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Biodiversit Biodiversity Biodiversity Iodiversity Odiversity in Crisis 19 November 2009 | www.nature.com/nature | £10 THE INTERNATIONAL WEEKLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 462, 243–380 19 November 2009 November 243–380 19 www.nature.com/nature BIODIVERSITY IN CRISIS DARWIN 200 NATUREJOBS Species 150 years Quantum computing on from The Origin no.7271 l Where next for ecosystem services? l The drivers of speciation l Success in Brazil and South Africa www.nature.com/nature Vol 462 | Issue no. 7271 | 19 November 2009 The entangled bank unravels This third special issue in Nature’s year-long celebration of Charles Darwin focuses on the dire challenges to Earth’s biodiversity — and finds some reason for hope. t is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with some cause for optimism. For example, the United Nations General many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, Assembly has named 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity, “Iwith various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling with a meeting scheduled in New York next September at which heads through the damp earth.” So Charles Darwin begins the concluding of state will take up the issue. The following month, parties to the paragraph of On the Origin of Species, published 150 years ago next biodiversity convention will gather in Nagoya, Japan, to develop spe- week. By invoking this gentle image, Darwin sought to emphasize cific and verifiable biodiversity targets for nations over the coming how “endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful” have all decades. These meetings give countries an incentive to start protecting evolved through the process of natural selection. vital ecosystems during the next 11 months so that they can head to Were he alive today, Darwin would have cause to be less rhapsodic. the Nagoya summit boasting of success. The modern version of his bank might There is growing recognition that well be dominated by invasive shrubs, diverse ecosystems can provide sub- having been denuded of most native EDITORIAL stantial economic benefits — a concept plants by deforestation, and nearby 251 The entangled bank known as ecosystem services — which streams would probably be polluted and unravels has strengthened support for conserva- Biodiversity filled with sediment from excess run-off. NEWS tion in the business and political com- It is hardly news that the rich pageant 263 Efforts to sustain biodiversity munities. The News Feature on page 270 of life, which inspired Darwin and his profiles ecologist Gretchen Daily of fall short work, is now suffering. According to Stanford University in Palo Alto, Cali- Natasha Gilbert data released this month by the Inter- fornia, an advocate of this concept who national Union for Conservation of NEWS FEATURES helped it to emerge as a major idea in Nature in its Red List of Threatened Spe- 266 Biodiversity’s bright spot conservation. Another article (page cies, one-fifth of mammals and nearly Gene Russo 266) shows this concept in action in one-third of amphibians are threatened Brazil, where it has helped to preserve 270 Putting a price on nature with extinction, and the situation is no the remaining patches of the species- Emma Marris better among plants: almost one-third rich Atlantic forest. And in an Opinion of known gymnosperms, the group that 272 On the origin of bar codes piece (page 277), the leader of an inter- includes conifers, are threatened. Yet Nick Lane national study, known as the Economics despite all the warnings from scientists of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) OPINION and environmentalists, nations have project, argues that governments must done little more than fret over the prob- 277 Costing the Earth put taxes and benefits in place to protect lem. Although almost 200 countries have Pavan Sukhdev nature’s ‘public goods’. Just last week, the pledged through the Convention on Bio- 278 A force to fight global warming TEEB project announced initial results logical Diversity to significantly reduce Will R. Turner, Michael Oppenheimer suggesting that investments in conserva- the rate of biodiversity loss by next year, & David S. Wilcove tion can reap economic benefits that far leaders of that effort acknowledge not exceed the initial outlay. only that the world will come up short of 280 Let the locals lead The situation in Brazil is a good exam- this target, but also that it was basically Robert J. Smith ple. Preserving patches of forest has not unachievable from the start and that it 282 A call to the custodians of deep time only helped the golden lion tamarin to represented more of a political statement survive, but has also helped to provide Douglas Erwin (see page 263). clean water, flood control and other eco- This week, Nature ends its year-long BOOKS & ARTS nomic benefits to nearby communities. celebration of Darwin (www.nature. 