gene Griqsby, Everett Gunier, Wilbur Hatcher, Robert Hensley, Steve Holsinqer, John Jones, Rick Jordan, Dennis La Val, Marqaret L. Lucas, Eldon MacGreqor, John Moss, Reed Myers, Richard RAbinC*'i tz, Alan Rossi, David Russell, Donald R. Sauqey, David Sheldrake, ~088S Stadt, Holly Sullivan, Arthur L. Tipton, Virginia Visscher, Larry Warnock, John Wilson, Ronald Woocly, Jack Zinn, Terry

11-1 APPENDIX III

CA VE MANAGEMENT

111-1 CAVE MANAGEMENT

Signs, fences and gates may be required to reduce or eliminate huaan di.turbance at Indiana bat caves.

Signs

At a cave that ie infrequently vi8ited, or easily observed by its owner, a 8ign alone MY be adequate to prevent disturbance. Under certain circumstances, a 8ign might call unneces8ary attention to a cave, in Which case the 8anager 8ight opt for placement of the sign in.ide the cave. Signs aust be of durable construction and fixed .olidly in place to ainimize vandali8m. They should not be placed where bat movement or air flow might be impeded. They must be located where the potential violators can see them, and should be placed just behind the gate or fence if such a structure ha. been erected.

Wording ~ill vary from cave to cave, depending on the history of use of the cave by both bats and. :People. If law enforceaent officials are to have a 8trong case again8t violators, the sign must contain a warning 8essage .imilar to that of the upper half of the sign shown in Fiqure 3. If potential vandals are undeterred by the warning message, they aight be more responsive to an inte~retive message, as exemplified by the one shown on the lower half of the 8ign in Figure 3. This sign is used at Indiana bat hibernacula in Missouri.

At certain caves it 8aY be acceptable to perait entry of visitors durinq the summer when bats are not present. A smaller siqn containinq that messaqe, plU8 inforaation on how to obtain a key to a qated cave or other pertinent details, aiqht deter potential vandals, and encourage the cooperation of spelunkers.

Fences

Although fences may not afford the sa8e level of protection as steel gates, the presence of a fence makes it clear that unauthorized entry is illegal. Fences may be less expensive than gates, but are easier to climb or cut. Nevertheless, 8ome caves are impractical to gate, due to .ize or confiquration of entrances, or because gating would result in probable abandonment of the cave by bats. Chainlink, barbed wire-topped fence. (Figure 4), with posts .et in concrete are best. Barbed wire should not extend into flight space required by bats. Several fences have proven highly effective in reducing human disturbance. Fences have been used successfully to protect gray bat caves with flooded entrances adjacent to reservoirs (Fiqure 5).

Gates

Gates must be used only with extreme care to avoid detrimental effects. They should not be horizontal or used in entrances ..aller than six feet in diameter. Gates in small entrances are most likely to restrict air flow or increase bat vulnerability to pcedation (Tuttle, 1977; Tuttle and Stevenson, 1978), leading to abandonment by the bats.

111-2 Welded steel bar gates provid~ the 8Ost 8ecure means of preventing human entry into a cave. Even the best-designed and well-built gate can be vandalized. Routine inspections wi 11 identify damage 80 that repairs can be ..de promptly.

Bach gate must be designed specifically for the cave to be protected, consider- ing numbers of bats, air flow, and entrance .i~e and shape. In .pite of the number of variables involved, certain generalizations about gate design can be _de.

Gat.. .hould be con8tructed of .teel bars of 8ufficient .iEe to be inwlnerable to bolt cutters. Steel bars 3/4 inch to l-inch in diameter (ASTM* A 242) are recom88nded. All welds 8hould be .-de carefully, u8ing .rc welding equipment.

Access openings in gates .hould be constructed to the same standards with the most durable hinges, hasps, and locks. In a 8ituation where vandalism seems likely, weak-link design aay be employed. The lock, hasp, or some other ea8ily replaceable portion of the gate 8hould be relatively weak so that vandals wi 11 not try to breach the main body of the gate. Locks should be chosen with care a8 .any c~n types are extreae ly easy to force open.

Free ends of all bars should be grouted into solid rock. In 8088 caves, it may be necessary to pour a concrete footing (a~though it should not rise above original ground level), or to dig through a deep clay or gravel fill to reach the underlying floor.

