INDEX OF EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGE (IdEA) This report examines the driving factors behind spaal differences in Australia’s educaonal outcomes using a range of metrics from NAPLAN and the Census. It also presents a new index – the Index of Educaonal Advantage – measuring how well an area supports educaonal development for school-aged children with a parcular focus on secondary educaon outcomes.

By Jinjing Li, Riyana Miran, Yogi Vidyaama NATSEM/IGPA, University of Canberra

INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE(IDEA)  

ABOUTNATSEM/IGPA TheNaঞonalCentreforSocialandEconomicModelling(NATSEM)wasestablishedon1January 1993,andsupportsitsacঞviঞesthroughresearchgrants,commissionedresearchandlongerterm contracts for policy analysis and model development and maintenance. In January 2014, the InsঞtuteforGovernanceandPolicyAnalysis(IGPA)attheUniversityofCanberrawasestablished toharnesstheresearchstrengthsofNATSEMandtheANZSOGInsঞtuteforGovernance(ANZSIG). TheaimofthisInsঞtuteistocreateandsustainaninternaঞonalclassresearchinsঞtuঞonforthe study and pracঞce of governance and public policy. The Insঞtute has a strong social mission commi‚edtotheproducঞonofleadingedgeresearchandresearchdriveneducaঞonprogramswith genuinepublicvalueand,byimplicaঞon,policyimpact.TheintegraঞonofANZSIGandNATSEM hascreatedexciঞngopportuniঞesforthedevelopmentofcuমngedgeresearchinpublicpolicy analysisthroughcombiningexperঞseinqualitaঞveandquanঞtaঞvemethods,microsimulaঞonand policymodellingandevaluaঞon. NATSEM is one of three research centres within IGPA. Policy changes o[en have to be made withoutsuLcientinformaঞonabouteitherthecurrentenvironmentortheconsequencesofchange. NATSEM aims to be a key contributor to social and economic policy debate and analysis by undertakingindependentandimparঞalresearchofthehighestquality,includingsupplyingvalued commissionedresearchservices.NATSEMisoneofAustralia’sleadingeconomicandsocialpolicy researchcentresandisregardedasoneoftheworld’sforemostcentresofexcellenceformicro- dataanalysis,microsimulaঞonmodellingandpolicyevaluaঞon.InkeepingwithIGPA’scoremission, NATSEM’sresearchacঞviঞesaimtohavesigniCcantpolicyimpactandleadtosocialandeconomic change.  Director:ProfessorMarkEvans      ©IGPA,UniversityofCanberra2016 Allrightsreserved.Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriঞcism or review, as permi‚ed under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publicaঞon may be reproduced,storedortransmi‚edinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutthepriorpermissionin wriঞngofthepublisher.

  TABLEOFCONTENTS 



TABLEOFCONTENTS AboutNATSEM/IGPA...... 2 TableofContents...... 3 AuthorNote...... 4 Acknowledgement...... 4 Notes...... 4 Suggestedcitaঞon...... 4 ExecuঞveSummary...... 5 Introducঞon...... 7 ConceptualFramework...... 9 EducaঞonalAdvantageandDisadvantage...... 9 EducaঞonProducঞonFuncঞon...... 10 ContribuঞonoftheIndex...... 12 Data...... 14 DataSources...... 14 EducaঞonalOutcomeMeasures...... 15 VariablesSelectedfortheStaঞsঞcalModel...... 18 ExploraঞonofSelectedVariables...... 21 IndexDevelopment...... 28 ModellingMethodology...... 28 ModelResults...... 31 IndexDerivaঞon...... 34 IndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage...... 38 InterpretaঞonoftheIndex...... 38 UseoftheIndex...... 39 SpaঞalDistribuঞonoftheIndex...... 40 SA2sIdenঞCedbytheIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage...... 45 ComparisonwithOtherIndexes...... 47 ComparisonwiththeSocio-economicIndexesforAreas(SEIFA)...... 47 ComparisonwiththeYouthSocialExclusion(YSE)Index...... 49 Conclusion...... 52 References...... 54 AppendixA:IdEAIndexLisঞng...... 60 AppendixB:OnlineMap...... 110 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 3  hd,KZEKd  

AUTHORNOTE Authorsofthisreportare: DrJinjingLi,UniversityofCanberra DrRiyanaMiranঞ,UniversityofCanberra DrYogiVidya‚ama,UniversityofCanberra  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ThisstudywasundertakenbytheNaঞonalCentreforSocialandEconomicModelling(NATSEM) andtheInsঞtuteforGovernanceandPolicyAnalysis(IGPA)attheUniversityofCanberra,andwas fundedbytheHigherEducaঞonParঞcipaঞonandPartnershipsProgram(HEPPP),Departmentof EducaঞonandTraining,Australia.WewouldalsoliketothankMicheleFlemingandEllenGradyfor theircommentsandassistance. Note: Parts of the data used in this publicaঞon are sourced from the Australian Curriculum, AssessmentandReporঞngAuthority(ACARA)andareavailablefromACARAinaccordancewithits DataAccessProtocols. ThecoverimagecontainsmapdatafromOpenStreetMapcontributors. Seeh‚p://www.openstreetmap.org/copyrightfordetails.  NOTES Thisreportwaswri‚enin2016withaminorupdatein2017.Partsofthereportarenow publishedinpeer-reviewedacademicjournals.  SUGGESTEDCITATION Li,J.,Miranঞ,R.&Vidya‚ama,Y.(2016)Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA),Universityof Canberra,theInsঞtuteforGovernanceandPolicyAnalysis(IGPA)

  ExecuঞveSummary  

EXECUTIVESUMMARY Whiletheeducaঞonsystemiscommonlyviewedasprovidingeachchildwithequalaccess,there are substanঞal variaঞons in educaঞonal outcomes across both the spaঞal and socio-economic spectrainAustralia.Thisreportexaminesaseriesofsecondaryeducaঞonaloutcomemeasuresand decomposesthevariaঞonsintothreemajorfactors:theeducaঞonalsocio-economicenvironment, educaঞonalresourceavailability,andafactorwhichreYectstheeLcienciesandthespeciCciঞesof thelocaleducaঞonsystem. Theanalysisinthisreportisgroundedineducaঞonproducঞontheoryandincorporatesastructural equaঞonmodellingtechniquetoexaminethedriversofeducaঞonaloutcomes.Thespaঞalunitused istheStaঞsঞcalAreaLevel2(SA2),whichusuallycontainsoneorafewsuburbs,withatypical populaঞonsizebetween3000and25000perarea. The empirical analysis suggests factors outside of the school contribute most in explaining the variaঞonsineducaঞonaloutcomesinAustraliaonaverage,echoingtheideathatmuchlearning happensandshouldhappenoutsidetheclassroom.Educaঞonalresourceavailabilityisthesecond mostimportantfactoroverall(thatis,whenconsideringalloutcomemeasures)butiso[enthemost importantfactorindeterminingtestscores.TheseCndingsareconvertedintoaseriesofindexesto reYectthespaঞaldi@erencesineducaঞonaladvantageinAustralia. TheIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantageSeriesisasetofcompositeindexesusingdatafromthe2011 NaঞonalAssessmentProgram–LiteracyandNumeracy(NAPLAN)scores,thenaঞonwideschool databasefromtheAustralianCurriculum,AssessmentandReporঞngAuthority(ACARA)and2011 Census data from the Australian Bureau of Staঞsঞcs (ABS). The Index of Educaঞonal Socio- Economic Factors (IdEA-ESE) measures how well the socio-economic environment in the SA2 supports educaঞonal development. The Index of Educaঞonal Resources (IdEA-ER) captures the qualityandthequanঞtyoftheschoolingresourcesavailableinthearea,andtheIndexofEducaঞonal ELciencyandOtherFactors(IdEA-EEO)capturesfactorssuchastheeLciencyoftheschoolsin theSA2.ItreYectshowwelltheSA2uঞlisestheavailableeducaঞonalandeconomicresources,or inotherwordsitcapturestheSA2’srelaঞveperformancegivenitssocio-economiccircumstances andresourceavailability.EncompassingallthreeofthesedimensionsistheIndexofEducaঞonal Advantage (IdEA) which summarises all three sub-indexes. It shows the overall educaঞonal advantageintheregion.AhighvalueintheIdEAindicatesanoverallhighperformanceinschool- agedchildren’seducaঞonaldevelopmentwhilealowvalueinthisindexindicatesanoverallpoor performanceintheSA2.Allindexeshavevaluesrangingbetween1and5. The IdEA highlights a number of pa‚erns across, and challenges for, the Australian educaঞon system.Weseeahighconcentraঞonofqualityeducaঞonalresourcesandagoodeducaঞonalsocio- economicenvironmentinthecapitalcitySA2s,especiallyinSydney,acitywithahighdensityof veryadvantagedsuburbsasmeasuredbyhouseholdincomelevel.Theresultsalsoshowinequality withinthecapitalciঞes,parঞcularlybetweentheinnerSA2sandthoseontheoutskirts.Theclose link between socio-economic condiঞons and educaঞonal outcomes calls for policies beyond

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 5  EXECUTIVESUMMARY 

schooling if we want to address one of the most important causes of educaঞonal inequality. Furthermore,wealsoCndthattherelaঞvelypoorperformanceinsomeruralareascannotalways beexplainedbypoorresourcesorsocio-economicfactorsalone:otherfactorssuchaseLciencies alsoappeartoplayanimportantroleindeterminingeducaঞonaloutcomesinmanyoftheremote SA2s. It is o[en the case that poor educaঞonal performance is the result of mulঞple factors. Similarly, we also note that some urban SA2s, such as some suburbs in the Australian Capital Territory(ACT),couldfurtheradvancetheirperformanceifeducaঞonaleLciencieswereimproved. This series of indexes are the Crst composite indexes in Australia specialising in naঞonwide educaঞonal outcomes. They can potenঞally help educators, researchers and policymakers to idenঞfyregionswithanoveralllowperformanceineducaঞon,orregionsthatneedsupportina parঞculardimension.Itshouldbenotedthattheindexesarederivedfromthereporteddatain2011 whichmaynotnecessarilyreYectthemostup-to-datesituaঞonduetochangesinpoliciesandsocio- economic environments. However, some pa‚erns captured seem to reYect long-term spaঞal inequaliঞesineducaঞonaloutcomes. Theindexescanbeviewedinteracঞvelyonlineat h‚p://www.governanceinsঞtute.edu.au/research/idea-map/.       Copiesofthisreportcanbedownloadedfrom: h‚p://www.governanceinsঞtute.edu.au/research/idea-map/

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 6  Introducঞon  

INTRODUCTION Educaঞonaldisadvantageisacomplexpolicyissue,andthedisparityinhighschoolcompleঞonrates remainsaseriousissueinAustralia,despiteageneralsocietalconsensusthateducaঞonisoneof the most signiCcant factors a@ecঞng children’s development. Recent reports based on the Programme for Internaঞonal Student Assessment (PISA) test state that the performance gap in Australia between 15-year-old students from di@erent socio-economic backgrounds can be equivalenttouptothreeyearsofschooling(Thomsonetal.,2009;Thomsonetal.,2013).Students fromalowsocio-economicbackgroundarealsounder-representedamongallenrolledstudentsin highereducaঞoninsঞtuঞonsinAustralia(althoughtheproporঞonofterঞarystudentsfromalow socio-economicbackgroundincreasedinthepast10yearsby2.1percentagepointstoaround17 percentin2016(DepartmentofEducaঞon,2017)). Pa‚ernsofeducaঞonaldisadvantagehave beenwidelyreported andexaminedinmanystudies (Lupton,2004;DysonandRa@o,2007).Despitethesee@orts,therearesঞllmixedCndingsabout whichfactorscontributetothelargevariaঞonsineducaঞonalachievementweseeinAustralia. There is some informaঞon available for individual states, but naঞonwide studies are rare. For example,ChakrabortyandBlackburn(2013)analysedhowschoolandnon-schoolinputssuchas Cnancialresources,teachercharacterisঞcs,familysocio-economicstatusandstudentcomposiঞon a@ectstudentacademicoutcomesinsecondaryschools,buttheiranalysiswaslimitedtoNewSouth Walessecondaryschools.Furthermore,exisঞngresearchonthedispariঞesineducaঞonaloutcomes inAustraliatendstoberestrictedtourbanandruralcomparisons(Cheers,1990;HREOC,2000; Considine and Zappalà, 2002), and does not take into account the complexiঞes of educaঞonal disadvantageacrossaspaঞaldimension. ThisreportprovidesasystemicreviewofeducaঞonaloutcomesforAustralianseniorsecondary school-agedchildren,includingtheirparঞcipaঞoninhighereducaঞon,andextractsthekeydriving factorsbehindunequaleducaঞonaloutcomesbydecomposingthevariaঞonsacrossthecountry into three key components (the educaঞonal socio-economic environment, school resource availabilityandafactorwhichreYectstheeLcienciesandspeciCciঞesofthelocaleducaঞonsystem). BasedondatafromtheAustralianCurriculum,AssessmentandReporঞngAuthority(ACARA)and theAustralianBureauofStaঞsঞcs(ABS),thisstudyhasdevelopedacompositeindex–theIndexof EducaঞonalAdvantage(IdEA)–toreYectthedi@erencesinthesethreemaincontribuঞngfactors toeducaঞonaloutcomesinAustralia. WhiletherearealreadyavarietyofindexesofindicatorsintheCeldofeducaঞon,IdEAhasadisঞnct value-addedcomponentinthatithasincludedmorecomprehensivenaঞonalcoverageofCensus- related,school-relatedandsmallarea-relatedvariablesthatmaybemissingfromotherindexes.In terms of its audience, IdEA Clls a gap in evidence by aiming to comprehensively measure the educaঞonaloutcomesofseniorsecondaryschoolstudentsatthesmallarealevel. In the next secঞon, we present the conceptual framework for the analysis, discussing the key theoreঞcal and empirical concepts used in this report. This is followed by the data and the

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 7  INTRODUCTION 

methodologysecঞonswherethedetailsofthevariablesandthestaঞsঞcaltechniquesusedare discussed.InthefourthandC[hsecঞons,weexaminevariousproperঞesofthenewlyconstructed indexesandtherecommendeduseoftheindex.SomemajorCndingsarealsopresentedandthe IdEAiscomparedwithotherindexes(theSocio-economicIndexesforAreas(SEIFA)andtheYouth SocialExclusion(YSE)Index).Thelastsecঞonprovidesconcludingremarksaboutthisstudy.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 8  ConceptualFramework  

CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK EDUCATIONALADVANTAGEANDDISADVANTAGE Conceptually,thereareseveraldeCniঞonsofeducaঞonaldisadvantage.TheEducaࢼon Act, 1998in Ireland deCnes educaঞonal disadvantage as barriers to educaঞon that result from social and economicdisadvantagewhichalsopreventstudentsfromexperiencingeducaঞonalbeneCtsfrom schools.ThisdeCniঞonisinlinewithJe@ers(2002)whoarguesthateducaঞonaldisadvantageisthe complexinteracঞonofvariousfactorssuchaseconomic,social/culturalandotherfactors,notonly athomebutalsoinschoolsandcommuniঞeswhichcauseapersontoderivelessbeneCtfromformal educaঞonthanhisorherpeers.Beavis(2011)arguesthateducaঞonaldisadvantagecoversvarious formsofdisadvantagewhichcanberelatedtostudents’socio-economicstatusorotherfactors suchasdisabiliঞes,limitedEnglishlanguageproCciency,Indigenousstatusorlivinginregional,rural orremoteareas. Inthecontextofsocialexclusionandcapabilityframeworks,educaঞonhasbeenidenঞCedasone domainof‘socialexclusion’and,forchildren,acriঞcalpotenঞalsourceofexclusion.1Beingexcluded fromeducaঞonmayalsoa@ectthedevelopmentofchildren’scapabiliঞesintermsofpersonality, talents,andmentalandphysicalabiliঞes(Klasen,2001).Educaঞonala‚ainmentintheearlystages oflifehasaprofoundimpactonachievementinadultlife.Educaঞonisoneofthekeydimensions ofchildwellbeing,asidenঞCedbytheUnitedNaঞonsConvenঞonoftheRightsoftheChild.While parঞcipaঞngintheeducaঞonprocessiscompulsoryforchildreninAustralia,(i.e.fromtheageof CveorsixtotheageofC[eentoseventeen,dependingonthestateorterritory),therearemany factorsthatcancontributetosuccessfuleducaঞonaloutcomes. Previousstudiesarguethosewhoexperienceeducaঞonaldisadvantagearelikelytobeathigherrisk ofhavingpoorersocio-economicandgeneralwellbeingoutcomes.Issuesabouttheimportanceof schooling and its transiঞon to working or labour market outcomes have been discussed in the literature.Forexample,previousstudieshavehighlightedtheposiঞvecausalrelaঞonshipbetween schooling or educaঞon and earnings (Psacharopoulos, 1994; Card, 1999; Psacharopoulos and Patrinos,2004);orsecuringproducঞveemployment(Crowsonetal.,2000;RumbergerandLamb, 2003).Theconsequencesofeducaঞonaldisadvantagemayleadtocumulaঞvedisadvantagesuch aslostemploymentopportuniঞesandhealthandlongevityissuesoverthelifecourse(Dannefer, 2003). Further,therehasbeenagrowingbodyofliteratureesঞmaঞngdisadvantageorwellbeingindicators forparঞculargroupsofthepopulaঞonatthelocallevel,improvingtheabilityofpolicymakersand communiঞestotargetlocaঞonsofdisadvantage.Thishasresultedinincreaseda‚enঞontoplace

 1Theoriginalcoiningoftheterm‘socialexclusion’hasbeena‚ributedtoFrenchmanRenéLenoir (1974). Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 9  CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK 

and locaঞon by social and economic policymakers, channelling increased resources towards geographicareasthatareparঞcularlydisadvantaged.Havingareaorlocaঞon-basedmeasureswill increasetransparencyandaccountabilityinallocaঞngresources,informdetailedserviceplanning andpromoteevidence-basedpolicy(Nobleetal.,2010).Thus,usingspaঞalanalysistopinpoint educaঞonaldisadvantageisalsoimportant.InAustralia,forexample,educaঞonisincludedasone ofthedomainsofthespaঞalindexofsocialexclusionforchildrenandyouthatasmallarealevel (Abelloetal.,2015;Miranঞetal.,2015). Inthisreport,educaঞonaldisadvantageisdeCnedasdisadvantageatthespaঞallevelintermsof educaঞonaloutcomes(withmulঞpleoutcomemeasuresincludingcogniঞvetestresults,Year12 compleঞonratesanda‚endanceratesforuniversityandtechnicalandfurthereducaঞon(TAFE)). Theseoutcomesaredrivenbyacombinaঞonofoneormulঞpledisadvantagesintermsofsocio- economicfactors,schoolresourcesandotherunobservedfactors.Thisisexplainedinmoredetail inthemethodologysecঞon. Theuseofmulঞpleoutcomemeasuresandthefocusonaspaঞallevelofdisadvantagehasmade this index disঞncঞve from the other indexes that are currently in use. These are the main contribuঞonsoftheindex. EDUCATIONPRODUCTIONFUNCTION Tounderstandwhatdrivesthevariaঞonsineducaঞonalachievementandtoconstructanindex basedonthesecorefactors,weneedaframeworktoanalysetheprocessofeducaঞon.Economists o[enanalysetherelaঞonshipbetweenschoolandstudentinputsandameasureofschooloutput viaaneducaঞonproducঞonfuncঞon,forexampleColemanetal.(1966),Bowles(1970),Hanushek (1979,1986,1989,1997,2003),SummersandWolfe(1977)andrecentlyScheerensetal.(2011). Theconceptofan‘educaঞonproducঞonfuncঞon’treatseducaঞonasaprocessof‘producঞon’, where inputs such as teaching, tutoring and student quality are converted to output, which is measuredbythescoresinastandardisedtestorothermeasures.Forexample,attheschoollevel, theeducaঞonproducঞonfuncঞonmeasurestheassociaঞonbetweenschoolandstudentinputs andschooloutput.Atypicaleducaঞonproducঞonfuncঞonassumestheschooloutputisdrivenby threeimportantfactors,namelytheeducaঞonalsocio-economicfactor,theschoolresourcefactor, andotherfactorssuchasstudentabilityandschooleLciencies(Colemanetal.,1966;Bowles,1970; Hanushek,1979,1986,1989,1997,2003). Anumberofsocio-economicfactorsoutsidetheschoolenvironmentmayinYuencelearning.These include‘homefactors’suchasparentaleducaঞonala‚ainment,householdincome,occupaঞonor levelofeducaঞonala‚ainmentoftheparentsandhouseholdcomposiঞon.Demographicvariables suchasgender,Indigenousstatus,immigraঞonstatus,andlanguagespokenathomearealsousually includedundersocio-economiccharacterisঞcs(Sui-ChuandWillms,1996;RumbergerandPalardy, 2005;Palardy,2008;PerryandMcConney,2010a,2010b;Limetal.,2014).

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 10  CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK 

Factors measuring school resources include the amount and quality of teaching services, the physical faciliঞes of the school, and the length ofঞme students are exposed to these inputs. Resourcesalsoincludeschoolassets,fundingandexpenditure.Forschoolresources,indicatorsused includestudent–teacherraঞo,student–supportsta@raঞo,averagesalaryforteachersorsupport sta@,schoolfunding,expendituresperstudentandexpenditurecomposiঞon(wages,spendingon booksandothermaterials)(CardandKrueger,1996;ChakrabortyandBlackburn,2013).School resourcesalsocoverthetypeofschool(publicorprivate)andclasssize(SiegfriedandWalstad, 1998;Buckingham,2000;ConsidineandZappalà,2002;Bu‚ersetal.,2013). Addiঞonally, educaঞonal outcome is also driven by factors represenঞng other unobserved characterisঞcs,whichtheliteraturesomeঞmesreferstoaseitherthestudent’sunobservedinnate abilityortheinsঞtuঞonalfeaturesoftheschoolsystem(suchasthedi@erencesbetweenthepublic andprivatesystem,ordi@erentteachingmethodsofschoolsinapplyingasimilarcurriculum)that may inYuence the eLciency of educaঞon producঞon. These unobserved factors are more commonlyreferredtoase@ecঞvenessoreLciencyfactors(Aaronsonetal.,2007).Freemanand Viarengo (2014) regarded this eLciency factor as a Cxed e@ect, related to policies or pracঞce beyondthosemechanismswhichsortstudentsofdi@eringabiliঞesamongschoolsorregions. TheCnaloutputoftheproducঞonfuncঞonistheeducaঞonaloutcomemeasures.Manyexisঞng studies use standardised test scores as proxies of educaঞonal outcomes, reYecঞng educaঞonal quality to some extent. For example, Chakraborty and Blackburn (2013) used the Naঞonal AssessmentProgram–LiteracyandNumeracy(NAPLAN)scoresforthethirdandC[hgradesin reading,wriঞngandspellingastheeducaঞonaloutcomesofprimaryeducaঞoninAustralia.Perry and McConney (2013) used the Programme for Internaঞonal Student Assessment (PISA) score. Freeman and Viarengo (2014) also used PISA scores to measure educaঞonal outcomes across countries.However,othershaveusedotherproxiessuchasa‚endancerates,retenঞonordropout rates,Year12compleঞonratesanduniversitycommencement(Burkheadetal.,1967;Katzman, 1971;HomelandRyan,2014). Whilethereisyettobeauniversallyagreeduponconceptof,ormeasurementfor,educaঞonal achievement,thereisanincreasingrealisaঞonintheliteraturethatitisnotbasedonasingletest score(Hanushek,1979).Scholarshavesuggestedthateducaঞonyieldsamulঞtudeofresultsthat cannotbeeasilycapturedbytestscores,suchascollegea‚endance,futuresalaries,savingrates, physicalandmentalhealth(Fredrikssonetal.,2013;Che‚yetal.,2014;DobbieandFryer,2015). Astheendgoalofeducaঞonisnotascoreonaparঞculartest,thereisaneedtoconsiderawider rangeofmeasurement.Giventhegrowingacceptanceofmulঞ-dimensionalmeasuresintheCeldof humandevelopmentandwellbeing,notonlyamongresearchersbutalsofrompracঞঞonersand policymakers,itiscrucialthatweconsidermulঞpleeducaঞonaloutcomemeasuresinsteadofrelying purelyonasingletestscore.Forexample,theUNESCOEducaঞonforAllDevelopmentIndex(EFA EDI)isacompositeindex,whichincludesseveraleducaঞonaloutcomessuchasprimaryadjusted netenrolmentraঞo(ANER),adultliteracyandqualityofeducaঞon(thisCnaloutcomeisbasedon theproxymeasuresofsurvivalratetoGrade5andgenderparity).Theeducaঞoncomponentofthe

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 11  CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK 

UNHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)doesnotusetestscoresandinsteadusesmeanandexpected yearsofschoolingastwoindicatorsofeducaঞonaloutcomes. CONTRIBUTIONOFTHEINDEX Thereareasmallnumberofexisঞngindexesthatfocusoneducaঞon.However,theyhavedi@erent intendedusesand/oradi@erenttargetaudiencethanIdEA.IdEACllsagapinknowledgebyaiming tomeasuretheeducaঞonaloutcomesofseniorsecondaryschools,includingparঞcipaঞoninhigher educaঞon,atthesmallarealevel.Thisindexcomplementsotherindexesalreadyinuse.Exisঞng indexes,andthewaystheydi@erfromIdEA,aredescribedbelow. TheABSpublishestheIndexofEducaঞonandOccupaঞonaspartoftheSocio-economicIndexes forAreas(SEIFA)whichisavailableatvariousspaঞallevels(includingSA1–4,LocalGovernment Area(LGA)andPostalArea(POD)).TheindexisdesignedtoreYecttheeducaঞonalandoccupaঞonal outcomesoftheadultpopulaঞon.Itincludesacombinaঞonofeducaঞonalandoccupaঞonalfactors. Educaঞonalfactorsincludethecomposiঞonofadultsaged15yearsandoverbyhighestlevelof educaঞonalqualiCcaঞonwhileoccupaঞonalfactorsincludethecomposiঞonofemployedpeopleby theirskilllevels.Incomparison,althoughIdEAalsofocusesoneducaঞonaloutcomes,itdoesnot focusonemploymentoutcomes. AnotherexampleistheIndexofCommunitySocio-EducaঞonalAdvantage(ICSEA)whichisanindex createdbytheAustralianCurriculum,AssessmentandReporঞngAuthority(ACARA).Thisindex’s valuereferstotheaveragelevelofeducaঞonaladvantageofaparঞcularschool’sstudentpopulaঞon relaঞvetothoseofotherschools.Takingintoaccountbothstudentcharacterisঞcs(suchasparents’ educaঞonandoccupaঞon)andschoollevelfactors(suchasgeographicallocaঞonortheproporঞon ofIndigenousstudents),ICSEAmeasureseducaঞonaladvantage/disadvantageattheschoollevel. ICSEAissetatanaverageof1000andthehigherthevaluethehigherthelevelofeducaঞonal advantageofstudentsinaparঞcularschool.ICSEAcoversAustralianregionsnaঞonally.Itallows imparঞal comparisons of NAPLAN results between schools. However, ICSEA focuses on school performanceonlyandislimitedtoNAPLANresults.Incomparison,althoughIdEAalsodrawson schooldatasuchasNAPLANresults,IdEAdevelopsamorecomprehensivemeasurethatcaptures awiderrangeofacademicandsocialoutcomes.Italsoallowscomparisonsacrossregions,notonly acrossschools. Further,theSouthAustralianDepartmentforEducaঞonandChildDevelopmenthasalsopublished anIndexofEducaঞonalDisadvantagewhichislimitedtoSouthAustraliaonly.Theindexcoversthe followingfactors:parentaleconomicresources,educaঞonandoccupaঞon;Aboriginalstatus;and studentmobility.Theindexiscalculatedattheschoollevel,whereschoolsarecategorisedfrom category1(mostsocio-economicallydisadvantaged)tocategory7(theleastdisadvantaged). In summary, IdEA includes naঞonal coverage of Census-related, school-related and small area- relatedvariablesthatmaybemissingfromotherindexes.Fromapolicyperspecঞve,IdEAcanassist

