RunnymedeThe NEWSLETTER OF THE Bulletin 1998 No.310 March/April £1.75 Multiple identities debated “Who are we? Who do we want to be?” asked the chair of the European Union during this phase Runnymede Trust, Trevor Phillips, in his opening remarks to the of European history is to use its Runnymede conference on Citizenship and Identity in March. “I was resources and institutions to ensure born in what used to be a working class district called , which that all of Europe, a wider Europe, unfortunately couldn’t be called that anymore since all sorts of people by opening its doors and extending have moved in and out. itself, is committed to the principles “But friends of mine who still live of liberty, democracy, respect for there, when they are asked the ques- human rights and fundamental free- tions ‘Who are you?’ ‘What’s your doms and the rule of law.” name?’ have an absolutely character- The poet John Agard said that we istic response which I grew up with, ought to widen our notions of lan- which is ‘Who’s asking?’ ” guage to accommodate the wider Trevor Phillips continued: “British range of choices of identities available people are in some senses a little like to us from the whole global context. that at the moment: uncertain about “We cannot engage with our iden- who we are. We are suspicious about tity without engaging with notions of why people might want to ask about the Diaspora — the Caribbean our identity but aware that we are Diaspora, for example, or the Irish passing through a phase of pro- Diaspora — and this ultimately leads found change, most of which is not to the simple but at times puzzling in our hands.” truth: that we are all contributing to a The conference, organised by the human odyssey.” Mr Agard read a Runnymede Trust in association Mary Robinson poem specially written for the con- with the Citizenship Foundation and comfortable in both skins, and their ference. It is printed in the box on the Commission for Racial Equality, Irish identity is reinforced by being page 3. Mr Agard is currently the examined changing notions of citi- embedded in a European, wider BBC’s first poet in residence. zenship and what it means to be nationality. That of course would British in Europe. To complement have something to do with it being the conference a survey of young easier to have relations with ‘big people’s attitudes and opinions was neighbour’ next door by both being In this issue published. A summary of the survey partners together within a wider is published on pages 2-3. Europe. Survey of young The United Nations High people’s attitudes 2-3 Commissioner for Human Rights, Different perspectives Mary Robinson, said that different “So, even on an issue like Europe, Racism in football: groups look at citizenship and iden- there are different perspectives, dif- special report 4-7 tity from different perspectives. “I ferent ways of looking at issues of Representation in the would be interested to compare the citizenship and identity,” she said. attitudes of young people. I can’t say “I’ve been very interested at the way voluntary sector 8-9 I could do it with great authority, but in which the European Union is News round-up 10-11 I have a sense that young Irish peo- moving closer to links with the citi- ple would be much more likely to zen: that is what was the focus of the Labour pledge on ethnic sense themselves as being Irish and Amsterdam Treaty in particular. In a data in schools 12 European: one reinforcing the other, sense the historic task of the The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 Mixed attitudes among young A survey, commissioned by the Runnymede Trust, on Extent to which youth think of themselv young people’s attitudes to Europe was launched in by gender and ethnic group. March at a conference organised jointly by the Trust, the Commission for Racial Equality, the Citizenship Foundation and the UK Race and Europe Network.

Discussion on European citizenship remaining 27 per cent choosing to designate and identity often neglects the views of themselves as something other, including young people. With the anticipated con- English, Welsh and Scottish. tinuing expansion of the European When asked what images came to mind Union in the future, this survey shows when they thought of the word “British”, how important it is to look at how young by and large respondents across all ethnic people feel and where they stand on this groups mentioned formal institutions such issue. as the monarchy and the government. Some of the key points of interest to There was also a strong tendency to relate emerge are: “British” with the land mass of the British There is a lack of enthusiasm towards Isles in a geographical sense. Many youth the concept of Europe. Very few mentioned things like fish and chips, tea and Extent of young people’s awareness young people think of themselves as various sports teams. Others mentioned of effects of European-level European. images related to economic activities, decisions on their lives The majority of youth participating in including the former British Empire and the survey identified their nationality Britain as a world power. as “British”. Black and ethnic minority Among white youth there were a few youth favoured “Black British” and responses which identified “British” with “Asian British”. white people generally. Only two respon- There was a general lack of knowledge dents explicitly stated that their image of about the European Union. “British” included such racist elements as P Nearly 70 per cent of young people the BNP, Combat 18 and the National is said they thought of Britain as part of Front. Likewise two respondents saw Europe. “British” as meaning multi-cultural and Sixty-one per cent said they never or made up of black and white people in a pos- rarely identified themselves as Euro- itive way. pean. South Asian youth were more Black and South Asian youth occasion- reluctant to identify themselves as ally mentioned images of “British” as mean- European. ing white people generally and mentioned The majority did not express interest nationalistic tendencies in a few instances. in European issues and did not believe Most notable was that black and South that decisions taken at European level Asian youth thought of “British” as mean- cent of young people said they did not affected them. ing people of different cultures and ethnic know much about the European Union. Most felt that the information on backgrounds in a positive sense, more so South Asian youth were significantly more European matters from school, the than their white counterparts. likely to say that they did know about the government and the media, was inade- Overall white youth tended to agree with European Union with over half stating this, quate and in some cases misleading. the idea that Britain is a multi-cultural soci- compared to only 36 per cent of white ety and defined what this meant in similar youth and 30 per cent of black youth. Identity and ‘Britishness’ ways as the black and South Asian youth. When asked about their sense of Euro- Generally, young people across all ethnic However a small number of both young pean identity, 69 per cent of young people groups were more likely to identify them- men and women did not think Britain was said they thought of Britain as being part of selves as British, both in terms of national- multicultural and felt that there were too Europe. White youth were less likely to ity and in relation to ethnic origin. The many people from other countries and cul- think this, with two thirds stating this com- majority of ethnic minority youth referred tures living here. pared to 69 per cent of black youth, 74 per to themselves as “Black British” and “Asian cent of South Asian youth and 78 per cent British”. Overall, almost three-quarters of EU and identity of others. respondents identified their nationality as Perhaps the most striking result of this sur- However, when asked if they thought of British. Of the total white population 73 vey was the general lack of knowledge British people as Europeans, 60 per cent per cent identified themselves as British, the about the European Union. Over 60 per thought this to be the case. In contrast,

