Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered

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KIERKEGAARD’S RELATIONS TO HEGEL RECONSIDERED

Jon Stewart’sgroundbreaking studyisa major reevaluation of the complex re- lationsbetween the philosophiesofKierkegaard and Hegel. The standardview on the subject is that Kierkegaard defined himself explicitly as the antipode of Hegel and thusthat he viewed Hegel’sphilosophywith utter disdain.Jon Stewart shows convincingly that Kierkegaard’s criticism was not primarily of Hegel but of a number of contemporary Danish Hegelians. Kierkegaard’s own view of Hegel wasin fact much more positivethan isusuallythought, even to the point where he wasdirectly influenced by someaspectsofHegel’swork. Any scholar working in the tradition of Continental philosophy will find this an insightful and provocative book with implications for the subsequent history of philosophy in the twentieth century. The book will also appeal to scholars in religious studies and the history of ideas.

Jon Stewart is Associate Research Professor of Philosophy at the Søren Kierke- gaard Research Centre at the University of Copenhagen, an institution funded by the Danish National Research Foundation.

MODERN EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY

General Editor Robert B. Pippin, University of Chicago

Advisory Board Gary Gutting, University of Notre Dame Rolf-Peter Horstmann, Humboldt University, Berlin Mark Sacks, University of Essex

Some Recent Titles Daniel W. Conway: Nietzsche’s Dangerous Game John P. McCormick: Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism Frederick A. Olafson: Heidegger and the Ground of Ethics G¨unter Z¨oller: Fichte’s Transcendental Philosophy Warren Breckman: Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory William Blattner: Heidegger’s Temporal Idealism CharlesGriswold: Adam Smith and the Virtues of the Enlightenment Gary Gutting: Pragmatic Liberalism and the Critique of Modernity Allen Wood: Kant’s Ethical Thought Karl Ameriks: Kant and the Fate of Autonomy Alfredo Ferrarin: Hegel and Aristotle Cristina Lafont: Heidegger, Language and World-Discourse Nicholas Wolsterstorff: Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology Daniel Dahlstrom: Heidegger’s Concept of Truth Michelle Grier: Kant’s Doctrine of Transcendental Illusion Henry Allison: Kant’s Theory of Taste Allen Speight: Hegel, Literature and the Problem of Agency J. M. Bernstein: Adorno Will Dudley: Hegel, Nietzsche and Philosophy Taylor Carman: Heidegger’s Analytic DouglasMoggach: The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer

KIERKEGAARD’S RELATIONS TO HEGEL RECONSIDERED

JON STEWART The Søren Kierkegaard Research Centre at the University of Copenhagen

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stewart, Jon ( Jon Bartley) Kierkegaard’srelationsto Hegel reconsidered/ Jon Stewart. p. cm. – (Modern European philosophy) Includesbibliographical references(p. ) and index. isbn 0–521–82838–4 1. Kierkegaard, Søren, 1813–1855. 2. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770–1831. i. Title. ii. Series. b4377.s74 2003 198 .9 –dc21 2002042906

isbn 0 521 82838 4 hardback

Denne afhandling er af Det Teologiske Fakultet ved Københavns Universitet antaget til offentligt at forsvares for den teologiske doktorgrad. København den 10. juni, 2002. Steffen Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, dekan Thistreatisehasbeen accepted by the Theological Faculty at the Universityof Copenhagen for public defense for the degree of doctor habil. of theology. Copenhagen, June 10, 2002. Steffen Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Dean Thisbook hasbeen publishedwith ﬁnancial supportfrom the Danish Research Council for the Humanities.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements page xiii Abbreviations of Primary Texts xv Preface xix

Introduction 1 I. The Standard View of Kierkegaard’sRelation to Hegel 3 II. Thulstrup’s Formulation of the Standard View 14 III. The Reception of the Issue after Thulstrup 27 IV. Thesis and Methodological Considerations 32 1 Kierkegaard and Danish Hegelianism 45 I. Right and Left Hegelianism in Prussia and the German States 45 II. The Danish Hegelians 50 III. The Criticsof Hegel in Denmark 70 Appendix: Historical and Biographical Overview 83 2 Tracesof Hegel in From Papers of One Still Living and the Early Works 90 I. Hegel’s Absence in “Another Defense of Woman’s Great Abilities” 92 II. Hegel and Kierkegaard’sEarly Theory of Stages 97 III. Von Jumping-Jack in The Battle between the Old and the New Soap-Cellars 105 IV. Heiberg’s Perseus and From the Papers of One Still Living 115 A. Some Background Information about Perseus 115 B. Referencesto the Beginning of Philosophyin Hegel’s Logic 118 C. Referencesto the Stagesof Poetry in Hegel and Heiberg 123 D. The Reception of From the Papers of One Still Living 126