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 12  CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK 

policymakers in understanding how best to target senior secondary or higher educaঞon equity intervenঞonsandoutreach. 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 13  Data  

DATA DATASOURCES Alldatausedinthisreportarefromthreesources:the2011AustralianBureauofStaঞsঞcs(ABS) CensusofPopulaঞonandHousing(theCensus),the2011NaঞonalAssessmentProgram–Literacy andNumeracy(NAPLAN)scoresandtheschoolproClesprovidedbytheAustralianCurriculum, AssessmentandReporঞngAuthority(ACARA).Allvariablesusedinthisanalysisareaggregatedto StaঞsঞcalAreaLevel2. TheCensuscoversthewholeofAustraliaandisconductedbytheABSeveryCveyearstoobtaina countofthenumberofpeopleinAustralia,theirindividualandhouseholdcharacterisঞcs,andtheir dwellingcharacterisঞcs.TheCensususedinthisstudywasconductedon9August2011.Thereare di@erentspaঞallevelsavailableintheCensusgiventhegeocodingofresidenঞaladdressesinthe Censusdatabases.OneofthesmallestregionalboundarieswheredataisavailableisStaঞsঞcalArea Level2(SA2).TheSA2ispartoftheABSAustralianStaঞsঞcalGeographyStandard(theASGS),with anaveragepopulaঞonofabout10000,aminimumpopulaঞonof3000andamaximumof25000. EachSA2roughlycorrespondstoasuburb.Thisspaঞalunitrepresents‘acommunitythatinteracts together socially and economically’ (ABS, 2011, p. 21). We extracted the mean populaঞon characterisঞcsattheSA2level,thesmallestspaঞalunitwithreliabledata.From2214SA2slisted intheASGS,only2196SA2scanprovidevalidCensusdata.ThisisbecauseseveralSA2shavebeen established to include classiCcaঞons for people with no physical address in Australia, such as migratory,o@shore,shippingand‘nousualaddress’categories.2 ACARAistheorganisaঞonthatmanagesnaঞonalschooldataonbehalfofallAustralianschools.It collectsinformaঞonsuchastheresultsfromNaঞonalAssessmentProgram(NAP)consisঞngoffull cohortliteracyandnumeracyassessments(NAPLAN).ACARAalsostoresschoolproCleinformaঞon suchasthenumberofteachersandCnancialresourcesoftheschoolaswellasstudentrecords. Since2008,NAPLANhasbeenconductedannuallyforAustralianstudentsinYears3,5,7and9. Itfocusesontesঞngtheabiliঞesofstudentsinfourdi@erentdomains:Reading,Wriঞng,Language Convenঞons(spelling,grammarandpunctuaঞon)andNumeracy.NAPLANstudentresultsinclude school-levelresultsinnumbersandbands.Inthisstudy,weextractedthefollowingschool-level  2FurtherexplanaঞonfortheseclassiCcaঞonsisasfollows.MigratoryisaclassiCcaঞonforpeople whoareintransitonlongdistancetrains,buses,aircra[andlong-haulroadtransportvehicleson Censusnight.O@shoreisaclassiCcaঞonforpeopleonoilrigsanddrillingplaormsandthelike.It isalsousedforexpediঞonersintheAustralianAntarcঞcTerritory.ShippingisaclassiCcaঞonfor peoplewhoareonboardvesselsinAustralianwaters,inorbetweenAustralianportsonCensus night.‘NoUsualAddress’isaclassiCcaঞonforpeoplewhohavenoCxedaddress,suchastravellers whomoveacrossAustralia.  Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 14  DATA 

data:theaveragefundinginformaঞonandthestudent–teacherraঞo(weightedbythenumberof students) and average Year 9 NAPLAN scores (weighted by the number of parঞcipants) for all schoolsexceptspecialschoolsforeachSA2. ACARAheldproCleinformaঞonfor9498schoolsin2011,ofwhich9055schoolswerenon-special schools.Thisstudyexcludesthespecialschoolsastheyprimarilytargetstudentswithdisabiliঞes and diverse learning needs, and therefore may adopt very di@erent teaching methods and curriculums.Theyarealsocoveredbydi@erentregulaঞons,includingtheirfundingarrangements (Harrington, 2011). Out of the 9055 schools, 8780 schools had detailed school enrolment and fundinginformaঞon.WeesঞmatedtheresourceavailabilityperSA2usingtheseschools.3Figure1 showsthedistribuঞonoftheschoolsizesinthesampleandFigure2showstheschooldensityper SA2.

 

 

 1XPEHURI6$

1XPEHURIVFKRROV  

           )7(7RWDOHQUROPHQWV 1XPEHURI6FKRROV   Figure1Totalnumberoffull-ঞmeequivalent(FTE) Figure2Distribuঞonofthenumberofincludedschools enrolmentsperschoolinAustralia(non-specialschools) perSA2  

EDUCATIONALOUTCOMEMEASURES InordertocaptureamorecomprehensivepictureofoutcomesforsecondaryeducaঞoninAustralia, weuseaseriesofmeasures,rangingfromNAPLANtestscorestosocietalbasedmeasuressuchas Year12compleঞonratesandthecombineda‚endancerateforuniversiঞesandTAFE.

 3AsmallnumberofschoolsdonothavedetailedlocaঞoninformaঞonregisteredwiththeACARA database. In such cases, the school was manually allocated to an SA2 based on school name, postcodeinformaঞon,etc. Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 15  DATA 

FromNAPLAN,weusefourtestresults(Reading,Wriঞng,NumeracyandSpelling).Theuseofall fourscoresreYectstheacademicprogressofAustralianstudentsinamorecomprehensivemanner thanotherliteratureusingonetestscoreonly. Theregionalscores(SA2level)forfoursubjects,onefromeachdomaintested,arecalculatedbased ontheaveragescoreoftheschoolsandweightedbythenumberoftestparঞcipants.TheNAPLAN data suggests that the academic performance of the SA2s varies substanঞally across Australia. Figure3visualisesthedistribuঞonoftheaverageYear9NAPLANReadingscoreatSA2levelaround Australia:darkercoloursindicatequinঞleswithbe‚eroutcomes.TheCguresuggeststhatmostof theSA2sinthebestperformingquinঞlesarelocatedinthecapitalciঞes,althoughsomeregional andremoteSA2ssuchasintheoutbackofSouthAustraliaandthenorth-westareaofVictoria (MilduraandtheGrampians)alsohaveagoodaverageNAPLANReadingscore.Asimilarpa‚ern canbefoundforotherNAPLANsubjects.ItisworthnoঞngthatthattheagriculturalSA2s,suchas thoseintheMurray-DarlingBasinandtheWheatbeltofWesternAustralia(WA),aredoingslightly be‚erthanotherremoteandregionalSA2s.

  Figure3TheaverageYear9NAPLANReadingscoreinAustraliaatStaঞsঞcalAreaLevel2 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 16  DATA 

Note:ClassiCcaঞonisbasedonquinঞleswithdarkercoloursindicaঞngabe‚erquinঞle.Thepa‚ernedareasinthismap representareaswheredataareinadequateasaresultofsmallpopulaঞonortheabsenceofahighschoolwithsuLcient observaঞonsofNAPLANresults. BesidestheNAPLANtest,whichexaminesacademicperformance,wealsoincludemeasuresof post-school acঞviঞes to reYect overall educaঞonal achievement. We selected two area-based outcomemeasuresfromtheCensus:theproporঞonofschoolleaverswhohavecompletedYear12 (compleঞonrate)andtheproporঞonofschoolleaverswhopursuedfurtherstudyintechnicaland furthereducaঞon(TAFE)orterঞaryeducaঞon,tocomplementtheacademicoutcomemeasures. Werestrictedthesemeasurestoyoungpeopleaged17–21yearswhoarenolongera‚endinghigh school,asthiscohortwouldhavejustCnishedsecondaryschoolingandaremorelikelytobeenrolled infurthereducaঞon.Asthereisapossibilitythatstudentsmayhavemovedtoa‚endcollegeor university,weusetheiraddressCveyearsago,whentheyweresঞllinhighschool,tobe‚erreYect theeducaঞonaloutcomesofanSA2intermsofitsbasiceducaঞon.Onaveragearound36percent ofthosebetween17and21yearsoldwerea‚endingaTAFEorauniversityin2011.

 Figure4Correlaঞonsoftheoutcomemeasures Notes:Eachboxshowsthesca‚erplotofdatabetweenthesixoutputmeasures.Thenamesofthevariablesarewri‚en inthediagonalblocks.Thesca‚erplotintheboxesindicatesposiঞvecorrelaঞonamongthesixvariables.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 17  DATA 

 Thus,intotal,thisstudyusessixoutcomemeasureswithfourschool-basedindicatorsandtwo generaleducaঞonindicatorsineachSA2.Figure4showsthecorrelaঞonsbetweenthesemeasures. All of the measurements are posiঞvely correlated while the correlaঞons between the NAPLAN scoresarestrongerthanthecorrelaঞonsbetweenNAPLANscoresandtheYear12compleঞonor furthereducaঞona‚endancerates.Thesixindicatorsgivearicherpictureofeducaঞonaloutcomes inAustraliathananyoftheindicatorscanconveyalone.Therefore,thesixoutcomemeasuresare used to derive a single summary educaঞonal outcome which forms the basis of the Index of EducaঞonalAdvantage(IdEA),describedfurtherbelow. VARIABLESSELECTEDFORTHESTATISTICALMODEL Havingdevelopedacomprehensivesetofoutcomemeasures,wethenneededtodeveloptheindex by selecঞng appropriate variables to be incorporated in the staঞsঞcal model. Table 1 gives an overviewofalltheincludedvariablesforboththeinputvariablesandtheoutputmeasuresusedin the model. Each row of the table represents a major component in the educaঞon producঞon funcঞon, and the second column lists the variables associated with the major factors, with the excepঞonofthe‘other(unobserved)factors’whicharenotdirectlymeasured.  Table1Anoverviewofincludedvariables

Component Variablesincluded

Outcomemeasures NAPLANReading,Numeracy,WriঞngandSpellingscores,Year12compleঞon rate,TAFEanduniversitya‚endancerate.

Component Inputvariables

Educaঞonalsocio- The proporঞon of Indigenous populaঞon, single parents, youth disability economicfactor betweenages6and17,educaঞonala‚ainmentofbachelordegreeorabove amongtheadultpopulaঞon,proporঞonofpopulaঞonaccordingtolanguage spokenathome,numberofpersonsperbedroom(householdovercrowding measure)andremotenessclassiCcaঞon.

Schoolresource Capitalexpenditureperstudent,student–teacherraঞo,proporঞonofteachers factor withapostgraduatedegree,proporঞonoffull-ঞmestudentsbetweenages6 and17andtheaverageschoolsize.

Other(unobserved) ThesefactorsarenotspeciCcallymeasuredbutmaycontributetooutcomes. factors Theymayincludestudents’innateabilityandtheinsঞtuঞonalfeaturesofthe schoolsystemthatmayinYuencetheeLciencyofeducaঞonalproducঞon.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 18  DATA 

 Mostmeasuresofthesocio-economicbackgroundofstudentsarederivedfromtheCensus.These includetheproporঞonofpeoplewithabachelordegreeorabove,theproporঞonofsingleparents, remotenesscriteriaaswellasethnicitybasedonIndigenousstatusandlanguageusedathome.4 TheuseofanAsianlanguageathomeisusedasaproxyforculturalfactors.Thisisanimportant variable as people with di@erent cultural backgrounds o[en have di@erent perspecঞves and moঞvaঞons in pursuing educaঞon that may a@ect educaঞonal achievement (Robinson, 2012). McInerney(2008)foundthatAsianstudentshavemoresenseofpurpose,intenঞontocomplete further educaঞon, a@ect to school, and valuing school that increase their chances of higher achievementatschool. For the remoteness variable, each SA2 is mapped into one of three categories – Major Ciঞes, Regional,andRemoteSA2s–basedontheABSremotenessdeCniঞon(ABS,2011).Asmallnumber ofSA2sincludemorethanonecategory,andtheremotenessofanya@ectedSA2isclassiCedasper themajorityofthepopulaঞonthatdominatesintheSA2.Householdovercrowdingisalsocaptured intheCensus.Thisaproxyforthequalityofhousing,andmeasuredhereastheaveragenumberof personsperbedroom.Thismeasureisimportant,asstudentswouldderivesomeeducaঞonalbeneCt fromhavingaspacetostudyathome. MeasuresofschoolresourcesshouldcaptureCnancialinvestmentandtheschoolcharacterisঞcsin eachSA2.TheACARAschoolleveldataprovidesinformaঞonregardingschooltype,yearrange, enrolments,teachingsta@andschoolCnances.Weselectedcapitalexpenditureperstudent,the student–teacherraঞoandthenumberoffull-ঞmeequivalent(FTE)studentsperschoolasthekey variablesdescribingresourceavailability.Ourapproachfocusesmoreontheexpendituresideof resources rather than the revenue side, as how funding is spent links be‚er to educaঞonal outcomes.Althoughwedonotincludeotherexpenditureitemsduedatalimitaঞons,wemiঞgate this by incorporaঞngthe extra variables associated with the funding situaঞon such as student– teacher raঞo. From the Census, we extracted the proporঞon of teachers in the SA2 with a postgraduatedegreeandtheproporঞonoffull-ঞmestudentsamongyoungpeopleaged6to17 yearstoreYectthequalityoftheteachersandthee@ortsmadetoretainstudentsineducaঞon, respecঞvely. The proporঞon of full-ঞme students can be derived from the Census based on residencewhiletheproporঞonofteacherswithapostgraduatedegreeisbasedonworklocaঞons. Postgraduate qualiCcaঞons among teachers is an important measure of school resources since

 4Languageusedathomeisdividedintothefollowinggroups:English,otherEuropean,Asianand otheraccordingtothebroadgroupsoftheAustralianStandardClassiCcaঞonofLanguages.Further breakdown of this classiCcaঞon can be found at ABS cat. No. 1267.0 Australian Standard ClassiCcaঞonofLanguages,2016.Whilelanguageitselfmaynotbedirectlylinkedtoeducaঞonal outcomes,itissomeঞmesarguedthattheculturalelement(whichiscorrelatedwithlanguagesused) maybeacontribuঞngfactor(Howard,2010). Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 19  DATA 

teachersarethemostimportantassetsofschoolsandteachereducaঞonhasbeenseenasone importantdeterminantinstudentacademicachievement(GoldhaberandBrewer,2002;Roweet al.,2014) Theother(unobserved)factorsarenotdirectlymeasurable.Therefore,wemodelthee@ectsasa latentvariableinthestaঞsঞcalmodel.ThemeasurereYectsthespeciCccondiঞonsintheregion, whichcouldincludestudentability,instrucঞonalsetupandlocaleLcienciesinuঞlisingtheavailable educaঞonalresources. IniঞalanalysisofthedatashowedthatamongallSA2s,1380SA2shaddataforallthevariables requiredanddataforallsixeducaঞonaloutcomemeasures(allfourYear9NAPLANscores,TAFE anduniversitya‚endancerates,Year12compleঞonrates).Table2showsthedetailedNAPLAN data Cltering process, demonstraঞng how data availability a@ected the inclusion of SA2s in the modelling.ThelastrowofthetablesummarisesthedatausedintheCnalstaঞsঞcalmodelling.The primaryreasonsforthereducednumberofSA2scomparedwiththerawdataarelowpopulaঞon sizeandinsuLcientdataforthekeyvariablesusedinthemodel.Table2showsthattheavailability ofhighschoolinformaঞon(schoolswithYear9NAPLANscores)iscrucialindeterminingthenumber ofSA2sthatcanbeused.Table3givesanoveralldescripঞonofthoseSA2sincludedinthestaঞsঞcal esঞmaঞon,a[erthedataClteringprocesswascomplete. Table2DataClteringprocessdescripঞon Numberof Schools SA2 SA35 SchoolsinACARA2011database 9498 1994 328 Non-specialschools 8988 1992 327 withProCleandFundingInformaঞon 8780 1985 327 withNAPLANYear9scores 2346 1382 325 Census2011(Excl.migratory/o@shore) - 2196 337 Final(withbothvalidCensusandschoolinformaঞon) - 1380 325  Table3Keystaঞsঞcsofincludedvariables

VariableName Mean S.D. OutcomeMeasures  NAPLANReadingScore 573.28 34.85  NAPLANNumeracyScore 576.90 38.42  NAPLANWriঞngScore 554.99 51.46  NAPLANSpellingScore 572.76 33.87 Year12compleঞonrate 0.75 0.13

 5StaঞsঞcalAreasLevel3(SA3)aregeographicalareasaggregatedfromStaঞsঞcalAreasLevel2 (SA2).Thereare358SA3regionsinAustraliawithoutgapsoroverlaps.(ABS,2011) Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 20  DATA 

Variable Name Mean S.D. TAFEanduniversitya‚endancerate 0.36 0.12 Educa ঞonalsocioŊeconomicfactor  ProporঞonofIndigenouspeople 0.04 0.10  Proporঞonofsingleparentfamilies 0.16 0.05 Proporঞonofdisabilityamongpeopleinschoolaged6–17 0.03 0.01  (Youth)  Proporঞonofpeoplewithabachelordegreeorabove 0.20 0.13  ProporঞonofpeoplewithAsianlanguage 0.09 0.13 Proporঞonofpeoplewithothernon-Asian,non-English 0.02 0.07  language Averagenumberofpeopleperbedroom(household 0.88 0.13  overcrowding)  HouseholdinaRegionalSA2(bothinnerandouterregional) 0.38 0.49 HouseholdinaRemoteSA2(remoteandveryremote) 0.06 0.23 Schoolresourcefactor  Capitalexpenditureperstudent($1k) 0.27 0.51  Student–teacherraঞo 13.73 2.02  Proporঞonofteacherswithapostgraduatedegree 0.09 0.06  Proporঞonoffull-ঞmestudentsamongages6–17 0.96 0.02 Schoolsize 5.96 0.70 Others TotalnumberofFTEstudentsperSA2 5476.09 3766.75  TotalnumberofStaঞsঞcalAreasLevel2(SA2s) 1380 Note: Remoteness classiCcaঞon is based on the Australian Staঞsঞcal Geography Standard (ASGS) Remoteness Structure. EXPLORATIONOFSELECTEDVARIABLES Geographically,therearelargevariaঞonsinboththeoutcomemeasuresandtheinputmeasures. ThegeographicaldistribuঞonsofmostvariablessuggestsomeadvantagesforcapitalcitySA2s.We haveselectedsomevariablestoillustratethedistribuঞonofthesevariables. Intermsofschoolresources,thedistribuঞonofcapitalexpenditure,theproporঞonofteacherswith postgraduatedegreesandtheaveragesizeofschoolsaremapped.Figure5showsthegeographical distribuঞon of the average capital expenditure per student of the schools in di@erent SA2s. As before,darkershadingrepresentsquinঞleswithhighervaluesforthevariables.Themapshowsthe SA2swithconsiderablyhighercapitalexpenditurecanbefoundinSydney(especiallytothenorth), MelbourneandPerthwhilerelaঞvelyhighcapitalexpenditurecanalsobefoundincertainSA2sin Adelaide,CanberraandBrisbane.TheupperquinঞleoftheclassiCcaঞonhasahugerangefroman averageof$350perstudentto$4500perstudent.Fromaround275SA2sinthiscategory,only 89SA2shavecapitalexpenditureabove$1000perstudent.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 21  DATA 

TheremoteandruralSA2shaverelaঞvelylowercapitalexpenditurethantheurbanSA2s.However, therearesomeregionalandevenremoteSA2swithhighcapitalexpenditureperstudent(intheCrst andsecondquinঞles)suchasinKimberleyandtheWheatbeltinWA,MountIsa,Maranoa,Mackay andtheoutbackofQueensland.InNewSouthWales(NSW),theoutbackSA2saroundBrokenHill havecapitalexpenditureperstudentinthesecondquinঞle,inaddiঞontoInverell,LachlanValley and Wentworth. However, it is important to note that these SA2s outside capital ciঞes have relaঞvelylownumbersofstudents,meaningthetotalamountofexpenditureisnotaslargeasin the capital ciঞes and they also have to deal with lower levels of infrastructure given the small populaঞonnumbers.Anddespitetheseinstances,therearesঞllmoreSA2swithspendinginthe Crstquinঞlelocatedinthecapitalciঞes. 

 Figure5Averagecapitalexpenditureperstudent(byquinঞle,unit:dollar) 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 22  DATA 

TheCensusdataofteacherswithpostgraduateeducaঞonbasedonplaceofworkindicatesthat Sydneyhastheadvantageinthiscategory,asshowninFigure6.TheSA2switharelaঞvelyhigh proporঞon of teachers with postgraduate qualiCcaঞons are spread across many places within Sydney.CanberraandDarwinaretwootherciঞeswhereconsiderableproporঞonsofteacherswith postgraduate degrees are working, while the higher proporঞons of teachers with postgraduate degrees in Melbourne and Brisbane are more concentrated in the CBD SA2s. SA2s with high proporঞons of teachers with postgraduate qualiCcaঞons can also be found in rural and remote regions,mostnotablyintheSouthAustralianoutback,aswellassouthofAliceSprings(althoughit ispossiblethesehighproporঞonsmaybea@ectedbythesmallnumberofteachersworkinginthese SA2s).

 Figure6Proporঞonofteacherswithpostgraduatedegrees(byquinঞle,unit:percentage) 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 23  DATA 

Largerschoolsize(showninFigure7)alsoappearstobecommonlyfoundincapitalciঞes.However, thedominanceofthesecapitalciঞesislessmarkedifveryremoteSA2sarenotconsidered.Within ciঞes,thereisnoclearpa‚ernastowherebiggerschoolsarelocated.Lowerpopulaঞondensity couldbeonereasonwhytheschoolsizesinruralSA2sarerelaঞvelysmall.Ontheotherhand,the averagesizeofschoolsinciঞessuchasSydneyandMelbourneisnotthathigh.Thisisbecausethe largenumberofstudentswouldbedistributedamongthelargernumberofschoolsavailablein thoseciঞes. 

 Figure7Averageschoolsize(byquinঞle,unit:numberofFTEenrolments)  Ifweexaminesomeofthesocio-economicfactors,wecanCndsubstanঞalvariaঞonsacrossSA2s. Whilethegeneralspaঞalpa‚ernsofsocio-economicstatussuchashouseholdincome,wagesand salary,employmentandoccupaঞon,householdcharacterisঞcsaswellashomeownershiparewell

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 24  DATA 

studied(Sঞmsonetal.,2003;Baum,2006),wehavealsoincludedtwovariableslesso[endiscussed inspaঞalterms.TheCrstoneisthequalityofhousing,heremeasuredwiththeproxyofhousehold overcrowding(ascapturedbytheaveragenumberofpersonsperbedroom).Thesecondvariableis relatedtoculturalgroupwiththeuseofanAsianlanguageathomeastheproxy.Theinclusionof thesevariablesenrichesourexploraঞonofthedataandourunderstandingofspaঞaldi@erencesin theseaspectsofsocio-economicstatus. Thedistribuঞonofhouseholdovercrowding,basedontheaveragenumberofpersonsperroomin di@erent SA2s, shows an interesঞng picture (Figure 8), with darker quinঞles represenঞng more overcrowding.Householdsinthenorthandnorth-westofAustraliaarerelaঞvelymorecrowded thanthoseinthesouthandespeciallysouth-eastofthecountry.ThiscouldbeinYuencedbycultural andsocialspeciCciঞesinregions.Inaddiঞon,theruralagriculturalSA2sofNSWandVictoria(e.g. theMurray-DarlingBasin)aswellasWA(e.g.theWheatbelt)showrelaঞvelyli‚lecrowding.Itis interesঞngtoseetheagriculturalSA2sinQueenslandsuchasMaranoaandBallonedonotshare thispa‚ern,althoughcrowdingthereissঞllrelaঞvelylow.Thelevelofovercrowdinginthecapital ciঞes is generally lower than the SA2s in the north and north-west regions of Australia, but householdsbecomemorecrowdedinSA2sthatareclosertoCBDs.Thispa‚ernisclearerinSydney andMelbourne,thetwolargestciঞesinAustralia. 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 25  DATA 

 Figure8Averagenumberofpersonsperbedroom(byquinঞle,unit:persons) Note:darkerquinঞlesindicateahigheraveragenumberofpersonsperbedroom(i.e.greaterovercrowding).  Anothervariableinthesocio-economicfactorcategoryistheuseofanAsianlanguageathome(to proxytheculturalbackgroundofstudents).Figure9showsaveryhighconcentraঞonofthisvariable in parঞcular places within capital ciঞes (darker shading indicaঞng higher proporঞons of people speakinganAsianlanguageathome).InSydney,theSA2sfromSydney’sinnerwest(AshCeld)to Parrama‚aandFairCeldarewell-knownasplaceswheremanypeoplewithAsianoriginslive.In Melbourne, Broadmeadows and Dandenong are also known for their high Asian populaঞon concentraঞons.TheproporঞonsarealsohighneartheinnerciঞesofBrisbane,PerthandAdelaide, whiletheAsianpopulaঞonismoreevenlydistributedinCanberraandDarwin.Anotherinteresঞng pa‚ernisthatmanyminingSA2s,especiallyinWA,seemtohaveaconsiderableproporঞonof peoplespeakinganAsianlanguageathome.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 26  DATA 

 Figure9ProporঞonofthepopulaঞonusinganAsianlanguageathome(byquinঞle,unit: percentage)  

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 27  IndexDevelopment    INDEXDEVELOPMENT MODELLINGMETHODOLOGY Thestrengthsandweaknessesofanycompositeindicatordependonthemethodthroughwhich thenumericvaluesorweightsarederived,andtheinterpretabilityofthenumbersinthecontextof thechosenmethod.Onepopularmethodofindicatorconstrucঞonisprincipalcomponentsanalysis (PCA).PCAisamulঞvariatestaঞsঞcaltechniqueusedtoreducethenumberofvariablesinadataset intoanumberofunrelated‘components’.However,PCAhassomeweaknessesandinparঞcular does not incorporate any theoreঞcal underpinning. 6This report adopts structural equaঞon modelling(SEM)techniques,whichallowustoincorporatethetheoreঞcalproducঞonfuncঞonof educaঞon into the index construcঞon. As SEM allows parametric speciCcaঞon of the relaঞon betweentheeducaঞonaloutcomesandthesocial,economicandeducaঞonalcharacterisঞcs,itis possibletoincorporatethetheoryoftheeducaঞonalproducঞonintothemodel,wherevariables thatareknowntoa@ecteducaঞonaloutcomesandtheoutcomemeasurescanbepartofthemodel. ThisprovidesastrongtheoreঞcaljusঞCcaঞonfortheesঞmaঞon,andtheresultscanbeinterpreted withrelaঞveease.Asdiscussedearlier,weusemulঞpleindicatorstorepresenteducaঞonaloutcome. The core of the model is an educaঞon producঞon funcঞon, where ‘producঞon’ is seen as a combinaঞonprocessthataddsvaluetohumancapital.Educaঞonaloutcomewillbea@ectedbythe qualityoftheinputs,includingthesocio-economicbackgroundofthestudentandschoolresources. We represent the proposed modelling framework graphically in Figure 10. Each of the three intermediatecomponents(socio-economic,resourcesandothers)canbeconvertedtoanindexthat measurestheperformanceoftheregion.Whilesocio-economicfactorsandresourceavailabilityare directlymeasuredbytheobservedcharacterisঞcsoftheregion,themodelalsoincorporatesan ‘unobserved factor’. This is a latent variable that a@ects the performance of the region for all measurableeducaঞonaloutcomes.ItincorporatesfactorssuchastheeLcienciesoftheeducaঞon

