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James Tait, the Shuswap

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.....,."",.,....,,,,,,,,,,.,..,,,,,.,.,,,...,.,I ,.,.,,, , ,., ............IIIND 111111 III uiiililiili IIIIIIIIIII.... , ~~~~................ tA, -. I I I e;l I - II I PUBLICATIONS (I I OF I I ) ~~~~EDITED BY FRANZ BOAS PLAN OF PUBLICATION *I. Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern |British Columbia. FRANZ BOAS. | II. The Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians. |FRANZ BOAS. MEMOIR OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM | *III. The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. g ~~HARLAN I. SMITH. OF | *IV. The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. \ ~~JAMES Tv-IT. *V. Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians. LIVINGSTON FARRAND. NATURAL HISTORY / *VI. Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. sCxJ ~~HARLAN I. SMITH. Vol. II. *1. Traditions of the Chilcotin Indians. NEW YORK LIVINGSTON FARRAND. - *II. Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. l , ~~~HARLAN 1. SMITiH and GERARD FOWKE. *1II. Traditions of the Quinault Indians. LIVINGSTON FARRAND. *IV. Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River. HARLAN I. SMITH. *V. The Lillooet Indians. JAMES TEIT. * VI. Archaeology of Puget Sound. HARLAN I. SMITH. VOLUME II XVII. The Shuswap. JAMES TEIT. Vol. IIt. *Kwakiutl Texts. FRANZ BOAS and GIEORGE HUNT. Vol. IV. *I. The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes. PART VII BERTHOLD LAUFER. II. The Tribes of the Amur River.. LEO STERNBERG. , I ;4i-.-n. *I. The Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands. JOHN R. SWANTON. S1 1 Ud V A II. The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island. ' FRANZ BOAS. Vol. VI. *I. Religion and :\Myths of the Koryak, W5. JOCHELSON. BY *II. Material Culture and Social Organization of the KO1rYak. W . JOCHELSC)N. Vol. VII. *I. The Chukchee. -Material Culture. W. BOGORAS. TEIT XII.X g - Religion.u u JAMES III.a U _ ~Social Organization. u' u Vol. VIII. I. Chukchee Texts. W. BO0GORAS. 11I. Chukchee Tales. a u III. The E:skimo of Siberia. W. BOGORAS. Vol. IX. The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus. tj- ~~W. JOC11ELSON. r v{4. X. *I. Kwakiutl Texts. - Second Series. FRANZ BOAS and GEORGE HUNT. 0 I- *II. Haida Texts. JOHN R. SWANTON. Vol. XI. Physical Anthropology. Vrol. XII. Summary ancl Final Results. d I * The numbers marked with an asterisk have been published. i I_ LEIDEN NEW YORK , I IE. J. -BRIEE1 LTD G. -E. ST-ECHE-RT & Co° Printers and Publishers I 29-I133 W- 20th St. I i= I I 9 0 9 9 09 .S' I Wil =$§§§§W/4§§§§$§4^S% 1,1. ,118ZI9IIIIIlllli1111SIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllll.llllillllllllllllll'~~~ 91ill 11111111111111141_1111111 VII. - THE SHUSWAP. By JAMES TEIT. Edited by FRANZ BOAS. PLATES XIII, XIV. CONTENTS. PAGE. PREFACE 447.................... .. @ I. Introduction, Historical and Geographiical .449 Name of the Tribe . 449 Habitat. 45' Neighbors . .*. *451 Divisions of the Tribe 452 Dialects 456 Characteristics of the Country .................456.......... Bands and Villages 457 Tribal Boundaries . 462 Population 463................... * e e Z Migrations and Intercourse . .. 466 Mental Traits Z * @ @ 469 . II. Manufacturesa..... -473...................... Implements. 473...................... ^ Painting 475 Preparation of Skins . ..; ^ ^ 476 Basketry. 477......................... s Weaving. .. 490 III. House and Household 492 Habitations 492 House-Furnishings ...........496 IV. Clothing and. Ornaments. 502 Clothing. 502 Decoration of Clothing 508 Personal Adornment . .. .. .. ... 509 V. Subsistence. 513 Varieties and Preparation of Food 513 Seasons . 5 17 Hunting Fishing.. 524 VI. Travel and Transportation; Trade 531 VII. Warfare. ...........j538 III.WeaponsHouseandof Offence.HousandlDefence . .538 Accounts of War-Expeditions . 540 [443] 444 CONTENTS. PAGE. VIII. Games and Pastimes ....... .. 