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3 The Ironic ThesisandHegel’sPresencein The Concept of Irony 132 I. The Ironic Thesis 135 II. Kierkegaard’s Own Assessment of His Hegelianism 141 III. The Structure of the Text 144 IV. Hegel’sAccount of the Daimon 150 V. Hegel’sAccount of Socratesvis-`a-vistheOther Greek Schools 157 VI. Hegel’sAccount of Socratesasthe Founder of Morality 161 VII. Hegel’sAccount of Irony and the Ironic Subject 166 VIII. Hegel’sCriticismof Romantic Irony 170 4 Hegel’s Aufhebung and Kierkegaard’s Either/Or 182 I. The Title “Either/Or” and ItsOrigin 184 II. The Problem of the Aufhebung of the Law of Excluded Middle 195 III. The Work of Art and ItsDialectic 209 IV. Two Interpretationsof Antigone 218 V. The Aesthetic Validity of Marriage: “Love’s Dialectic” 225 5 Kierkegaard’sPolemic with Martensenin Johannes Climacus, or De omnibus dubitandum est 238 I. The Allusion to Martensen in the Title 242 II. Kierkegaard’s Discussion of Absolute Knowing 249 A. The Concept of Absolute Knowing in Hegel 250 B. JohannesClimacusand AbsoluteKnowing 254 III. The Individual and the Subjective Beginning of Philosophy with Doubt 261 A. Doubt and the Justiﬁcation of Science in Hegel 262 B. JohannesClimacus’Examination of Subjective Doubt 263 IV. Kierkegaard’sAppropriation of Hegel on “Sense-Certainty” 268 A. Hegel’sAnalysisof“Sense-Certainty” 269 B. Johannes Climacus, Language, and Consciousness 273 6 Kierkegaard’sRepetition and Hegel’sDialectical Mediation 282 I. The Contradiction of Consciousness in De Omnibus 284 II. Repetition asan Ethical Concept 288 III. Repetition, Mediation, and Movement in Logic 292 IV. Repetition asa ReligiousConcept 297 7 Hegel’sView of Moral Conscienceand Kierkegaard’s Interpretation of Abraham 305 I. Descartes and Martensen in the Preface 307

contents ix

II. Problema I: The Murderer Sand and Kierkegaard’s Abraham 310 A. Hegel’sView of Ethicsand the Moral Conscience 310 B. Johannesde silentio’sCriticism 315 C. An AnalogousExample 321 III. Problema II: Absolute Duty and the Inner and the Outer 323 IV. Problema III: The Problem of Communication and Justiﬁcation 329 8 Martensen’s Doctrine of Immanence and Kierkegaard’s Transcendence in the Philosophical Fragments 336 I. The Paradox and Mediation 339 A. Climacus’ Doctrine of the Paradox 339 B. The Role of Mediation 341 C. The Allusions to Martensen 345 D. The Criticism of Martensen’s Article on Mediation 347 II. The Modal Categories 355 III. Necessity in History 359 IV. The Absolute Method 368 9 The Dispute with Adler in The Concept of Anxiety 378 I. Actuality and the Spheresof Logic and Existence 380 II. Immediacy and Faith 385 III. Reconciliation and Mediation 390 IV. Movement in Logic 396 A. Hegel’sConception of Dialectical Movement 397 B. Vigilius Haufniensis’ Criticism 399 V. Quantity, Quality, and the Leap 405 VI. Innocence and Immediacy 411 A. Hegel’sAccount of the Original Sin 412 B. Vigilius Haufniensis’ Criticism of Innocence asImmediacy 414 10 The Polemic with Heiberg in Prefaces 419 I. Kierkegaard’sRelation to Heiberg Immediately Prior to Prefaces 421 II. Systematic Philosophy and the Conception of Prefaces asa Work 424 III. Referencesto the Systemin Preface I 427 IV. The Reference to the Systematic Tendency in Preface VI 431 V. Hegel and Mediation in Preface VII 437 VI. Hegel and Hegeliansin Preface VIII 441