 6InPCA,theweightsforeachprincipalcomponentaregivenbytheeigenvectorsofthecorrelaঞon matrix (Nardo et al., 2005). PCA, however, imposes a number of strong assumpঞons. Firstly, it assumesthatthedirecঞonofthelargestvariaঞoninthedataisalignedwiththedirecঞonofthe subjectofinterest.However,itispossiblethatthesamesetsofvariablescanreYectthevariaঞons ofdi@erentdomains.Thelackoftheoreঞcalunderpinningcansomeঞmesmakethediscussionof theeigenvectorsdiLcult,andcannotgobeyonditsmathemaঞcmeanings.Secondly,PCAassumes theequalimportanceofthevariancesforeachcontribuঞngfactor.Thismakestheresultsvery sensiঞvetothescalingofvariablesandcanbehardtojusঞfy,especiallywhencontribuঞngvariables maynotbedirectlycomparable(forexample,onemeasurestheremotenessofanSA2whileanother variablemeasuresthenumberofstudents).  Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 28  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

system,studentquality,insঞtuঞonalfeaturesandtheavailabilityofauxiliaryeducaঞonalresources thatarenotreYectedinanyotherobservablemeasures.7 

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ĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝŽͲ ZĞŵŽƚĞŶĞƐƐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĨĂĐƚŽƌ

ĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶĂůŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ KƚŚĞƌsĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͘͘͘

EW>EƐĐŽƌĞƐ ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚȂƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƌĂƚŝŽ

hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚd& ĂƚƚĞŶĚĂŶĐĞ ^ĐŚŽŽůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĨĂĐƚŽƌ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ

zĞĂƌϭϮĐŽŵƉůĞƚŝŽŶ KƚŚĞƌsĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͘͘͘

KƚŚĞƌ;ƵŶŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚͿĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ >ĂƚĞŶƚ

Figure10ModellingFramework Note:‘Othervariables…’meansothersocio-economicvariablesandotherschoolresourcevariablesrespecঞvely.  The form of the educaঞon producঞon funcঞon can be expressed in di@erent ways. The Cobb- Douglasproducঞonfuncঞoniso[enusedintheeconomicliteratureonmanufacturing(Douglas, 1976;BlundellandBond,2000).8Althoughmathemaঞcallyconvenient,thespeciCcaঞonhaslimited supportineducaঞonalliterature(Listetal.,2012).Forexample,ifthee@ectsofschoolinputson studentachievementcouldbemodiCedbythesizeoftheschool,theCobb-Douglas’sconstant elasঞciঞes assumpঞon could be overly restricঞve (Bowles, 1970; Figlio, 1999). Addiঞonally, empiricalliteratureCndsnoevidenceofcomplementariঞesbetweeninputs,contrarytotheCobb-

 7Theunobservedfactordi@ersfromtheerrorterminthesensethatitisnotrandomacrossthe outcomemeasures;instead,ita@ectsalloutcomemeasuresconsistently. 8TheCobb-Douglasproducঞonfuncঞonreferstoafuncঞonthatshowsarelaঞonshipbetween twoormoreinputs,usuallyphysicalcapital(K)andlabour(L)andtheamountofoutputsthatcan beproduced(CobbandDouglas,1928). Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 29  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

Douglasproducঞonfuncঞon’sassumpঞons(Listetal.,2012).Variousothernonlinearformshave alsobeenexploredbutthenoঞonofdiminishingreturnsinsomeofthenonlinearapplicaঞonsisnot wellestablishedintheCeldofeducaঞon(Be‚s,1996;Baker,2001). Forsimplicityandintuiঞveinterpretaঞon,mostresearch(Bowles,1970;Hanushek,1979)adoptsa linear speciCcaঞon when expressing such relaঞons between the key inputs and output in the educaঞonprocess.Bowles(1970)suggestedtheeducaঞonfuncঞonisaddiঞvelyseparableinits inputs,implyingalinearspeciCcaঞonmaybemoresuitableindescribingtheeducaঞonprocess.In thisreport,weusethesamelinearapproachtospecifytheeducaঞonproducঞonfuncঞon. Whenmodellingtheeducaঞonprocessusingtheproducঞonfuncঞon,therearesঞlltwomainissues that need to be addressed. Firstly, educaঞonal outcome is a mulঞ-dimensional concept that encapsulatesallprocessesinvolved,andcanhaveanimpactonmanyoutcomes,includingbutnot limited to the results of a parঞcular test. Secondly, some factors that a@ect outcomes, such as eLciency,arenotdirectlyobservable.Forexample,itmaybethatgoodeducaঞonaloutcomesin someareascouldbeduetogoodeducaঞonaleLciencydespitelimitedresources.Toaddressthe issuesabove,inthisstudywejointlyesঞmatemulঞpleeducaঞonaloutcomesusingalatentvariable approach.Wedecomposetheeducaঞonaloutcomeintothreemajorcomponents,witheachone havingastraighorwardinterpretaঞon.Eachmajorcomponentremainsthesameacrossoutcome measuresalthoughitscontribuঞontotheparঞcularmeasuremayvary.Allinputsaree@ecঞvely mappedtooneofthethreelatentfactors(thesocio-economicfactor,theresourcefactor,andthe other(unobserved)factor).Mathemaঞcally,thiscanbeexpressedas

ݕ௜௝ ൌݓଵ௝ܺ௜ߚ൅ݓଶ௝ܼ௜ߛ൅ݓଷ௝ߠ௜ ൅ܿ௝ ൅߳௜௝

Where

݅(x ݕ௜௝representstheeducaঞonaloutcomemeasurejforthegeographicalarea(SA2 x ܺ௜representsthestudent’seducaঞonalsocio-economicfactorsinSA2݅ x ߚisthecoeLcientvectorforsocio-economicfactors x ܼ௜representstheschoolresourcefactorsinSA2݅ x ߛisthecoeLcientvectorforschoolresourcefactors x ߠ௜representsother(unobserved)factorsineducaঞonintheSA2݅ ݓଷ௝aretheweightsforeachcomponentforoutcomemeasure݆ ڄڄڄ x ݓଵ௝ x ܿ௝istheconstanttermforoutcomemeasure݆ x ߳௜௝istheidiosyncraঞcerrortermthatfollowsanormaldistribuঞon



Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 30  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

MODELRESULTS The model is esঞmated using maximum likelihood.9 For numerical convenience and comparison purposes,alloutcomemeasuresarescaledtoameanofzeroandastandarddeviaঞonofoneinthe esঞmaঞon.Table4reportstheesঞmaঞonresultsofthee@ectofthethreemajorfactorsonregional educaঞonal outcome achievement. Consistent with the descripঞve staঞsঞcs, we Cnd generally richer school resources and be‚er socio-economic condiঞons posiঞvely a@ect the educaঞonal outcomemeasures. Table4Modelesঞmaঞonresult(excludeweightparmeters) Variables ࢼ S.E.   Educaঞonalsocio-economicfactormeasures   ProporঞonofIndigenouspeople ƴ0.70** 0.26 Proporঞonofsingleparentfamilies ƴ0.59*** 0.17 Proporঞonofdisabilityamongpersonsinschool  ƴ4.74*** 1.19  ages6-17 ProporঞonofpersonswithAsianlanguage 0.65*** 0.16 Proporঞonofpersonswithothernon-Asian,  0.05 0.20  non-Englishlanguage Averagenumberofpersonsperbedroom ƴ0.46*** 0.13   HouseholdinaRegionalSA2 ƴ0.05* 0.02 HouseholdinaRemoteSA2 ƴ0.13** 0.04 Proporঞonofpersonswithabachelordegreeor  1.33*** 0.33 above  Schoolresourcefactormeasures   Capitalexpenditureperstudent($1k) 0.19*** 0.04 Student–teacherraঞo 0.01 0.01



9Theparametersoftheabovemodelrequireextraassumpঞonsandconstraintsasthemodelcan have mulঞple soluঞons. For instance, if the sign of ݓis unconstrained, another set of the coeLcientscanhavethesamelog-likelihoodvaluewithsignsofݓandߚreversed.Similarly,the sizeofݓwoulda@ectthesizeofߚǡߛǡߠcoeLcients.Tomaketheresultsstableandcomparable,we constrainݓ௞ଵ ൌͳandݓ௞௝ ൐Ͳforall݆ ൐ ͳǡ ݇ ൌ ͳǡʹǡ͵intheesঞmaঞon.AsfortheidenঞCcaঞonof ߠ,wecaneitherimposeadistribuঞonalassumpঞonoresঞmateߠatalargerregionthan݅.Sincewe haveli‚leknowledgeofthepotenঞaldistribuঞonofߠ,suchassumpঞonscanbestrongandhardto verify.Therefore,wekeeptheߠunconstrainedbutesঞmatedwithaslightlylowerresoluঞonthan ݅(SA2level).ThismeansߠisconstantwithinanSA3,whichcontains6to7SA2sonaverage.  Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 31  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

Proporঞonofteacherswithapostgraduate  2.46*** 0.60  degree Proporঞonoffull-ঞmestudentsamongages6– 7.54** 2.50 17  Schoolsize(logarithm) 0.24*** 0.04 Constant   ConstantforNAPLANReadingƴ8.85*** 2.47 ConstantforNAPLANNumeracyƴ8.70*** 2.21   ConstantforNAPLANWriঞngƴ9.18*** 2.66 ConstantforNAPLANSpellingƴ9.35*** 2.56  ConstantforYear12compleঞonƴ2.86 1.96  ConstantforTAFEanduniversityenrolmentƴ1.98 1.31 *indicatesp-value<0.05,**<0.01***<0.001.StandarderrorsareclusteredbySA2s

Of the socio-economic measures, all factors are signiCcant and consistent with the theoreঞcal expectaঞons. The Cndings are in line with a large volume of literature which Cnds posiঞve associaঞonsbetweenbe‚ersocio-economicenvironmentsandeducaঞonaloutcomes(Renzulliand Park,2000;Connoretal.,2001;PerryandMcConney,2010a,2010b,2013).Demographicvariables such as gender, Indigenous status, immigraঞon status and language spoken at home are o[en includedasthesocio-economicvariablesinexaminingeducaঞonaloutcomes(Limetal.,2014).Our resultsshowthatahighconcentraঞonofIndigenouspopulaঞonnegaঞvelycorrelatestoeducaঞonal outcomes.Interesঞngly,theuseofanAsianlanguageisasigniCcantposiঞvefactor.Itislikelythat theAsianeducaঞonalculture,ratherthantheuseofthelanguageper se,posiঞvelycontributesto theeducaঞonaloutcome.Thisresultdi@ersfromsomeCndingsinothercountrieswheremigrants arenotusuallyAsian.InEurope,forinstance,thee@ectofnon-naঞvelanguageuseathometends tobenegaঞvelyassociatedwithreadingscores(OppedisanoandTuraঞ,2015). Ingeneral,ourempiricalresultsfromtheeducaঞonalresourcefactormeasuresareasexpected.All variableshavesigniCcantposiঞvecoeLcients,withthesoleexcepঞonofthestudent–teacherraঞo. Student–teacher raঞo may have been correlated with school size, as in Siegfried and Walstad (1998),whofoundtheopposite(i.e.thatclasssizedidnotma‚eroncethestudent–teacherraঞo wascontrolled).Intermsofcapitalexpenditure,ourCndingsshowthatforevery$1000increasein capital expenditure per student, the outcome measure (e.g. test scores) will increase by 0.19 standarddeviaঞons,assumingtheweightfortheschoolresourcecomponentisone.ThisCndingis inlinewithHedgesetal.(1994)andPughetal.(2015)whofoundposiঞverelaঞonshipsbetween

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 32  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

expenditureandeducaঞonaloutcomes.10Theproporঞonofteacherswithpostgraduatedegrees, theproporঞonoffull-ঞmestudentsamongpeopleaged6–17yearsandschoolsizeareallfoundto bestronglysigniCcantandposiঞvelycontributetotheoutcomemeasures.Thequalityofateacher (asproxiedbythepostgraduatequaliCcaঞonvariable)seemstohaveamuchclearerimpactthanthe student–teacherraঞo.Theposiঞvesignofschoolsizemayalsosuggesteconomiesofscaleinthe schooling system, where larger schools can a@ord shared educaঞonal resources (such as sports faciliঞes)be‚erthanthesmallerschools. Table5Esঞmaঞonsofcomponentweights(࢝) Esঞmated࢝(ln) FullModel Educa ঞonalsocioŊeconomicfactor ߚ S.E. - ݓଵǡଵ(NAPLANReading) 0.000  ݓଵǡଶ(NAPLANNumeracy) 0.237* 0.102  ݓଵǡଷ(NAPLANWriঞng) 0.053 0.088  ݓଵǡସ(NAPLANSpelling) 0.113 0.125  ݓଵǡହ(Year12compleঞon) 0.913*** 0.207  ݓଵǡ଺(TAFEanduniversitya‚endance) 1.070***  0.222  Schoolresourcefactor - ݓଶǡଵ(NAPLANReading) 0.000  ݓଶǡଶ(NAPLANNumeracy) -0.005 0.060  ݓଶǡଷ(NAPLANWriঞng) 0.042 0.067  ݓଶǡସ(NAPLANSpelling) 0.063 0.073  ݓଶǡହ(Year12compleঞon) -0.896** 0.313  ݓଶǡ଺(TAFEanduniversitya‚endance) -1.109*** 0.255 Other (unobserved)factors - ݓଷǡଵ(NAPLANReading) 0.000  ݓଷǡଶ(NAPLANNumeracy) -0.147** 0.052  ݓଷǡଷ(NAPLANWriঞng) -0.347*** 0.068  ݓଷǡସ(NAPLANSpelling) -0.576*** 0.087  ݓଷǡହ(Year12compleঞon) -1.678*** 0.431  ݓଷǡ଺(TAFEanduniversitya‚endance) -2.344** 0.825 *indicatesp-value<0.05,**<0.01***<0.001.StandarderrorsareclusteredbySA2s



10SeealsoHanushekandKim(1995)whohavecompiledliteratureexaminingtherelaঞonship betweenresources(includingteachersalaryandexpenditureperstudent)andeducaঞonal performance.  Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 33  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

In addiঞon to the coeLcients discussed, the model also allows idenঞCcaঞon of the weight parameters(ݓ)asreportedinTable5.Thisresultrevealswhichofthethreefactorscontributethe mosttotheeducaঞonaloutcome.WhiletheweightcoeLcientsaredirectlyesঞmated,theymay notbecomparable,duetodi@erentvariancesacrossthethreemainfactors.Toaddressthis,we standardised the weight according to the standard deviaঞon of the numeric results of the component.11 Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference. reports the contribuঞon from each factor a[er standardisaঞonasaproporঞonofthetotalchangeaccumulatedfromallthreecomponents.As shown,astandarddeviaঞonimprovementineducaঞonalresourceswillprovidealargerboosttoall NAPLAN scores compared with the same improvement to the socio-economic factors. Socio- economicfactorscontributetoabout30percentofNAPLANoutcomemeasuresbutaround80 percentfortheYear12compleঞonrateandTAFEanduniversitya‚endancerate.Conversely,the schoolresourcefactorandtheother(unobserved)factor,whichcorrelatestotheeLciencyofthe educaঞonsystemandotherunobservedlocalcharacterisঞcs,ma‚ersonlytotheNAPLANscore, and their importance drops substanঞally for the other two outcome measures. Overall, socio- economic status has the largest impact on educaঞonal achievement, while school resource availabilityiso[enthemostcrucialfactorforNAPLANscores. Table6Standardisedweight(࢝)foreachfactorasaproporঞonoftotalweightsofthemodelled components MeasurementType SocioŊeconomic Schoolresource Other(unobserved) factor factor factor NAPLANReading 0.26 0.36 0.38 NAPLANNumeracy 0.32 0.35 0.32 NAPLANWriঞng 0.30 0.41 0.29 NAPLANSpelling 0.33 0.43 0.24 Year12compleঞon 0.75 0.17 0.08 TAFEanduniversity 0.83 0.13 0.04 a‚endancerate Average 0.47 0.31 0.23 INDEXDERIVATION As the model decomposes the variaঞons of educaঞonal outcomes into three factors that carry disঞnctmeanings,eachofthelatentfactorscanbecalculatedfromthecoeLcientspresentedin

 11 ᇱ ሺȦ୧ሻ݀ݏሺȦ୧ሻwhere݀ݏMathemaঞcally, the standardised weight can be expressed asݓ௞௝ ൌݓ௞௝Ȁ indicates the standard deviaঞon ofȦ୧.Ȧ୧ equals toܺ௜ߚ when݇ =1,ܼ௜ߛ when݇ =2 andߠ௜ when ݇=3.Thestandardisedweightthereforeindicatesthee@ectontheoutcomemeasuregivenone standarddeviaঞonchange. Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 34  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

Table4andtranslatedintoanindex.Thenumericvalueofeachfactorcanbeseenasacomposite scoreofhowwelltheregionfaresinoneparঞculardimension.Figure11presentsthedistribuঞon ofthesefactors,togetherwithanormaldistribuঞoncurveforreference.Itisworthnoঞngthatthe esঞmaঞon process does not impose any distribuঞonal assumpঞons on any of the factors. The educaঞonalresourcefactormoreorlessresemblesanormaldistribuঞonwhiledistribuঞonsofboth thesocio-economicfactorandtheunobservedfactorsareskewed. 

Figure11Distribuঞonofthesocio-economic,schoolresourceandother(unobserved)factorsat theSA2levelinAustralia Thederivaঞonoftheindexisachievedbydiscreঞsingeachofthecomponentsesঞmatedinthe model. The model structure leads to a series of indexes, with one focusing on socio-economic •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡ factors(ܫ௜ ),anotheronefocusingonschoolresources(ܫ௜ )andthelastonefocusingonall ‘–Š‡” theotherfactorssuchaseLciencies(ܫ௜ ).Addiঞonallytothesethreecomponents,anoverall indexofeducaঞonaladvantagecanbeconstructedbasedontheweightedmean. Mathemaঞcally,theseindexescanbeexpressedas, •‘ ‹ƒŽ ܫ௜ ൌܳሺܺ௜ߚሻ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ܫ௜ ൌܳሺܼ௜ߛሻ ‘–Š‡” ܫ௜ ൌܳሺߠ௜ሻ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ߠ௜ሻڄ௜ߛ൅ݓഥଷܼڄ௜ߚ൅ݓഥଶܺڄ௜ ൌܳሺݓഥଵܫ

indicatestheaverageweightcontribuঞonforthecomponent݇asspeciCedinInaddiঞonڄWhereݓഥ௞ tothecoeLcientsdiscussed,themodelalsoallowsidenঞCcaঞonoftheweightparameters(ݓ)as reported in Table 5. This result reveals which of the three factors contribute the most to the educaঞonal outcome. While the weight coeLcients are directly esঞmated, they may not be comparable, due to di@erent variances across the three main factors. To address this, we

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 35  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

standardised the weight according to the standard deviaঞon of the numeric results of the component. Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference. reports the contribuঞon from each factor a[er standardisaঞonasaproporঞonofthetotalchangeaccumulatedfromallthreecomponents.As shown,astandarddeviaঞonimprovementineducaঞonalresourceswillprovidealargerboosttoall NAPLAN scores compared with the same improvement to the socio-economic factors. Socio- economicfactorscontributetoabout30percentofNAPLANoutcomemeasuresbutaround80 percentfortheYear12compleঞonrateandTAFEanduniversitya‚endancerate.Conversely,the schoolresourcefactorandtheother(unobserved)factor,whichcorrelatestotheeLciencyofthe educaঞonsystemandotherunobservedlocalcharacterisঞcs,ma‚ersonlytotheNAPLANscore, and their importance drops substanঞally for the other two outcome measures. Overall, socio- economic status has the largest impact on educaঞonal achievement, while school resource availabilityiso[enthemostcrucialfactorforNAPLANscores. ሻisafuncঞonthatconvertstheconঞnuousnumericvalueintoitsquanঞleposiঞon.TheڄTable6.ܳሺ lowestvaluefortheindexistherefore1(bo‚om20%)andthehighestvalueisconvertedto5(upper 20%).ForSA2snotincludedintheesঞmaঞonsample,theindexescansঞllbecomputedaslongas all variables included inܺ௜,ܼ௜ are present. As most of the excluded SA2s were due to missing NAPLANresultsratherthanmissingCensusinformaঞon,anindexcanbeassignedtothemajority oftheSA2s.Intotal,1979SA2sreceivedavalidoverallindexofeducaঞonaladvantage.Thequanঞle thresholdisdeterminedbyalltheSA2s,includingtheimputedSA2s. Table 7 displays the distribuঞon of the indexes at the SA2 level and Figure 12 visualises the distribuঞon of the overall Index of Educaঞonal Advantage (IdEA) by state. The graphs show substanঞaldi@erencesacrossstatesandterritories.IntheAustralianCapitalTerritory(ACT),nearly threequartersofthesuburbsareratedwithanindexof4or5.TheNorthernTerritory(NT)seems tobetheleastadvantagedintheranking,withthemajorityofSA2sscoring1,thelowestpossible valueintheindex.Overall,ACT,NSWandVictoriahavemoreSA2sintopperformingঞersthanthe otherstates. Table7DistribuঞonoftheindexesatSA2level Index 1 2 3 4 5 (Lowest) (Highest) ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ OverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage(ܫ௜ ) 396 396 396 396 395 •‘ ‹ƒŽ ͲIndexofEducaঞonalSocio-economicFactors(ܫ௜ ) 398 397 397 397 397 ”‡•‘—” ‡ ͲIndexofEducaঞonalResources(ܫ௜ ) 397 397 396 397 396 ͲIndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors( ‘–Š‡” ܫ௜ ) 397 398 393 401 390 *CellvaluesindicatethenumberofSA2swiththespeciCedindexvalueinAustralia.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 36  INDEXDEVELOPMENT 

Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Other Territories Queensland

South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Total

12345  Figure12DistribuঞonoftheoverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage(1=lowest,5=highest)12 

 12Note: other territories include Jervis Bay Territory, the Territories of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)IslandsandNorfolkIsland,aspertheASGSguideline. Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 37  IndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage  

INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE INTERPRETATIONOFTHEINDEX Ourstaঞsঞcalanalysessuggestthattherearemulঞplefactorsdrivingthedivergenceofeducaঞonal outcomesinAustralia.Theindex,asaresult,shouldalsoreYectthesegapsinmulঞpledimensions. Inaddiঞontothe(Overall)IndexofEducaঞonAdvantage(IdEA),ashasbeendiscussedearlier,we alsodevelopedaseriesofindexesincluding: x IndexofEducaঞonalSocio-EconomicFactors(IdEA-ESE) x IndexofEducaঞonalResources(IdEA-ER) x IndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors(IdEA-EEO)

TheIndexofEducaঞonalSocioŊEconomicFactors(IdEAŊESE)isbasedonthecoeLcientsofnine variableslinkedtosocio-economiccondiঞons.OfthesetheproporঞonofpeoplespeakinganAsian languageathomeandtheproporঞonofpeoplewithbachelordegreesandabovelivingintheSA2 contributeposiঞvely.TheproporঞonofIndigenouspeople,householdovercrowding,singleparents, youth disability and Regional and Remote SA2s contribute negaঞvely to the index. Given the apparent relaঞonship between the spaঞal distribuঞons of educaঞonal outcomes and socio- economiccondiঞons,itisunsurprisingthatoneoftheleadingcontribuঞngcomponentsisthesocio- economicfactor.Ahighvalueinthisindexindicatesthesocio-economicenvironmentintheSA2is good for the educaঞonal development of school-aged children while a low value in this index indicatesapoorsocio-economicenvironmentforeducaঞonaldevelopment. The Index of Educaঞonal Resources (IdEAŊER) is composed of six variables, including capital expenditureperstudent,proporঞonofteacherswithpostgraduatedegrees,proporঞonoffull-ঞme studentsamongpeopleaged6–17yearsintheSA2,schoolsizeandstudent–teacherraঞo.Ahigh value in this index indicates a high level of quality and quanঞty of the resources supporঞng educaঞonal development for school-aged children, while a low value in this index indicates constrainedresourcesandpoorsetupoftheschoolsinanSA2. TheIndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors(IdEAŊEEO)capturesfactorssuchasthe eLciencyoftheschoolsintheSA2andthegeneralabilityofstudents.ItreYectshowtheSA2 uঞlisestheavailableeducaঞonalandeconomicresources,orhoweachoftheSA2sperformsgiven its socio-economic background and the available school resources. A high value in this index indicates educaঞonal performance is high given the area’s resources and socio-economic background.AlowervalueindicatestheSA2couldhaveperformedbe‚ergivenitsresources.Note thatthisindexisproducedattheSA3level,assumingallSA2sinthesameSA3shareasimilar eLciency. Encompassing all three dimensions above is the Index of Educaঞonal Advantage (IdEA) which summarisesallthreesub-indexes.Itshowstheoveralleducaঞonaladvantageintheregion.Ahigh

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 38  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

value in this index indicates an overall high performance in school-aged children’s educaঞonal developmentwhilealowvalueinthisindexindicatesanoverallpoorperformanceintheSA2. USEOFTHEINDEX Theindexaimstoincreaseunderstandingaboutwhatcontributestothevariaঞonsinsecondary educaঞonoutcomesinAustraliaandhelppolicymakersanduniversiঞesbe‚erallocateresourcesto helpthelessadvantagedregions. Aseachsub-indexofIdEAsummarisesadi@erentsetofvariablescapturingdi@erentconcepts, researchersandpolicymakersshouldchoosethemostsuitableonefortheirownpurposes.The overall index can be useful for idenঞfying advantaged and disadvantaged regions in terms of educaঞon,toinformtheallocaঞonofparঞcularservicestoboosteducaঞonaloutcomes.Itcanalso help universiঞes to be‚er understand the educaঞonal background of prospecঞve students and targetscholarshipstostudentsfromlessthanidealregions.TheIdEAcancomplementtheuseof theICSEAproducedbyACARA,whichiscalculatedattheschoollevel. TheindexrevealssubstanঞalvariaঞonsinsecondaryeducaঞonaloutcomesinAustraliabothatthe aggregate level (IdEA) and each sub-dimension. The index breaks down overall educaঞonal performance into three factors that are closely linked to socio-economic development, school resourceavailability,andtheother,unobservedfactorwhichmaybeacombinaঞonofeLciency andspeciCciঞesofthestudentsinthelocalSA2s.Mulঞpleoutcomemeasuresareusedtoensure therobustnessoftheesঞmaঞons.ItshouldbenotedthatwhiletheoverallIndexofEducaঞonal Advantage(IdEA)andeducaঞonalperformanceasreYectedbythesixoutcomemeasuresareo[en in agreement, they do not necessarily match precisely, as the IdEA explores a wider range of measuresandaimstolookatthefundamentaldriversbehindeducaঞonaloutcomes. The index can be used to idenঞfy SA2s that are advantaged relaঞve to others. It shows the disadvantagesofanSA2areusuallycompoundedbymulঞplefactors.Whilefundingisundoubtedly important, the study points to many other factors fostering ideal condiঞons for educaঞonal development among school-aged children. Generally, wealthier SA2s tend to provide be‚er resources,althoughitisnotnecessarilytruethattheyuঞlisetheresourcesinthemosteLcientway. The IdEA-ESE is o[en correlated with the IdEA-ER while IdEA-EEO suggests a high degree of independencefromtheothertwofactors. Therelaঞveperformancealongdi@erentdimensionsoftheindicatorsmayrevealabo‚leneckfor localeducaঞonaldevelopment.AlowIdEA-ESEindicatestheSA2isgenerallypoorforchildren’s educaঞonaldevelopment,suggesঞngtheneedtoimprovethesocio-economiccondiঞonsinthe SA2,suchashousingcondiঞonsandthecompleঞonofterঞaryqualiCcaঞons.Ontheotherhand,a lowIdEA-ERvaluemayindicatetheneedforbe‚erfundingwhilealowIdEA-EEOmayindicate teachingpracঞcesorthesystemsetupintheregioncouldbeimproved. AllIdEAindexesareordinalandshouldbeinterpretedasorderedvalues.Anindexvalueof1roughly correspondstothebo‚om(leastwell-performing)20percentofSA2sinAustralia,whileanindex

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 39  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

valueof5correspondstothetop(bestperforming)20percentofSA2sinAustralia.Inthefuture, theindexcanbeupdatedwithnewdatafromABSandACARAshouldthesebecomeavailable,and becomeausefultooltotracktheprogressionofeducaঞonalcondiঞonsinSA2soverঞme. Researchersandpolicymakersshouldalsobeawareofthelimitaঞonsoftheindex.Firstly,school catchmentareasmaynotmatchSA2boundaries.Thisanalysisassumesthatmajorityofstudents a‚endschoolsintheSA2swheretheylive.Thisassumpঞonisnecessaryinordertomapeducaঞonal outcomes.Whilethisassumpঞonmaybetrueinmostcases,itmaynotCteverysinglesuburbor regionalareainAustralia,especiallyinregionswithveryhighprivateschoolconcentraঞons.This may result in an over- or under-esঞmaঞon of educaঞonal advantage in the speciCc SA2s, and primarilya@ectstheeducaঞonalresourcesindexgivenitssensiঞviঞestotheschoolproCles,andto alesserextent,theothertwoindexes.Onepossiblewaytomiঞgatethiswouldbetotakeanaverage indexofmulঞpleneighbouringSA2s.Secondly,therobustnessoftheindexesreliesonaccurate data.ACARAdataisgenerallyreliablebutmaycontainmissingvalues,undetectedreporঞngerrors andexcludesomeoftheverysmallschools.Whilethismaynota@ecttheresultsinasigniCcant wayundernormalcircumstances,itmayhaveanimpactifastrongreporঞngbiasispresent.The currentanalysisassumesthedataisaccurateandrepresentaঞveanddoesnotmodelthepotenঞal reporঞngbias. SPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEINDEX Tovisualisethevariaঞonsacrossthecountry,weplotthedistribuঞonofeachindexspaঞallyonthe mapofAustralia.ThisallowsustolinkeachidenঞCedfactorwithpotenঞalregion-speciCcpolicies. Figure 13 shows the spaঞal distribuঞon of the composite measure of the overall Index of EducaঞonalAdvantageattheSA2levelforthewholeofAustralia.UsingquinঞleclassiCcaঞons,with adarkercolourshowingabe‚erquinঞle,theCgureextendstheclaimthatthereisastronginequality ofeducaঞonachievementbetweenruralandurbanSA2s.However,wealsoobservesubstanঞal inequaliঞesevenwithincapitalciঞes.TherearedispariঞesbetweentheinnercityandouterSA2s as can be seen in Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Hobart and, to some extent, Melbourne.DarwinistheonlycapitalcitywherethereisnostrongconcentraঞonofSA2s.The inadequacyofdatainthiscitymaycontributetothisoccurrence. ThereareotherspeciCcpa‚ernswithineachofthecapitalciঞes.InMelbourne,theSA2snorth- east of inner Melbourne from Darebin North to Whi‚lesea achieve relaঞvely low educaঞonal outcomes,especiallycomparedtothecity’snorth-westSA2s.TheconcentraঞonofSA2soutside oftheinnercitydoesnotonlytakeplaceinMelbourne.NorthofinnerSydneyandwestofAdelaide therearealsoSA2swhereeducaঞonaloutcomescanbeconsideredstrongoutsidetheinnercity, while the other SA2s on the city outskirts have typically achieved lower educaঞonal outcomes. Nevertheless,theseouterSA2saregenerallysঞllperformingbe‚erthantheregionalandremote SA2s,althoughregionalVictoriaandthesouth-eastofNSWhaverelaঞvelybe‚eroutcomesthan mostotherregionalSA2s.TheconcentraঞonofSA2swithlowoverallindexvaluesisobviousfor

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 40  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

the rural SA2s parঞcularly in Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. 