Openings in gates through which bats are expected to fly should be approxisately six inches vertically and at least twenty-four inches horizontally. Lengths greater than twenty-four inches between vertical bars increase the probability that the bar. can be spread by the use of hydraulic jacks.

A si.ple vertical gate (Fiqure 6) .ay be inappropriate at caves with saall or 8inkhole entrances. Horizontal gates have two serious drawbaCks: (1) Bats are reluctant to fly up through such a gatel (2) A horizontal gate may become blocked with debris, preventing entry and ex! t by bats, as well a. blocking normal air flow. A 8o1ution is provided by a .cage. gate siailar to that shown in Figure 7. Cage gates should be constructed with at least a five-foot height.

Restrict Approach to Cave

People often locate caves with the aid of trails and roads. Obliteration of jeep and foot trails aay greatly reduce human traffic to the caves. The Tennessee Valley Authority has blocked boat approaches to two of its caves, preventing access. Other opportunities for restricting approach may present theaselves at 8pecific cave sites.

Resource Grwpa and Aqencies

The following groups and agencies have had experience with bat cave management, and can be consulted for advice when management actions are being planned:

tAmerican Society of Testing Material

III-] (1) The Recovery Team

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Reqion 4

Missouri Department of Conservation

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District

Tennessee Valley Authority

111-4

FIGURE4: FIGURE5: FENCE ERECTEDAT HAMBRICK CAVE} ALABAMA BY THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (PHOTO CREDIT) TENNESSEEVALLEY AUTHORITY). FIGURE6: GREAT SCOTT CAVE GATE ERECTEDBY THE ~ISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION(PHOTO CREDIT~ R. CLAWSON). j ~I

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FIGURE7: APPENDIX IV

HIBERHACUlA BY STATE

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~ APPENDIX V

F Acr SHEET ON BATS

V-I 1.50 WD 8/80

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- J .i - Copyript e 18) Miaouri Departmentof ConservatiOD Used with permission