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11 Subjective and Objective Thinking: Hegel in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript 448 I. The True Targetsof the Postscript 453 II. Speculative Philosophy and Eternal Happiness 466 III. Speculative Philosophy and the Paradox of Christianity 470 IV. Speculative Philosophy’s Conceptual Understanding of Christianity 472 A. Hegel’s Conceptual Understanding of Christianity 472 B. Climacus’ Criticism of Christianity as a Form of Knowing 476 V. Speculative Philosophy and Forgetting Oneself 483 VI. The Criticism of the Presuppositionless Beginning 488 VII. The Criticism of the World-Historical Perspective 497 VIII. The Criticism of the Unity of Thought and Being 502 IX. Speculative Philosophy and the Law of Excluded Middle 510 X. The Absence of an Ethics in the System 515 12 Adler’sConfusionsandthe ResultsofHegel’sPhilosophy 524 I. Kierkegaard’sContact with Adler 526 II. Christianity as a Sublated Concept 532 III. Adler’sAttempt to Explain HisRevelation 537 IV. Adler and the Absence of an Ethics in Hegel 543 13 Kierkegaard’sPhenomenology of Despairin The Sickness unto Death 550 I. Speculative Thought’s Mistaken Moral Psychology 553 II. The Misguided Attempt to Comprehend Sin 559 III. Rational Theology or the Pastor’s Rational Justification of Faith 564 IV. Martensen and the God-Man 567 V. Anti-Climacus’ Dialectic and Phenomenology 572 A. Hegel’sDialectical Method 573 B. Phenomenology and Dialectic in “The Formsof This Sickness” 578 C. Phenomenology and Dialectic in “The Continuance of Sin” 584 D. A Change in Position? 587 14 Kierkegaard and the Development of Nineteenth-Century Continental Philosophy: Conclusions, Reflections, and Reevaluations 596 I. The Results of the Present Study: Attempt at an Overview 597

contents xi

A. The First Period: 1834–1843 597 B. The Second Period: 1843–1846 605 C. The Third Period: 1847–1855 612 D. Conclusions about the Development of Kierkegaard’sRelation to Hegel 615 II. The Standard Picture of the History of Nineteenth- Century Continental Philosophy 618 III. The Consequences of the Present Study for the Standard Picture 622 IV. Kierkegaard, Hegel, and the Nature of Nineteenth- Century Continental Philosophy 632 A. Some ExamplesIndicative of a Metalevel Dispute 633 B. Kierkegaard’sConception of Himselfand of Philosophy 640 C. The Classiﬁcation of Kierkegaard in the History of Nineteenth-Century Continental Philosophy 650 Foreign Language Summaries 653 Bibliographies 659 Subject Index 685 Index of Persons 689

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my deepest gratitude to the Danish National Research Foun- dation and the Søren Kierkegaard Research Centre at the University of Copenhagen where I have been employed in the capacity of Forsk- ningslektor or Associate Research Professor since 1995. The excellent resourcesatthe Centre have greatly facilitated work on thisproject and increased its scholarly merits immeasurably. The human resources there have also been of inestimable importance, and in this regard I would like to thank above all the Centre’sDirector, NielsJørgen Cappelørn, for hisconstantencouragement and unwavering belief in both thisproject and me. In addition, I thank Alastair Hannay, Hermann Deuser, and Arne Grøn for their support through the years. I am also indebted to Michael Theu- nissen for his guidance and invaluable suggestions at the initial stages of my research. Many thanks are also due to those who have helped me to proofread variouspartsof thiswork: Daniel Conway, Louie Matz, Richard Purkarthofer, and Loy Stewart; their suggestions have improved the manuscript significantly. I am deeply grateful to my friends and colleagues at the Centre for many useful discussions through the years: Noel Adams, Søren Bruun, IstvánCzakó, Simonella Davini, NielsNymann Eriksen, Dar´ıoGonzález,Jan Holmgaard, Bruce Kirmmse, Zachary Price, Ettore Rocca, Wang Qi, Brian Söderquist,Bronislaw Swiderski, Christian Fink Tolstrup, and Arild Waaler. Thisproject waswritten over a period of severalyears.During thistime I have used parts of the manuscript for public lectures; in addition, some partsof it have appeared in earlier draftsasarticlesin academic journals. I gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the editorsof the Jahrbuch fur¨ Hegelforschung, Kierkegaardiana, the Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook, and Per- sona y Derecho for allowing me to reprint this previously published material here in itsfull context.