 Figure13DistribuঞonoftheoverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage(1=lowest,5=highest) Figure14visualisesthespaঞaldistribuঞonoftheIndexofEducaঞonalSocio-EconomicFactors (IdEA-ESE).TheCgureindicatesastrongconcentraঞonofhighperformingregionsinthecapital ciঞes.Thispa‚ernexcludesPenrithandBlacktowninthewestofSydneyandsomeareastothe south(includingpartsofFairCeldandCampbelltown)andsomeSA2snorthofMelbourneespecially Whi‚leseaandotherwesternSA2ssuchasMeltonwhereSA2sthatbelongtothethirdandsecond quinঞlescanbefound.Thispa‚ernmatcheswiththeconcentraঞonofjoblessfamiliesinthesetwo ciঞesfoundbyVidya‚amaetal.(2010).Itisalsoimportanttonotethattheconcentraঞonofhigh valuesonthesocio-economicindex(IdEA-ESE)inBrisbanedoesnotincludetheIpswichhinterland andRedlandIslands.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 41  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 



 Figure14SpaঞaldistribuঞonoftheIndexofEducaঞonalSocio-EconomicFactors(IdEA-ESE)  Figure15mapstheIndexofEducaঞonalResources(IdEA-ER).ItshowsmanyoftheSA2sinthetop twoquinঞlesofthisindexcanbefoundinSydney.Thewestandsouth-westSA2sofSydneythat haverelaঞvelylowvaluesontheIndexofEducaঞonalSocio-EconomicFactors(IdEA-ESE)showa relaঞvelybe‚erposiঞonintheIdEA-ER.TheconcentraঞonsinothercapitalciঞessuchasPerthand Adelaidearelessprominent.MostoftheruralandregionalSA2sareclassiCedinthelowestquinঞle. ThisindicatesthattheregionalSA2ssঞllneedtocatchupwiththecapitalciঞesintermsofresources and school setup. Another important note is that the two highest quinঞles of the IdEA-ER are idenঞCedinDarwinsuburbs. 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 42  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

 Figure15SpaঞaldistribuঞonoftheIndexofEducaঞonalResources(IdEA-ER)  AnotherdimensionoftheIdEAiscapturedbytheIndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors (IdEA-EEO).Thissub-indexindicateshowwellschoolsinanSA2performcomparedtoSA2swith similarsocio-economicbackgroundandresources.Giventherelaঞonshipamongvariables,theSA2s withstrongoutcomesbutwhicharelowinthetwopreviousfactorswouldbeexpectedtohave highvaluesfortheunobservedfactor.Nevertheless,theoutcomevariablesandthetwodomains areallshowingconcentraঞonsinthecapitalciঞes.Therefore,theSA2swithhighoutcomesdonot necessarilyhavethehighestscoresinthisdimension.Figure16visualisesthespaঞaldistribuঞonof this unobserved factor in quinঞles. It shows that capital ciঞes are no longer dominaঞng in this dimension. Nevertheless, the wealthy SA2s on the Upper North Shore of Sydney especially in Hornsby and Ku-ring-gai are sঞll idenঞCed as SA2s with high eLciency and other unobserved factors,ontopoftheiralreadyhighvaluesontheothertwosub-indexes.OthercitySA2ssuchas in Canberra, Brisbane and most of Melbourne’s inner city suburbs are esঞmated to have a low

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 43  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

rankingfortheIdEA-EEO.However,theouterSA2sinMelbourneandthesurroundingSA2sof Brisbane (Ipswich hinterland and Redland Islands) are areas where this unobserved factor is esঞmatedtobehigh.TheunobservedfactorisunsurprisinglyhighintheagriculturalSA2sespecially inthelowerpartoftheMurray-DarlingBasinincludingthenorthandnorth-westofVictoria,aswell assouthernNewSouthWalesaroundGriLth-MurrumbidgeeaswellasintheMaranoa(orRoma) SA2 in Queensland. A more surprising result is the high scores in mid-west Western Australia. However,thisislikelytobeinYuencedbytheoutcomesofthecoastalSA2softhisSA3,suchas Exmouth,orthenorthpartofWheatbeltSA2s,suchasMorawa.13 

 Figure16SpaঞaldistribuঞonoftheIndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors(IdEA-EEO)

 13Thesemapscanalsobeaccessedviaouronlineinteracঞvemapforfurtherexaminaঞon. Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 44  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

SA2SIDENTIFIEDBYTHEINDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE Thetop10SA2saccordingtotheIdEAarereportedinTable8.Allofthesereceivedanindex rankingof5fortheIdEAincludingthesub-indexesonresources(IdEA-ER)andsocio-economic factors(IdEA-ESE),andaboveaverageintheeducaঞonaleLciencyandotherfactorsindex(IdEA- EEO).Giventhesocio-economicfactorcontributestoalmost50percentoftheIdEA,itisexpected thatSA2swithaveryhighsocio-economicstatuswouldbeincludedinthislist. Table8Top10SA2sbyIdEA SuburbName State Sydney-Haymarket-TheRocks NewSouthWales NeutralBay-Kirribilli NewSouthWales DoubleBay-BellevueHill NewSouthWales Gordon-Killara NewSouthWales Toorak Victoria NorthSydney-LavenderBay NewSouthWales Darlinghurst NewSouthWales Pymble NewSouthWales Pyrmont-Ulঞmo NewSouthWales Hawthorn Victoria  Accordingtothe2011ABSNaঞonalRegionalProCle,sixofthetenSA2slistedareamongthetop 30ofthe2200SA2sinAustraliaintermsofaveragewageandsalaryincome(NeutralBay–Kirribilli; DoubleBay-BellevueHill;Gordon–Killara;Toorak;NorthSydney-LavenderBay;Pymble).Most NSW SA2s in the list are directly adjacent to the Sydney CBD. Among the SA2s in Victoria, Hawthornisalsorelaঞvelyclose(around5–10km)fromtheMelbourneCBD.Itisalsothelocaঞon ofSwinburneUniversityofTechnologyandseveralprivateschools,forwhichmostNAPLANscores arehigherthanthenaঞonalaverage. Thebo‚om10SA2saccordingtotheIdEAareshowninTable9.AlloftheseSA2sareinthenorth partofAustraliaandmosthavealargeproporঞonofIndigenouspeople.ExceptfortheeLciency factorinPalmIslandandYarrabah,wherethisisataverageorhigherthanthenaঞonalaverage,the valueofIdEA,includingallofitssub-indexes,isatthelowestvalueof1.ThissuggeststheseSA2s tendtohavelimitededucaঞonalresources,poorsocio-economiccondiঞonsandunfavourablelocal speciCccondiঞonsoreLciencies.ThisCndingalsohighlightsthechallengesofraisingeducaঞonal performance in poor SA2s, as they are o[en disadvantaged in mulঞple dimensions. Failure to addresstheeducaঞonissuemayincursubstanঞallong-termsocialandeconomiccostsinthese regions. 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 45  INDEXOFEDUCATIONALADVANTAGE 

Table9Bo‚om10SA2sbyIdEA SuburbName State WestArnhem NorthernTerritory Daly NorthernTerritory Elsey NorthernTerritory EastArnhem NorthernTerritory TiwiIslands NorthernTerritory PalmIsland Queensland Gulf NorthernTerritory Sandover-Plenty NorthernTerritory HallsCreek WesternAustralia Yarrabah Queensland Besidesthetopandbo‚om10,wealsoidenঞCedsomepotenঞalresource-constrainedSA2swhere school resource and socio-economic factors are poor but the educaঞonal eLciency or other unobservedfactorsarerelaঞvelyhigh.Whiletheiroverallperformanceisbelowaverage,theseSA2s aredoingagoodjobgiventheirresourceandeconomicconstraints.Extrafundingmaybehelpful intheseSA2s.AsshowninError!Notavalidbookmarkself-reference.,,therearesixSA2s(excluding SA2swherenotalloutcomemeasuresareavailable)thatareinthebo‚om20percentofboththe socio-economicfactorsandeducaঞonalresourcesindexes,butinthetop20percentforeLciency andwithanoverallIdEAgreaterthanorequalto2. Bundaberg,TullyandInnisfailinQueenslandareknownagriculturalSA2swithsugarcaneasoneof theirmainproducts.TullyandInnisfailarealsoknownasimportantsuppliersofbananasinAustralia, whileBundaberghasbrewingandtourismindustriesinaddiঞontosugarcane.LoddonandBeaufort areregionsthatwereknownforgoldmining,astheyarelocatednearBallarat–BendigoSA2s.These SA2saregenerallynottoofarawayfromciঞesandmayhavebeneCtedfromgoodcityconnecঞons. Many of these types of regional towns are facing net outmigraঞon where mainly younger generaঞons move to the bigger urban SA2s. The oulow however, may play a posiঞve role by encouragingyoungpeopletofurthertheireducaঞoninmoredevelopedSA2s. Table10SA2swithsocio-economicandresourceconstraints SuburbName State Loddon Victoria Beaufort Victoria BundabergRegion-South Queensland Tully Queensland Innisfail Queensland BundabergNorth-Gooburrum Queensland  Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 46  ComparisonwithOtherIndexes    COMPARISONWITHOTHERINDEXES COMPARISONWITHTHESOCIOŊECONOMICINDEXESFORAREAS(SEIFA) TheSocio-economicIndexesforAreas(SEIFA)isasetofindexesdevelopedbytheABSthatranks SA2sinAustraliaaccordingtorelaঞvesocio-economicadvantageanddisadvantage(ABS,2011, 2013).ThelatestversionofSEIFAisbasedonthe2011Census.Itcontainsfourindexes,namely theIndexofRelaঞveSocio-EconomicDisadvantage(IRSD),theIndexofRelaঞveSocio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), the Index of Economic Resources (IER) and the Index of EducaঞonandOccupaঞon(IEO).14 Althoughmeasuringdi@erentconcepts,IdEAandSEIFAshouldgenerallypointinthesamedirecঞon giventhehighimportanceofsocio-economicbackgroundineducaঞonaloutcomes.Incomparing SEIFAandIdEA,wenotedastrongcorrelaঞonbetweenthetwoindexes.Table11showsthatthe correlaঞon of the composite IdEA with the Index of Relaঞve Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) is approximately 0.75. Furthermore, the correlaঞon between the socio- economicfactorsofeducaঞon(IdEA-ESE)isevencloserat0.8.Theverycloserelaঞonbetweenthe twoindexescanbeseenasvalidaঞonofthissocio-economicfactorasitcontributesaround50per centtotheoverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage. Table11CorrelaঞonmatrixbetweenSEIFAandIdEA  IdEAŊESE IdEAŊER IdEAŊEEO IdEA IRSAD IRSD IER IEO IdEA-ESE 1.00  IdEA-ER 0.69 1.00  IdEA-EEO 0.00 -0.06 1.00  IdEA 0.91 0.83 0.28 1.00  IRSAD 0.80 0.54 0.08 0.75 1.00  IRSD 0.74 0.49 0.15 0.71 0.98 1.00  IER 0.51 0.32 0.13 0.49 0.84 0.88 1.00 IEO 0.86 0.56 0.02 0.77 0.84 0.75 0.45 1.00  AnotherwaytocomparetheSEIFAindexandtheIdEA-ESEisbyexaminingthedi@erencesbetween areaclassiCcaঞons.IftheIdEA-ESEshowsasimilardistribuঞontotheSEIFAindex,wewouldCnd quinঞlesofthetwomeasureswouldexactlymatcheachother,with20percentoftheSA2sfalling intoeachoftheCvediagonalcells.ThecomparisonmatrixbetweenIdEA-ESEandSEIFA-IRSAD (Table12)showsthataround49percentoftheSA2sarematchedinthesamequinঞleandanother 40percentareonlyo@byonequinঞleclassiCcaঞon.Thisindicatesthataround89percentofSA2s

 14FurtherinformaঞonaboutSEIFAcanbefoundat h‚p://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/seifa Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 47  COMPARISONWITHOTHERINDEXES 

fallintosimilarsocio-economicclassiCcaঞonsinbothSEIFAandIdEA-ESE.Importantly,however, therearealsonoঞceabledi@erencesbetweenthetwoindexes.SEIFAincludesmorevariablesand someofthevariablesintheIdEA-ESEareage-speciCc,suchas15yearsandabove.Addiঞonally, thecalculaঞonofIdEA-ESEisbasedonatheoreঞcalguidedstaঞsঞcalmodelcomparedwiththe PCAmethodusedforSEIFA. Table12DistribuঞonofIdEA-ESEvsSEIFA-IRSAD %ofSA2 SEIFAŊIRSAD IdEAŊESE Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 8.3 7.7 5.2 1.8 0.5 Q2 5.9 5.8 4.2 3.6 2.6 Q3 3.9 4.7 4.7 4.0 2.8 Q4 1.3 1.9 4.1 6.1 5.2 Q5 1.0 0.8 2.2 3.9 7.7  AlthoughtheoverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage(IdEA)anditssocio-economicsub-index(IdEA- ESE)arethemostappropriateforvalidaঞngagainstSEIFA,acomparisonwiththetwootherfactors ofeducaঞonaladvantagemayalsocastfurtherlightonsocio-economicadvantageanddisadvantage inSA2s.AsshowninTable13,thereissঞllanoঞceableoverlapbetweentheeducaঞonalresources index(IdEA-ER)andthegeneralSEIFA,with32.5percentinthediagonalandalmost40percent havingonlyaonequinঞledi@erencefromtheSEIFA-IRSADindex.Thisindicatesthat,toacertain extent,locaঞonswithsocio-economicadvantagealsohavebe‚erschoolresources. Table13DistribuঞonofIdEA-ERvsSEIFA-IRSAD %ofSA2 SEIFAŊIRSAD IdEAŊER Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 5.6 3.3 4.5 4.1 3.9 Q2 3.4 3.5 3.9 5.5 5.0 Q3 3.8 4.1 4.1 3.5 3.8 Q4 2.9 4.8 4.4 3.5 4.0 Q5 4.7 5.1 3.4 2.8 2.1  Geographically,thehighcorrelaঞonbetweentheeducaঞonalresourcesfactorandsocio-economic condiঞonscanbea‚ributedtothefactthatmostschoolswithrelaঞvelyhighresourcesarelocated incapitalciঞes.Incontrast,regionalSA2stendtohavelowereducaঞonalresourceseveninregions withrelaঞvelygoodsocio-economiccondiঞons,suchasMaranoainQueensland,theWAWheatbelt and the regions around the NSW Riverina. In addiঞon, within the capital ciঞes themselves, the connecঞonbetweenschoolresourcesandsocio-economiccondiঞonsisnotstraighorward,asnot

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 48  COMPARISONWITHOTHERINDEXES 

allthewell-o@regionsofnorthSydneyexcelintheresourcesdimension,whilesomerelaঞvely disadvantagedSA2s,suchasthoseinthewestandsouth-westpartsofSydney,seemtohavebe‚er educaঞonal resources. Similarly, inner Melbourne and Adelaide have be‚er resourced schools, althoughsomeoftheseSA2sarenotwello@intermsofsocio-economiccondiঞons.Ontheother hand,whiletheACT(Canberra)regionisaboveaverageinmanyeconomicmeasuresasawhole, someofitssuburbsareclassiCedintolowerquinঞlesintermsofeducaঞonalresources. Finally,wecomparetheeLciencyandotherfactorsindex(IdEA-EEO)withtheSEIFA.Itappears thatthisfactorhasalowcorrelaঞonwiththesocio-economiccondiঞonsidenঞCedbytheSEIFA. AlthoughtherankcorrelaঞoncoeLcientgivesanegaঞvevalue(-0.06),themagnitudeislowandit is staঞsঞcally insigniCcant. This suggests this factor or domain of the index could contribute to idenঞfying locaঞons where schools and students perform beyond expectaঞons. However, it is importanttonotethatthecontribuঞonofthisfactortotheoverallindexisrelaঞvelysmallwhen comparedwiththeothertwo(around20%).Forexample,wenoঞcethatmanyagriculturalSA2s andregionaltownsexhibitahigh‘eLciencyandotherfactors’value.Ontheotherhand,somevery wello@SA2sinnorthSydneyandaroundMelbournealsohaveahighvalueintheIdEA-EEO.This isaninteresঞngpoint,asitindicatesthattheirexpectededucaঞonaloutcomeishigherthanother placesinAustralia,comparedwithSA2swithsimilarresources. Table14DistribuঞonofIdEA-EEOvsSEIFA-IRSAD %ofSA2 SEIFAŊIRSAD IdEAŊEEO Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 5.3 3.0 4.3 3.9 3.5 Q2 3.0 3.1 3.7 5.3 5.0 Q3 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 Q4 3.3 4.8 4.3 3.5 4.3 Q5 4.9 5.6 3.9 2.9 2.4  COMPARISONWITHTHEYOUTHSOCIALEXCLUSION(YSE)INDEX Inthissecঞon,wecomparetheIdEAwiththeYouthSocialExclusionIndex(YSEindex),asthisindex isayouth-orientedmeasureofdisadvantagewhichismorecloselylinkedtothescopeoftheIdEA, whichalsocoversschool-agedchildrenandyoungpeople. The YSE index idenঞCes and combines di@erent aspects of youth disadvantage using the SA2 geographicalunit.Itisapublishednaঞonallevelindexthatsummarisessocialexclusionamongthe youthpopulaঞonaged15–19yearsbasedonseveralindicatorsunderthesixdomainsofsocio- economicstatus,youthparঞcipaঞon,educaঞon,caringresponsibiliঞes,healthserviceaccessand housing(Abelloetal.,2015).

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 49  COMPARISONWITHOTHERINDEXES 

Overall,theIdEAiscorrelatedwiththeYSEindexwithapairwisecorrelaঞoncoeLcientof0.66. ThiscorrelaঞonmeansitislikelySA2sthatareeducaঞonallydisadvantagedbasedonIdEAarealso likelytobeSA2swithahighriskofyouthsocialexclusion.Wealsonoteda strongcorrelaঞon betweenthesocio-economicfactor(IdEA-ESE)withtheYSEindexat0.65,whichmayrelatetoour CndingsthatIdEA-ESEcontributesalmosthalftotheoverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage.The comparisonalsoshowsamoderatecorrelaঞonat0.48betweentheIndexofEducaঞonalResources (IdEA-ER)andtheYSE,butalowcorrelaঞonbetweentheIndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOther Factors(IdEA-EEO)andtheYSEIndexat0.18). Table15presentsamatrixshowingthedistribuঞonofSA2saccordingtothequinঞlesoftheIdEA and the YSE indexes. The lowest quinঞle of IdEA covers SA2s with the most educaঞonal disadvantagewhilethelowestquinঞleofYSEindexcoverstheSA2swiththehighestriskofyouth socialexclusion. IftheIdEAshowsasimilardistribuঞontotheYSEindex,quinঞlesofthetwomeasureswouldoverlap witheachother,with20percentoftheSA2sineachoftheCvediagonalcells.Theshadedblocks (diagonal)inTable15refertotheproporঞonofSA2sfallingintothesamequinঞleinboththeIdEA andYSEindex.Theseresultsshowthat41.8percentofSA2sfallintothesamequinঞles,capturing 827SA2s. Table15DistribuঞonofIdEAvsYSE %ofSA2 YSE IdEA Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 11.4 5.4 2.1 1.1 0.0 Q2 4.1 6.7 5.8 2.8 0.6 Q3 2.1 4.9 6.2 5.1 1.7 Q4 1.8 2.0 3.6 6.3 6.3 Q5 1.2 1.5 2.0 3.9 11.3 Note:AstheYSEindexmeasuresdisadvantage,highernumbersinthisindexactually represents more disadvantage. To be comparable to the Index of Educaঞonal Advantage(IdEA),weYippedtheYSEindex,sothehighertheindexvalue,themore advantagedtheSA2. ThiscomparisongivesusanassurancethattheIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantagepointsinexpected direcঞons.Ontheotherhand,wecanalsosee,giventhattheoverlapinquanঞlesisonly41.8per cent, the IdEA and YSE are not the same; that is, the YSE index may capture other aspects of disadvantagewhileIdEAfocusesexclusivelyoneducaঞonaloutcomes. Wefurtherinvesঞgatedtheo@-diagonalSA2sidenঞCedinTable15,parঞcularlyamongthe24small SA2sthatfallintothetopquinঞleoftheIdEAbutareathighriskofsocialexclusionaccordingto theYSEindex.TheseSA2sarealllocatedinurbanSA2sofmostlythetwolargeststatesofNew SouthWalesandVictoria(withtheexcepঞonofSouthBrisbaneandAdelaide).ThismayreYect

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 50  COMPARISONWITHOTHERINDEXES 

mulঞpledisadvantagesexperiencedbyyoungpeoplelivinginurbanSA2s.Thesesuburbsinclude aZuentSA2ssuchasPyrmont–Ulঞmo,Po‚sPoint–WoolloomoolooandSurryHillsinNSW; Richmond,SouthbankandSouthMelbourneinVictoria;SouthBrisbaneinQueensland;andSA2s thatareclosetoeducaঞonalinsঞtuঞonssuchasClaytoninVictoriawhereMonashUniversityis locatedandKensington-KingsfordinNSWwheretheUniversityofNewSouthWalesislocated. Abelloetal.(2015)notedthatsomediscrepanciesbetweenthetopandthebo‚omYSEquinঞles canbeexplainedbydi@erencesintheincludedvariables,suchasthenumberofteenagebirthsand theproporঞonofyoungpeopleneitherlearningnorearning.Nevertheless,furtherexaminaঞonof thecomponentsthatcontributetodiscrepanciesbetweenIdEAandYSEiswarrantedforfuture research.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 51  Conclusion  

CONCLUSION ThisreportexamineseducaঞonaloutcomesforschoolstudentsatthesmallarealevelinAustralia usingarangeofmeasuresforoutcomes:NAPLANscores,Year12compleঞonanduniversity/TAFE a‚endancerates.Thestudyrevealslargediscrepanciesineducaঞonalperformanceacrossareas, echoing a number of earlier reports and academic studies. Such educaঞonal inequality may contributetolifeঞmeearninginequaliঞes,healthoutcomediscrepanciesanddi@erencesinpursuing newopportuniঞesinlife. Thereportfurtherdecomposestheeducaঞonaloutcomevariaঞonsintothreekeydrivingfactors, namelytheeducaঞonalsocio-economicfactor,theschoolresourcefactorandother(unobserved) factors,viaaneducaঞonproducঞonfuncঞon.Thisstaঞsঞcalmodelallowsustoextractboththe observedandtheunobservedbutstablecomponentsinthedatawithastrongtheoreঞcalbacking. TheresultssuggesteachofthethreemajorfactorsidenঞCedplaysasigniCcantroleinshaping educaঞonaloutcomes,withtheschoolresourcefactorbeingthemostimportantinNAPLANscore measurements,andtheeducaঞonalsocio-economicfactorbeingthemostimportantinnon-score measures,suchasYear12compleঞon.ThisreportconvertstheCndingsintoaseriesofindexes measuringhowwellanareasupportseducaঞonaldevelopmentforstudents. Wepresentanewsetofindexesbasedontheresultsoftheempiricalesঞmaঞons.TheIndexof Educaঞonal Advantage (IdEA) covers three key dimensions of the educaঞon process – socio- economic, resource and other factors (which may include eLciency) – and presents an overall summary index ranging from 1 to 5, where a low score indicates relaঞvely greater educaঞonal disadvantageinanSA2andahighscoreindicatesrelaঞvelygreatereducaঞonaladvantageinan SA2. The IdEA highlights a number of pa‚erns across, and challenges for, the Australian educaঞon system.Weseeahighconcentraঞonofqualityeducaঞonalresourcesandagoodeducaঞonalsocio- economicenvironmentinthecapitalcitySA2s,especiallyinSydney,acitywithahighdensityof veryadvantagedsuburbs,asmeasuredbyhouseholdincomelevel.Theresultsalsoshowinequality within the capital ciঞes parঞcularly between the inner SA2s and those on the outskirts. North Sydneyespeciallyhasmanysuburbsfallingintothetopquinঞlesinallsub-indexes.Thecloselink betweensocio-economiccondiঞonsandeducaঞonaloutcomescallsforpoliciesbeyondschooling ifwewanttoaddressoneofthemostimportantcausesofeducaঞonalinequality.Furthermore,we alsoCndthattherelaঞvelypoorperformanceinsomeruralareascannotalwaysbeexplainedby poorresourcesorsocio-economicfactorsalone:otherfactorssuchaseLcienciesalsoappearto playanimportantroleindeterminingeducaঞonaloutcomesinmanyoftheremoteSA2s.Itiso[en thecasethatpooreducaঞonalperformanceistheresultofmulঞplefactors.Similarly,wealsonote thatsomeurbanSA2s,suchassomesuburbsintheACT,couldfurtheradvancetheirperformance ifeducaঞonaleLciencieswereimproved.