PAGE 2 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 ethnic minorities on Europe

focused on the institutional and political Youth interest in Europe ves as European, side of things and were more likely to men- More than three-quarters (77 per cent) of all tion political structures and institutions than the young people surveyed said that they do any other group. not think that people their age are interested in Europe and nationality issues. South Pros and cons of the EU Asian youth (72 per cent) were slightly less Freedom of movement across borders or likely to say that young people are not inter- open borders in Europe was the thing that ested in Europe and nationality compared to young people most frequently said is a posi- white youth (78.5 per cent) and black youth tive aspect of Europe. They also pointed to (78.9 per cent). free trade between countries as another pos- Given this clear lack of interest in Euro- itive feature of the UK being part of the pean matters, it is not surprising that a large EU. Sport, in particular football, was men- proportion (34.5 per cent) of those partici- tioned as a positive feature of Europe by pating in the survey said that they are not respondents from the white and black eth- aware of the effect of legislation and deci- nic groups. sions made at European level on their lives, While some young people favoured and almost one-third felt that they did not aspects of Europe such as the possibility of have enough information to enable them to a European Federation and some European comment or simply didn’t know. Most British people as Europeans legislation, several young people said that young people said that they did not receive they felt British sovereignty is being under- enough information about how decisions mined. One of the young people actually made at European level affect Britain from phrased his/her response by discussing sov- school, government or the media. ereignty directly. Others however just Young People in the UK: Attitudes and talked about “Britain not being so great any Opinions on Europe, Europeans and the Euro- more” and that “we should not have to fol- pean Union, the Runnymede Trust in Part- low European law”. The Single Currency nership with the Commission for Racial was also mentioned as a negative thing. Equality, March 1998.

A total of 505 young people, aged between 14 and 25 years old, European issues of concern were questioned in street interviews in 10 cities, including Birming- Perceived youth interest on European Although the majority of respondents said ham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow and London. The sample consisted of 71 black young people, 100 South Asian, 23 from other ethnic ssues and identity that they were happy being able to travel backgrounds and 311 white people. The interviews were con- freely around Europe, a handful of white ducted between 29 December 1997 and 14 January 1998. young people and one young person from the ‘other’ category objected to “letting peo- Poem by John Agard ple into Europe if they’re not white”. This As Citizen of the English tongue young person was open about what he/she I say remember the ship in citizenship objected to and specified colour, but others For language in the baggage we bring just said that they “object to people from A weight of words to ground and give us wing Europe getting jobs here” by which they As millennial waters beckon wide meant work in the UK. One respondent And love’s anchor waiting to be cast however, 61 per cent said they never or actually said that he/she “hates foreigners”. Will the ghost of race become the albatross we rarely identified themselves as European. While the young people above were hos- shoot at our cost? I’m here to navigate not flagellate with a whip The survey suggests that young people tile at the very least and openly racist at of the past are more likely to think of Britain as part of most, other young people stated in a frank But again I say remember the ship in citizen- Europe geographically, rather than socially, way that they “dislike the racism” and “prej- ship for culturally or economically. This finding was udice” in Europe. One of the white young Is not each member of the human race on two further reinforced by young peoples’ images people said that the prejudice against Mus- legs, charting life’s tidal rise and fall? of Europe. White young men and women lim women that was recently highlighted in As the ship of the sun unloads its light emphasise this perspective more than any the media is bad. Others said different cul- And the ship of night its cargo of stars Again I say remember the ship in citizenship other group and tended to list countries and tures and languages are a positive thing and diversity shall sound its trumpet at the discuss Europe as a continent. about Europe. One respondent said that bigots’ door Young women also tended to mention “links between schools in different countries And citizenship shall be a pall to kinship more social and cultural features, such as is good” because it helps to eliminate “prej- That knows no boundary of skin different cultures, languages, peoples and udice”. These respondents welcomed the And the heart offer its wide harbours for food more than young men. South Asian cultural and racial diversity that Europe Europe’s new voyage to begin. men also focused on geographical images, offers. Other respondents even pointed to This is a poem read out by John Agard at however they also focused on political/eco- the different food in Europe being a good the Runnymede Conference on Citizenship nomic and cultural images. Black males cultural experience. and Identity in March

PAGE 3 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 Football needs new fans if it is to get Different football clubs are appealing to different sections of ethnic minority communities, writes John Williams.