564 IX. Sign Language ........... * 567 X. Social Organization and Festivals. * 569 Organization of the Southern Bands. * 569 Organization of the Western Part of the Tribe. * * * 575 XI. Birth, Childhood, Puberty, Marriage, Death . 584 Pregnancy. 584 Birth . 584 Childhood . 584 Twins. 586 Puberty . 587 Marriage-Customs. 590 Customs relating to Women . 592 Burial-Customs . 592 XII. Religion * * . 595 Conception of the World * * * 595 Prayers and Observances . 6oi Festivals . 603 Guardian Spirits . 605 The Soul. 6iI Shamanism *. 6I2 Prophets. 6I7 Ethical Concepts and Teaching. 6I7 XIII. Medicine, Charms, Current Beliefs. ..6I8 XIV. Myths. 621 Introductory 621 i. Coyote Tales .......... ..... 622 Coyote and his Son; or, The Story of Kalla'llst. 622 Fox and Hare; or, The Liberation of the Chiniook Wind 624 Coyote and Grisly Bear make the Seasons, anid Night and Day 625 Coyote makes Women menstruate. 626 Coyote and his Hosts. 627 Coyote and Grisly Bear. 630 Coyote and the Hunting-Cannibal. 632 Coyote and Holxolh'p . .. .. 632 Coyote and Fox. 633 Story of Coyote and Fox quarrelling. 634 Story of Coyote's Daughter; or, Coyote's Daughter and her Dogs 635 Coyote and Salmonl... 637 Coyote and Wolf... 637 Story of Coyote and the Swans.. 638 Coyote and the Black Bears. 638 Coyote and his Niece. 639 Coyote and the Cannibal Boy .. ... .... 640 The War of the Four Tribes or of the Four Quarters . 641 Origin of the Chilcotin Cafion . 642 The Ball 642 CONTENTS. 445 PAGE. 2. Old-One. 642 Old-One and the Sweat-House 642 Old-One and the Brothers 643 3. TlIE'sa and his Brothers .. 644 4. Story of Ca'wa . 65I 5. Brief Stories of Transformations 653 Story of the Moon . 653 Story of the Deer 653 Story of Owl and Chipmunk. 654 The Little Chief Hare ... 654 Beaver and Porcupine . 654 Story of Grasshopper 655 Story of the One Bound and Grasshopper . 655 Story of Tsowa'una . 656 Story of Bighorn-Sheep and bis Wives 656 The Woman and the Pelicans ... 657 Story of the Women and Muskrat. 657 Story of Porcupine . 658 6. Story of Red-Nose and the Woodpeckers, including the Tale of Bluejay and Tela'na 659 7. Story of Bluejay; or, War between the Birds and Mammals 662 8. Story of Woodpecker's Marriage; or, Bluejay's Revenge . 663 9. Story of Talxa'na . .. 665 io. Story of the Loon . 667 ii. The Mammals steal Fire from the Fishes ...669 12. Storv of the Tsolenn'et's Son . .669 I3. The Fishes and the Cannibal ... ...... 670 14. Wolf and Wolverene.. 67I 15. Wolverene and Fisher .. ..... 673 i6. Story of Axa'na; or, Marten and Fisher . 673 17. Story of Skunk and Beaver . .677 i8. The Hare and the Grisly Bears .... ... .. 678 I9. Story of Kutlixwa'taxen or the Wren . .678 20. Story of Muskrat ..679 21. Story of Grisly Bear's and Beaver's Children, including that of Coyote and the Eggs .............. 68i 22. Story of the Lynx. 684 23. Story of Bald-Headed Eagle 684 24. The Brothers who married the Grisly-Bear Girl .. 685 25. The Women who sought for a Husband; or, The Women who married the Cannibal (Star) and Wolverene . 687 26. Spider and Otter 689 27. Story of the Salmon-Boy . 690 28. Grisly Bear's Grandchildren. 69I 29. Story of Elkwa'. 696 30. Story of Owl . .. 698 31. Story of Famine or Hunger. 700 32. Story of the Moon and his WVives. 701 33. Story of Sna'naz 702 34. Story of Xoniss6'sest . .. 707 35. Mosquito and Thunder . .. .. 709 446 CONTENTS. PAGE. 36. Story of Kuxka'in . 709 37. Story of Hu'pken . 710 38. Dirty-Lad and his Wives . 711 39. Story of Ntce'mka and the Giant. 7I3 40. The Man and the Four Cannibals; or, The Magic Arrows 7I47 I 3 41. The Woman who became a Grisly Bear. 42. Story of Tcotcu'1cl; or, The Hunter who became a Wolf 718 43. Story of the Man who married the Grisly Bear. 720 44. The Man who married the Sa'tuen. 722 45. The Man and the Dwarfs 724 46. The Woman and her Paramour. 724 47. The Woman and the Water-Mystervy 725 48. The Gambler's Son and the Star-Man. 726 49. The Gambler's Son and Red-Cap. 727 50. Story- of Alame'r. 729 5'. Story of Butcetsa' and White-Chief. 733 52. The Lad and the Cannibal. 735 XV. Myths of the Nortn Thompson Shuswap. 