287 Log of life beneath the waves These ‘win–win’ situations are natural com/darwin) by examining some of the Mark Schrope starting points for conservation efforts most pressing issues concerning the loss because they are easily sold to politicians of biodiversity, as well as ways to address and other stakeholders. the problem. The fact that upper levels of For podcast and more online Climate change will place new stresses government are beginning to focus their extras see www.nature.com/darwin on already weakened ecosystems but it attention on the biodiversity crisis gives can also present political and economic 251 © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved 2251-25251-252 EditorialsEditorials MHMH AB.inddAB.indd 251251 117/11/097/11/09 115:04:095:04:09 EDITORIALS NATURE|Vol 462|19 November 2009 opportunities. One example is a strategy known as reducing emissions as a result of climate change, the biggest threat to biodiversity today is from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). According to esti- the rapid disappearance of habitats. At present, only around 14% of mates by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the clear- land surface and less than 6% of territorial seas are protected world- ing of forests accounts for approximately one-fifth of greenhouse-gas wide. Yet such areas help to support nearly one-sixth of the world’s emissions by humans. Thus, stopping deforestation could be a relatively population, according to the TEEB study. As nations look beyond cheap and effective way to reduce emissions and slow the rate of global the likely failure of the 2010 biodiversity target, they should commit warming. At the same time, argue Will Turner and his colleagues in an to placing more areas under protection. It will be crucial to select Opinion piece on page 278, efforts to preserve natural ecosystems can valuable sites that harbour the species that are most threatened. The help to ameliorate some of the effects of climate change. The interna- wealthiest sectors of society tend to be the most removed from nature, tional climate treaty currently under negotiation is likely to include a whereas the world’s poorest people rely heavily on the fruits of diverse REDD mechanism that would provide funds to tropical countries to ecosystems. As a result, care must be taken to ensure that conserva- save their forests, a move that would help to mitigate climate change tion initiatives do not come at the expense of people, particularly and sustain biodiversity. indigenous communities that can be indirectly harmed when land Although ecosystem degradation looks set to increase in the future is suddenly set aside. ■ EURExpress, both of which were launched with funds from the Euro- Access denied? pean Commission that have run out in recent months. The databases are currently being maintained on a hand-to-mouth basis, and the Information-sharing resources are essential to scientists who built them don’t know where to turn for maintenance biologists and deserve international support. money. Yet the European Commission’s investment will have been wasted if the databases disappear. very weekday, thousands of researchers around the world access It is time for a whole new approach. Front-line biology cannot the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), which contains function without these resources, so solutions must be found at both Ethe most reliable and up-to-date genomic information available national and international levels. on the most widely used model organism in the plant kingdom. But Governments must ensure that at least one of their national fund- now, to those users’ horror, TAIR faces collapse: the US National ing agencies has money specifically set aside for the long-term sup- Science Foundation (NSF) is phasing out funding after 10 years as port of bioresource infrastructures. the data resource’s sole supporter (see page 258). A good model to emulate would be the “The sharing of TAIR’s plight is emblematic of a broader crisis facing many of the United Kingdom’s Biotechnology and bioresources does not world’s biological databases and repositories. Research funding agen- Biological Sciences Research Coun- and should not stop at cies recognize that such infrastructures are crucial to the ongoing cil, which allows databases and other national borders.” conduct of science, yet few are willing to finance them indefinitely. such resources to apply for ring-fenced Such agencies tend to support these resources during the develop- funding, saving them from having to compete with hypothesis-driven ment phase, but then expect them to find sustainable funding else- grants, which are the agencies’ mainstay. where. But action is also needed on the international front. The sharing Unfortunately, that is not easy. Other funding agencies are no more of bioresources does not and should not stop at national borders. likely to provide long-term support than the agency that launched the For example, only about a quarter of TAIR users are based in the resource in the first place.
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