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Governance of Protected Areas: from Understanding to Action. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No Governance of Protected Areas From understanding to action Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, Nigel Dudley, Tilman Jaeger, Barbara Lassen, Neema Pathak Broome, Adrian Phillips and Trevor Sandwith Developing capacity for a protected planet Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No.20 IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, non- governmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories (one with a sub-division), summarized below. Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, protected and managed to preserve their natural condition II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, or a living feature such as an ancient grove IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect particular species or habitats, where management reflects this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced a distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial natural resource use compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims The category should be based around the primary management objective(s), which should apply to at least three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. The management categories are applied with a typology of governance types – a description of who holds authority and responsibility for the protected area. IUCN defines four governance types. Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) Shared governance: Collaborative management (various degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist management board; transboundary management (various levels across international borders) Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for-profit organsations (individuals or corporate) Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; community conserved areas – declared and run by local communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories Governance of Protected Areas From understanding to action Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, Nigel Dudley, Tilman Jaeger, Barbara Lassen, Neema Pathak Broome, Adrian Phillips and Trevor Sandwith IUCN (International Union for BMZ Conservation of Nature) The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development IUCN helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most (BMZ) is responsible for Germany’s development policy. Its tasks pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN include developing guidelines, strategies and implementation works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods rules. The focus is on intergovernmental cooperation with selected and greening the world economy by supporting scientific developing countries. The BMZ commissions its implementing research, managing field projects all over the world, and agencies with the implementation of projects and monitors the results bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together of their work. The BMZ also works for a forward-looking design of to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s development cooperation at the European and global levels and oldest and largest global environmental organization, with makes the position of the German government heard in multilateral more than 1,200 government and NGO members and almost institutions and processes. Non-governmental organisations are also 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work important partners. Federal Minister Dirk Niebel, Parliamentary State is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of Secretary Gudrun Kopp and State Secretary Hans-Jürgen Beerfeltz partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. form the leadership of the BMZ. The Ministry has a total of nearly 800 www.iucn.org employees at its main office in Bonn, its Berlin office and abroad. www.bmz.de Empowered lives. Resilient nations. BIOPAMA The Biodiversity and Protected Area Management (BIOPAMA) UNDP GEF SMALL GRANTS PROGRAMME programme aims to address threats to biodiversity in African, Caribbean Funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) as a flagship and Pacific (ACP) countries, while reducing poverty in communities in programme, the GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP) is and around protected areas. It is financially supported by resources implemented by the United Nations Development Programme from the intra-ACP envelope of the European Commission’s (EC) 10th (UNDP) on behalf of the GEF, and is executed by the United European Development Fund (EDF). BIOPAMA combines improving Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). Launched in data availability with capacity development to strengthen protected area 1992, the SGP supports activities of non-governmental management. It has two main components: one concerning protected and community-based organizations in developing areas, jointly implemented by the International Union for Conservation countries towards biodiversity conservation, climate change of Nature (IUCN) and the EC’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), and mitigation and adaptation, protection of international waters, another dealing with access and benefit sharing (ABS), implemented reduction of the impact of chemicals and prevention of land by the Multi-Donor ABS Capacity Development Initiative managed by degradation, while generating sustainable livelihoods. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. http://sgp.undp.org www.biopama.org Implemented by An initiative of the ACP Secretariat funded by the European Union CHRISTENSEN FUND Founded by the Christensen family in 1957, The Christensen Fund supports the efforts of people and institutions who believe in a biodiverse world infused with artistic expression, TILCEPA and works to secure ways of life and landscapes that are The Theme on Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities, beautiful, bountiful and resilient. The Christensen Fund Equity and Protected Areas (TILCEPA) is an inter- focuses on backing the efforts of locally-recognized community Commission body of the IUCN dealing with social policy custodians and their alliances with scholars, artists, advocates aspects of Protected Areas. Over 300 global experts and others. It also funds international efforts to build global contribute to TILCEPA’s work to advise the IUCN, UN understanding of the issues around biocultural diversity. These agencies, governments, national agencies and civil society are challenging goals, so they seek out imaginative, thoughtful on issues of indigenous peoples’ rights,
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