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xiv acknowledgements

I am thankful to the Danish Research Agency for its generous ﬁnancial support of this publication. Finally, I thank my friends, David Kangas and Andr´asNagy, for relent- lessly pushing me to see to an end this project, which I often despaired of ever completing.

ABBREVIATIONS OF PRIMARY TEXTS

hegel’s writings Aesthetics I–II = Hegel’s Aesthetics. Lectures on Fine Art, vols. 1–2, translated by T. M. Knox. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1975, 1998. Briefe I–IV = Briefe von und an Hegel, vols. 1–4, edited by Johannes Hoffmeister. Hamburg: Meiner 1961. Cited by volume and page number. EL = The Encyclopaedia Logic. Part One of the Encyclopaedia of the Philo- sophical Sciences, translated by T. F. Gerats, W. A. Suchting, and H. S. Harris. Indianapolis: Hackett 1991. Cited by paragraph number (§). ETW = Early Theological Writings, translated by T. M. Knox. Fragments translated by Richard Kroner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1948; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1975. Cited by page number. First Phil. of Spirit = First Philosophy of Spirit in G. W. F. Hegel. System of Ethical Life and First Philosophy of Spirit, edited and translated by H. S. Harrisand T. M. Knox. Albany, New York: SUNY Press 1979. Cited by page number. Hist. of Phil. I–III = Lectures on the History of Philosophy, vols. 1–3, translated by E. S. Haldane. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner 1892–96; Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press 1955. Cited by volume and page number. Jub. = Samtliche¨ Werke. Jubiläumsausgabein 20 Bänden, edited by Her- mann Glockner. Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag 1928–41. Phil. of Hist. = The Philosophy of History, translated by J. Sibree. New York: Willey Book Co. 1944. Cited by page number. Phil. of Mind = Hegel’s Philosophy of Mind, translated by William Wallace and A. V. Miller. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1971. Cited by paragraph number (§). Phil. of Nature = Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature, translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1970. Cited by paragraph number (§).

xvi abbreviations of primary texts

Phil. of Religion I–III = Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, vols. 1– 3, translated by E. B. Speirs and J. Burdon Sanderson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: The HumanitiesPress 1962, 1968, 1972. Cited by volume and page number. PhS = Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1977. Cited by page number. PR = Elements of the Philosophy of Right, translated by H. B. Nisbet, edited by Allen Wood. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1991. Cited by paragraph number (§) with the exception of the Preface which issonoted and cited by page number. SL = Hegel’s Science of Logic, translated by A. V. Miller. London: George Allen and Unwin 1989. Cited by page number. TJ = Hegels theologische Jugendschriften, edited by Herman Nohl. T¨ubingen: Verlag von J. C. B. Mohr 1907. Cited by page number.

kierkegaard’s writings A = The Book on Adler, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1998. KW vol. 24. ASKB = Auktionsprotokol over Søren Kierkegaards Bogsamling, edited by H. P. Rohde. Copenhagen: The Royal Library 1967. B&A I–II = Breve og Aktstykker vedrørende Søren Kierkegaard, vols. 1–2, edited by Niels Thulstrup. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1953–54. CA = The Concept of Anxiety, translated by Reidar Thomte in collabo- ration with Albert B. Anderson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1980. KW vol. 8. CI = The Concept of Irony; Schelling Lecture Notes, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Uni- versity Press 1989. KW vol. 2. COR = The Corsair Affair; Articles Related to the Writings, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1982. KW vol. 13. CUP1 = Concluding Unscientiﬁc Postscript, vol. 1, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Uni- versity Press 1992, vol. 1. KW vol. 12.1. CUP2 = Concluding Unscientiﬁc Postscript, vol. 2, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Uni- versity Press 1992, vol. 2. KW vol. 12.2. EO1 = Either/Or 1, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1987. KW vol. 3. EO2 = Either/Or 2, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1987. KW vol. 4. EPW = Early Polemical Writings: From the Papers of One Still Living; Articles from Student Days; The Battle between the Old and the New Soap-Cellars,