What are the two hottest topics on the The issue of racism on the field has been political/research agenda around pro- in the public eye again recently because of fessional football at the moment in the the accusations of racism levelled by Aston UK? No prizes for guessing that, as top Villa’s Stan Collymore against Liverpool’s clubs strike it cash rich, “business” is Steve Harkness. Both the FA and the Pro- one of them: a whole new generation of fessional Football Association have companies and conferences seem to attempted to mediate in this case. have sprouted up recently offering Why this sudden surge of interest? Well, advice or instruction on, variously: how the relative decline of hooliganism at foot- to make profits out of football clubs; the ball has opened up a space for a more con- “new” media, economics and football; centrated focus on racism, as distinct from football and global markets; or, in the other kinds of misbehaviour at games. wake of recent British club conversions Instead of the image of the racist as a vio- to plcs, on football and The City. lent “other” there is more interest now in You will not find much mention here of the “banal” racism which is routinely the new global division of labour generated expressed in football crowds, and also in the Sporting progress . . . Arthur Wharton (left), by football’s European boom which led institutionalised and casual racism within Paul Ince (right) has captained England Save the Children recently to discover chil- professional clubs themselves. dren from Sialkot, Pakistan, stitching foot- This latter form has restricted opportuni- world. Ironically, at a time when top English balls on miserly “wages” for sale to English ties for black players to become managers clubs are becoming much more cosmopolitan football consumers. and coaches and continues to restrict in their outlook — dressing rooms in the FA The second topic may come as more of a opportunities for young Asian players to Premier League now boast Italians, French, surprise — it certainly has quite a different make the breakthrough as professionals. Scandinavians, Costa Ricans, Bermudans, audience. Research and policy conferences South Americans, Australians and many more have ballooned recently on the subject of Leagues of their own — this may serve to restrict opportunities for football and racism. The European Year Research by Jas Bains shows that stereo- British players, perhaps particularly those Against Racism initiative has funded a num- types about Asians held by professionals from local ethnic minority backgrounds. ber of these, while also supporting grass within the sport are the reason for their The new global dynamics of player trade roots football campaigns. Local authorities views that Asians Can’t Play Football — the also mean that domestic leagues in Africa have been involved too. ironic title of Bains’ recent report on Asian and Asia will struggle to develop as their top players. Some local Asian players are also young players are increasingly creamed off On the bandwagon caught between setting up their own leagues by Europe, where 80 per cent of the sport’s Even major commercial sponsors have and clubs as a defence against racism while world income is based. jumped on the bandwagon with Nike, kings being accused by professional club scouts of the ironic black “street” marketing pitch, and administrators of an unhelpful sepa- Keen interest launching a series of ads on the issue involv- ratism which makes it difficult properly to Other reasons for the recent focus on racism ing black British and foreign players. A lauded assess Asian talent. at football in England include the powerful new educational video, involving both black At one or two professional clubs Asian recent role played by the CRE in highlighting and white players in Britain, asks that we coaches are now beginning to attract Asian the problem, and the keen interest in the issue “Give Racism the Red Card”, while the Eng- youngsters into local Centres of Excellence. of the new Minister for Sport, Tony Banks. lish football authorities have united in their Two young British Asian players currently His own Football Task Force has, unsurpris- support — including cash support — for a on the books at Derby County and at ingly, taken racism as its first subject for inves- national Kick it Out campaign aimed at rid- Greenock Morton in Scotland — and per- tigation and has taken a special interest in why ding local and professional football of racism. haps on the brink of really “making it” — so few people from minority backgrounds are With football supporters’ own local cam- may yet provide the role models for clubs attracted to the sport as spectators. paigns continuing with their imaginative and Asian youngsters of the kind which is Our own research* shows that few top work on the ground, we are also promised probably needed to help open up the sport clubs attract ethnic minority supporters — soon a book and a film about Arthur Whar- for the next generation of British players only 1.1% of FA Premier League crowds fit ton, Britain’s first black professional foot- (and fans) from Asian backgrounds. this description — and that few clubs, in any baller. This follows the recent elevation of However, the new global economics of real sense, reflect in their crowds the local Paul Ince to the office of England captain, the sport mean that players are now also communities that surround them. the first black man to lead the national team. recruited for British clubs from around the The future? The collective, overt fan

PAGE 4 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 to the roots of racism

KICK RACISM OUT: a 10-point action plan for football clubs 1. Make and display a statement 7. Make sure that stewards and the saying that the club will not police understand the club’s policy tolerate racism, and will take and have a common strategy for specific action against supporters handling abusive supporters. If it is who engage in racist abuse, dangerous to take action against chanting or intimidation. offenders during the match, they 2. Make public announcements should be identified and barred condemning racist chanting at from further games. matches, and warning that the club 8. Remove all racist graffiti from will not hesitate to take action. grounds as a matter of urgency. 3. Make it a condition for season 9. Adopt an equal opportunities ticket holders that they do not take policy. part in racist abuse, chanting or 10. Work with others to develop pro- any other offensive behaviour. active programmes and projects to 4. Take action to prevent the sale or raise awareness of the campaign distribution of racist literature in and institute action to eliminate and around grounds. racist abuse. 5. Take disciplinary action against For further information, please players who racially abuse players, contact: Let’s Kick Racism Out of was Britain’s first black professional player. officials and supporters before, Football Campaign, Business Design during and after matches. Centre, 52 Upper Street, London N1 6. Contact. 0QH. Tel: 0171 288 6012. racism, common at football in the 1970s and 1980s, has not completely disappeared but reactions to it these days at least show rather more awareness and sensitivity among fans Football Task Force report and administrators. Cynics may link this to the need to maintain the new ‘glossy’ image The Football Task Force published its recruitment and treatment of non- of top football, but this is some sort of report ‘Eliminating Racism from Foot- playing staff. progress nevertheless. The start of the ball’ in March. The report lists practi- The Professional Footballers breakthrough for Asian players may possibly cal measures designed to tackle Association should recommend an be within sight but so is other, external, racism and looks at ways of promot- anti-racism pledge in players’ and player competition. ing a greater level of involvement managers’ contracts with breaches At top English clubs the poorer end of amongst black and Asian communi- incurring severe sanctions. the ethnic minority spectator market — ties in all aspects of the game from often those who live closest to stadia — park football to the Premiership. The chairman of the Football Task seems likely to be increasingly confined, by The report provides the basis for a Force, David Mellor, said: “The report price and lack of access to tickets, to TV strong strategy on tackling racism is the first fully comprehensive football viewing only. More affluent, mainly which builds on existing initiatives attempt to tackle racism in all sections Indian, football support is probably slowly and looks at new ways in which Gov- of the game, with the emphasis on growing, attracted partly by the more ernment, the football authorities, the raising consciousness of the problem ‘civilised’ climate inside grounds and by clubs and the local authorities can in the upper echelons of the game. I seats; but do smaller clubs do enough to help make football more representa- believe we really will over the next few halt the drain of their potentially “active” tive of the country as whole. years kick it out.” local Asian fan base to “passive” support of The main recommendations are: He continued: “The resurgence of ‘national’ clubs? And what would an estab- The FA should issue new guidelines racist incidents or alleged racist com- lished Asian player do for local support for to referees to make sure that any ments also makes this report a timely clubs in Blackburn, Leicester, Bolton or racist abuse from players on the one. Our main concern is to propose London? At the moment we can only guess. field means an immediate red card. practical measures to stamp out Local authorities should exclude racism wherever it may occur, not just John Williams is senior lecturer at the Sir Norman local clubs with a record of on the pitch or on the terraces but the Chester Centre for Football Research, University involvement in racist incidents boardrooms and bootrooms as well.” of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH. from council-owned facilities. Eliminating Racism from Football, Professional clubs should adopt a Football Task Force, Walkden House, * The national FA Premier League Fan Survey for 1997 covered 28,122 fans drawn from all Premier League clubs in 1996/97. comprehensive written equal 10 Melton Street, London NW1 2EB, Club-by-club comparisons are for season ticket holders only. opportunities policy to cover £10.00.