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 52  CONCLUSION 

It should be noted that the index is derived from the reported data in 2011 which may not necessarily reYect the current situaঞon due to changes in policies and the socio-economic environment. By releasing the index, we hope to raise awareness of the substanঞal educaঞonal inequality in Australia,andcontributetothesearchforsoluঞonsandpolicyintervenঞonsthatli[educaঞonal outcomesforeveryone.Thisseriesofindexesisalsopublishedasaninteracঞveonlinetoolthat couldhelppolicyanalysts,researchersandthepublictobe‚erunderstandthecommuniঞesthey areinterestedin. 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 53  Z&ZE^   

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Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 59  AppendixA:IdEAIndexLisঞng    APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING IdEA:OverallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage.Alowscoreindicatesrelaঞvelygreatereducaঞonal disadvantageintheareaingeneral.Ahighscoreindicatesrelaঞvelygreatereducaঞonaladvantage intheareaingeneral. IdEAŊESE:IndexofEducaঞonalSocioŊEconomicFactors. A low score indicates relaঞvely lower socio-economiccondiঞonsforeducaঞonintheSA2.Ahighscoreindicatesrelaঞvelyhighersocio- economiccondiঞonsforeducaঞonintheSA2. IdEAŊER:IndexofEducaঞonalResources.Alowscoreindicatesarelaঞvelackofresourcesavailable toschoolsintheSA2.AhighscoreindicatesarelaঞveavailabilityofresourcesintheSA2. IdEAŊEEO:IndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors.15Alowscoreindicatesrelaঞvely poorer eLciency and other educaঞonal performance factors in the SA2. A high score indicates relaঞvelyhighereLciencyandothereducaঞonalperformancefactorsintheSA2.Pleasenotethat thisindexisesঞmatedattheSA3level. A(*)suLxindicatesthattheareadoesnothavealltheobservedoutcomemeasuresbuttheindex canbesঞllbeesঞmatedbasedontheinputvariables.SomeSA2sareexcludedduetothelackof schoolsinthatareaandmissingdata.  SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Abbotsford Victoria 5 3 3 5 AberfoylePark SouthAustralia 3 3 2 3 Adamstown-Kotara NewSouthWales 4 4 5 4 Adelaide SouthAustralia 5 5 3 5 AdelaideHills SouthAustralia 3 2 2 2 AgnesWater-MiriamVale Queensland 1 1 5 1 Ainslie AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 2* 5* Airlie-Whitsundays Queensland 3 2 5 3 AirportWest Victoria 3* 4* 5* 4* Aitkenvale Queensland 2* 1* 2* 1* Alawa NorthernTerritory 2* 1* 1* 1* Albany WesternAustralia 3 2 5 3 AlbanyCreek Queensland 4 4 4 4 AlbanyRegion WesternAustralia 3 1 5 3

 15‘ELciencyandotherfactors’capturesthespeciCciঞesofthelocalSA2,includingstudentability, insঞtuঞonalsetupandotherfactorsthatarenotincludedintheothertwosub-indexesbutcould a@ecteducaঞonaloutcomes. Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 60  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO AlbertPark Victoria 5 5 5 5 Albion Queensland 5 5 2 5 AlbionPark-MacquariePass NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 Albury-East NewSouthWales 3 4 5 4 Albury-North NewSouthWales 1 3 5 3 Albury-South NewSouthWales 3 4 5 4 AlburyRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Aldgate-Sঞrling SouthAustralia 5 3 2 4 Aldinga SouthAustralia 2* 3* 2* 2* AlexanderHeights-Koondoola WesternAustralia 3 4 1 3 Alexandra Victoria 3 2 5 3 AlexandraHills Queensland 2 3 2 2 Alfredton Victoria 3 4 4 4 Algester Queensland 4* 4* 1* 1* Alligator NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Alphington-FairCeld Victoria 5* 5* 2* 5* Altona Victoria 4 4 2 4 AltonaMeadows Victoria 3* 4* 2* 3* AltonaNorth Victoria 4 5 2 4 Amaroo AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 1 4 Andergrove-BeaconsCeld Queensland 1 2 5 2 Anindilyakwa NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 AnnaBay NewSouthWales 2* 3* 3* 2* Annandale Queensland 4 4 2 4 Annerley Queensland 5 4 2 5 Anula NorthernTerritory 3* 2* 1* 1* Applecross-Ardross WesternAustralia 5 4 3 5 APYLands SouthAustralia 1 1 1 1 Aranda AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 1* 5* Ararat Victoria 2 2 5 3 AraratRegion Victoria 3* 1* 5* 2* Ardeer-Albion Victoria 4* 1* 1* 2* Armadale Victoria 5 5 5 5 Armadale-Wungong- WesternAustralia 1 1 4 1 Brookdale Armidale NewSouthWales 3 3 3 4 ArmidaleRegion-North NewSouthWales 3 1 3 2 ArmidaleRegion-South NewSouthWales 3 1 3 2 Arncli@e-BardwellValley NewSouthWales 5* 4* 5* 5* Aroona-Currimundi Queensland 2* 4* 4* 3* Arundel Queensland 3 5 5 5 Ascot Queensland 5* 4* 2* 5*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 61  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO AscotVale Victoria 5* 4* 3* 5* Ashburton(Vic.) Victoria 5* 4* 4* 5* Ashburton(WA) WesternAustralia 1 1 1 1 Ashcro[-Busby-Miller NewSouthWales 1 4 1 1 AshCeld NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 AshCeld-Kepnock Queensland 1 2 5 2 Ashgrove Queensland 5 5 4 5 Ashmore Queensland 3* 4* 4* 4* Ashwood-Chadstone Victoria 5 5 3 5 AspendaleGardens-Waterways Victoria 5* 5* 4* 5* Aspley Queensland 4 5 2 4 Asquith-MountColah NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 Athelstone SouthAustralia 4 5 4 5 Atherton Queensland 2 2 3 2 Auburn NewSouthWales 5 5 1 4 AuchenYower Queensland 5* 4* 4* 5* Augusta WesternAustralia 3* 1* 5* 3* AusঞnsFerry-Granton Tasmania 2 4 3 3 Australind-Leschenault WesternAustralia 3 2 4 3 Avalon-PalmBeach NewSouthWales 4 4 4 5 Avoca Victoria 2* 1* 5* 2* AvocaBeach-Copacabana NewSouthWales 4* 4* 4* 4* Ayr Queensland 1 2 3 1 Babinda Queensland 2 1 5 2 BacchusMarsh Victoria 2 5 3 4 BacchusMarshRegion Victoria 2* 1* 4* 2* BadgerysCreek-Greendale NewSouthWales 3 4 1 3 Bairnsdale Victoria 1 3 5 2 Bakewell NorthernTerritory 1* 2* 2* 1* Balca‚a-Hamersley WesternAustralia 4 2 3 3 BaldHills Queensland 3 5 3 4 Baldivis WesternAustralia 3 4 3 4 Balga-Mirrabooka WesternAustralia 3 4 3 3 Balgowlah-Clontarf-Seaforth NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Balgownie-FairyMeadow NewSouthWales 4 4 4 4 Ballajura WesternAustralia 3 3 2 3 Ballarat Victoria 4 5 4 5 Ballarat-North Victoria 3 2 4 3 Ballarat-South Victoria 1 3 4 2 Ballina NewSouthWales 1 3 5 3 BallinaRegion NewSouthWales 3 3 5 4 Balmain NewSouthWales 5* 5* 3* 5*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 62  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Balmoral Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* Balonne Queensland 1 1 5 1 Balwyn Victoria 5 5 4 5 BalwynNorth Victoria 5 5 4 5 Banana Queensland 2 1 5 2 Bangalow NewSouthWales 4* 2* 5* 4* Banjup WesternAustralia 4 3 2 4 Bankstown NewSouthWales 4 4 2  4 Bannockburn Victoria 3* 3*  Barcaldine-Blackall Queensland 2 1 4 1 Bardon Queensland 5 5 4 5 Bargara-Burne‚Heads Queensland 2* 1* 5* 3* Bargo NewSouthWales 1* 1* 1* 1* Barkly NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* Barmera SouthAustralia 1 1 3 1 Barossa-Angaston SouthAustralia 3* 3* 4* 4* BassHill-GeorgesHall NewSouthWales 3 5 2 4 Bassendean-EdenHill-AshCeld WesternAustralia 4* 2* 1* 3* BateauBay-KillarneyVale NewSouthWales 2* 3* 1* 2* Bateman WesternAustralia 5* 4* 3* 5* BatemansBay NewSouthWales 2* 2* 4* 3* BatemansBay-South NewSouthWales 3 2 4 3 Bathurst NewSouthWales 2 4 4 3 Bathurst-East NewSouthWales 2 2 4 2 BathurstRegion NewSouthWales 3 2 4 3 BaulkhamHills(East) NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 BaulkhamHills(West)-Bella NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Vista BayonetHead-LowerKing WesternAustralia 3* 2* 5* 3* Bayswater Victoria 3 2 3 3 Bayswater-Embleton-Bedford WesternAustralia 4 5 1 4 BayswaterNorth Victoria 3* 3* 3* 3* Bayview-ElanoraHeights NewSouthWales 4 5 4 5 Beachmere-SandstonePoint Queensland 2* 1* 1* 1* BeaconHill-Narraweena NewSouthWales 4* 4* 5* 5* BeaconsCeld-OLcer Victoria 3 4 4 4 Beaudesert Queensland 1 2 5 2 Beaufort Victoria 1 1 5 3 Beaumaris Victoria 5* 5* 2* 5* BeautyPoint-BeaconsCeld Tasmania 1* 1* 2* 1* Beckenham-Kenwick-Langford WesternAustralia 4 2 1 2 Beechboro WesternAustralia 3* 2* 2* 2*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 63  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Beechworth Victoria 4 1 3 3 Beeliar WesternAustralia 4 3 2 3 Beenleigh Queensland 1 3 2 1 Beerwah Queensland 1 3 4 3 Bega-Tathra NewSouthWales 2 3 4 3 Bega-EdenHinterland NewSouthWales 2* 1* 4* 2* Belair SouthAustralia 5 5 2 5 Belconnen AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 2* 1* 4* BelgianGardens-Pallarenda Queensland 4* 2* 2* 3* Belgrave-Selby Victoria 4 4 4 4 BellbirdPark-Brookwater Queensland 3 4 2 3 Bellbowrie-Moggill Queensland 5* 5* 3* 5* Bellerive-Rosny Tasmania 4 3 2 3 BellevueHeights SouthAustralia 5 4 2 5 Bellingen NewSouthWales 3 3 3 3 Belmont Victoria 3 3 4 4 Belmont-Ascot-Redcli@e WesternAustralia 4 2 1 3 Belmont-Benne‚sGreen NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 Belmont-Gumdale Queensland 4* 4* 2* 4* BelmontSouth-Blacksmiths NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* Belmore-BelCeld NewSouthWales 4 4 1 3 Benalla Victoria 1 3 5 3 BenallaRegion Victoria 3* 1* 5* 1* Bendigo Victoria 1 3 5 3 BendigoRegion-North Victoria 3* 1* 5* 3* BendigoRegion-South Victoria 3* 1* 4* 2* Benowa Queensland 4 5 1 4 Bentleigh-McKinnon Victoria 5 5 3 5 BentleighEast Victoria 4 5 3 5 Bentley-Wilson-StJames WesternAustralia 5* 3* 1* 4* BentleyPark Queensland 1 5 2 2 BeresCeld-Hexham NewSouthWales 1 2 5 2 Berkeley-Warrawong- NewSouthWales 1 3 3 2 Windang Berowra-Brooklyn-Cowan NewSouthWales 4* 3* 5* 5* Berri SouthAustralia 1* 1* 3* 1* Berriedale-Chigwell Tasmania 1* 1* 3* 1* Berrimah NorthernTerritory 1 4 1 1 Berry-KangarooValley NewSouthWales 4* 2* 3* 3* Berserker Queensland 1 1 4 1 Bertram-Wellard(West) WesternAustralia 3 2 1 1 Berwick-North Victoria 4 5 3 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 64  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Berwick-South Victoria 4 5 3 4 Bethania-Waterford Queensland 2 4 2 3 Beverley SouthAustralia 3* 4* 1* 2* Bexley NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Bicton-Palmyra WesternAustralia 4* 2* 3* 4* Bidwill-Hebersham-Emerton NewSouthWales 1 4 1 1 Biloela Queensland 2 1 5 2 Bilpin-Colo-StAlbans NewSouthWales 2* 1* 2* 1* Birkdale Queensland 3* 4* 2* 3* Blackburn Victoria 5 5 4 5 BlackburnSouth Victoria 5* 4* 4* 5* Blackheath-MegalongValley NewSouthWales 4 2 3 3 Blacktown(East)-KingsPark NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Blacktown(North)-Marayong NewSouthWales 3 5 1 3 Blacktown(South) NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 Blackwood SouthAustralia 5* 2* 2* 4* Blaxland-Warrimoo-Lapstone NewSouthWales 4 4 3 4 Blayney NewSouthWales 2 2 4 2 BliBli Queensland 3* 2* 4* 3* BlueHaven-SanRemo NewSouthWales 1 3 1 1 BoltonPoint-Teralba NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 Bombala NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Bondi-Tamarama-Bronte NewSouthWales 5 3 4 5 BondiBeach-NorthBondi NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 BondiJuncঞon-Waverly NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 BonnellsBay-Silverwater NewSouthWales 3* 1* 3* 2* BonnyriggHeights-Bonnyrigg NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Bonython AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 2* 1* 3* Boonah Queensland 2 1 4 2 Boondall Queensland 4 5 2 4 Booragoon WesternAustralia 5* 3* 3* 5* Boronia-TheBasin Victoria 3* 2* 3* 3* BoroniaHeights-ParkRidge Queensland 2 2 1 1 BossleyPark-Abbotsbury NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Botany NewSouthWales 4* 4* 1* 2* Boulder WesternAustralia 1* 1* 2* 1* Bouldercombe Queensland 1* 1* 4* 1* Bourke-Brewarrina NewSouthWales 1 1 1 1 Bowen Queensland 1 2 3 1 Bowral NewSouthWales 4 5 3 5 BoxHead-MacMastersBeach NewSouthWales 4* 3* 4* 4* BoxHill Victoria 5 5 4 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 65  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO BoxHillNorth Victoria 5 5 4 5 BoyneIsland-TannumSands Queensland 2 2 5 3 BrackenRidge Queensland 3 3 4 3 Bradbury-Wedderburn NewSouthWales 1 3 3 1 Braddon AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 2 5 Braidwood NewSouthWales 3 3 1 2 Branxton-Greta-Pokolbin NewSouthWales 2* 2* 2* 1* Branyan-Kensington Queensland 2* 1* 5* 2* Brassall Queensland 2 3 5 3 BrayPark Queensland 1 3 2 2 Braybrook Victoria 4 5 1 4 BribieIsland Queensland 2 4 1 2 Bridgetown-BoyupBrook WesternAustralia 3 1 5 3 Bridgewater-Gagebrook Tasmania 1 2 1 1 Bright-MountBeauty Victoria 3 3 3 4 Brighton-Pontville Tasmania 1* 3* 1* 1* Brighton(Qld) Queensland 3* 3* 4* 3* Brighton(SA) SouthAustralia 4 4 5 5 Brighton(Vic.) Victoria 5 5 2 5 BrightonEast Victoria 5 5 2 5 Brinkin-Nakara NorthernTerritory 5* 4* 1* 4* Brinsmead Queensland 3 3 2 3 Broadmeadows Victoria 3 5 1 3 Broadsound-Nebo Queensland 2 1 3 2 BrokenHill NewSouthWales 1 2 2 1 BrookCeld-KenmoreHills Queensland 5* 2* 3* 5* Brookton WesternAustralia 2* 1* 3* 1* Broome WesternAustralia 1 2 1 1 Broulee-Tomakin NewSouthWales 3 3 4 3 BrownsPlains Queensland 2 2 1 1 Bruce AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 1 5 Brunswick Victoria 5 4 1 5 BrunswickEast Victoria 5* 4* 1* 5* BrunswickHeads-OceanShores NewSouthWales 2* 4* 5* 4* BrunswickWest Victoria 5* 4* 1* 4* BrunyIsland-Ke‚ering Tasmania 3 1 2 2 Bruthen-Omeo Victoria 2 1 5 2 Buddina-Minyama Queensland 3* 3* 4* 4* Buderim-North Queensland 4 5 5 5 Buderim-South Queensland 4 5 5 5 Budgewoi-Bu@Point- NewSouthWales 2* 3* 1* 1* Halekulani

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 66  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Bulahdelah-Stroud NewSouthWales 1 1 4 1 Bulimba Queensland 5*  BullCreek WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 Bulleen Victoria 5 5 2 5 Bullsbrook WesternAustralia 2 2 2 2 Buloke Victoria 3 1 5 3 Bunbury WesternAustralia 3 2 4 2 Bundaberg Queensland 1* 1* 5* 1* BundabergEast-Kalkie Queensland 1 3 5 3 BundabergNorth-Gooburrum Queensland 1 1 5 2 BundabergRegion-North Queensland 1* 2* 5* 3* BundabergRegion-South Queensland 1 1 5 2 Bundamba Queensland 1 2 5 2 Bundoora-East Victoria 4 5 2 5 Bundoora-West Victoria 4 5 1 4 Buninyong Victoria 4* 3* 4* 4* Bunyip-GarCeld Victoria 2 3 4 2 Burdekin Queensland 1 1 3 1 BurleighHeads Queensland 3* 3* 2* 3* BurleighWaters Queensland 3 5 2 4 Burnie-UlverstoneRegion Tasmania 1* 1* 5* 1* Burnie-Wivenhoe Tasmania 2* 1* 5* 1* Burnside-Wa‚lePark SouthAustralia 5 5 4 5 Burpengary Queensland 2 4 1 2 Burrum-Fraser Queensland 1* 3* 5* 3* Burwood Victoria 5 5 4 5 Burwood-Croydon NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 BurwoodEast Victoria 5 4 4 5 Busselton WesternAustralia 3 2 5 4 BusseltonRegion WesternAustralia 4* 2* 5* 4* Butler-Merriwa-Ridgewood WesternAustralia 3 3 1 2 Byford WesternAustralia 3* 2* 1* 1* ByronBay NewSouthWales 4 2 5 4 Caboolture Queensland 1 3 3 1 Caboolture-South Queensland 1* 2* 3* 1* Cabrama‚a-Lansvale NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Cabrama‚aWest-Mount NewSouthWales 4* 5* 1* 3* Pritchard Cairnlea Victoria 5* 4* 1* 4* CairnsCity Queensland 3 4 2 3 Calamvale-Stre‚on Queensland 5 5 1 4 Calga-Kulnura NewSouthWales 3* 1* 4* 2*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 67  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO CaliforniaGully-Eaglehawk Victoria 1 2 5 1 Calista WesternAustralia 2* 1* 1* 1* CallalaBay-Currarong NewSouthWales 2* 2* 3* 2* Caloundra-KingsBeach Queensland 2 2 4 2 Caloundra-West Queensland 3 5 4 4 CaloundraHinterland Queensland 4 3 4 4 Calwell AustralianCapitalTerritory 4 4 1 3 Camberwell Victoria 5 5 4 5 Cambooya-Wyreema Queensland 3* 4* 4* 4* Cambridge Tasmania 4* 3* 2* 3* CambridgePark NewSouthWales 1 4 3 2 Camden-EllisLane NewSouthWales 3 4 2 3 Camillo-ChampionLakes WesternAustralia 1 4 4 3 Camira-Gailes Queensland 1* 3* 2* 2* CampHill Queensland 5 5 2 5 Campbell AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 4 2 5 CampbellCeld-Coolaroo Victoria 4 4 1 3 Campbelltown-Woodbine NewSouthWales 3 4 3 3 Camperdown Victoria 1 3 5 3 CanleyVale-CanleyHeights NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 CanningVale-East WesternAustralia 5 4 1 4 CanningVale-West WesternAustralia 5* 4* 1* 4* Cannington-QueensPark WesternAustralia 5 3 1 4 CannonHill Queensland 4 5 2 5 Canterbury(North)-Ashbury NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Canterbury(South)-Campsie NewSouthWales 5* 4* 1* 4* Capalaba Queensland 2 3 2 2 CapeYork Queensland 1 1 1 1 Capel WesternAustralia 3* 1* 4* 1* Carina Queensland 4 4 2 4 Carindale Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* Caringbah-LilliPilli NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 Carlingford NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Carlton Victoria 5* 3* 2* 5* CarltonNorth-PrincesHill Victoria 5 5 3 5 Carnarvon WesternAustralia 1 1 5 1 Carnegie Victoria 5* 4* 3* 5* CarolineSprings Victoria 4 5 3 5 Carpentaria Queensland 1 1 1 1 Carramar WesternAustralia 3* 3* 1* 2* Carrara Queensland 3 5 3 4 Carrum-Pa‚ersonLakes Victoria 4* 4* 4* 4*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 68  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO CarrumDowns Victoria 2 3 4 3 Casino NewSouthWales 1 3 5 2 CasinoRegion NewSouthWales 1 1 5 1 CastleHill NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Castlemaine Victoria 3 2 4 3 CastlemaineRegion Victoria 3* 1* 4* 3* Castlereagh-Cranebrook NewSouthWales 1 5 3 3 Casula NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 CaulCeld-North Victoria 5 5 3 5 CaulCeld-South Victoria 5 3 3 5 Ceduna SouthAustralia 1 1 4 1 CentralHighlands Tasmania 2 1 3 1 CentralHighlands-East Queensland 1 1 5 1 CentralHighlands-West Queensland 1 1 5 1 Cessnock NewSouthWales 1 2 2 1 CessnockRegion NewSouthWales 1* 1* 2* 1* ChambersFlat-LoganReserve Queensland 3* 1* 1* 1* ChapelHill Queensland 5* 5* 3* 5* Chapman AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 4* 1* 5* Charles NorthernTerritory 1 2 1 1 Charlestown-Dudley NewSouthWales 3 3 3 3 Charleville Queensland 1 1 4 1 Charnwood AustralianCapitalTerritory 2* 2* 1* 1* ChartersTowers Queensland 1 1 3 1 Chatswood(East)-Artarmon NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Chatswood(West)-LaneCove NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 North Chelmer-Graceville Queensland 5* 4* 2* 5* Chelsea-Bonbeach Victoria 3* 3* 4* 4* ChelseaHeights Victoria 3* 2* 4* 3* Cheltenham-Highe‚(East) Victoria 4 4 4 4 Cheltenham-Highe‚(West) Victoria 4* 4* 2* 4* Chermside Queensland 4* 1* 2* 2* ChermsideWest Queensland 4 4 2 4 Cherrybrook NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 ChesterHill-Se[on NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 Chidlow WesternAustralia 2* 1* 2* 1* Chiltern-IndigoValley Victoria 3* 2* 3* 3* Chinchilla Queensland 2 1 5 2 ChippingNorton-Moorebank NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 ChirnsidePark Victoria 3 4 4 4 Chisholm AustralianCapitalTerritory 3 2 1 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 69  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Chi‚awayBay-TumbiUmbi NewSouthWales 2 4 1 2 Chi‚ering WesternAustralia 2 4 4 4 ChrisঞeDowns SouthAustralia 1 2 2 1 ChrisঞesBeach SouthAustralia 2* 2* 2* 1* ChristmasIsland OtherTerritories 5 1 5 4 Churchill Victoria 2 2 2 1 Churchill-Yamanto Queensland 1* 3* 5* 2* CityBeach WesternAustralia 5 4 4 5 Clare SouthAustralia 2 2 3 2 Claremont(Tas.) Tasmania 1 3 3 1 Claremont(WA) WesternAustralia 5 5 4 5 Clarendon SouthAustralia 4* 1* 2* 2* Clarinda-OakleighSouth Victoria 4* 4* 2* 4* Clarkson WesternAustralia 3 2 1 2 ClayCeld Queensland 5 5 2 5 Claymore-EagleVale-Raby NewSouthWales 1 5 3 3 Clayton Victoria 5* 5* 3* 5* ClaytonSouth Victoria 5 4 2 4 ClearIslandWaters Queensland 4* 5* 3* 5* Clermont Queensland 2 1 3 1 Cleveland Queensland 3 3 5 4 Cli[on-Greenmount Queensland 2 1 4 1 Cli[onSprings Victoria 3 3 2 3 Clinton-NewAuckland Queensland 2* 2* 5* 3* Clontarf Queensland 2 2 3 2 Cobar NewSouthWales 1 1 1 1 Cobbi‚y-Leppington NewSouthWales 3 4 1 2 Cobram Victoria 2 3 4 2 Coburg Victoria 5* 4* 1* 4* CoburgNorth Victoria 4 5 1 4 Co@sHarbour-North NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2 Co@sHarbour-South NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 Colac Victoria 2 3 5 3 ColacRegion Victoria 3* 1* 5* 2* CollegeGrove-CareyPark WesternAustralia 1* 1* 4* 1* Collie WesternAustralia 1 1 4 1 Collingwood Victoria 5 3 3 4 CollingwoodPark-Redbank Queensland 2* 2* 2* 1* Collinsville Queensland 1 1 3 1 ColonelLightGardens SouthAustralia 4 5 2 4 Como WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 Concord-Mortlake-Cabarita NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 70  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO ConcordWest-North NewSouthWales 5 4 2 5 StrathCeld CondellPark NewSouthWales 4 3 2 4 Conder AustralianCapitalTerritory 4 4 1 3 Condobolin NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 Condon-Rasmussen Queensland 1 2 2 1 CooberPedy SouthAustralia 1 1 1 1 Coogee WesternAustralia 3* 4* 2* 4* Coogee-Clovelly NewSouthWales 5* 5* 1* 5* Coolanga‚a Queensland 3* 1* 3* 2* Coolbellup WesternAustralia 3* 1* 2* 2* Cooloola Queensland 1 2 5 1 Cooloongup WesternAustralia 1* 1* 3* 1* CoolumBeach Queensland 3 4 2 3 Cooma NewSouthWales 3 2 5 3 CoomaRegion NewSouthWales 3 2 5 3 Coombabah Queensland 2 3 5 4 Coomera Queensland 3* 3* 2* 3* Coonabarabran NewSouthWales 1 2 3 2 Coonamble NewSouthWales 1 1 1 1 CoopersPlains Queensland 4* 2* 2* 3* Coorparoo Queensland 5 5 2 5 Cootamundra NewSouthWales 2 2 5 2 Coramba-NanaGlen-Bucca NewSouthWales 3* 2* 3* 2* Corangamite-North Victoria 2 2 5 2 Corangamite-South Victoria 2 3 5 3 Corinda Queensland 5 5 2 5 Corio-Norlane Victoria 1 5 4 3 Cornubia-Carbrook Queensland 4 4 2 4 CoromandelValley SouthAustralia 5* 3* 2* 4* Corowa NewSouthWales 2 2 5 3 CorowaRegion NewSouthWales 2* 1* 5* 2* Corrimal-Tarrawanna-Bellambi NewSouthWales 2 3 4 3 Co‚esloe WesternAustralia 5* 5* 4* 5* Cowra NewSouthWales 1 2 3 2 CowraRegion NewSouthWales 3 1 3 1 Craigie-Beldon WesternAustralia 3 2 3 3 Craigieburn-Mickleham Victoria 4 3 1 2 Craigmore-Blakeview SouthAustralia 1 3 2 1 Cranbourne Victoria 2 3 1 2 CranbourneEast Victoria 3 5 1 3 CranbourneNorth Victoria 3 3 1 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 71  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO CranbourneSouth Victoria 2 2 1 1 CranbourneWest Victoria 2 5 1 3 Cranbrook Queensland 3 5 2 3 Cremorne-Cammeray NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 Crestmead Queensland 1 4 1 1 Creswick-Clunes Victoria 2* 1* 4* 2* Cromer NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 Cronulla-Kurnell-Bundeena NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 CrowsNest-Rosalie Queensland 2 1 5 2 CrowsNest-Waverton NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 Croydon Victoria 3 3 3 4 Croydon-Etheridge Queensland 1* 1* 1* 1* CroydonHills-Warranwood Victoria 4* 4* 3* 4* CroydonPark-EnCeld NewSouthWales 4* 4* 1* 4* CulburraBeach NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* Cunderdin WesternAustralia 2 1 4 1 Currambine-Kinross WesternAustralia 4 3 3 3 Currumbin-Tugun Queensland 3* 4* 3* 4* CurrumbinValley-Tallebudgera Queensland 3 4 5 5 CurrumbinWaters Queensland 3* 5* 3* 4* Curঞn AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 1* 4* Cygnet Tasmania 2 1 2 1 Daintree Queensland 1 2 5 2 DaisyHill Queensland 4 4 2 4 Dakabin-Kallangur Queensland 1 4 2 2 Dalrymple Queensland 1 1 3 1 Daly NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Dandenong Victoria 4 5 2 4 DandenongNorth Victoria 4 4 2 4 Dapto-Avondale NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2 Dardanup WesternAustralia 3* 1* 4* 2* DarlingHeights Queensland 3* 3* 4* 3* Darlinghurst NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Darra-Sumner Queensland 4* 2* 1* 2* DarwinCity NorthernTerritory 4* 2* 1* 2* DavorenPark SouthAustralia 1 3 2 1 Dawesville-Bouvard WesternAustralia 3* 2* 5* 3* Dayboro Queensland 3* 3* 4* 4* Daylesford Victoria 4 1 4 3 Deagon Queensland 3 4 4 3 Deakin AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 2 5 DecepঞonBay Queensland 1 2 1 1