abbreviations of primary texts xvii

translated by Julia Watkin. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univer- sity Press 1990. KW vol. 1. EUD = Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1990. KW vol. 5. FT = Fear and Trembling; Repetition, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1983. KW vol. 6. JC = Johannes Climacus, or De omnibus dubitandum est, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1985. KW vol. 7. JP = Søren Kierkegaard’s Journals and Papers, vols. 1–6, edited and translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press 1967–78. Cited by volume number and entry number. Index and Composite Collation, vol. 7, by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press 1978. KW = Kierkegaard’s Writings, vols. 1–26, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1978–2000. LD = Kierkegaard: Letters and Documents, translated by Henrik Rosen- meier. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1978.(A translation of B&A.) KW vol. 25. M = The Moment and Late Writings, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1998. KW vol. 23. P = Prefaces, translated by Todd W. Nichol. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1998. KW vol. 9. Pap. = Søren Kierkegaards Papirer, vols. 1–16, edited by P. A. Heiberg, V. Kuhr, and E. Torsting. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1909–48; sup- plemented by NielsThulstrup.Copenhagen: Gyldendal 1968–78. Cited by volume number and entry number. PC = Practice in Christianity, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1991. KW vol. 20. PF = Philosophical Fragments; Johannes Climacus, or De omnibus dubitandum est, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1985. KW vol. 7. PV = The Point of View, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1998. KW vol. 22. R = Repetition, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1983. KW vol. 6. SKS = Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter, 28 text volumesand 28 commen- tary volumes, edited by Niels Jørgen Cappelørn, Joakim Garff, Jette

xviii abbreviations of primary texts

Knudsen, Johnny Kondrup, and Alastair McKinnon. Copenhagen: Gad Publishers 1997–. SL = Stages on Life’s Way, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1988. KW vol. 11. SUD = The Sickness unto Death, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1980. KW vol. 19. SV1 = Samlede Værker, ﬁrst edition, vols. 1–14, edited by A. B. Drach- mann, J. L. Heiberg, and H. O. Lange. Copenhagen: Gyldendal 1901–06. SV2 = Samlede Værker, second edition, vols. 1–15, edited by A. B. Drachmann, J. L. Heiberg, and H. O. Lange. Copenhagen: Gylden- dalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag 1920–36. TA = Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age, A Literary Review, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1978. KW vol. 14. UD = Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1993. KW vol. 15. WA = Without Authority, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1997. KW vol. 18. WL = Works of Love, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1995. KW vol. 16.

PREFACE

As an aid to the non-Danish reader, I have made it my practice to translate the titlesof Danishbooksand articlesin the body of my text and to give the original titlesin footnotes.I have, however, allowed titlesof works in the Danish secondary literature and Danish journal titles to stand in the original. German and French titleshave been given in the original languages.All quotationsfrom Hegel’sprimary textsare from thoseworks given in the list of abbreviations. When referring to Kierkegaard’s quotations of Hegel, I have usually chosen to cite from the standard translations of Hegel’s writings instead of using Hong’s translations of Kierkegaard’s quotations. Many of the Danish works used in this study, in both the primary and the secondary literature, have yet to be translated into English. Since this material is not accessible to the non-Danish reader, it would have been unreasonable simply to allude to it brieﬂy in a footnote and leave it to the reader to do the follow-up work. Due to thisI have found myself obliged to quote this material extensively. I have tried to integrate these quotationsinto my text asmuch aspossiblesothat they do not make for onerous reading. All translations from these works are my own unless otherwise noted. When possible, I have used as my main Danish text the new critical edition of Kierkegaard’sworkscurrently being produced by the Søren Kierkegaard Research Centre (i.e., Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter, edited by NielsJørgen Cappelørn, Joakim Garff, Jette Knudsen,Johnny Kondrup and Alastair McKinnon, Copenhagen: Gad Publishers 1997–).Inmy work I have frequently used the philological account of the various texts and the Realkommentar, both of which are found in the volumesof com- mentary that accompany the text volumesof the edition. The useof this often new material hasbeen a great beneﬁt to thisinvestigation,and I am indebted to my colleaguesfor it.

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KIERKEGAARD’S RELATIONS TO HEGEL RECONSIDERED