737 53. Coyote Tales. 737 Coyote and his Nephew. 737 Coyote and Grisly Bear make the Seasons, and Night and D,yay 738 Coyote as the Sun. * * * * e 738 Coyote and his Hosts. * * ** * 739 Coyote and Grouse ... .... * * * ** 740 Coyote and the Girls. * ** .* 741 Coyote, the Yellow-Bellied Marmots, anld Fox . 741 Story of Coyote and Fox quarrelling . * * * ** 742 Coyote and Salmon 743 Coyote and the Cannibal. * *. * 743 Coyote snowed in * . * * 744 Covote and his Wives. * . 745 54. Old-Oned.-......... * . * - 746 55. The Goat Woman. * . * . * 748 56. Skunk and Porcupine. * . * . * 748 57. The War wvith the Sky Peoplele. * . * * * 749 58. Skunk and Badger. * * **@ 749 59. Water-Ouzel and the Grisly Bears. 750 1 6o. Wren * . * *@ 75 6 i. Skunk and Fisher *.. * X 752 62. Red-Headed Woodpecker and his Wives * * * *X 753 63. Sna'naz and Seven-Heads * * . 753 64. Lhepasken and Lexhekste..... ** * * X 755 65. The Lads and the Cannibals ... * * * * * 757 APPENDIX. - Notes on the Chilcotin Indians. .. ****** ** ** **** @ 759 PREFACE. THE following description of the Shuswap is the result of studies made by myself among the tribe, for the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. At the request of Dr. Franz Boas, I made a journey with pack-train in i900, and visited the western and northern bands of Fraser River, spending almost all the summer and fall among them. I was previously acquainted with this region, having made several hunting and exploring trips through it in i 887, I 888, and i 892, my journeyings extending far into the Carrier country. I also accompanied Dr. Boas on his visits to all the western Shuswap bands, and across the Chilcotin country to Bella Coola in I897. During the season of 1900 I collected the bulk of my information from several old men in the vicinity of Canoe Creek and Dog Creek, and especially from a very intelligent old man called Sixwi'lexken, who was born near Big Bar, and in early days had travelled all over the country inhabited by the tribe.
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  • Chapter 13 Chipped Stone Bifaces As Cultural, Behavioural, And

    Chapter 13 Chipped Stone Bifaces As Cultural, Behavioural, And

    Chapter 13 Chipped Stone Bifaces as Cultural, Behavioural, and Temporal Indices on the Central Canadian Plateau Mike K. Rousseau Antiquus Archaeological Consultants Ltd., Maple Ridge B.C. V4R 0A8 • Email: [email protected] Over the last three and a half decades, archaeo- to successfully extract and utilize resources within logical investigations on the Canadian Plateau have a wide range of local environmental niches, and to resulted in definition of several ubiquitous and cope with significant environmental and climatic distinctive chipped stone formed bifacial projectile changes spanning many millennia. Chipped stone point and knife types. Many have been successfully bifaces were an important and integral aspect of employed as temporal horizon markers for relative these cultural and technological systems, and with dating, others for interpreting and reconstructing the proper reconstruction and understanding of past human behaviour, and a few have been used for their role(s) and significance, a great deal of behav- developing models of cultural/ethnic group origins, ioral and ethnic information can be inferred from identity, and inter-regional group interaction. This them. chapter provides general and detailed descriptions The Early Prehistoric (pre-contact) Period from of recognized “diagnostic” biface types found on the ca. 11,000 to 7000 BP is still very poorly understood, central aspect of Canadian Plateau (Figure 1) over nevertheless, both solid and tenuous data have been the last 11,000 years. It also summarizes what is gathered. Rousseau (1993) and Stryd and Rousseau currently known about initial appearance and ter- (1996:179−185) have summarized what is currently mination dates for various bifacial implement forms known, and additional information is presented and their persistence through time; suspected and/or herein.