Only in the last 50 years has man learned much other mammals',but the bons of the fingers are greatly about bats and their life history. Their nocturnal habits. elongated to support membraneow wings, The hind affinity for Mrie pl~ like caves. and silent. darting limbs are modified to allow them to alight and hang, flight have made them the subjects of a great deal of head-down,by their tos. folklore and supentition through the years. Active at a Bats feed at night. Most locate their food and time when most people prefer to be Indoors and able to navigate by uttering a continuow seri~ of ultrasonic function when and where man's most Important sense. cri~ that return as~h~ when the cri~ hit solid objects. sight. is denied him, it is no wonder that bats SMIDsuper- In the daytime they seek shelter in a wide variety of natural. Actually, bats are superbly adapted creatur~ places:cavs, min~, buildings, rock crevices,under tr~ that have evolved to e%ploltresour~ such as night-flying bark and amid foliage. When r~ng or hibernating, bats insects and dark caverns that are unavallable to diurnal can lower their body temperatureto nearly match the en- and sight-dependent animals. vironment and thw lower their metabolismand conserve Bats are the only mammals capable of true flight. energy. ".Theirfore limbs have the same general configuration as Most bats oongregatein nursery oolonim in the spring. The young are born in Mayor June. Most Gray bats live underground year-round and thus are Missouri bats produce one young per year; several species found only in areas with suitable cav~ (mostly the produce two, and one produces up to four. The young are southern half of the state). Their summer cav~ are easily fed on milk until they are capable of foraging on their recognized becauseof the huge mounds of guano that ac- own. Summer colonies dispersein July and August, when cumulate beneath the bat roosts. The roosts themselves th~ bats begin migration to hibernation sites. A variety of usually are evident as brown stains on the cave ceiling. In sites are used for hibernation-caves, mines, buildings June and July, when flightless young are present, distur- and hollow trees. Before hibernating, bats accumulate bance can lead to mass mortality as frightened females fat reservesto last throughout the foodless winter. drop their young in the panic to flee from the intruder. Bats are an important part of the natural system. Such clusters of gray bats are usually noisy, so if you enter They help control nocturnal insects, some of which are a cave with a strong guano smell and hear bats, please agricultural pests or annoying to man. Many forms of turn around and leave immediately. Gray bats are cave life depend upon the nutrients brought in by bats known to hibernate in four caves in Missouri; three of and released from their guano (feces). And bats have con- them have pit (vertical) entrances that make human ac- tributed much to man's knowledge through scientific cess difficult thus limiting disturbance. One of these studies of their echolocation abilities, their biology and cav~ Is commercialized, but the owners are taking steps certain aspectsof their physiology. to prot~t the bats. Bat populations "havebeen declining at an alarming Indiana bats hibernate in a few cold caves in the rate in recent years. Some of the more important causes Ozarks, and more than half of the entire world popula- of this decline are destruction of habitat, pesticides and tion winters in Missouri. They form denseclusters of hun- disturbance. Loss of roosting and foraging habitat has dreds or thousands of bats on cave ceilings, usually ~ulted from reservoir construction, watershed develop- within or just beyond the twIlight zone near the cave's ment, forest convenion, urbanization and cave commer- entrance. At this time they are highly susceptable to cialization. Lethal levels of pesticides have been found in disturbance by cave explorers. In summer, Indiana bats dead bats in several studies. Vandalism and disturbance disperse and form small colonies. They live under tree have eliminated or greatly reduced bats in a number of bark and are not likely to be seen. Relatively little Is caves. Three speciesof bats in Missouri are on the federal known about their summer ecology because they are. so Endangered Species List and are protected by the En- difficult to locate. dangered SpeciesAct of 1973. All bats are protected by the Wildlife Code of Missouri. Uttle brown bats hibernate in small numbers in many caves in Miuouri. In summer, they sometimes form All of the bats that occur in Missouri are insec- colonies in barns and attics. K~n's bats hide in crevices tivorous. They can be divided into two groups-those in cavesand are rarely seeneven though numbers of them that roost only in trees and those that spend at least a por- can be trapped at cave entrances at night. tion of the year in caves. Eastern pipistrelle bats are pale in color and can be Among the tree bats, red bats and hoary bats roost found hiberpating singly in most caves in the state. Big amid the leaves while silver-haired bats roost under loose brown bats hibernate in cold sites just inside cave en- bark and evening bats prefer cavities. Red bats are prob- trances. They sometimes form colonies in barns and attics ably the most commonly seenspecies in the state. Occurr- where their guano may create an odor problem. When a ing statewide, they emerge at dusk to forage alon~ woods single bat is found inside a house, it is most likely a big edges, over streams, along roads and frequently around brown that entered looking for a place to roost for the street lamps in towns. In winter, they may be seen on day. warm afternoons foraging in forest openings. The hoary Eastern and Ozark big-eared bats occur in small bat, so named because of white tips on its rich, dark numbersin Missouri. They are easily recognizedas they brown fur, is the largest Missouri bat, weighing over an havehuge earsthat are nearly as long as the rest of their ounce and having a IS-inch wingspan. Silver-haired bats body. Least bats have been found in a few cavesin the are primarily a northern specieswhile evening bats raise state, and free-tail bats were identified from a couple of young in Missouri but migrate south for the winter. locations. The remaining speciesoccupy caves all or part of the At present, bat managementconsists primarily of year. Gray bats, Indiana bats and Ozark big-eared bats protecting habitat. Someof the cavesknown to be 0c- are on the federal Endangered Species Ust. Gray bats cupied by endangeredspecies have been acquired or and Indiana bats are threatened with extinction largely leased.Caves that ue especiallycritical to the survival of becauseof their habit of amassing in very large numbers thesespecies are being gatedwith welded steelbars set in (up to hundreds of thoUsands)in only a few caves. Thus concreteor rock. However, during the times of the year they are extremely vulnerable to disturbance (each time when the endangeredbats are not present, these cavs they are awakened from hibernation they use up vital fat can be visited without harm to the bats. Many cavs used reserves), destruction from natural catastrophes such as by endangeredspecis are postedwith signsthat explain flooding or wanton slaughter by people, and loss of im- which speciesis present and at what time of year en- portant caves to commercialization, inundation by reser- trance into the cave would disturb the bats. They also voirs, or other causes.There now may only be a few hun- give someinformation on why the bats need prot~tion. dred Ozark big-eared bats in existence. They are known Entering a bat cave could lead to prosecutionunder the from only a very few caves in southwest Missouri, north- Endangered Specis Act and bring a fine of up to west Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. $20,(XX). If you havebats in your houseor other building and a. Fur on back pale yellowish or pale reddish- wish to evict them, the best methodis to block all access brown PipistrelleBat holes when the bats are out so that they cannot return. b. Fur on backdark glossybrown The best time is in the fall or winter after the bats have left for hibernation. Alternatively, you could wait until Ean long(about3/4")...... Keen'sBat the bats haveleft to forage at dusk and then block up the Earsshorter (usually 518" or less) holes. However, don't do this betw~n May 15 and July LittJeBrownBat 15 when flightlessyoung might be pr~nt asthey would die and create an additional odor problem. Killing the bats without stopping up their accessholes may alleviate the problem for the time being, but the conditionsthat A MORE DETAILED GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION attracted the bats in the first place would still exist and AND HABITS OF MISSOURI CAVE BATS other bats probably would usethe site in the future. It has recently beenfound that sprayingpesticides on a bat Gray Bat (Myotu grisescen.t)- ENDANGERED - colony is not a good method of control, for several Medium size: grayish color; usually in large active reasons-(I) not all the bats are killed, (2) dying bats fall clusters; in absenceof bats. evidencedby pil. of near the treatment site and are likely to comein contact bat guanoand reddish-brownceiling stains:in many with humansand their pets, and (3) asabove, the condi- cavesin summer.few in winter. tions that initially attracted the bats are not changed. AppendixI givesa simplekey and descriptionsof the Indiana Bat (Myotil sodalil) - ENDANGERED - cave bats most likely to be encounteredin Missouri. It Small size; grayish brown color. grayish ears and alsohas identification tips to help distinguishthe two en- membranes; torpid clusters (often large) in cold dangeredMyotil speciesfrom other, similar bats. Also at- c.:avesin winter; no guano piles; mostly in a few caves tached is a page of drawings that depict several key in easternOzarks. characters to separate bats of the genus Myotiof in Uttle Brown Bat (Myotis luciJugw) - Small size; Missouri. If you encounter endangeredspecies or find any bats with numbered plastic bands on their wings, brown, glossyfur; blackish ears and membranes, pleasesend the number, color of band, date, locality and as singles,pairs or small clwters; in most cavesin any other pertinent information to Richard Clawson, winter, often neartwilight. Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1110 College Keen'sBat (Myotis keenii) - Small size; much like little Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65201. brown bat, but much longer ears; roostsin crevices, Batsneed friends. They havesuffered from misinfor- so rarely seen,but a few do roost in the open on low mation and superstition for many years. As we learn more about these furry little "angels of the night" we ceilings. realize their importance in the natural schemeof things. Big Brown Bat (Eptuicw jwcw) - Much larger than An enlightenedpublic, realizing that the systemis com- otherslisted here; brown color; dark ears and mem- pQSedof many parts and that each has a role to play in branes; noisy and belligerent; singles and small maintaining the balance, will ultimately prove to be the groupsin mostcaves, near entrance. bat's best friend. This publication is made possibleby the 1/8 of 1% Eastern Pipistrelle Bat (Piputrellw mbjlavw) - Small- salestax dedicatedto conservationin Missouri. est of our cave bats; pale color and very small size APPENDIX I make it easyto recognize;singles in winter, some- times alsoin summer; most cavesin state, well past A SIMPUFIED KEY TO MISSOURI CAVE BATS twilight in constanttemperature zone.

