(PDF) Grundkurs Linux

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(PDF) Grundkurs Linux Grundkurs Linux Release 0.2.7 Aktualisiert am 08.08.2017 Bernhard Grotz http://www.grund-wissen.de Dieses Buch wird unter der Creative Commons License (Version 4.0, by-nc-sa) veröffent- licht. Alle Inhalte dürfen daher in jedem beliebigen Format vervielfältigt und/oder wei- terverarbeitet werden, sofern die Weitergabe nicht kommerziell ist, unter einer gleichen Lizenz erfolgt, und das Original als Quelle genannt wird. Siehe auch: Erläuterung der Einschränkung by-nc-sa Leitfaden zu Creative-Commons-Lizenzen Unabhängig von dieser Lizenz ist die Nutzung dieses Buchs für Unterricht und Forschung (§52a UrhG) sowie zum privaten Gebrauch (§53 UrhG) ausdrücklich erlaubt. Der Autor erhebt mit dem Buch weder den Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit noch auf Feh- lerfreiheit; insbesondere kann für inhaltliche Fehler keine Haftung übernommen werden. Die Quelldateien dieses Buchs wurden unter Linux mittels Vim und Sphinx, die enthal- tenen Graphiken mittels Inkscape erstellt. Der Quellcode sowie die Original-Graphiken können über die Projektseite heruntergeladen werden: http://www.grund-wissen.de Bei Fragen, Anmerkungen und Verbesserungsvorschlägen bittet der Autor um eine kurze Email an folgende Adresse: [email protected] Augsburg, den 8. August 2017. Bernhard Grotz Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung1 Linux installieren5 Die Basis-Installation.................................6 Zusatzpakete installieren...............................9 Paketverwaltung mittels graphischer Bedienoberfläche...........9 Paketverwaltung mittels apt ......................... 11 Aufbau des Linux-Dateisystems 13 Hilfreiche GUI-Programme 16 Datei-Manager.................................... 16 caja ....................................... 16 gnome-commander ............................... 16 Internet-Anwendungen................................ 17 firefox ..................................... 17 pidgin ..................................... 18 thunderbird .................................. 19 Büro-Programme................................... 21 abiword ..................................... 21 gedit ...................................... 22 gnumeric .................................... 22 libreoffice .................................. 23 zathura ..................................... 23 Bildbearbeitungs-Programme............................ 24 gimp ....................................... 24 inkscape .................................... 25 Multimedia-Programme............................... 25 audacious ................................... 25 easytag ..................................... 26 soundconverter ................................ 27 vlc ....................................... 27 Hilfsprogramme.................................... 28 alarm-clock-applet ............................. 28 ding ....................................... 29 gnome-calculator ............................... 30 guake ...................................... 31 keepassx .................................... 31 redshift .................................... 33 i wine ....................................... 33 Systemverwaltungs-Programme........................... 34 gparted ..................................... 34 unetbootin ................................... 35 Weiterführende Tutorials............................... 36 Erstellen von 2D-Graphiken mit inkscape .................. 36 Erstellen von 3D-Modellen mit freecad ................... 39 Shell-Basics 47 Syntax-Regeln..................................... 47 Standard-Programme................................. 48 alias ...................................... 48 apt, aptitude ................................. 49 basename .................................... 49 bc ........................................ 49 bzip2, bunzip2 ................................. 50 cat ....................................... 50 cd ........................................ 51 chmod ...................................... 51 clear ...................................... 51 cp ........................................ 51 date ....................................... 51 df ........................................ 52 dirname ..................................... 52 du ........................................ 52 echo ....................................... 52 exit ....................................... 53 file ....................................... 53 find ....................................... 53 free ....................................... 54 grep ....................................... 54 gzip, gunzip .................................. 55 host ....................................... 55 hostname .................................... 55 inxi ....................................... 55 ip ........................................ 55 kill, killall ................................. 56 less ....................................... 56 ln ........................................ 56 locate ..................................... 57 ls ........................................ 57 lsblk, lsusb und lscpu ............................ 58 man ....................................... 58 mkdir ...................................... 58 mv ........................................ 58 passwd ..................................... 59 pdftotext ................................... 59 pwd ....................................... 59 ii rm ........................................ 59 rmdir ...................................... 59 rsync ...................................... 59 ssh ....................................... 60 tar ....................................... 60 tee ....................................... 61 top ....................................... 61 touch ...................................... 61 uname ...................................... 61 wc ........................................ 61 wget ....................................... 62 which ...................................... 62 xargs ...................................... 62 zip, unzip ................................... 63 Zusätzliche Shell-Programme............................ 63 abcde ...................................... 63 antiword .................................... 63 autojump .................................... 64 cmus ....................................... 65 fdupes ..................................... 68 feh ....................................... 68 gpg ....................................... 69 imagemagick .................................. 69 mc ........................................ 70 mencoder .................................... 73 ncdu ....................................... 73 nmap ....................................... 74 pdfimages ................................... 74 pdftk ...................................... 74 pngnq ...................................... 75 screen ..................................... 76 tesseract ................................... 76 whois ...................................... 78 Administrator-Programme.............................. 79 adduser, deluser ............................... 79 apt, aptitude ................................. 79 chmod ...................................... 81 chown, chgrp .................................. 81 chroot ..................................... 81 dpkg ....................................... 81 eject ...................................... 82 fdisk ...................................... 82 halt, reboot .................................. 82 iftop ...................................... 82 lshw ....................................... 82 mount, umount ................................. 83 nast ....................................... 83 su ........................................ 83 iii usermod ..................................... 83 Shell-Scripting.................................... 83 Aufbau und Aufruf eines Shellskripts..................... 84 Rückgabewerte und Verkettung von Programmen.............. 85 Dateimuster und Variablen.......................... 87 Besondere Shell-Variablen........................... 90 Auswertung von Variablen........................... 92 Kontrollstrukturen............................... 94 Definition von Funktionen........................... 99 Makefiles.................................... 100 Sed und Awk.................................. 103 Die Z-Shell...................................... 112 Hilfreiche Shell-Anwendungen 113 Der Terminal-Multiplexer tmux ........................... 113 Konfiguration von tmux............................ 113 Sitzungen, Fenster und Teilfenster...................... 117 Templates für neue Tmux-Sitzungen..................... 117 Das Dokumentations-System sphinx ........................ 118 Sphinx-Quickstart............................... 119 Aufruf von Sphinx............................... 122 Einzelne Dateien mit rst2latex konvertieren................ 124 ReStructuredText-Tutorial.......................... 125 Gestalterische Anpassungen.......................... 139 Das Blog-System Tinkerer........................... 148 Links...................................... 151 Versionskontrolle mit git .............................. 151 Einführung: Ein neues Git-Projekt erstellen................. 151 Arbeitsverzeichnis, Index und Objektspeicher................ 156 Arbeiten mit Entwicklungszweigen (Branching)............... 156 Zusammenführen von Entwicklungszweigen (Merging)........... 158 Arbeiten mit externen Repositories...................... 159 Der Texteditor vim .................................. 162 Bedienung.................................... 163 Konfigurationsdatei.............................. 179 Plugins....................................
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