PAGE 5 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 Why the law on chanting race

Liza Kliman argues that like Kevin the freedom to continue racist individuals chanting racial taunts and abusive slurs as long as they are acting alone. While ministers drafting the abuse at a football match bill initially felt that sections of the Public can get away with it. Here Order Act could sufficiently deal with she details the flaws in the offensive individuals, it can, as Superinten- dent Humphrey admits, be fraught with dif- 1991 Football Offences Act. ficulty. “Under the Public Order Act, you’ve got As the footage obtained by Lewisham to show that there was some intent to cause police’s undercover team begins, Super- alarm, harassment or distress to some other intendent Michael Humphrey, the man person, but in a large crowd, the people that responsible for this undercover opera- they are directing their remarks at are usually tion, becomes visibly angry. The cam- on the field of play. You could never prove era focuses on Kevin, a forty-year-old to a court that the person who these Caucasian sitting at the back of The remarks were aimed at would hear them.” Den, Millwall’s newly furbished football Inspired by the recommendations of the stadium. Surrounded by fellow support- Taylor report following the Hillsborough ers, Kevin is captured vociferously disaster, the 1991 Football Offences Act chanting and shouting racial obscenities appeared on the statute books with little at the players on the field for over fifteen debate. Outlining Clause 3 on its final read- minutes. ing, home office ministers argued that it In a stream of deeply disturbing abuse, would be a mistake to criminalise single Football family . . . but if more black supporters “You black bastard” is this man’s mildest racist remarks that might not be widely audi- individuals as well as groups must be eradicated chant. Despite Kevin’s graphic phraseology ble in the ground as they felt it would set the and venomous delivery, nobody in the threshold for criminal behaviour too low. crowd surrounding him moves to vacant his case collapse before magistrates. On seats elsewhere in the stadium. Despite his Nasty motives routine duty inside a lower league club, Neil racial taunts and frightening behaviour, Conservative MP and former Minister Peter arrested a man with prior convictions for Kevin is within the confines of the law and Lloyd admits: “We wanted to deal with the racist assaults who was actively chanting cannot be arrested. It was not until several groups of people who upset the match and racial abuse and encouraging his fellow sup- matches later when a fellow supporter upset the other people there by shouting in porters to join him in a combination of joined Kevin in his racist chants that an unison . . . the real problem was not the indi- obscene phrases and monkey chants. How- arrest could finally be made. vidual shouting something that nobody sup- ever, when the case appeared before magis- Under the 1991 Football Offences Act it ported them over. It was the groups of trates, it was instantly dismissed. is an offence at a football match to take part people amusing themselves with very nasty Neil recalls: “The court didn’t accept that in “chanting of an indecent or racialist motives.” whilst others were chanting around him that nature”. The act specifies that chanting One of the earliest indications of how he was acting ‘in concert’ with them because means the “repeated utterance of any words problematic this loophole was to become I couldn’t prove that they were chanting or sounds in concert with one or more oth- was highlighted in late 1991 when Peter exactly the same as he was. The defence ers”. The law in effect allows individuals Neil, a former police constable, witnessed said we hadn’t proved that he was singing exactly the same words as others, therefore Kick It Out we couldn’t prove he was singing ‘in con- have come together to tackle the cert’ with others. The case was dismissed Kick It Out is an independent issue of racism. Its members before his defence was ever put forward.” organisation which has taken over include the Professional While many police officials are keen to the running of the “Lets Kick Footballers Association, Football see an urgent change in the law, Peter Racism Out of Football” campaign Association, FA Premier League, Normington of the supporters rights asso- from the stewardship of the Football Supporters Association, ciation Libero believes the act conflates a Commission for Racial Equality. It National Federation of Football variety of issues, and strengthening legisla- is a partnership of football’s key Supporter’s Clubs and the tion would ultimately lead to the gentrifica- organisations where both the Association of Premier League tion of football. governing authorities and and Football League. “If you look at the wording of the act, it supporters themselves work For further information, please says the use of foul and abusive language, together to eradicate racism. contact: Let’s Kick Racism Out of obscene chanting or racial abuse towards The organisation is unique Football Campaign, Business any person are strictly forbidden, that’s the within Europe as England is the Design Centre, 52 Upper Street, catch all phraseology under which anything only country where all the major London N1 0QH. Tel: 0171 288 can be construed as racist or offensive. If players in the football industry 6012. you look at the premier league at the

PAGE 6 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 abuse is flawed

grounds. The organisation is working in Club continue to employ the overtly offen- close conjunction with the government’s sive Bernard Manning as a compere/come- newly created football task force and the dian at many of their private functions. On home office in activating a change in the law. pitch racism continues to be a problem and Campaign co-ordinator Piara Power Football Officials were conspicuous by their emphatically believes that anti racist legisla- absence early last season when no action tion would not deprive supporters of their was taken after Arsenal’s Ian Wright was ver- natural exuberance. bally attacked by a rival goalkeeper. “I don’t think anyone in football wants With no efficient way of punishing lone football supporters to be passion free. That offenders, official statistics merely confirm said, we simply do not accept that those how ineffectual the 1991 Football Offences individuals and groups that engage in racist Act has been in obtaining convictions. Home chanting and abuse are merely expressing Office figures have revealed an average of 32 their passions in a way that’s acceptable to successful prosecutions each year. Whilst the majority of football fans. police, football officials, fans and players are confident that there has been a marked Unenforceable decline in overt racism, Superintendent This loophole makes the whole act unen- Michael Humphrey nonetheless stresses how forceable, but we are keen that the act is not unrepresentative these figures are: expanded so far as to enable clubs and stew- “I don’t think we could ever use that as an ards to eject people for participating in what accurate measure of what’s really going on are to be attracted to the game, racist chanting by could be termed ‘reasonable levels’ of pas- because the law as it stands doesn’t enable us sionate support. Those are all part and par- to make arrests for this kind of behaviour cel of the game, but there is a very clear easily, and the arrests that could have been distinction between passion that’s histori- made, haven’t been made. A change in the moment, they are talking about launching an cally exhibited and unacceptable levels of law might show a completely different pic- advertising campaign to cut down on swear- racism.” ture because you’ll actually see arrests going ing in football grounds. These attempts to Black players currently account for a quar- up. That won’t necessarily mean that there’s sanitise the game are diluting it of its pas- ter of registered British professionals and more racialist abuse, it just means the police sion and stripping it of its meaning.” have been affiliated with the game for over a are doing something about it.” With the professionalisation of steward- century. Early high profile celebrity players ing and the increased use of close circuit like Arthur Wharton and Walter Hold made Liza Kliman is a freelance journalist. television, Carlton Brick of Libero believes their appearance at grounds more than that there is already an over-regulation of twenty years before supporters were targeted the game. by the British Union of Fascists and the right wings omnipresence at football began. Soci- Ethnic minority fans (%) Criminalised ologist John Garland of Leicester Univer- Arsenal 4.1 “Football fans are being criminalised for sity’s Scarman Centre discovered in a Manchester Utd 2.1 what they do best . . . supporting their team. widespread survey that despite the Football Leicester 2.0 The smokescreen of the family being drawn Offences Act, 1 in 2 of the respondents had Tottenham 1.9 back into football is really being used as a heard racist chanting at home games, 1 in 3 Wimbledon 1.7 way to highlight the issue of proper codes of had seen racist graffiti at some home games Coventry City 1.6 conduct . . . the development of the game and that 1 in 4 had hard racist remarks from Liverpool 1.4 categorises behaviour and the biggest loser spectators at home games. Chelsea 1.1 is the football fan. Football is one of the few Says Garland: “Our research has shown Aston Villa 1.1 areas of life where you can let off a bit of that the impact the 1991 Football Offences West Ham 1.1 steam at the end of the week, but even that Act has had on reducing the levels of racism Leeds United 1.1 now is being regulated, sanitised, and going in football is negligible. There have been Blackburn Rovers 0.9 to football today is not so much about much more important initiatives like local, Southampton 0.7 watching the game but it’s very much about fan based initiatives and fanzines.” Nottm Forest 0.7 watching your behaviour.” However, despite the high profile initia- Everton 0.7 The Kick It Out organisation has been tives of football clubs around the country, Derby County 0.6 accredited with making significant in-roads endemic racism is difficult to challenge Middlesbrough 0.5 in getting its anti racist message across when the problem has proved itself to be Sheffield Weds 0.4 accessibly. While racism has declined in endemic within the hierarchy of many pre- Glasgow Rangers 0.3 many premier league clubs, the organisation mier football clubs. Despite their silence Newcastle Utd 0.2 is still keen to stress that spectator abuse is surrounding the racism Ruud Gullit used to Sunderland 0.1 still widespread in many of the lower league experience, executives at Chelsea Football Source: 1997 Premier League Fan Survey