A. Usually roosting in large clusters (hundreds or thousands) IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL 1. Fur on back gray; guano piles under cave roosts; BATS IN THE HAND bats usually seenonly in spring, summer or fall ...... Gray Bat Identification of individual bats in hand can be dif- 2. Fur on back brownish gray; no guano piles ficult. The key to Missouri cave bats may prove ade- under roosts; bats usually seenonly in cold caves quate, especiallyif roosting conditions were observed. in late fall, winter and early spring Otherwise the following drawings will be very useful. Indiana Bat They usethe color of the fur, as revealedby blowing in the centerof the back to part the fur; the position of at- Bo Usually roosting singly or in very small clusters tachmentof the tail membrane;the length and densityof (fewerthan 20) distribution of hairs on the toes; and the degree of developmentof a fleshykeel on the calcar, which is a car- 1. Large size (total length 4" to 5"); fur on back tilaginoussupporting structure on the rear edgeof the tail darkbrown .Big Brown Bat membrane. These are the characters used by bat 2. Smallsize (total length 1- than 4") biologiststo distinguishamong these species. i ~ ,.F) Co ',~ . ~~~)A.'J~ . ',~-.~ .'. , ¥:Jl ...,~i'~~~~~ . .v :~ ~' ':--. . .~,'. , :,..' .~ , . ,.", " (If; . ~ ..,

