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The History of Resource Exploitation in Aruba

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The History of Resource Exploitation in Aruba Landscape series: 2 The history of resource exploitation in Aruba Fragments from an early maritime map from 1684 with reference of ‘Isla Oruba’ by J. van Keulen (Publisher/Cartographer) and C. J. Vooght (Cartographer) Source: Dutch Maritime Museum Amsterdam In: www.geheugenvannederland.nl The Aruban landscape has undergone many changes in time. This paper reviews aspects of its resource history and is part of the series: “Spatial Developments in the Aruban Landscape: A multidisciplinary GIS-based approach derived from geologic, historic, economic and housing information” 2016 Contents The history of resource exploitation 3 Preceramic Period 3 2500 BC – ca.1000 AD 3 Ceramic Period 3 ca 1000-1515 3 Spanish period 3 1515–1636 3 Early salt, wood, cattle and other resources .................................................................................................................. 4 West-Indian period 4 1636–1792 4 Colonial period 4 1792–19th century 4 Lime ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Gold................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Aloe ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Phosphate ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Agriculture ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Fuel oil ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Tourism .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Works Cited 8 We like to thank our colleagues Marlon Faarup, Yasmara Pourrier, Desiree Helder, and Marjolein Marquez at the Central Bureau of Statistics Aruba for their comments on the manuscript. A word of thanks in particular goes to Cultural Anthropologist Luc Alofs, PhD – president ‘Fundacion Herencia Cultural Inmaterial Aruba’ and ‘Commission Nacional UNESCO Aruba’ for his constructive remarks. Author: Ruud R. W. M. Derix, PhD Head department Spatial and Environmental Statistics Central Bureau of Statistics Aruba 2016 II This paper is part of a series on the Aruban landscape. To found as well in these layers. The occurrence of charcoal bring perspective to current environmental threats and deposits and ferns and tree pollen within the otherwise developments we review, in this paper, the history of Mangrove dominated peat layers, points towards resource utilization in Aruba. Good knowledge of present but disturbance and probably a more open landscape with also of past processes is vital to understanding the effects of deforestation near the lagoon during pre-Columbian times, urbanization and economic progress on land- and marine- thus long before the arrival of the Spanish colonialists ecosystems. (Nooren, 2008). The findings confirm the descriptions of slash/burn human activities in the preceramic period. New palynological studies may reveal interesting new facts about The history of resource exploitation the vegetation and climatological circumstances in pre- The architectural, cultural and political history of Aruba is Columbian time. Interesting to note is that at the Boca Prins quite well documented. In the context of this paper we like lagoon in the northwest littoral zone, the occurrence of to recall some of the historic events that strongly relate to pollen from typical littoral Mangrove forests from up to the the utilization of local resources in the region and that end of precolonial times switches completely towards pollen indirectly had a lasting effect on the face of the landscape in from more inland species. This suggests a large-scale erosion Aruba. We review information from, amongst others, Hartog of soils in early colonial times, suggestive for a deforestation (1953), Versteeg and Ruiz (1995), Alofs and Dalhuisen of woods (Nooren, 2008). A large-scale harvest of woods (1997), Ridderstaat (2007) and Bakker and Klooster (2007) during Spanish and Dutch colonization follows from the and follow a division into periods as used by the National details of early WIC journals (Müller, 1637) and is described Archaeological Museum Aruba (NAM, 1999). in Teenstra (1936 and 1937) and in Hartog (1953). Over time, the landscape and vegetation in Aruba changed Quite a number of archeological sites Ceramic Period due to fluctuations in geological and climatic conditions as have been characterized by the absence ca 1000-1515 well as due to the impact of human action. In Figure 1 (pp. 7) of the large heaps of shell-remains and we present a schematic overview of the events in the instead are surrounded with an abundance of pottery Caribbean that help to understand the influences that Aruba artifacts (Versteeg & Ruiz, 1995). Accordingly, these sites faced during the colonial period and thereafter. document the Ceramic period in which already a considerable population of Amerindians inhabited Aruba. Preceramic Period Over the years, the Archaeological Three larger and two medium-sized villages have been discovered with permanent settlement. The majority of sites 2500 BC – ca.1000 Museum of Aruba has done extensive research on (pre) historic living in Aruba. are located on the higher grounds that are more suited to ADBased on stone tool findings, mainland inhabitants are the needs of agricultural activities at the time. According to thought to have made occasional visits to the island as far the authors, there must have already been some influence back as 4500 BP1 (2500 BC). Two cave burial sites and a on the landscape in terms of subsistence agriculture and number of remains of small Amerindian settlements have deforestation by the Amerindians. This happened long been discovered in the coastal areas on the limestone before the Spanish arrived. terraces. A few stone extraction sites windward in the hilly northeast coastal area are thought to date back from During the Spanish colonization, after the Spanish period Preceramic Amerindians as well. The piles of shells and killing and deportation of the Caquetio 1515–1636 artifacts indicate that the Preceramic Amerindians had a Amerindians as slaves to Hispaniola in mainly marine orientation and lived predominantly from 1514 from Curacao (Deive, 1995) and later in 1514 from fishery. The location of these settlements along the lower Aruba (Alofs, 2015), settlement in Aruba other than by coastal regions is associated with the near availability of Indian laborers, arrivers from the mainland, and a few freshwater and the location of mangrove forests (the typical Spanish settlers was not allowed by the Spanish Crown. In habitat for shellfish and other easy to catch marine life) fact, there was not so much interest in the island by Spain (Versteeg & Ruiz, 1995). Shell midden sites may provide other than for geostrategic reasons to secure the waters and further clues to the daily lives of the natives and the trades off the mainland near the capital Coro and present- biodiversity at the time but no related studies are known to day Venezuela (Alofs & Dalhuisen, Geschiedenis van de us. Today mangrove forest can only be found in some inlets Antillen : Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, 1997). and the islets along the southwest coast predominantly. th Since the arrival of Spanish colonization and into the 17 A palynological study suggests that the landscape and century, the landscape in Aruba underwent fundamental vegetation had changed millennia ago. In older sediment changes from the cutting of woods and the grazing by free layers proof is found that primordial Aruba likely was roaming herds that were introduced by the Spanish (NAM, covered with a dry tropical forest (Nooren, 2008). Pollen 1999). The introduction of animal husbandry brought a shift records of a sediment core from Frenchman’s Pass list fern in the ecology (and erosion) of the Aruban landscape. The spores and an abundance of pollen from the tree species exploitation of the landscape intensified after the Dutch Bursera simaruba that is recognized as an indicator species took control in Curacao in 1634, i.e. not too long after the 12 2 years’ Truce (1609-1621) and the recommencement of the for disturbance . What is more, charcoal deposits have been Dutch resistance against the Spanish Crown (Teenstra, 1 1837). BP indicates Before Present in 1950. 2 Reference cited in Nooren, 2008. 3 Early salt, wood, cattle and other resources to Europe. Van Walbeeck destined Curacao as the In 80 years of war, the Dutch had a lasting resistance against administration and military outpost, while its land was the occupation by the Spanish Crown (1568-1648). Despite developed for agriculture. Bonaire was particularly suited for this ongoing conflict with Spain, the economy of the Dutch salt exploit and, like Curacao, had forests that could be Provinces grew. When the 12 years’ Truce ended in 1621, harvested for wood.
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