PAGE 7 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 Ethnic minorities needed on board

Ethnic minority communities Party set out to establish how trustee boards management background, which could have are still under-represented might be made more effective. In the course of been tapped into, yet it was never utilised on our work we commissioned research into this board. After 15 months, I had no option on the boards of voluntary trustee profiles, research that revealed a stark but to leave’. Having said this, the move organisations, writes and embarrassing truth — that the majority of remains a positive one with established Winifred Tumim. committee members were white, predomi- founders, like the City Parochial Foundation nantly middle-aged males, from professional and TSB, also now seeking specifically to backgrounds. recruit black and ethnic minority trustees. Good practice and equal opportunities in At all levels there was severe under-repre- NCVO wouldn’t have been able to con- the recruitment of black and ethnic sentation of black and ethnic minorities. The tinue with this work without support from minority trustees is a difficult issue to On Trust report was later to recommend that other key players, especially the Commission tackle. Under-representation on the subject to any legal bar, ‘everyone concerned for Racial Equality. Thanks to their contribu- boards of voluntary organisations unques- with working for the benefit of the public or tion, Forging Ahead was published in 1995 to tionably still exists, but what steps have the community should be encouraged to serve critical acclaim. been taken to redress this issue, to turn as a charity trustee’. Forging Ahead recommends that organisa- what is seen as a persistent problem into a Later that year, NCVO created the post of tions rethink their methods of recruiting thing of the past? Training and Equal Opportunities Develop- trustees using an equal opportunities frame- By looking at how the voluntary sector ment Officer within the recently formed work. It sets clear criteria for selection while itself has changed and evolved over the last 30 Trustee Services Unit. Tackling wider repre- giving practical advice on targeting black years we can chart the impact of these devel- sentation of black and ethnic minorities would-be trustees. opments on the changing attitudes to under- became a priority for the Unit. The question, representation. Take the language we use. In though, was how to do it. During the 1970s, Programme developed the 1970s, terms such as “Council of Manage- the argument for including black people on The needs of black and ethnic minority ment” and “Management Committee” were boards had been based on notions of equality women were next on the agenda, with NCVO widely employed, while the expression and fairness. (in association with the CRE, EOC, Run- “trustee” was viewed as elitist, and rarely used But, with the emerging emphasis on effec- nymede Trust, NAWO, Sia and the Fawcett outside more prestigious organisations. As for tive governance, the argument had shifted. Society) developing a programme entitled the term “governance”, this was almost Different perspectives are just as important as Governance in Focus to address the problems unheard of in voluntary sector parlance! technical skills, such as business, law and and needs of these women. More democratic and egalitarian voluntary accountancy. By recruiting black and ethnic Women from ethnic minority communities bodies were, however, beginning to recognise minority people, boards would be able to tap a are often in low paid jobs so it became impor- the need for more diversity on boards; indeed, rich pool of talented individuals reflecting, in tant to persuade boards looking for trustees some of the more committed organisations turn, Britain’s diverse society. from these communities help to make a good went as far as seeking representatives from Since 1994, NCVO has developed recom- case to their employers so that trustees are black and other under-represented groups. But mended recruitment practices designed to given time off work if meetings are held in the these moves were a token step with little clear encourage applications from under-repre- day, and to consider child care support if they rationale behind the developments, other than sented groups, using the mainstream and eth- have children. Positive measures such as these to restore the status quo. nic press to publicise initiatives to assist people will attract more women from these communi- from diverse backgrounds to become trustees. ties. New vocabulary From mainstream organisations such as In the 1980s, the climate changed, not only in Phenomenal response Mind, Age Concern and the BBC, to smaller, the voluntary sector but also in the public and The response to this initiative was phenome- local organisations, the issues of under-repre- private sectors. A new vocabulary emerged in nal, provoking NCVO to consult with individ- sentation and social exclusion are now firmly larger voluntary organisations. Terms such as uals from minority ethnic communities to find on the agenda. At a recent NCVO conference “mission”, “vision”, “targeting”, “stakehold- the best way forward. NCVO also worked on the same theme, the issue was so imbedded ers”, and “performance indicators” were being with those voluntary sector boards which had in the board’s consciousness that no one even incorporated into everyday speech; the lan- expressed an interest in recruiting black peo- stopped to question the importance of diver- guage of professional management had been ple. Two national conferences were arranged sity — a true indication of success. adopted. In large organisations, however, there to discuss good practice on boards and exam- There is certainly no room for complacency was a serious danger that those legally respon- ples written up in the Black on Board report. and much remains to be done. NCVO is com- sible for the organisation — its management Advertising trustee vacancies in the ethnic mitted to diverse representation, not only for its committee members (alias trustees) — were press was another move, leading to a surge in own sake but also because of the invaluable being marginalised. The so-called “representa- applications to boards from members of the skills and insight which black ethnic minority tive” board or committee was never truly rep- ethnic community. individuals bring to the sector. The modest steps resentative, nor was it designed to deliver Minority ethnic trustees, though, should I have described here are already bearing fruit. effective governance. not be expected to speak on racial issues to the As the Chinese say: ‘A journey of a thousand This concern led NCVO and the Charity exclusion of everything else, as one African miles begins with one step’. Commission to set up an On Trust Working trustee experienced’ whenever the issue of Party (1990), which I chaired. This Working race came up, everyone looked at me. I have a Winifred Tumim OBE is Chair of NCVO.