;:-~ .bt~ '. ( ~;:':J~i";~ : :~: J. ~ ~~r)II.',i ~l:' ' ..~ .'~'" ~ ,~"".~ / -t' )

AI:.~ i , j. ", 'It i ./' v ..' ~'(/I ,---~~ \ Gray Bat v~ r,pLi~:;;~~:~! Indiana Bat Keen's Bat Myatt. ,rlse.cens Myot1slUC~BU~t Myotissodalis MyotiskeenH HBirI medium Hairs long Hairs short and dense longand sparse '. and sparse Hairs medium ~:'~~~;";~~,. ~ long and sperae ' ,,' . -..'~'..-.-. .~~ (f~~~ .' \!

WiDI a.ttached Wing attachad along WiDg. .ttached alon, .along .side . I ~ side of foot : of foot side of foot --",~, ., ~ '" WiDI attachecl , to ankle i L... ~'1 1", "" ' ~~~I ~~';i; J ~ I'" " :;:."'~ , IA~) -~... .~ '" .I ~. ... ~: ""'-'I}- ~ Poorly developed ~~ ¥.;:: keel on calcar ~!. I' No keel JI ~o:: c~ ,. :( ancalcar 1/1 Y f/~~"'" ""'Well developed keel on calcar

. y .

Tips contrasUD, with bale.

'npa not contruttDg wtthba888 .

APE NDIX VI

Guidelines for Banding

and Census Taking

VI-l RECOMMENDEDBANDING GUIDELINES

Banded Indiana bats rarely are recaptured away from the original banding site. Far less than one percent are ever seen again at another location. Therefore, even when uny thousands of bats are banded,. the re.8ulting data on move.nt patterns are llinimal. Also, large numbers can be cauqht only at hibernatinq -caves, where the disturbance is maximally stressful and often a cause of qreatly increased mortality. For these reasons, banding of Indiana bats should be prohibi ted except in cases When liai ted nU8bers are used in studies of Bummer foraqing behavior.

Bate netted in areas Where they forage can be marked with reflector tape- covered bands for later recognition, using a spotlight or night vision scOpe and infrared light source. Colored banda applied to the left or right wing perm t recognition of individuals or eMll groops and MY greatly facilitate investigations of Indiana bats foraging behavior.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INDIANA BAT CENSUSES

Censuses should be conducted between January 15 and February 15 and 8hould not be repeated more often than once every other year in any qiven cave. They 8hould be conducted ~ a well trained individual, accompanied by at least one and rarely .ore than two assistant8. After the initial census it is essential for consistency and speed of censusinq that each subsequent teaa include at least one .ember who participated in the la8t census in that cave.

Each Indiana bat hibernating cave to be censused should be aapped by the census takers during the bats' summer absence. Assistance from local cavers may be especially valuable at that ti8e. During the next winter census all Indiana bat roosting areas should be described and numbered with reference to the map, such that future censusers can easily locate and determine the boundaries of each nuabered roosting area.

Those conducting Indiana bat censuses aust be faailiar enough with the bats' appearance and roosting behavior so that only an occasional bat need be handled to confira identification. Where few bats are found they may be counted individually, but where there are many clustered bats only the area covered by each cluster should be determined. A s teel tape may prove useful. Numbers of bats or the areas covered by clusters should be recorded for each numbered ro08t. After leaving the cave the areas covered by clusters can be summed into a total square foot figure and aultiplied ~ 300 (the aYerage number of Indiana batSjft2, 8ee LaVal and LaVal, 1980) to obtain 8sti.ate8 of total bats present.

Since di8turbance i8 a major cause of Indiana bat decline, it is imperative that di8turbance during censusing be ainimized. Li~ting the cen8using tea~ to two or three individuals, prior exploration and mapping, uae of nuabered sites, and calculations ba8ed on 8quare feet covered by clusters all serve to accaaplish this end. Additionally, bright headlights 8hould not be 8hined directly on the bats .ore than neces8ary, and all hu8an 8ounds 8hould be kept to . ainiau.. Non-essential data taking, 8uch a8 deteraining the 8ex ratio8, should be eliainated, and census taker8 8hould leave roosts as soon as possible.