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 72  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO DeeWhy-NorthCurlCurl NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 DeerPark-Derrimut Victoria 4* 3* 1* 3* Deeragun Queensland 2 5 2 3 Delacombe Victoria 1* 4* 4* 3* Delahey Victoria 4 4 1 4 Deloraine Tasmania 2 1 2 1 Deniliquin NewSouthWales 2 2 5 3 DeniliquinRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Denmark WesternAustralia 4 2 5 4 Derby-WestKimberley WesternAustralia 1 1 1 1 DerwentPark-Lutana Tasmania 1 1 3 1 DerwentValley Tasmania 1 1 3 1 Devonport Tasmania 1 2 4 2 Dianella WesternAustralia 4 3 3 4 Dickson AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 2 5 Dilston-Lilydale Tasmania 3 2 2 3 DingleyVillage Victoria 4* 4* 2* 4* DodgesFerry-Lewisham Tasmania 2* 2* 1* 1* Doncaster Victoria 5 4 2 5 DoncasterEast Victoria 5 4 2 5 Donnybrook-Balingup WesternAustralia 3 1 5 3 Donvale-ParkOrchards Victoria 5 5 3 5 Doonside-Woodcro[ NewSouthWales 4 4 1 3 Dorrigo NewSouthWales 2 2 3 2 DoubleBay-BellevueHill NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Douglas Queensland 4* 2* 2* 3* DouglasPark-Appin NewSouthWales 2* 1* 1* 1* DoverHeights NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Doveton Victoria 3* 2* 3* 2* Dowerin WesternAustralia 2 1 4 1 Drayton-Harristown Queensland 1 3 4 2 Driver NorthernTerritory 1 3 2 1 Dromana Victoria 3 4 3 4 Drouin Victoria 1 3 5 3 Drummoyne-RoddPoint NewSouthWales 5* 5* 2* 5* Dubbo-East NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 Dubbo-South NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2 Dubbo-West NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 DubboRegion NewSouthWales 3* 1* 3* 1* Du@y AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 2* 1* 4* DulwichHill-Lewisham NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 Duncraig WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 73  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Dungog NewSouthWales 2 2 2 2 Durack Queensland 4 4 1 3 Durack-MarlowLagoon NorthernTerritory 3 2 2 2 Dural-Kenthurst-Wisemans NewSouthWales 4 5 4 5 Ferry Eagleby Queensland 1* 1* 2* 1* Earlville-BayviewHeights Queensland 2* 4* 2* 3* EastArnhem NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 EastBendigo-Kennington Victoria 3 4 5 4 EastBrisbane Queensland 5 5 2 5 EastDevonport Tasmania 1* 2* 4* 1* EastFremantle WesternAustralia 5* 3* 3* 5* EastPilbara WesternAustralia 1* 1* 1* 1* EastSide NorthernTerritory 3 3 1 2 EastVictoriaPark-Carlisle WesternAustralia 5 3 1 4 Eastwood-Denistone NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Eaton-PelicanPoint WesternAustralia 2 2 4 2 EatonsHill Queensland 4* 5* 4* 5* Echuca Victoria 1 2 5 2 Eden NewSouthWales 1 3 4 2 EdensLanding-Holmview Queensland 2* 4* 2* 2* EdensorPark NewSouthWales 4* 5* 1* 4* Edgeworth-CameronPark NewSouthWales 1* 2* 3* 2* Edithvale-Aspendale Victoria 4 5 4 4 Edmonton Queensland 1* 4* 2* 1* Edwardstown SouthAustralia 4 4 2 4 EightMilePlains Queensland 5* 4* 2* 5* Eimeo-RuralView Queensland 3* 3* 5* 3* Elanora Queensland 3 4 3 4 Elderslie-HarringtonPark NewSouthWales 3 4 2 3 Elimbah Queensland 3* 2* 3* 2* Elizabeth SouthAustralia 1 2 2 1 ElizabethEast SouthAustralia 1* 2* 2* 1* Ellenbrook WesternAustralia 3 4 2 3 Elsey NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Elsternwick Victoria 5 5 3 5 Eltham Victoria 4 5 5 5 Elwood Victoria 5 5 5 5 Emerald Queensland 2 2 5 3 Emerald-Cockatoo Victoria 3 3 4 3 EmuPark Queensland 2* 1* 4* 1* EmuPlains-Leonay NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 74  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO EndeavourHills Victoria 4 4 3 4 EnCeld-BlairAthol SouthAustralia 4 4 1 2 Engadine-Lo[us NewSouthWales 3 4 5 4 Enoggera Queensland 4 5 3 4 Epping Victoria 4 4 1 3 Epping-NorthEpping NewSouthWales 5* 5* 2* 5* Erina-GreenPoint NewSouthWales 3 5 4 4 Ermington-Rydalmere NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 ErskinePark NewSouthWales 3 5 1 2 Erskineville-Alexandria NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Esk Queensland 1 2 4 2 Esperance WesternAustralia 1 2 5 2 EsperanceRegion WesternAustralia 2* 1* 5* 1* Essendon-Aberfeldie Victoria 5 5 3 5 Eumundi-Yandina Queensland 2 2 4 2 Euroa Victoria 3 2 5 3 EurobodallaHinterland NewSouthWales 2* 4* 4* 3* EvansHead NewSouthWales 1 2 5 2 Eva‚ AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 3* 1* 3* EvertonPark Queensland 4 4 3 4 Exmouth WesternAustralia 1 1 5 1 EyrePeninsula SouthAustralia 2 1 4 2 Fadden AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 2* 1* 4* FairCeld NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 FairCeld-Du‚onPark Queensland 5* 3* 2* 4* FairCeld-East NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 FairCeld-West NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Falcon-Wannanup WesternAustralia 3* 1* 5* 3* FannieBay-TheGardens NorthernTerritory 4 5 1 3 FarCentralWest Queensland 1 1 4 1 FarSouthWest Queensland 1 1 4 1 FarWest NewSouthWales 1 1 2 1 Farrer AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 2* 1* 4* Fawkner Victoria 4 5 1 4 FerntreeGully Victoria 3 4 3 4 FigTreePocket Queensland 5* 5* 3* 5* Figtree-Keiraville NewSouthWales 4 4 4 5 Fitzroy Victoria 5 4 3 5 FitzroyNorth Victoria 5 4 3 5 FiveDock-Abbotsford NewSouthWales 4 5 2 5 Flagsta@Hill SouthAustralia 4* 3* 2* 4* Flemington Victoria 5 3 3 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 75  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Flinders Victoria 4* 3* 3* 4* FlindersPark SouthAustralia 4 5 1 4 FlindersRanges SouthAustralia 1 1 1 1 FloraHill-SpringGully Victoria 3 3 5 4 Floreat WesternAustralia 5* 3* 4* 5* Florey AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 4 1 4 Flynn(NT) NorthernTerritory 2 2 1 1 Footscray Victoria 5 4 1 4 Forbes NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 ForestHill Victoria 5* 2* 3* 4* ForestLake-Doolandella Queensland 4 5 1 3 Foresঞer-Tasman Tasmania 1 2 4 2 Forestville-KillarneyHeights NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Forrest AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 2* 5* Forrestdale-Harrisdale-Piara WesternAustralia 4 3 4 5 Waters ForrestCeld-Wa‚leGrove WesternAustralia 3 2 2 2 Forster NewSouthWales 1 3 4 3 Forster-TuncurryRegion NewSouthWales 2* 1* 4* 2* ForঞtudeValley Queensland 5 5 4 5 Foster Victoria 3 2 4 3 Frankston Victoria 2* 3* 4* 3* FrankstonNorth Victoria 1 2 4 1 FrankstonSouth Victoria 4 4 4 4 Fraser AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 2* 1* 3* Fremantle WesternAustralia 5 3 3 4 Fremantle-South WesternAustralia 4 3 3 4 FrenchIsland Victoria 4*  FrenchsForest-Belrose NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Frenchville-MountArcher Queensland 2* 3* 4* 3* Freshwater-Brookvale NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Freshwater-Straord Queensland 3* 3* 2* 3* Galston-Laughtondale NewSouthWales 4 4 4 4 Gannawarra Victoria 3 1 5 3 Garbu‚-WestEnd Queensland 2* 1* 2* 1* Garran AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 1* 5* Ga‚on Queensland 2 3 4 3 Gawler-North SouthAustralia 3 3 3 3 Gawler-South SouthAustralia 2 4 3 3 Gayndah-Mundubbera Queensland 2 1 5 2 Geebung Queensland 4* 4* 2* 4* Geelong Victoria 4 3 4 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 76  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO GeelongWest-HamlynHeights Victoria 4 3 4 4 Geeveston-Dover Tasmania 1 1 2 1 GeilstonBay-Risdon Tasmania 3 1 2 2 Gelorup-Dalyellup-Stratham WesternAustralia 3 5 4 4 GeorgeTown Tasmania 1 2 2 1 Geraldton WesternAustralia 1 2 5 2 Geraldton-East WesternAustralia 1 2 5 2 Geraldton-North WesternAustralia 2* 1* 5* 2* Geraldton-South WesternAustralia 3 2 5 4 Gidgegannup WesternAustralia 3* 2* 2* 2* GilbertValley SouthAustralia 2 2 3 2 Gilgandra NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 Gilmore AustralianCapitalTerritory 3* 2* 1* 1* GinGin Queensland 1 1 5 1 Gingin-Dandaragan WesternAustralia 3 1 4 2 Giralang AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 4* 1* 4* Girraween-Westmead NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Girrawheen WesternAustralia 3 2 1 2 Gisborne Victoria 4 4 5 5 Gladesville-HuntleysPoint NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Gladstone Queensland 2* 1* 5* 2* GladstoneHinterland Queensland 2 1 5 1 GladstonePark-Westmeadows Victoria 3 4 1 3 GlassHouseMountains Queensland 2* 2* 4* 2* Glebe-ForestLodge NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 GlenForrest-Darlington WesternAustralia 5 2 2 4 GlenInnes NewSouthWales 2 2 3 2 GlenIris-East Victoria 5* 5* 4* 5* GlenWaverley-East Victoria 5 5 3 5 GlenWaverley-West Victoria 5 5 3 5 Glendale-Cardi@-Hillsborough NewSouthWales 3 3 3 3 GlendenningDeanPark NewSouthWales 4* 4* 1* 2* Glenelg(SA) SouthAustralia 4* 4* 5* 5* Glenelg(Vic.) Victoria 2 1 5 2 Glenhaven NewSouthWales 5* 4* 4* 5* Glenlee-Rockyview Queensland 2* 1* 4* 2* GlenmorePark-Regentville NewSouthWales 3 5 3 4 Glenorchy Tasmania 1 4 3 2 Glenroy-HadCeld Victoria 4 3 1 3 Glenside-Beaumont SouthAustralia 5 5 4 5 Glenwood NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 Gloucester NewSouthWales 2 2 5 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 77  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Gnowangerup WesternAustralia 2* 1* 5* 2* GoldenBeach-PelicanWaters Queensland 4 3 4 4 GoldenGrove SouthAustralia 3 4 3 4 GoldenPlains-North Victoria 2* 1* 5* 3* GoldenPlains-South Victoria 2* 2*  Goodna Queensland 1 4 2 2 Goodwood-Millswood SouthAustralia 5 5 5 5 Goolwa-PortElliot SouthAustralia 2 3 3 3 Goondiwindi Queensland 2 2 5 2 Goonellabah NewSouthWales 2 3 5 3 Gordon-Killara NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Gordon(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 3 2 1 2 Gordon(Vic.) Victoria 3* 1* 4* 2* Gordonvale-Trinity Queensland 1 2 2 1 Gorokan-Kanwal-Charmhaven NewSouthWales 1 3 1 1 Gosford-SpringCeld NewSouthWales 3 4 4 4 Gosnells WesternAustralia 2 2 1 1 Goulburn NewSouthWales 1 2 2 2 GoulburnRegion NewSouthWales 3 2 2 2 Gowrie(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 3* 1* 3* Gowrie(Qld) Queensland 2* 2* 4* 2* Goyder SouthAustralia 1 1 3 1 Gracemere Queensland 1* 2* 4* 1* Gra[on NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 Gra[onRegion NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 Grange Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* Grant SouthAustralia 2 1 4 2 Granville Queensland 1* 1* 5* 1* Granville-Clyde NewSouthWales 4 4 1 4 Gray NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 2* 1* GreenValley-CecilHills NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Greenacre-MountLewis NewSouthWales 4 5 2 5 Greenbank Queensland 3* 3* 2* 3* GreenCeldPark-Prairiewood NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 GreenCelds WesternAustralia 2 3 5 3 Greensborough Victoria 4 4 2 4 Greenslopes Queensland 5* 3* 2* 4* Greenvale-Bulla Victoria 4 5 1 4 Greenway AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 1* 5* Greenwood-Warwick WesternAustralia 4 3 3 4 Grenfell NewSouthWales 3 1 3 1 Greystanes-Pemulwuy NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 78  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO GriLth(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 2 5 GriLth(NSW) NewSouthWales 2 3 5 3 GriLthRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Grindelwald-Lanena Tasmania 3 3 2 2 Grovedale Victoria 3 3 4 3 Guanaba-Springbrook Queensland 3* 1* 5* 3* Guildford-SouthGranville NewSouthWales 4 3 1 3 GuildfordWest-Merrylands NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 West Gulf NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Gulliver-Currajong-Vincent Queensland 1* 3* 2* 1* Gundagai NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Gungahlin AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 1 5 Gunnedah NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 GunnedahRegion NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* Gymea-GraysPoint NewSouthWales 4* 3* 5* 4* Gympie-North Queensland 1 2 5 2 Gympie-South Queensland 1 3 5 3 GympieRegion Queensland 1 1 5 1 HaberCeld-SummerHill NewSouthWales 5* 4* 1* 4* Hacke‚ AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 2* 2* 5* Hackham-OnkaparingaHills SouthAustralia 1* 2* 2* 1* HackhamWest-HuntCeld SouthAustralia 1* 1* 2* 1* Heights Hahndorf-Echunga SouthAustralia 3* 4* 2* 4* Hallam Victoria 4* 4* 3* 4* Halle‚Cove SouthAustralia 4 4 2 4 HallsCreek WesternAustralia 1 1 1 1 HallsHead-Erskine WesternAustralia 3 2 5 3 Hamilton-Broadmeadow NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 Hamilton(Qld) Queensland 5* 1* 2* 4* Hamilton(Vic.) Victoria 3 3 5 4 HamiltonHill WesternAustralia 3 2 2 2 Hampton Victoria 5* 5* 2* 5* HamptonPark-Lynbrook Victoria 3 4 1 3 HappyValley SouthAustralia 3* 4* 2* 3* Harrison AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 4* 1* 5* Harvey WesternAustralia 3 1 4 2 HassallGrove-Plumpton NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 Hasঞngs-Somers Victoria 2 2 3 2 Hawker AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 4 1 5 Hawthorn Victoria 5 5 4 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 79  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO HawthornEast Victoria 5 5 4 5 Hawthorne Queensland 5 5 2 5 Hay NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 Healesville-YarraGlen Victoria 2 3 4 3 Heathcote Victoria 1* 1* 4* 1* Heathcote-Waterfall NewSouthWales 3 3 5 4 Heathridge-Connolly WesternAustralia 3* 2* 3* 3* Heatley Queensland 1 3 2 1 Heidelberg-Rosanna Victoria 5 5 2 5 HeidelbergWest Victoria 3* 2* 2* 2* HelenaValley-Koongamia WesternAustralia 3* 1* 2* 2* Helensburgh NewSouthWales 4* 3* 4* 4* Helensvale Queensland 3 5 2 4 Hendra Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* HenleyBeach SouthAustralia 4 4 1 4 Herberton Queensland 1 2 3 1 Higgins AustralianCapitalTerritory 4 3 1 3 HighWycombe WesternAustralia 3* 1* 2* 1* Highbury-Dernancourt SouthAustralia 4* 2* 3* 3* HighCelds Queensland 4 4 4 4 HighlandPark Queensland 3* 3* 3* 3* Highton Victoria 4 4 4 5 HillTop-ColoVale NewSouthWales 1* 4* 3* 2* Hillarys WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 HillsDistrict Queensland 4* 3* 4* 4* Hillside Victoria 4* 4* 3* 4* Hindmarsh-Brompton SouthAustralia 4 3 1 3 Hobart Tasmania 5 5 4 5 Holder AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 1* 4* HollandPark Queensland 4 4 2 4 HollandParkWest Queensland 5 3 2 4 Holsworthy-Wa‚leGrove NewSouthWales 4 4 1 4 Homebush NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 HomebushBay-Silverwater NewSouthWales 5* 5* 1* 5* HopeValley-Modbury SouthAustralia 3 3 3 3 HoppersCrossing-North Victoria 3 5 1 3 HoppersCrossing-South Victoria 3 4 1 2 Hornsby-Waitara NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Horsham Victoria 2 3 5 3 HorshamRegion Victoria 3* 1* 5* 2* Horsley-KemblaGrange NewSouthWales 3* 3* 3* 3* HorsleyPark-KempsCreek NewSouthWales 3 5 1 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 80  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO HowardSprings NorthernTerritory 1* 2* 1* 1* Howrah-Tranmere Tasmania 4 3 2 3 HoxtonPark-HorningseaPark NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Hughes AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 4* 1* 5* Hughesdale Victoria 5 5 3 5 HumptyDoo NorthernTerritory 1 2 1 1 HuntersHill-Woolwich NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Hunঞngdale-SouthernRiver WesternAustralia 3 4 1 3 Huonville-Franklin Tasmania 1 2 2 1 Hurstbridge Victoria 4* 4* 5* 4* Hurstville NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Huskisson-Vincenঞa NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4 HydePark-Pimlico Queensland 3 3 2 2 Illawong-AlfordsPoint NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 Inala-Richlands Queensland 2* 3* 1* 1* Indooroopilly Queensland 5 5 2 5 Ingham Queensland 1 2 3 2 InghamRegion Queensland 1 2 3 2 IngleFarm SouthAustralia 2 3 1 1 Ingleburn-DenhamCourt NewSouthWales 4 4 3 4 Inglewood-Waggamba Queensland 2 1 5 1 Innaloo-Doubleview WesternAustralia 4* 2* 3* 4* Innisfail Queensland 1 1 5 2 Inverell NewSouthWales 1 3 3 2 InverellRegion-East NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 InverellRegion-West NewSouthWales 2 1 3 1 Invermay Tasmania 2* 2* 4* 2* Ipswich-Central Queensland 3 4 5 4 Ipswich-East Queensland 2 3 5 3 Irwin WesternAustralia 2 2 5 3 Irymple Victoria 2 2 5 2 IsabellaPlains AustralianCapitalTerritory 4 5 1 4 Ivanhoe Victoria 5 5 2 5 IvanhoeEast-Eaglemont Victoria 5* 5* 2* 5* JacobsWell-Alberton Queensland 2* 1* 2* 1* Jamestown SouthAustralia 2 1 4 2 Jamisontown-SouthPenrith NewSouthWales 2* 4* 3* 3* Jilliby-Yarramalong NewSouthWales 4* 1* 1* 2* Jimboomba Queensland 1 3 2 2 Jindabyne-Berridale NewSouthWales 3 4 5 4 Jindalee-MountOmmaney Queensland 5 4 2 5 Jingili NorthernTerritory 4* 3* 1* 2*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 81  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Johnstone Queensland 1* 1* 5* 1* Jondaryan Queensland 1 2 5 2 Joondalup-Edgewater WesternAustralia 4 4 3 4 Junee NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Kadina SouthAustralia 1 2 5 2 Kalamunda-MaidaVale- WesternAustralia 4 2 2 3 GooseberryHill Kaleen AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 4* 1* 4* Kalgoorlie WesternAustralia 2 2 2 1 Kalgoorlie-North WesternAustralia 3* 2* 2* 2* Kambah AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 3* 1* 3* Kambalda-Coolgardie- WesternAustralia 1 1 2 1 Norseman KangarooFlat-GoldenSquare Victoria 1 2 5 2 KangarooIsland SouthAustralia 2 4 3 3 KangarooPoint Queensland 5* 5* 4* 5* Karabar NewSouthWales 2 4 1 2 Karalee-BarellanPoint Queensland 3* 3* 5* 4* Karama NorthernTerritory 1 3 1 1 KaranaDowns Queensland 4* 4* 5* 5* Kariong NewSouthWales 2 4 4 3 Karoonda-Lameroo SouthAustralia 1 1 3 1 Karratha WesternAustralia 2 2 1 1 Karrinyup-Gwelup-Carine WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 Katanning WesternAustralia 2 1 5 2 Katherine NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Katoomba-Leura NewSouthWales 4 4 3 4 Kedron-GordonPark Queensland 4 5 2 5 Keilor Victoria 4 5 5 5 KeilorDowns Victoria 4 4 1 3 KeilorEast Victoria 4 5 5 5 Kellyville NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Kelmsco‚ WesternAustralia 2 2 4 2 Kelso Queensland 1* 2* 2* 1* KelvinGrove-Herston Queensland 5 5 2 5 Kempsey NewSouthWales 1 2 5 1 KempseyRegion NewSouthWales 1* 1* 5* 1* Kenmore Queensland 5 5 3 5 Kensington Victoria 5 3 2 5 Kensington-Kingsford NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 Keperra Queensland 3* 3* 3* 3* Kerang Victoria 2 1 5 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 82  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Kew Victoria 5 5 4 5 KewEast Victoria 5 5 4 5 Keysborough Victoria 5 5 2 5 Kiama NewSouthWales 4 4 3 4 KiamaDowns-Minnamurra NewSouthWales 4* 5* 3* 4* KiamaHinterland-Gerringong NewSouthWales 4* 2* 3* 4* Kilcoy Queensland 2 1 4 1 Kilkivan Queensland 1 1 5 1 Kilmore-Broadford Victoria 2 4 5 3 Kilsyth Victoria 2* 1* 4* 2* Kimba-Cleve-FranklinHarbour SouthAustralia 2 1 4 2 KinKora-SunValley Queensland 2 1 5 2 Kincumber-Picke‚sValley NewSouthWales 3 4 4 4 KingIsland Tasmania 3 1 4 2 Kingaroy Queensland 1 2 5 2 KingaroyRegion-North Queensland 1 1 5 1 KingaroyRegion-South Queensland 2* 1* 5* 2* Kinglake Victoria 2* 1* 5* 2* KingsMeadows-Punchbowl Tasmania 1 2 4 2 KingsPark(Vic.) Victoria 3* 3* 1* 3* Kingsbury Victoria 5 3 1 4 Kingscli@-FingalHead NewSouthWales 3 3 4 3 Kingsgrove(North)-Earlwood NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 Kingsgrove(South)-Bardwell NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 Park Kingsley WesternAustralia 4 2 3 4 Kingston Queensland 1 3 2 1 Kingston-Barton AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 2 5 Kingston-HunঞngCeld Tasmania 3 3 4 4 Kingston-Robe SouthAustralia 3 2 4 3 KingstonBeach-BlackmansBay Tasmania 4* 4* 4* 4* Kingswood-Werrington NewSouthWales 3 4 3 3 Kirwan-East Queensland 1 3 2 2 Kirwan-West Queensland 2 5 2 3 KnoxCeld-Scoresby Victoria 4 3 3 4 Kogarah NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 KogarahBay-Carlton-Allawah NewSouthWales 5 4 5 5 Kojonup WesternAustralia 2 1 5 1 KooWeeRup Victoria 1 3 4 2 Koombana WesternAustralia 2 2 4 2 Korora-EmeraldBeach NewSouthWales 3* 3* 3* 3* Korumburra Victoria 2 2 4 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 83  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Kowanyama-Pormpuraaw Queensland 1* 1* 1* 1* Kulin WesternAustralia 2* 1* 3* 1* Kununurra WesternAustralia 1 1 1 1 Kuraby Queensland 5* 4* 1* 4* Kuranda Queensland 2 2 3 2 KurrajongHeights-Ebenezer NewSouthWales 2 2 2 2 KurriKurri-Abermain NewSouthWales 1 2 2 1 Kyabram Victoria 2 3 5 3 Kyneton Victoria 3 4 4 4 Kyogle NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Labrador Queensland 3* 3* 5* 4* LakeMunmorah-Mannering NewSouthWales 1 2 1 1 Park Lakemba-WileyPark NewSouthWales 5 5 1 4 LakesCreek Queensland 1* 2* 4* 1* LakesEntrance Victoria 2 1 5 2 Lalor Victoria 3 4 1 3 LalorPark-KingsLangley NewSouthWales 3 4 1 2 Lambton-NewLambton NewSouthWales 4 4 5 4 Landsborough Queensland 2* 2* 4* 2* LaneCove-Greenwich NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Langwarrin Victoria 3 3 4 3 Lara Victoria 3 3 4 3 Larapinta NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* LargsBay-Semaphore SouthAustralia 3 4 1 2 Larrakeyah NorthernTerritory 5* 2* 1* 2* Latham AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 3* 1* 3* Latrobe Tasmania 1 1 4 1 Launceston Tasmania 4* 4* 4* 4* Laurieton-BonnyHills NewSouthWales 2 3 4 3 Laverton Victoria 4 3 1 3 Lavington NewSouthWales 1 2 5 2 Lawnton Queensland 1* 2* 2* 1* Lawson-Hazelbrook-Linden NewSouthWales 4 3 3 4 LeHunte-Elliston SouthAustralia 2 1 4 2 Leanyer NorthernTerritory 4* 4* 1* 3* Leeming WesternAustralia 5 3 3 4 Leeton NewSouthWales 2 2 5 3 Leichhardt-Annandale NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 Leichhardt-OneMile Queensland 1 3 5 2 Leinster-Leonora WesternAustralia 1 1 2 1