PAGE 8 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 1,000 ways to combat racism

States, and the material on Britain is Every secondary school ought to Review organised under the headings of Birm- acquire this CD ROM, and make it avail- ingham, Bradford, Brixton, Glasgow, able to students. Also this resource will Homebeats: Struggles For Racial Liverpool, Notting Hill and Southall. be invaluable in informal situations, for Justice (the first British CD ROM There is much invaluable material here example youth clubs and centres of vari- on racism and black presence in about the period 1950-1980. The People ous kinds, and in public libraries. Most Britain). material gives biographies of some 40 teachers, however, will probably wish to major historical figures, including Mar- complement the material in the accom- “There is no such thing as anti-racism cus Garvey, Amilcar Cabral, Gandhi, Har- panying booklet with questions and top- per se,” says A Sivanandan, director of riet Tubman and Jagmohan Joshi. ics more closely related to current the Institute of Race Relations, but “only The Memories material is organised in courses of study, and to their students’ a thousand ways of combating immediate interests and concerns, racism, in different ways and in dif- both personal and academic. Also, ferent times (boom and recession) many teachers will probably need and in differing areas (employment, to create a conventional text-based housing, schools) and different summary of the disk’s contents. places (inner-city, suburbia, rural Users of Homebeats are encour- areas) . . . Anti-racist education is . . aged to contact each other through . a matter of producing an inclusive the Internet, and to contact the history which tells everyone — Institute of Race Relations itself in black and white — the truth about the same way. In this way, the Insti- Britain and its relationships to the tute hopes and expects, there will Third World and its peoples. It is be an increasing stock of docu- about making historical connec- mentation about local and personal tions and charting geographical anti-racist struggles throughout journeys, both at once.” the world, and about the stories So what, in the context of such a and biographies of ‘ordinary’ indi- vast project, should educational viduals and small communities. materials for anti-racist education The Institute has a distinctive look like? How can they capture a sense a timeline since 1500. It starts with Euro- political outlook on race issues, and of historical and geographical complex- peans in the Americas and The Myth of some distinctive concepts and terms. All ity? How shall they show not only the Discovery, and ends up with Victory material about race relations, of course, grand narratives of resistance, struggle Against Apartheid in South Africa, Impe- is biased. So is all teaching. This is and law-making but also the lives, sto- rialism Today — world trade and world unavoidably the case, always and every- ries and resilience of ordinary people, on poverty, and Racism Today — is Britain a where. ordinary streets, in ordinary places? Fairer Place? In each instance there is Teachers will probably wish, however, How can they help learners to make and both a short digest and a longer essay. to promote focused consideration of the see connections for themselves — con- There are also copious cross-references Institute’s own political outlook in this nections across history, across conti- across centuries and continents, helpful context, and of the ways in which it dif- nents, across specific local situations reminders of essential facts and con- fers from other outlooks. In doing so and people? cepts, and continually possible detours they will be grateful that the Institute has The Institute of Race Relations has to pictures, and to sound and video created such a rich, exciting, accessible, come up with an answer, a brilliant CD- extracts. The sound-track — musical, involving resource, of inexhaustible ROM combining music, graphics, video, natural, vox pops — is consistently value for many years to come. text and animation to give a sense of engaging, informative and stimulating. unity within diversity in the world-wide, As a pleasant but relevant distraction By Robin Richardson, co-editor of the centuries-long struggle against racial from the main material, learners may Insted educational consultancy and a injustice. Entitled Homebeats; struggles turn at any point to a reasonably light- former director of the Runnymede Trust. for racial justice, the disk is organised hearted quiz. The multiple-choice under five introductory headings: Homebeats: Struggles For Racial Jus- answers are frequently jokey, but are Images, Places, People, Memories, tice, is available from the Institute of likely to please, entertain and intrigue, Visions. The Places material is then Race Relations, 2-6 Leeke Street, Lon- rather than merely to bewilder or irritate, divided into Africa, Britain, the don WC1X 9HS, tel: 0171 833 2010. Price teenage learners. Caribbean, South Asia and the United £25 or £35 with study pack.