VI-2 When an accurate, quick reading, digital thermO8eter is available, a single air and a single wall temperature should be recorded at an easily locatable place in the .oat iaportant roost area. The exact location and height above the cave floor aust be recorded, and the therao88ter must be calibrated if 8uch readings are to be useful and coaparable over time. Also, care aust be taken to record the teaperature 8OOn after errival and well away from the potential influence of huaan body heat.

Bach cen8US report 8hould include date of cen8US, tiDe of cave entry and exi t, n...s and affiliations of all those who participated, the number of Indiana bat8 present at each numbered roost, and a copy of the cave ..p (with description of nuabered roosts). Hotes on nuaber. of other species observed, air, wall, and outside temperatures (with time of day taken), and any notes on gates and evidence of hu.an or other disturbance, should be included when pos8ible. Hopefully, consistence of cen8US taker8, techniques and reporting will greatly increa.e the validity of future cenSU8es.

. . .

VI-3 . ~ipient.-Draft Indiana Bat Recovery Plan ~e Wildlife SOCiety . cepartRent of &\erqy Region 2, FftS, Al~r~, tit Federal Highway ~nistration R83ion 4, ~, Atlanta, ~ Illinoi8 Department of Transportation ~ioo 5, FWS, NewtonCorner, MA EnvironDentAl Protection Agency ~iCX'1 6, ~, DelWer, a> SOil ~rvation Servi~ 'Area Offices, FWS,Annapolis, MD cepart8nt of Defense Pierre, SD COrps of ~irwer8 A&.8tin, TX &o.1thAtl8)tic biviliCX\ E. Lansirq, MI li)rth Atlantic DiviliCX\ Jackson, MS ..." E~larx! Divisi~ Ashev111 e , tI:: Q1io River Division Barr i.burg, PA li)rth Central Divi.ioo 1011aConservation Callnission Lower Mississippi Valley Division Illi~is ~parbl8nt of ConsetVation 8a1t!Mstern Divi8i~ Missouri Departnent of Conservation Mi88OUl'i River Divi.ion 1ooiana ~partment of Natural ReSQ1rces M81P1is District 0klahaIIa cepartnent of Wildlife CCW\servatioo VicksbJrg District Wisconsin ~parClent of Hatur al Re~rces c..ha District Kansas Fish w G8DeCannissioo KanSasCity Di8trict State Biological SUrvey of Ransas 1\1laa District Georgia Departnent of Natur al Resour~s . O\icatjO District Virginia Comndssion of GBmeand Inland Fisheries ~troit District Temessee Depara.nt of Conservation Rock Isl~ District Arkansas G8ne and Fish Callnission St. Paul District Alabana ~partJlent of Conservation and Natural Little ~k Diatrict IWICMJrce8 a.1ti~t~ District Hissour i t8parClent of Natur al Resources ID.1isville Diatr ict Mississippi ~partment of Wildlife Conservation Nashville District !e" H8npshire Fish and Gamec.parbllent PittsOOrgh Diatrict New Jersey Divisioo of Fish, Game, W wildlife Q)Arlest~ Diatrict Ne..rYork DeparbDent of Envir~ntal Conservation Jacksonville District Comecticut DepartJlent of Dtvirorwental Protection tk)bile Distr ict (l\io ~partJllent of Natural Resour~s SavannahDistrict Pennsylvania Galle CaJllliuion Wilmi~ton District Scutn Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources neparbDent BaIti8)re Diatrict Marylw Depara.nt of Natural Resources ~ York District . TeM888ee Wildlife Resour~s AgerLY ~rfolk District ver~t Fish ard G8Ie tlepartJl8nt RlilDlphia District West Virginia Department of Natural Resources aJffalo District ~adhusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife Civil WOrks, CO~a of E~ineer8 ~~ Recreational Vehicles Fort Lea1ard ~, Missouri M~~igan ~para..nt of Natural lesources O£ark ~r9roond ~ooratory Florida Gameand Fresh water Fish Commission ~ Center for Action on Erdangered ss-cies .ientuckY Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources ~e Nat~e Conservarq, Arli~ton, virginia Ra~!onal Park Service 'D1eNature Ca'lservancy, Bloc-.ington, Indiana rorest Service National ~SeI.In of Natural History Tenl;-'saebeau of Valleyt.OO Man83_nt Authority . li)rth Carolina State )t18e\JIIof Natural History Milwukee P\.t>lic ~Be\D Temea.ee wildlife Resour(»s AgenCJ tk\iveraity of Temessee ~feMers of Wildlife ~ia State It\iversity