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 84  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO LemonTreePassage-Tanilba NewSouthWales 1* 3* 3* 2* Bay LenahValley-MountStuart Tasmania 4* 4* 4* 4* LennoxHead-SkennarsHead NewSouthWales 4 4 5 4 Leongatha Victoria 2 3 4 3 Leopold Victoria 2* 3* 4* 3* Lesmurdie-Bickley-Carmel WesternAustralia 4 4 2 4 LethbridgePark-Tregear NewSouthWales 1 3 1 1 Leumeah-MintoHeights NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 Lewiston-TwoWells SouthAustralia 1* 2* 3* 1* Lidcombe-RegentsPark NewSouthWales 5 5 1 4 Light SouthAustralia 2 2 4 2 Lilydale-Coldstream Victoria 3 4 4 4 LilyCeld-Rozelle NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 LindCeld-Roseville NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Lindisfarne-RoseBay Tasmania 4 3 2 3 Lismore NewSouthWales 1 3 5 3 LismoreRegion NewSouthWales 3 1 5 2 Lithgow NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 LithgowRegion NewSouthWales 2 2 3 2 Li‚leGrove-Elleker WesternAustralia 3* 2* 5* 3* Liverpool-WarwickFarm NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 Lobethal-Woodside SouthAustralia 3 3 2 3 Lockington-Gunbower Victoria 2* 1* 5* 1* Lockleys SouthAustralia 4 4 1 4 Lockridge-Kiara WesternAustralia 3 3 2 2 LockyerValley-East Queensland 1 2 4 1 LockyerValley-West Queensland 2* 1* 4* 1* Loddon Victoria 1 1 5 3 LoganCentral Queensland 1 2 2 1 LoganVillage Queensland 3* 2* 2* 2* Loganholme-TanahMerah Queensland 2* 2* 2* 1* Loganlea Queensland 1 3 2 1 Longford Tasmania 2* 1* 2* 1* Longford-LochSport Victoria 2* 1* 5* 1* Longreach Queensland 2 1 4  1 LordHoweIsland NewSouthWales 2* 1*  Lorne-Anglesea Victoria 4 2 2 4 Lowood Queensland 1 1 4 1 Loxton SouthAustralia 2 2 3 2 LoxtonRegion SouthAustralia 1* 1* 3* 1* Ludmilla-TheNarrows NorthernTerritory 2* 1* 1* 1*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 85  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Lynbrook-Lyndhurst Victoria 5* 4* 1* 4* Lyndoch SouthAustralia 2* 2* 4* 2* Lyneham AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 3 2 5 Lyons(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 1* 1* 2* LysterCeld Victoria 4* 3* 3* 4* Macedon Victoria 4 2 5 4 Macgregor(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 3* 1* 4* Macgregor(Qld) Queensland 5 5 2 5 Mackay Queensland 2* 2* 5* 2* Macksville-Sco‚sHead NewSouthWales 1 1 5 1 Maclean-Yamba-Iluka NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2 Macquarie AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 4 1 4 MacquarieFields-GlenCeld NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4 MacquariePark-MarsCeld NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Maddington-OrangeGrove- WesternAustralia 3 1 1 1 Marঞn Madeley-Darch-Landsdale WesternAustralia 4 3 1 4 Ma@ra Victoria 2 2 5 2 MagneঞcIsland Queensland 3* 2* 2* 2* MaidenGully Victoria 3* 2* 5* 3* Maitland NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2 Maitland-East NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 Maitland-North NewSouthWales 4* 2* 3* 3* Maitland-West NewSouthWales 1 3 3 2 Malabar-LaPerouse-ChiYey NewSouthWales 3 3 1 2 Malak-Marrara NorthernTerritory 2 3 1 1 Malanda-Yungaburra Queensland 3 1 3 2 Mallala SouthAustralia 2* 1* 4* 1* Malvern-GlenIris Victoria 5 5 3 5 MalvernEast Victoria 5* 4* 3* 5* Mandurah WesternAustralia 2* 1* 5* 1* Mandurah-East WesternAustralia 3* 5* 5* 5* Mandurah-North WesternAustralia 3 3 5 4 Mandurah-South WesternAustralia 2 2 5 2 Manjimup WesternAustralia 2 2 5 3 Manly-Fairlight NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Manly-Lota Queensland 4 4 4 4 ManlyVale-AllambieHeights NewSouthWales 4* 4* 5* 5* ManlyWest Queensland 3 5 4 4 Manning-Waterford WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 Mannum SouthAustralia 1 1 3 1 MansCeld(Qld) Queensland 4 5 2 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 86  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO MansCeld(Vic.) Victoria 3 3 5 4 Manunda Queensland 1 2 2 1 Marangaroo WesternAustralia 3* 2* 1* 2* Marcoola-Mudjimba Queensland 3* 2* 2* 3* Mareeba Queensland 1 2 3 1 MargaretRiver WesternAustralia 3 2 5 4 Margate-Snug Tasmania 3* 2* 4* 3* Margate-WoodyPoint Queensland 3* 2* 3* 2* Maribyrnong Victoria 5 5 1 5 Marino-SeaviewDowns SouthAustralia 4 2 2 4 MaroochyHinterland Queensland 3* 1* 4* 2* Maroochydore-Kuluin Queensland 3 3 2 3 Maroubra NewSouthWales 5 5 1 4 Marrickville NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 Marsden Queensland 1* 3* 1* 1* Maryborough(Qld) Queensland 1 2 5 2 Maryborough(Vic.) Victoria 1 2 5 3 MaryboroughRegion Victoria 2* 1* 5* 3* MaryboroughRegion-South Queensland 1* 1* 5* 1* Maryland-Fletcher-Minmi NewSouthWales 2 3 5 3 Mascot-Eastlakes NewSouthWales 4 3 1 2 Mawson AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 1* 5* MayCeld-Warabrook NewSouthWales 3 2 5 3 Maylands WesternAustralia 5* 2* 1* 4* McDowall Queensland 4 5 3 5 McKail-Willyung WesternAustralia 1 1 5 1 McLarenVale SouthAustralia 3 4 2 3 MeadowHeights Victoria 4* 3* 1* 3* Meekatharra WesternAustralia 1 1 5 1 Melba AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 1 5 Melbourne Victoria 5* 3* 2* 5* Melton Victoria 1 3 3 2 MeltonSouth Victoria 2 3 3 2 MeltonWest Victoria 2 4 3 3 Melville WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 Menai-LucasHeights- NewSouthWales 4 5 5 4 Woronora Mentone Victoria 4 5 4 5 Merbein Victoria 1 2 5 2 Merewether-TheJuncঞon NewSouthWales 4* 4* 5* 5* Merimbula-TuraBeach NewSouthWales 3 4 4 4 MermaidBeach-Broadbeach Queensland 4* 4* 2* 4*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 87  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO MermaidWaters Queensland 4 4 2 4 Merredin WesternAustralia 2 1 4 2 Merrimac Queensland 3 5 3 4 Merrylands-Holroyd NewSouthWales 4* 5* 1* 4* Miami Queensland 3 4 2 3 Miande‚a-Don Tasmania 2* 1* 4* 2* MiddlePark-JamboreeHeights Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* MiddleRidge Queensland 4 4 4 4 MiddleSwan-HerneHill WesternAustralia 2 2 2 2 Midland-Guildford WesternAustralia 3 5 2 4 Mildura Victoria 1 2 5 2 MilduraRegion Victoria 2 1 5 2 Miles-Wandoan Queensland 2 1 5 1 MillPark-North Victoria 4 5 1 3 MillPark-South Victoria 4* 4* 1* 3* Millbank-Avoca Queensland 1* 3* 5* 3* Millicent SouthAustralia 2 3 4 2 Millmerran Queensland 2 1 5 2 Millner NorthernTerritory 3* 1* 1* 1* Mindarie-QuinnsRocks- WesternAustralia 3 4 1 3 Jindalee Minto-StAndrews NewSouthWales 3 5 3 4 Miranda-YowieBay NewSouthWales 3 4 5 4 Mitcham(SA) SouthAustralia 5 5 2 5 Mitcham(Vic.) Victoria 5 4 3 5 MitchellPark SouthAustralia 4 5 2 4 Mitchelton Queensland 4 4 3 4 Mi‚agong NewSouthWales 3 5 3 4 Moama NewSouthWales 3 2 5 3 ModburyHeights SouthAustralia 3 4 3 4 Moe-Newborough Victoria 1 2 2 1 Mo@atBeach-Ba‚eryHill Queensland 3* 4* 4* 4* Moil NorthernTerritory 2* 3* 1* 2* Moira Victoria 2* 1* 4* 1* Molendinar Queensland 3 5 4 4 Monash AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 2* 1* 3* Monbulk-Silvan Victoria 3 3 4 3 Monterey-Brighton-le-Sands- NewSouthWales 4* 4* 5* 5* Kyeemagh Montmorency-BriarHill Victoria 4 4 2 4 Monto-Eidsvold Queensland 1 1 5 1 Montrose Victoria 3 5 4 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 88  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Montrose-Rose‚a Tasmania 1* 3* 3* 2* Mooloolaba-Alexandra Queensland 3* 4* 2* 4* Headland Moonah Tasmania 2* 4* 3* 3* MooneePonds Victoria 5* 5* 3* 5* Moonta SouthAustralia 2 2 5 2 Moora WesternAustralia 2 1 4 1 Moorabbin-Heatherton Victoria 5 5 4 5 Moorooka Queensland 5* 3* 2* 4* Mooroolbark Victoria 3 3 4 3 Mooroopna Victoria 1 3 2 1 Moranbah Queensland 3 3 3 3 Morawa WesternAustralia 2 1 5 1 MorayCeld-East Queensland 1 4 3 2 Mordialloc-Parkdale Victoria 4 4 4 4 Moree NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 MoreeRegion NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* Morisset-Cooranbong NewSouthWales 3 2 3 3 Morley WesternAustralia 4 3 1 3 Morningside-SevenHills Queensland 4 4 2 4 Mornington Victoria 3 4 3 3 Mornington-Warrane Tasmania 1 1 2 1 Morphe‚Vale-East SouthAustralia 1 4 2 2 Morphe‚Vale-West SouthAustralia 1* 1* 2* 1* Morphe‚ville SouthAustralia 3* 3* 2* 3* Mortdale-Penshurst NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Moruya-TurossHead NewSouthWales 2 3 4 3 Morwell Victoria 1* 1* 2* 1* Mosman NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 MosmanPark-Peppermint WesternAustralia 5 5 4 5 Grove MossVale-Berrima NewSouthWales 3 4 3 3 Moulden NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 2* 1* MountAnnan-CurransHill NewSouthWales 3 4 2 3 MountBarker SouthAustralia 3 4 2 3 MountBarkerRegion SouthAustralia 3* 1* 2* 1* MountBawBawRegion Victoria 3 1 5 2 MountDandenong-Olinda Victoria 4 2 4 4 MountDrui‚-Whalan NewSouthWales 3 5 1 3 MountEliza Victoria 5 5 3 5 MountEvelyn Victoria 2* 4* 4* 3* MountGambier SouthAustralia 1 3 4 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 89  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO MountGrava‚ Queensland 4 3 2 4 MountHawthorn-Leederville WesternAustralia 5 4 4 5 MountHu‚on-Windale NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* MountIsa Queensland 1 2 1 1 MountIsaRegion Queensland 1 1 1 1 MountLawley-Inglewood WesternAustralia 5 5 4 5 MountLouisa Queensland 3 3 2 2 MountMartha Victoria 4 4 3 4 MountMorgan Queensland 1 1 4 1 MountNasura-MountRichon- WesternAustralia 4 1 4 3 Bedfordale MountNelson-Dynnyrne Tasmania 5* 4* 4* 5* MountPleasant-Glenella Queensland 3 3 5 3 MountWarrenPark Queensland 3* 3* 2* 2* MountWaverley-North Victoria 5 5 3 5 MountWaverley-South Victoria 5 5 3 5 MountainCreek Queensland 3 4 5 4 Mowbray Tasmania 2 5 4 4 Moyne-East Victoria 2 1 5 2 Moyne-West Victoria 3 1 5 3 Mudgee NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 MudgeeRegion-East NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 MudgeeRegion-West NewSouthWales 2 1 3 1 Mudgeeraba-Bonogin Queensland 3 5 5 5 Mukinbudin WesternAustralia 1 1 4 1 Mulgoa-Luddenham-Orchard NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4 Hills Mulgrave Victoria 5 5 3 5 Mullaloo-Kallaroo WesternAustralia 4* 2* 3* 4* Mullumbimby NewSouthWales 3 2 5 3 Mundaring WesternAustralia 4 2 2 3 Mundijong WesternAustralia 3 2 1 2 Mundingburra Queensland 4 4 2 4 MunnoParaWest-AngleVale SouthAustralia 2 3 2 2 Murarrie Queensland 4* 1* 4* 3* Murdoch-Kardinya WesternAustralia 5 3 3 5 Murray WesternAustralia 3 1 3 2 MurrayBridge SouthAustralia 1 2 3 1 MurrayBridgeRegion SouthAustralia 1* 1* 3* 1* MurrumbaDowns-GriLn Queensland 3* 4* 2* 3* Murrumbeena Victoria 5* 4* 3* 5* Murwillumbah NewSouthWales 1 3 4 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 90  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO MurwillumbahRegion NewSouthWales 2* 1* 4* 1* Muswellbrook NewSouthWales 1 2 4 2 MuswellbrookRegion NewSouthWales 2* 1* 4* 1* Myrtleford Victoria 2 3 3 3 Nagambie Victoria 3* 2* 5* 3* Nailsworth-Broadview SouthAustralia 5* 3* 3* 4* Nairne SouthAustralia 3* 3* 2* 2* Nambour Queensland 2 3 4 3 NambuccaHeads NewSouthWales 1 2 5 2 NambuccaHeadsRegion NewSouthWales 1 1 5 1 Nanango Queensland 1 1 5 1 Naracoorte SouthAustralia 2 2 4 3 NaracoorteRegion SouthAustralia 3 1 4 3 Narangba Queensland 3 4 1 3 Narara NewSouthWales 3 3 4 3 Narooma-Bermagui NewSouthWales 2 1 4 2 Narrabeen-Collaroy NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 Narrabri NewSouthWales 2 2 3 2 NarrabriRegion NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 Narrabundah AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 2* 5* Narrandera NewSouthWales 1 1 5 1 NarreWarren Victoria 3 4 3 4 NarreWarrenNorth Victoria 4* 3* 3* 4* NarreWarrenSouth Victoria 4 4 1 3 Narrogin WesternAustralia 3 2 3 2 Narromine NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 Narwee-BeverlyHills NewSouthWales 5 4 2 4 Nedlands-Dalkeith-Crawley WesternAustralia 5* 4* 4* 5* NelsonBayPeninsula NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4 Nerang-MountNathan Queensland 2 3 3 2 NeutralBay-Kirribilli NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 NewFarm Queensland 5* 2* 4* 5* NewNorfolk Tasmania 1 1 3 1 NewTown Tasmania 4 4 4 4 Newcastle-CooksHill NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Newcomb-Moolap Victoria 1 3 4 2 Newman WesternAustralia 2 1 1 1 Newmarket Queensland 5* 2* 2* 4* Newnham-MayCeld Tasmania 1 2 4 1 Newport Victoria 5* 3* 2* 4* Newport-Bilgola NewSouthWales 4* 4* 4* 5* Newstead Tasmania 4 5 4 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 91  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Newtown-Camperdown- NewSouthWales 5 4 5 5 Darlington Newtown(Qld) Queensland 1 3 4 2 Newtown(Vic.) Victoria 5 5 4 5 Ngunnawal AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 5* 1* 4* NhillRegion Victoria 2 2 5 2 Nhulunbuy NorthernTerritory 2 3 1 1 NiagaraPark-Lisarow NewSouthWales 3 3 4 3 Nicholls AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 4 1 5 Niddrie-EssendonWest Victoria 4 5 5 5 Nightcli@ NorthernTerritory 4* 2* 1* 3* NoblePark Victoria 4 4 2 4 NobleParkNorth Victoria 4 5 2 4 Nollamara-Westminster WesternAustralia 4* 2* 3* 3* NoosaHinterland Queensland 3 3 4 3 Noosaville Queensland 4 4 3 4 Noranda WesternAustralia 4 3 1 4 NormanGardens Queensland 3 3 4 3 NormanPark Queensland 5* 3* 2* 4* Normanhurst-Thornleigh- NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Westleigh NorthAdelaide SouthAustralia 5 4 3 5 NorthGeelong-BellPark Victoria 2 4 4 4 NorthHaven SouthAustralia 2 3 1 1 NorthIpswich-Tivoli Queensland 1* 1* 5* 2* NorthLakes-MangoHill Queensland 4 5 2 4 NorthMackay Queensland 1 2 5 2 NorthMelbourne Victoria 5 5 2 5 NorthNowra-Bomaderry NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 NorthParrama‚a NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 NorthPerth WesternAustralia 5* 2* 4* 5* NorthRocks NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 NorthRyde-EastRyde NewSouthWales 5* 4* 2* 5* NorthSydney-LavenderBay NewSouthWales 5 5 3 5 NorthToowoomba-Harlaxton Queensland 1 3 4 2 NorthWest Tasmania 1* 1* 4* 1* Northam WesternAustralia 1 2 4 2 Northampton-Mullewa- WesternAustralia 1 1 5 1 Greenough Northcote Victoria 5 5 2 5 NorthernBeaches Queensland 1* 2* 2* 1* NorthernHighlands Queensland 1 1 1 1

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 92  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO NorthernMidlands Tasmania 2 1 2 1 NorthernPeninsula Queensland 1 2 1 1 Northgate-Oakden-Gilles SouthAustralia 4 4 1 3 Plains Northgate-Virginia Queensland 4* 2* 2* 3* Northmead NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Norwood(SA) SouthAustralia 5 5 5 5 Norwood(Tas.) Tasmania 3 3 4 3 Nowra NewSouthWales 1 3 3 1 Nudgee-Banyo Queensland 4 3 2 3 Numurkah Victoria 1 2 4 2 Nunawading Victoria 5 4 3 5 Nundah Queensland 4 4 2 4 Nuriootpa SouthAustralia 2 3 4 3 Nyngan-Warren NewSouthWales 1 1 1 1 Oakleigh-Hunঞngdale Victoria 5 4 3 5 Oatlands-DundasValley NewSouthWales 5* 3* 5* 5* Oatley-HurstvilleGrove NewSouthWales 5* 5* 2* 5* Oberon NewSouthWales 2 2 4 3 OceanGrove-BarwonHeads Victoria 4* 3* 2* 4* OceanReef WesternAustralia 4 4 3 4 O'Connor(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 2* 2* 5* OldBar-ManningPoint-Red NewSouthWales 2* 2* 5* 3* Head OneTreeHill SouthAustralia 3* 2* 2* 2* Oonoonba Queensland 3* 3* 2* 3* Orange NewSouthWales 2 4 4 3 Orange-North NewSouthWales 3* 3* 4* 3* OrangeRegion NewSouthWales 3 1 4 2 Orbost Victoria 2 1 5 2 Ormeau-Yatala Queensland 3 4 2 3 Ormiston Queensland 4 5 5 5 Ormond-GlenHuntly Victoria 5 5 3 5 Otway Victoria 4 2 5 3 Ourimbah-Fountaindale NewSouthWales 3* 2* 1* 1* Outback SouthAustralia 1 1 1 1 Oxenford-Maudsland Queensland 3* 2* 2* 2* Oxley(Qld) Queensland 5* 3* 1* 3* OysterBay-Como-Jannali NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 PaciCcPines-Gaven Queensland 3 4 3 3 Padbury WesternAustralia 4* 2* 3* 3* Paddington-Milton Queensland 5* 2* 4* 5*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 93  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Paddington-MoorePark NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Padstow NewSouthWales 4* 4* 2* 4* Page AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 5* 1* 5* Pagewood-Hillsdale-Daceyville NewSouthWales 4* 4* 1* 2* Pakenham-North Victoria 2 5 4 4 Pakenham-South Victoria 2 3 4 3 Pallara-Willawong Queensland 5* 2* 1* 1* PalmBeach Queensland 2 4 3 3 PalmIsland Queensland 1 1 3 1 Palmerston AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 1* 4* Palmwoods Queensland 3* 2* 4* 3* Panania-Milperra-PicnicPoint NewSouthWales 3 4 2 4 Panorama SouthAustralia 4 2 2 4 PantonHill-StAndrews Victoria 4 4 5 4 ParaHills SouthAustralia 3 3 1 1 Paradise-Newton SouthAustralia 4 3 4 4 ParaCeldGardens SouthAustralia 2 3 1 1 Paralowie SouthAustralia 1 4 1 1 Parap NorthernTerritory 4* 3* 1* 2* ParkAvenue Queensland 1 2 4 1 Parkes(NSW) NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 ParkesRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 3 1 Parkhurst-Kawana Queensland 1 3 4 2 Parklands-Camdale Tasmania 1 2 5 2 Parklea-KellyvilleRidge NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 Parkville Victoria 5 5 2 5 Parkwood-Ferndale-Lynwood WesternAustralia 4 3 1 3 Parmelia-Orelia WesternAustralia 2 2 1 1 Parrama‚a-Rosehill NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Parrearra-Warana Queensland 3 3 4 4 PascoeVale Victoria 4 4 1 3 PascoeValeSouth Victoria 4 5 1 4 Payneham-Felixstow SouthAustralia 4* 4* 5* 5* Paynesville Victoria 2* 1* 5* 2* Peakhurst-Lugarno NewSouthWales 4 4 2 4 Pearce AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 1 5 Pearcedale-Tooradin Victoria 2* 2* 1* 1* Pemberton WesternAustralia 3 1 5 3 Penguin-SulphurCreek Tasmania 2 3 5 3 PennantHills-Cheltenham NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 Penola SouthAustralia 3 1 4 2 Penrith NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 94  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Peregian Queensland 4 4 3 4 Perth-Evandale Tasmania 2* 2* 2* 1* PerthCity WesternAustralia 5 4 4 5 Peterborough-Mount SouthAustralia 2 1 4 1 Remarkable Petermann-Simpson NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Petersham-Stanmore NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Petrie Queensland 2 3 2 2 Phillip AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 5* 1* 5* PhillipIsland Victoria 3 4 4 4 Pialba-EliWaters Queensland 1 3 4 2 Picton-Tahmoor-Buxton NewSouthWales 2 4 1 2 Pimpama Queensland 2* 2* 2* 2* Pinjarra WesternAustralia 2 2 5 2 PinjarraHills-Pullenvale Queensland 5* 4* 3* 5* PioneerValley Queensland 1 1 5 1 Pi‚Town-McGrathsHill NewSouthWales 3 3 1 2 Pi‚sworth Queensland 2 3 5 3 Plantagenet WesternAustralia 2 1 5 2 Plenty-Yarrambat Victoria 4 5 5 5 Plympton SouthAustralia 4 4 1 4 PointClare-Koolewong NewSouthWales 3* 4* 4* 4* PointCook Victoria 5 5 1 5 PointNepean Victoria 4* 2* 3* 3* Pooraka SouthAustralia 4 3 1 3 PortAdelaide SouthAustralia 2 3 1 1 PortAugusta SouthAustralia 1 2 1 1 PortDouglas Queensland 3* 1* 5* 3* PortHedland WesternAustralia 3* 2* 1* 2* PortKennedy WesternAustralia 2* 2* 3* 2* PortLincoln SouthAustralia 1 3 4 2 PortMacquarie-East NewSouthWales 3 4 4 4 PortMacquarie-West NewSouthWales 1 3 4 3 PortMacquarieRegion NewSouthWales 1* 2* 4* 2* PortMelbourne Victoria 5* 4* 5* 5* PortPirie SouthAustralia 1 2 4 2 PortPirieRegion SouthAustralia 3* 1* 4* 2* Portarlington Victoria 2* 3* 2* 2* Portland Victoria 1 2 5 2 Po‚sPoint-Woolloomooloo NewSouthWales 5 4 5 5 Po‚sville NewSouthWales 3* 2* 4* 3* Prahran-Windsor Victoria 5 5 5 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 95  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Preston Victoria 4 4 1 3 Prestons-Lurnea NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Proserpine Queensland 1 2 5 3 Prospect SouthAustralia 5 5 3 5 ProspectVale-Blackstone Tasmania 2 5 4 4 Punchbowl NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3 Pymble NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Pyrmont-Ulঞmo NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 QuakersHill-AcaciaGardens NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 Queanbeyan NewSouthWales 3 4 1 3 Queanbeyan-East NewSouthWales 4* 1* 1* 2* QueanbeyanRegion NewSouthWales 4* 2* 1* 2* QueanbeyanWest- NewSouthWales 4* 5* 1* 4* Jerrabomberra Queenscli@ Victoria 4* 2* 2* 4* Quirindi NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 Quoiba-Spreyton Tasmania 2* 2* 4* 2* Raceview Queensland 1* 3* 5* 3* Randwick NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 Rangeville Queensland 4 3 4 4 RapidCreek NorthernTerritory 4 4 1 4 Ravenswood Tasmania 1* 1* 4* 1* RaymondTerrace NewSouthWales 1 3 3 1 RedCli@s Victoria 1 1 5 1 RedHill(ACT) AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 2 5 RedHill(Qld) Queensland 5* 4* 4* 5* RedbankPlains Queensland 1 3 2 2 Redcli@e Queensland 2 3 3 3 Redfern-Chippendale NewSouthWales 5 4 5 5 Redhead NewSouthWales 4* 3* 3* 4* RedlandBay Queensland 3* 3* 5* 4* RedlandIslands Queensland 1 1 5 1 Redlynch Queensland 3 4 2 4 RedwoodPark SouthAustralia 3 3 3 3 ReedyCreek-Andrews Queensland 3 4 5 5 RegentsPark-HeritagePark Queensland 2* 3* 1* 2* Renmark SouthAustralia 2 3 3 3 RenmarkRegion SouthAustralia 2* 1* 3* 2* Research-NorthWarrandyte Victoria 5 5 5 5 Reservoir-East Victoria 4 3 1 2 Reservoir-West Victoria 4 3 1 2 Revesby NewSouthWales 4 5 2 4