PAGE 9 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 News round-up

chipped with a heavy object in an attempt to How representative is the erase Stephen’s name. A public inquiry into judiciary? Stephen’s death was also opened in March For the first time ever a public advertise- amid accusations that the chair, Sir William ment for appointments of High Court Macpherson, a retired High Court judge, judge was placed in in February was insensitive to race issues. The accusa- for vacancies which arise after 1 October tions were made in an article in the 1998. This follows an announcement by the Observer. The judge dismissed the allega- Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine, in October tions “with contempt” and Mr Straw issued last year in which he said he would be a statement saying he had complete confi- changing the system of appointments to the dence in his ability to handle the inquiry. High Court Bench as part of the wider Senior government sources said there was package of initiatives to improve and mod- no question of the chairman being dis- ernise the judicial selection process. missed, it was reported (Independent 9.3.98, The advert said “the Lord Chancellor will Guardian 24.3.98). recommend those who appear to him to be the best qualified regardless of ethnic ori- Black Marine loses fight gin, gender, marital status, sexual orienta- A black marine who fled the Royal Marines tion, political affiliation, religion or (subject after claiming he suffered a campaign of to the physical requirements of the office) Judges . . . need more colour racist bullying was denied the opportunity disability.” To be eligible for consideration, to sue the Ministry of Defence. The High applicants must have served as a circuit Court said that Mark Parchment, 29, had judge for at least two years or be a barrister tised, and barristers are selected by taking left it too late to launch his action against with ten years experience. Most solicitors soundings among the Treasury solicitors the MoD. Mr Parchment went absent with- cannot apply. and other government lawyers, judges, QCs out leave in May 1989 and spent years effec- The chairmen of the Bar’s race relations and Bar circuit leaders. There is no data col- tively on the run in France, Belgium and and sex discrimination committees have lection mechanism for appointments by sex America before being arrested in 1994. written to the Attorney General, John Mor- or race (Guardian 21.2.98). He was returned to the army and later ris, casting doubts on the fairness of proce- discharged. Mr Parchment claimed that he dures to select barristers on the panel to Memorial stone defaced left the army because of racial harassment. appear for the Government in the civil A memorial stone for murdered black He said that in one incident he was ordered courts. Lincoln Crawford, race relations teenager Stephen Lawrence was daubed to carry a 4ft spear on parade and was sub- committee chairman, said that he believed with white paint in March. The plaque at the jected to racist initiation ceremonies. Mr there were only two ethnic minority barris- bus stop in Eltham, south east London, Parchment is planning to take his case to the ters among the 116 panellists. where the 18-year old was stabbed to death Court of Appeal (Daily Telegraph 24.2.98). Vacancies for the panel are not adver- waiting for a bus in April 1993, had been New book Recent world events have demonstrated the fragility of ethnic relations. Today, the Ethnic minorities in the judiciary, February 1998 majority of states are not single nations; Total Ethnic minorities rather they are ethnically heterogeneous in Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 12 0 character and possess profound religious, Heads of Division 5 0 linguistic and cultural divisions. Ethnicity, Lords Justices of Appeal 35 0 Law and Human Rights: the English Experi- High Court Judges 97 0 ence by Sebastian Poulter is the first in-depth Circuit Judges 547 5 analysis of the interaction between the cul- Recorders 862 13 tural traditions of Britain’s ethnic minorities Assistant Recorders 354 10 and English law. Assistant Recorders in Training 61 3 It explores the policies and principles District judges 337 4 which should govern the response of Eng- Deputy district judges 697 11 lish law to ethnic diversity and tests them by Masters of the Supreme Court 30 0 reference to six detailed case studies explor- Stipendiary magistrates 91 2 ing specific issues of cultural concern to a Acting stipendiary magistrates 83 3 particular minority community. Chairmen of Industrial Tribunals* 272 8 The following are among the questions Chairmen of Social Security examined in the book: should Jews be Appeals Tribunals* 535 13 allowed to retain the special legal provision *Full-time and part-time made for their method of religious slaughter- ing of animals and poultry for food? Has

PAGE 10 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 News round-up recent legislation restricted the nomadic The Prime Minister said: lifestyle of gypsies to an unwarrantable “However controversial his views, he was degree? Are British Muslims justified in seek- one of the great figures of twentieth cen- ing to have their family arrangements regu- tury British politics, gifted with a brilliant lated by Islamic law rather than English law? mind. However much we disagreed with his Why did a legal dispute about worship at views, there was no doubting the strength of a Hindu temple in Hertfordshire take 20 his convictions, or their sincerity, or his years to be resolved? What special legal tenacity in pursuing them, regardless of his exemptions have been made by Parliament own political self-interest.” for turbaned Sikhs? Is it lawful for an Labour’s former Chancellor, Lord Healey employer to refuse work to a Rastafarian said he had a very powerful intellect but his just because he is wearing dreadlocks? judgement was mistaken. “He was essen- The broad theme of the work is that the tially a romantic . . . He was not a racist in law has an important role to play in the reg- any sense at all. But he was an extreme ulation of ethnic relations and that, in order nationalist.” Labour MPs Frank Field and to implement the modern policy of cultural Tony Benn also paid tribute. pluralism successfully, legal rules may need Powell left the Conservative Party in to be specifically tailored to meet the needs 1974, claiming that Heath had betrayed the of minorities. Formal equality may some- country by taking Britain into Europe. He times be an inadequate response. The law Dead . . . effectively endorsed Labour at the February may be ‘colour-blind’, but it should certainly 1974 general election. He joined the Ulster not disregard significant religious and cul- Unionists and returned to Parliament as MP tural differences. The Bishop of Croydon, the Right Rev for South Down which he represented until All this is well recognised in international Dr Wilfred Wood said that Powell was a his defeat in 1987 (Daily Mail, Times, Daily human rights law, to which copious refer- “political opportunist” and had given Mirror 9.2.98). ence is made throughout the book. The respectability to racism with his attacks on study is published at an opportune time, for the black community. He said: “I speak Refugee writing the European Convention on Human from within the black community and they The Bend In The Road is a collection of fic- Rights will be incorporated into English know the fear that generates among very tion, poetry and memories by writers in exile domestic law later this year. vulnerable people as result of Powell’s rant- mainly in Britain and originating from One important consequence of taking ing. The truth is that attempts to create a Somalia, Angola, Zaire, Iran, Iraq, Kurdis- such a step is that the right to freedom of disciplined multi-ethnic society have been tan and the former Yugoslavia. Most of the religion will be set down clearly in writing undermined by his attacks on the black writers have led distinguished lives in their for the first time as a cardinal principle of community.” own countries but should more widely English law, albeit subject to those restric- Claude Moraes, director of the Joint recognised here. They are generally well tions upon religious practice and obser- Council for the Welfare of Immigrants said known in their communities, both in UK vance which are necessary to protect certain that Mr Powell had been proved wrong. and in exile in other countries. public interests. Of course, the common “Many of the groups that he targeted such They include writers and poets such as law is capable of evolving in the light of as West Indians and Ugandan Asians were Esmail Khoi from Iran, Maxamed Ibraahim social and cultural developments, but the people who had served this country through ‘Hadraawi’ from Somalia, Haifa Zangana incorporation of the Convention may give a war and whose second and third genera- and Abdul Karim Kassid from Iraq, added impetus to this process. tions are contributing massively to the Miroslav Jancic from Bosnia, Sousa Jamba Ethnicity, Law and Human Rights is published by British economy and cultural life. He could from Angola and many more. the Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-9-825773-2. have provided leadership to the higher Refugees bring with them a new culture, ground of politics. Instead he appealed to language and perspective and the writer in Enoch Powell dies the lowest common denominator.” exile can be a link between cultures, nations Enoch Powell, who is said to have given Sir Edward Heath, who sacked him from and people. The book provides the oppor- “respectability to white racist views” died on the shadow cabinet for the “rivers of tunity to gain an insight not only into the 8 March aged 85 years old. His death came blood” speech in April 1968 refused to pain of the refugee experience manifested almost 30 years to the day after his first comment. Michael Foot, another political in alienation, marginalisation and loss of major speech, warning of racial strife on the contemporary, also declined to say anything. identity but also into the complexity and streets of Britain. A second speech ‘rivers of Others paid tribute to Powell. The former diversity of the experiences, concerns and blood’ sparked a national controversy about Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher said: issues of writers from different regions. race relations and immigration. In it he “There has never been anybody else so com- The Bend in the Road: refugee writing edited by quoted the views of someone in his con- pelling as Enoch Powell. He was magnetic. Jennifer Langer, £8.99 or £7.50 special offer stituency, Wolverhampton South-West, who Listening to his speeches was an unforget- (post-free) from Five Leaves Publications, PO said: “In this country in 15 or 20 years time, table privilege. He was one of those rare Box 81, Nottingham NG5 4EB. A Teaching Pack the black man will have the whip hand over people who made a difference and whose to accompany the book is also available at £2.00 the white man. moral compass led us in the right direction.” each. For information ring 0115 960 3355.

PAGE 11 The Runnymede Bulletin March/April 1998 Labour responds to data request

The Government pledged that they would amendments concerned raising standards by require education authorities to collect data requiring LEA education development plans on ethnicity and gender on key stages and and education action zones to address any exclusion in response to an amendment “undue variation by sex or race”. Estelle Mor- proposed by the 1990 Trust and Bandung ris said that while she did not accept the Parliamentary Institute. The amendment, amendments she accepted the principle which was later withdrawn, was tabled by entirely. She said that the Government would the Liberal Democrats spokesman Don deal with the matter in the regulations and Foster during debate on the School Stan- guidance notes that are issued to local authori- dards and Framework Bill at the standing ties (Hansard Report School Standards and committee. Framework Bill 29.1.98 and 3.3.98). The amendment required governing bod- ies, education forums and local authorities to Seventh Day first keep and publish records by ethnicity and gen- The Seventh Day Adventists became the first der of exclusions and standards at the end of minor Christian denomination to win state key stages. Where the data showed evidence of funding for a school when the Government differences in attainment or exclusions, educa- Don Foster . . . tabled amendment said it was satisfied with standards at John tion bodies would be required to draw up Loughborough secondary in Haringey, north action plans to address any inequalities. collect information on pupils’ characteristics London. Steven Byers, the education standards through a Government amendment 486 to minister, told the school it would get a full pub- Sad truth schedule 28, which was proposed in the pro- lic grant from September and be allowed to Introducing the amendment, Mr Foster said it ceedings. This information, she said, will be put increase its intake from 139 to 250 pupils. It will was concerned with monitoring student out- together with pupil performance at key stages. be given temporary grant maintained status, but comes. “We know that at present not all children will probably become an aided school later this are underachieving, only some of them are. The Unacceptable year with the same rights as Anglican, sad truth is that a growing body of evidence She went on to say that having collected that Methodist and Catholic schools. shows that there are differentials in achievement information, “we intend to make sure that The school was set up 18 years ago in according to ethnicity and gender.” schools and all those concerned to raise stan- response to dissatisfaction among black Chris- He drew attention to the differential rates dards take the action necessary to ensure an tian parents and teachers with mainstream of exclusion among ethnic minority groups. end to the underachievement of whole groups education (Guardian 10.3.98). Of all permanent exclusions in 1995-96, 17.4 of people. Such underachievement is not per cent were of ethnic minority pupils, acceptable in an education system that is Announcement although they constitute only 11 per cent of designed to raise the standard of every child. It is with very great regret that we have heard the total population. Afro-Caribbean pupils We mean to raise the standards of every child, of the death of Sebastian Poulter, reader in are between three and six times more likely to and having ascertained groups where there is law at the University of Southampton and be excluded than white pupils of the same sex. under-achievement we shall now be able to draft writer of the chapter on law in the Run- The Under-Secretary of State for Educa- move forward.” nymede’s report. Dr Poulter was tion and Employment, Estelle Morris said that Mr Foster said he was delighted with her a good friend of Runnymede for many years. she had great sympathy for the reasons behind response. “The crucial part of her response . . . His book, Asian Traditions and English Law the amendment. “He was absolutely right to was the commitment she made on behalf of was published by Runnymede and Trentham say that unless we know whether a group of the Government that if, having collected that Books in 1990. More recently he was a mem- youngsters is under-performing, it is difficult information, real problems were highlighted in ber of the Runnymede’s Commission on to take the next step — to raise their level of relation to exclusion or standards by ethnicity Islamophobia and British Muslims. All mem- achievement to that which they have a right to or gender, she would require the relevant organ- bers of the Commission were grateful for his expect. The Hon. Gentleman is right also to isations to take action to resolve the problems.” wisdom, knowledge and expertise in law. say that no provision exists to collect informa- Earlier the committee considered two There is a note about his most recent book, tion relating to pupil performance.” amendments proposed by the Commission for Ethnicity, Law and Human Rights, on page 11. Ms Morris said that the government would Racial Equality and tabled by Don Foster. The

Bulletin No 310, March/April 1998. ISSN 0965-7762 The Runnymede Trust is an independent charity concerned with issues of racial justice and equality. Produced by St Richards Press Ltd, Leigh Road, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 2TU. Tel: 01243 782988 Design and Layout: Joseph Harker The Runnymede Bulletin Subscription rates: is published 10 times each year by the The £17 individuals, Runnymede Trust, £20 voluntary organisations, 133 Aldersgate Street, £24 institutions and statutory bodies, London EC1A 4JA. Runnymede £7 unwaged. Tel: 0171 600 9666. Bulletin Overseas rates available. Editor: Kaushika Amin. Subscription manager: Lola Henry.

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