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 96  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Reynella SouthAustralia 2 4 2 3 Richardson AustralianCapitalTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* Richmond-Clarendon NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 Richmond(SA) SouthAustralia 4 4 1 4 Richmond(Vic.) Victoria 5 4 3 5 RiddellsCreek Victoria 4* 2* 5* 4* Ringwood Victoria 4 5 3 5 RingwoodEast Victoria 4 4 3 4 RingwoodNorth Victoria 4 5 3 5 RisdonVale Tasmania 1* 1* 2* 1* Riverhills Queensland 4*  Riverside Tasmania 4 4 4 4 Riverstone-MarsdenPark NewSouthWales 2 4 1 2 Riverton-Shelley-Rossmoyne WesternAustralia 5* 4* 1* 4* Rivervale-Kewdale-Cloverdale WesternAustralia 4 3 1 3 Riverview Queensland 1 2 5 1 Riverwood NewSouthWales 4* 3* 2* 4* Robertson Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* Robertson-FitzroyFalls NewSouthWales 4* 1* 3* 3* Robina Queensland 4 4 3 4 Robinvale Victoria 2 2 5 3 Rochedale-Burbank Queensland 5 5 2 5 RochedaleSouth-Priestdale Queensland 3* 2* 2* 3* Rochester Victoria 2 2 5 2 Rockbank-MountCo‚rell Victoria 1* 1* 3* 1* Rockdale-Banksia NewSouthWales 5* 4* 5* 5* Rockhampton-West Queensland 1* 2* 4* 2* RockhamptonCity Queensland 1 1 4 1 RockhamptonRegion-East Queensland 1* 1* 4* 1* RockhamptonRegion-North Queensland 2* 1* 4* 2* RockhamptonRegion-West Queensland 1* 1* 4* 1* Rockingham WesternAustralia 3 2 3 3 Rocklea-AcaciaRidge Queensland 2 1 1 1 Roebourne WesternAustralia 1 1 1 1 Roebuck WesternAustralia 1 1 1 1 Rokeby Tasmania 1 2 2 1 Roma Queensland 2 2 5 2 RomaRegion Queensland 2 1 5 1 Romaine-Havenview Tasmania 1 2 5 2 Romsey Victoria 3 2 5 4 RootyHill-Minchinbury NewSouthWales 4 5 1 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 97  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO RoseBay-Vaucluse-Watsons NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Bay Rosebery-Bellamack NorthernTerritory 2* 4* 2* 3* Rosebud-McCrae Victoria 2 3 3 2 Rosedale Victoria 1* 1* 5* 1* Roselands NewSouthWales 4* 4* 1* 2* Rosemeadow-GlenAlpine NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 Rosewood Queensland 1 1 4 1 Ross NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Rostrevor-Magill SouthAustralia 4 4 4 5 Rothwell-Kippa-Ring Queensland 2 4 3 3 RouseHill-BeaumontHills NewSouthWales 5 5 1 4 Rowville-Central Victoria 4 5 3 4 Rowville-North Victoria 4* 4* 3* 4* Rowville-South Victoria 4* 5* 3* 5* RoxburghPark-Somerton Victoria 4 4 1 4 RoxbyDowns SouthAustralia 2 2 1 1 RoyalPark-Hendon-Albert SouthAustralia 2* 3* 1* 1* Park RunawayBay Queensland 4* 5* 5* 5* Runcorn Queensland 5 4 1 4 Rushworth Victoria 2 1 5 2 Rutherglen Victoria 3 2 5 3 Ryde-Putney NewSouthWales 5 4 2 5 SafetyBay-Shoalwater WesternAustralia 3 2 3 3 Sale Victoria 2 3 5 3 Salisbury SouthAustralia 2 3 1 1 Salisbury-Nathan Queensland 4 2 2 3 SalisburyEast SouthAustralia 1 3 1 1 SalisburyNorth SouthAustralia 1 2 1 1 SamfordValley Queensland 5 4 4 5 Sandgate-Shorncli@e Queensland 4 4 4 4 Sandover-Plenty NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Sandringham-BlackRock Victoria 5 5 2 5 SandyBay Tasmania 5 5 4 5 SansSouci-Ramsgate NewSouthWales 4* 4* 5* 5* Saratoga-Davistown NewSouthWales 3* 3* 4* 3* Sarina Queensland 1 1 5 1 Sawtell-Boambee NewSouthWales 1 3 3 2 Scarborough WesternAustralia 5* 2* 3* 4* Scarborough-Newport Queensland 3 5 3 4 Scone NewSouthWales 2 4 4 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 98  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO SconeRegion NewSouthWales 2 2 4 2 Sco‚sdale-Bridport Tasmania 1 1 2 1 Scullin AustralianCapitalTerritory 4* 1* 1* 2* Seabrook Victoria 4* 4* 2* 4* Seaford(SA) SouthAustralia 2 3 2 2 Seaford(Vic.) Victoria 2 2 4 3 Seaforth-Calen Queensland 1 1 5 1 Seaham-Woodville NewSouthWales 3* 1* 3* 2* Seaton-Grange SouthAustralia 3 3 1 2 Serpenঞne-Jarrahdale WesternAustralia 2* 1* 1* 1* SevenHills-Toongabbie NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 SevilleGrove WesternAustralia 2 2 4 2 Seymour Victoria 1 3 5 2 SeymourRegion Victoria 3* 1* 5* 2* ShailerPark Queensland 3 3 2 3 SheLeld-Railton Tasmania 2 1 4 2 SheidowPark-Tro‚Park SouthAustralia 3* 3* 2* 3* Sheldon-MountCo‚on Queensland 4 5 5 5 Shellharbour-Flinders NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4 Shellharbour-OakFlats NewSouthWales 2 4 3 3 Shepparton-North Victoria 3 4 2 3 Shepparton-South Victoria 2 2 2 1 SheppartonRegion-East Victoria 3* 1* 2* 1* SheppartonRegion-West Victoria 2* 1* 2* 1* Sherwood Queensland 5* 3* 2* 5* ShoalPoint-Bucasia Queensland 2* 2* 5* 2* Shortland-Jesmond NewSouthWales 3* 1* 5* 2* Singleton NewSouthWales 2 3 2 2 Singleton-GoldenBay-Secret WesternAustralia 3 3 3 4 Harbour SingletonRegion NewSouthWales 2* 1* 2* 1* SippyDowns Queensland 3 4 5 4 Skye-Sandhurst Victoria 3* 3* 4* 3* SlacksCreek Queensland 1 2 2 1 SladePoint Queensland 1* 1* 5* 1* SmithCeld-ElizabethNorth SouthAustralia 1* 1* 2* 1* SmithCeld-WetherillPark NewSouthWales 3 5 1 3 Smithton Tasmania 1 2 4 1 SmythesCreek Victoria 2* 2* 4* 2* Somerset Tasmania 1 1 5 1 Somerville Victoria 2 3 3 3 Sorell-Richmond Tasmania 2 2 1 1

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 99  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Sorrento-Marmion WesternAustralia 5 4 3 5 SouthArm Tasmania 3* 1* 2* 2* SouthBrisbane Queensland 5 5 4 5 SouthHedland WesternAustralia 1 2 1 1 SouthHobart-FernTree Tasmania 5* 4* 4* 5* SouthHurstville-Blakehurst NewSouthWales 5 4 2 5 SouthLake-CockburnCentral WesternAustralia 3 1 2 2 SouthLaunceston Tasmania 3* 1* 4* 2* SouthMackay Queensland 2 2 5 2 SouthMelbourne Victoria 5* 4* 5* 5* SouthMorang Victoria 4 4 1 3 SouthPerth-Kensington WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 SouthTownsville-Railway Queensland 3 1 2 1 Estate SouthWestRocks NewSouthWales 2* 2* 5* 3* SouthYarra-East Victoria 5 5 5 5 SouthYarra-West Victoria 5 5 2 5 Southbank Victoria 5 5 2 5 SouthernDowns-East Queensland 2 1 4 1 SouthernDowns-West Queensland 2 1 4 1 SouthernGrampians Victoria 3 1 5 3 SouthernHighlands NewSouthWales 4* 1* 3* 3* SouthernMidlands Tasmania 1 1 3 1 Southport Queensland 3 5 4 4 Spearwood WesternAustralia 3* 1* 2* 1* SpringHill Queensland 5 5 4 5 SpringCeld Queensland 2 5 2 3 SpringCeldLakes Queensland 4 4 2 4 Springvale Victoria 5 5 2 5 SpringvaleSouth Victoria 4 4 2 4 Springwood Queensland 4 3 2 3 Springwood-Winmalee NewSouthWales 4 5 3 4 StAgnes-Ridgehaven SouthAustralia 3* 2* 3* 3* StAlbans-North Victoria 4 3 1 3 StAlbans-South Victoria 4 4 1 4 StArnaud Victoria 2 2 5 3 StClair NewSouthWales 3 4 1 2 StGeorgesBasin-ErowalBay NewSouthWales 1* 3* 3* 1* StHelens-Scamander Tasmania 2 3 2 2 StIves NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 StJohnsPark-Wakeley NewSouthWales 4 5 1 4 StKilda Victoria 5 5 5 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 100  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO StKildaEast Victoria 5 4 5 5 StLeonards-Naremburn NewSouthWales 5 4 4 5 StLucia Queensland 5* 5* 2* 5* StMarys-Colyton NewSouthWales 1 3 1 1 StPeters-Marden SouthAustralia 5 5 5 5 Sta@ord Queensland 3* 3* 2* 2* Sta@ordHeights Queensland 4* 1* 2* 2* Stanthorpe Queensland 2 2 4 3 StanthorpeRegion Queensland 2* 1* 4* 1* Stawell Victoria 2 2 5 3 Sঞrling-OsbornePark WesternAustralia 5* 1* 3* 4* Stockton-FullertonCove NewSouthWales 2* 3* 5* 3* Strathalbyn SouthAustralia 2 4 3 3 StrathalbynRegion SouthAustralia 3 2 3 2 StrathCeld NewSouthWales 5 5 1 5 StrathCeldsaye Victoria 4* 4* 5* 4* Strathmore Victoria 4 5 5 5 Strathpine-Brendale Queensland 3 2 2 2 Stra‚on-JaneBrook WesternAustralia 2* 1* 2* 1* StuartPark NorthernTerritory 4* 2* 1* 2* Subiaco-ShentonPark WesternAustralia 5 4 4 5 Success-HammondPark WesternAustralia 4* 2* 2* 4* Summerhill-Prospect Tasmania 1 3 4 2 SummerlandPoint-Gwandalan NewSouthWales 2* 2* 1* 1* Sunbury Victoria 3 4 3 4 Sunbury-South Victoria 2 3 3 3 Sunnybank Queensland 5 4 1 4 SunnybankHills Queensland 5* 4* 1* 4* Sunshine Victoria 4 4 1 4 SunshineBeach Queensland 4 5 3 4 SunshineNorth Victoria 4* 3* 1* 3* SunshineWest Victoria 4 4 1 4 SurfersParadise Queensland 4* 4* 1* 4* SurreyHills(East)-MontAlbert Victoria 5* 4* 4* 5* SurreyHills(West)-Canterbury Victoria 5 5 4 5 SurryHills NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 SussexInlet-Berrara NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* Sutherland-Kirrawee NewSouthWales 4 5 5 4 SvenssonHeights-Norville Queensland 1 3 5 3 SwanHill Victoria 2 2 5 3 SwanHillRegion Victoria 2 1 5 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 101  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO SwanView-Greenmount- WesternAustralia 2 2 2 2 Midvale Swanbourne-MountClaremont WesternAustralia 5 5 4 5 Swansea-CavesBeach NewSouthWales 3 2 3 2 Sydenham Victoria 4* 5* 1* 4* Sydenham-Tempe-StPeters NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 Sydney-Haymarket-TheRocks NewSouthWales 5 5 5 5 Sylvania-TarenPoint NewSouthWales 4 4 5 5 Tablelands Queensland 1 1 1 1 Taigum-Fitzgibbon Queensland 4* 3* 4* 4* Tamborine-Canungra Queensland 3 2 5 4 Tamworth-East NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 Tamworth-North NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 Tamworth-West NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 TamworthRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 3 1 Tanami NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* Tanunda SouthAustralia 3 4 4 4 Tapping-Ashby-Sinagra WesternAustralia 4* 3* 1* 3* Tara Queensland 1 1 5 1 Taree NewSouthWales 1 3 5 2 TareeRegion NewSouthWales 1* 1* 5* 1* Tarneit Victoria 4 4 1 4 Taroona-BonnetHill Tasmania 5 4 4 5 Tarragindi Queensland 5* 4* 2* 5* Taঞara SouthAustralia 2 2 4 3 TaylorsHill Victoria 4 4 3 5 TaylorsLakes Victoria 4 5 1 4 TeaGardens-HawksNest NewSouthWales 3* 2* 3* 3* Telina-Toolooa Queensland 2 1 5 2 Temora NewSouthWales 2 2 5 2 Templestowe Victoria 5* 5* 2* 5* TemplestoweLower Victoria 5 3 2 4 TennantCreek NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 TenterCeld NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 TerreyHills-Du@ysForest NewSouthWales 4 5 5 5 Terrigal-NorthAvoca NewSouthWales 4 5 4 4 Tewanঞn Queensland 2* 2* 3* 2* Thamarrurr NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* TheCoorong SouthAustralia 1 1 3 1 TheEntrance NewSouthWales 1* 3* 1* 1* TheGap Queensland 5 4 3 5 TheOaks-Oakdale NewSouthWales 2* 3* 1* 1*

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 102  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO TheParks SouthAustralia 4* 3* 1* 2* TheRange-Allenstown Queensland 3 4 4 4 TheVines WesternAustralia 4* 2* 2* 3* Theodore AustralianCapitalTerritory 3* 2* 1* 2* Thirroul-Ausঞnmer-Coalcli@ NewSouthWales 5* 4* 4* 5* Thomastown Victoria 4 3 1 3 Thornbury Victoria 5 5 2 4 Thornlands Queensland 3 5 5 4 Thornlie WesternAustralia 4 3 1 3 Thornton-MillersForest NewSouthWales 2* 2* 3* 2* Tinana Queensland 2* 3* 5* 4* Tingalpa Queensland 3* 4* 4* 4* Tiwi NorthernTerritory 3 5 1 3 TiwiIslands NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Tocumwal-Finley-Jerilderie NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Tomerong-Wandandian- NewSouthWales 2* 1* 3* 1* Woollamia Toodyay WesternAustralia 3 3 4 3 Toongabbie-ConsঞtuঞonHill NewSouthWales 5 3 2 4 Toorak Victoria 5 5 5 5 ToorakGardens SouthAustralia 5 4 4 5 Toowong Queensland 5 5 4 5 Toowoomba-Central Queensland 3 3 4 3 Toowoomba-East Queensland 4 5 4 5 Toowoomba-West Queensland 3 2 4 3 Toronto-Awaba NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 Torquay Victoria 4 5 2 4 Torquay-Scarness-Kawungan Queensland 1* 3* 4* 2* Torrens AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 1* 4* Torres Queensland 1 3 1 1 Toukley-NorahHead NewSouthWales 1* 3* 1* 1* Townsville-South Queensland 2* 1* 2* 1* TownsvilleCity-NorthWard Queensland 4 5 2 5 Towong Victoria 3 2 3 2 Trafalgar(Vic.) Victoria 3 2 5 3 Traralgon Victoria 2 3 2 2 Trevallyn Tasmania 4* 2* 4* 4* Triabunna-Bicheno Tasmania 2 2 4 2 Trigg-NorthBeach- WesternAustralia 5* 3* 3* 4* WatermansBay TrinityBeach-SmithCeld Queensland 3 3 2 3 Truganina Victoria 5 5 1 5

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 103  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO TuartHill-Joondanna WesternAustralia 5 4 3 5 Tuggerah-KangyAngy NewSouthWales 3 4 1 3 Tullamarine Victoria 3* 2* 1* 2* Tully Queensland 1 1 5 2 Tumbarumba NewSouthWales 3 1 4 2 Tumut NewSouthWales 2 2 4 2 TumutRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 4 1 Tuncurry NewSouthWales 1 2 4 2 Turner AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 4* 2* 5* TurnersBeach-Forth Tasmania 3* 1* 4* 2* Turramurra NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 TweedHeads NewSouthWales 2* 2* 4* 2* TweedHeads-South NewSouthWales 2 3 4 3 Ulladulla NewSouthWales 2 3 3 3 Ulverstone Tasmania 2 2 5 2 Umina-BookerBay-Patonga NewSouthWales 2 4 4 3 Unanderra-MountKembla NewSouthWales 3 4 3 4 Unley-Parkside SouthAustralia 5 4 5 5 UpperCoomera-WillowVale Queensland 3 5 2 3 UpperKedron-FernyGrove Queensland 4 5 3 5 UpperMountGrava‚ Queensland 4 5 2 5 Upwey-Tecoma Victoria 4 3 4 4 Uraidla-Summertown SouthAustralia 5* 2* 2* 4* Urangan-Wondunna Queensland 1 3 4 2 Urunga NewSouthWales 3* 3* 3* 3* Valenঞne-Eleebana NewSouthWales 4* 3* 3* 4* VarsityLakes Queensland 3 5 3 4 Vermont Victoria 5 5 3 5 VermontSouth Victoria 5 5 3 5 VictorHarbor SouthAustralia 2 2 3 2 VictoriaPark-Lathlain- WesternAustralia 5 3 1 4 Burswood VictoriaPoint Queensland 3 4 5 4 VictoriaRiver NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* Viewbank-Yallambie Victoria 4 4 2 4 Virginia NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Virginia-WaterlooCorner SouthAustralia 3* 2* 2* 2* Wacol Queensland 1* 1* 1* 1* Wagaman NorthernTerritory 3* 2* 1* 2* WaggaWagga-East NewSouthWales 3 3 5 4 WaggaWagga-North NewSouthWales 3 4 5 4 WaggaWagga-South NewSouthWales 2 3 5 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 104  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO WaggaWagga-West NewSouthWales 2 2 5 2 WaggaWaggaRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 5 2 Wagin WesternAustralia 2 1 3 1 Wahroonga-Warrawee NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Waikerie SouthAustralia 2 1 3 1 Waikiki WesternAustralia 2 2 3 2 WakeCeld-BarungaWest SouthAustralia 1 2 3 1 Wakerley Queensland 4 3 4 4 Walcha NewSouthWales 3 1 3 2 Walge‚-LightningRidge NewSouthWales 1 1 1 1 Walkerston-Eton Queensland 2* 1* 5* 1* Walkervale-AvenellHeights Queensland 1 2 5 2 Walkerville SouthAustralia 5 5 3 5 Wallan Victoria 2 3 1 1 Wallaroo SouthAustralia 1* 1* 5* 1* Wallsend-ElermoreVale NewSouthWales 2 3 5 4 Wamberal-ForrestersBeach NewSouthWales 4 4 4 4 Wambo Queensland 1 2 5 2 Wamuran Queensland 3* 2* 3* 2* Wandin-Seville Victoria 3* 1* 4* 2* Wangara‚a Victoria 2 3 5 3 Wangara‚aRegion Victoria 3* 1* 5* 2* WangiWangi-Rathmines NewSouthWales 3* 1* 3* 2* Wanguri NorthernTerritory 4* 2* 1* 2* Wanneroo WesternAustralia 3 3 1 3 Wanniassa AustralianCapitalTerritory 4 5 1 4 Wanঞrna Victoria 4 4 3 4 WanঞrnaSouth Victoria 5 5 3 5 Waramanga AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 4 1 4 Waratah Tasmania 2 1 4 2 Waratah-NorthLambton NewSouthWales 2 3 5 4 Warilla NewSouthWales 1 2 3 1 Warnbro WesternAustralia 2 2 3 2 WarnersBay-Boolaroo NewSouthWales 3 3 3 3 Warnervale-Wadalba NewSouthWales 2 5 1 3 Waroona WesternAustralia 2 1 4 1 Warradale SouthAustralia 3* 2* 2* 3* Warragamba-Silverdale NewSouthWales 2* 2* 3* 2* Warragul Victoria 2 3 5 4 Warrandyte-WongaPark Victoria 4 4 3 4 Warriewood-MonaVale NewSouthWales 4 4 4 4 Warrnambool-North Victoria 2 4 5 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 105  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Warrnambool-South Victoria 3* 3* 5* 3* Warwick Queensland 1 2 4 2 WaterfordWest Queensland 1 3 2 1 Waterloo-BeaconsCeld NewSouthWales 5* 5* 5* 5* Watson AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 2* 5* Watsonia Victoria 4 5 2 4 Wa‚leGlen-DiamondCreek Victoria 3 3 5 4 Wa‚leRange SouthAustralia 2 1 4 1 Wauchope NewSouthWales 1 3 4 2 WavellHeights Queensland 4 4 2 4 Waverley-StLeonards Tasmania 1* 1* 4* 1* Weddell NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 Weetangera AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 1* 5* Weipa Queensland 1 2 1 1 Wellington NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 WellingtonPoint Queensland 4 5 2 4 Wembley-WestLeederville- WesternAustralia 5* 3* 4* 5* Glendalough WembleyDowns-Churchlands- WesternAustralia 5 5 3 5 Woodlands Wendouree-MinersRest Victoria 1 5 4 3 Wentworth-Buronga NewSouthWales 1 1 3 1 WentworthFalls NewSouthWales 4 5 3 5 Wentworth-BalranaldRegion NewSouthWales 2 1 3 1 Werribee Victoria 2 4 1 2 Werribee-South Victoria 3 4 1 2 WestArnhem NorthernTerritory 1 1 1 1 WestBeach SouthAustralia 4* 2* 1* 3* WestCoast(SA) SouthAustralia 1 1 4 1 WestCoast(Tas.) Tasmania 1 1 4 1 WestEnd Queensland 5* 3* 4* 5* WestFootscray-To‚enham Victoria 4* 4* 1* 4* WestGladstone Queensland 1 2 5 2 WestHobart Tasmania 5* 4* 4* 5* WestLakes SouthAustralia 4* 2* 1* 2* WestLaunceston Tasmania 3* 4* 4* 4* WestMackay Queensland 2* 2* 5* 3* WestMoonah Tasmania 1 1 3 1 WestRyde-Meadowbank NewSouthWales 5 5 2 5 WestUlverstone Tasmania 1* 1* 5* 1* WestWallsend-Barnsley- NewSouthWales 1 3 3 2 Killingworth

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 106  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO WestWimmera Victoria 3 1 5 3 WestWodonga Victoria 1 4 3 3 WestWyalong NewSouthWales 2 1 3 1 Westbury Tasmania 2* 1* 2* 1* Westcourt-Bungalow Queensland 1* 5* 2* 3* Weston AustralianCapitalTerritory 5 5 1 5 WheelersHill Victoria 5 5 3 5 WhiteHills-Ascot Victoria 2 3 5 3 WhiteRock Queensland 1 3 2 1 WhitCeld-EdgeHill Queensland 3* 4* 2* 3* Whi‚lesea Victoria 2 3 1 2 Whyalla SouthAustralia 1 2 4 2 Wickham-Carrington-Tighes NewSouthWales 3* 3* 5* 4* Hill Willagee WesternAustralia 3* 2* 3* 2* Wille‚on WesternAustralia 5 4 1 5 Williamstown Victoria 5 5 2 5 Williamtown-Medowie-Karuah NewSouthWales 1 2 3 2 Willoughby-CastleCove- NewSouthWales 5 5 4 5 Northbridge Willunga SouthAustralia 4 3 2 3 Wilsonton Queensland 1* 2* 4* 1* Wilston Queensland 5* 4* 2* 5* Winchelsea Victoria 3* 2*  Windsor Queensland 5* 2* 2* 4* Windsor-BlighPark NewSouthWales 1 3 3 2 WindsorGardens SouthAustralia 4 3 1 3 Wingham NewSouthWales 1 2 5 2 WinstonHills NewSouthWales 4* 4* 2* 4* Winthrop WesternAustralia 5 4 3 5 Wishart Queensland 5 4 2 4 Wodonga Victoria 2 3 3 2 Wol@dene-BahrsScrub Queensland 3 2 2 2 Wollongong NewSouthWales 4 5 4 5 Wonthaggi-Inverloch Victoria 2 3 4 3 Woodcro[ SouthAustralia 3* 3* 2* 3* Woodend Victoria 4 4 4 4 Woodford-D'Aguilar Queensland 1 1 4 1 Woodridge Queensland 1* 2* 2* 1* Woodro@e NorthernTerritory 1* 2* 2* 1* Woodvale WesternAustralia 4 3 3 4 Woodville-Cheltenham SouthAustralia 3 3 1 3

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 107  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Woolgoolga-Arrawarra NewSouthWales 2 3 3 2 Woollahra NewSouthWales 5* 5* 4* 5* Woolloongabba Queensland 5* 4* 2* 4* Wooloowin-Lutwyche Queensland 5 4 2 5 Woonona-Bulli-RussellVale NewSouthWales 3 4 4 4 Woree Queensland 1 3 2 1 WoyWoy-Blackwall NewSouthWales 2* 3* 4* 2* Wulagi NorthernTerritory 3* 4* 1* 2* Wulguru-Roseneath Queensland 1* 1* 2* 1* WyndhamVale Victoria 3 4 1 2 Wynnum Queensland 3* 4* 4* 4* WynnumWest-Hemmant Queensland 3 5 4 4 Wynyard Tasmania 2 2 5 2 Wyoming NewSouthWales 2* 4* 4* 3* Wyong NewSouthWales 1 2 1 1 Yackandandah Victoria 3* 1* 3* 3* Yagoona-Birrong NewSouthWales 4 5 2 4 YallournNorth-Glengarry Victoria 2* 1* 2* 1* Yanchep WesternAustralia 2 3 1 2 Yangebup WesternAustralia 3 3 2 3 Yankalilla SouthAustralia 2 2 3 2 Yarra-North Victoria 5 5 3 5 YarraValley Victoria 2 2 4 1 Yarrabah Queensland 1 1 5 1 Yarralumla AustralianCapitalTerritory 5* 3* 2* 5* Yarram Victoria 2 1 5 1 Yarramundi-Londonderry NewSouthWales 1* 1* 3* 1* Yarraville Victoria 5* 4* 1* 4* Yarrawonga Victoria 2 3 4 3 Yarriambiack Victoria 2 1 5 2 Yass NewSouthWales 3 2 2 2 YassRegion NewSouthWales 4* 1* 2* 2* Yea Victoria 3 2 5 3 Yeppoon Queensland 3 3 4 3 Yeronga Queensland 5* 4* 2* 5* Yokine-Coolbinia-Menora WesternAustralia 5 4 3 5 York-Beverley WesternAustralia 2 1 4 2 YorkePeninsula-North SouthAustralia 2 1 5 2 YorkePeninsula-South SouthAustralia 2 1 5 2 YorkeysKnob-MachansBeach Queensland 2* 1* 2* 1* Young NewSouthWales 2 3 2 2 YoungRegion NewSouthWales 2 2 2 2

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 108  APPENDIXA:IDEAINDEXLISTING 

SuburbName State IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEAŊ IdEA IESE IER IEO Youngtown-Relbia Tasmania 2* 1* 4* 2* Yuendumu-Anmatjere NorthernTerritory 1* 1* 1* 1* Zillmere Queensland 3* 2* 4* 3* 

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 109  AppendixB:OnlineMap 

APPENDIXB:ONLINEMAP An online interacঞve map has been developed to visualise the Index of Educaঞonal Advantage (IdEA)andtohelpuserstoquicklylocatetheindexvalueforbothIdEAandSEIFAofanarea.The interacঞvemapcanbeaccessedfromh‚p://www.governanceinsঞtute.edu.au/research/idea-map/. Onceloaded,theiniঞalscreenofthemapmayresemblethescreenshotbelow.Bydefault,the overallIndexofEducaঞonalAdvantageisloadedtogetherwiththemap.Regardlessoftheindex selecঞon,darkercoloursindicatebe‚erperformanceandlightercoloursindicatepoorer performance.Userscanzoominorzoomoutofthemaptohaveacustomisedviewofthe selectedindex.

 The online interacঞve map currently contains the data from four IdEA indexes and four SEIFA indexesfromtheABS,including: x IndexofEducaঞonalSocio-EconomicFactors(IdEA-ESE) x IndexofEducaঞonalResources(IdEA-ER) x IndexofEducaঞonalELciencyandOtherFactors(IdEA-EEO) x (Overall)IndexofEducaঞonalAdvantage(IdEA) x IndexofRelaঞveSocio-economicDisadvantage(IRSD) x IndexofRelaঞveSocio-economicAdvantageandDisadvantage(IRSAD) x IndexofEconomicResources(IER)

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 110  APPENDIXB:ONLINEMAP 

x IndexofEducaঞonandOccupaঞon(IEO).

When a user clicks on an area, the informaঞon panel on the right will be Clled with the index informaঞon.Theindexthatisacঞveonthemapishighlightedwiththecolourcorrespondingtoits valueinthearea.

  Ausermaychangetheindexoverlay onthemapbyclickingontheindex menu. This o@ers the possibility of visualising any of the eight indexes provided.Thelegendatthebo‚om le[ of the screen will automaঞcally updatetoreYecttheselectedindex. ItisalsopossibletosearchforanSA2 usingitssuburbnameoritspostcode by clicking the magniCer icon. The interacঞve map o@ers a list of possible candidates as you type. Clicking on the search bu‚on again

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 111  APPENDIXB:ONLINEMAP 

willzoomthemapintotheselectedarea. The download menu contains the opঞons to download the report as a PDFCle,anddownloadtheIdEAindex dataasanExcelCle.TheAboutmenu givesabriefdescripঞonoftheindexes andcontactinformaঞon. Theinteracঞvemapcanbedisplayed in the latest versions of major browsers including Internet Explorer, Firefox,SafariandChrome.   

Index of Educaࢼonal Advantage (IdEA) 112