DOCSLIB.ORG

Native Plants in Wetland Restoration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Native Plants in Wetland Restoration Weedy Grasses Why and how we need to deal with them Sarah Spear Cooke Seattle, Washington www.Cookescientific.com Why do we care? Weedy grasses reduce crop yields because they invade pastures and rangeland at the detriment of crops. Some are “bad” for livestock. They can be hosts for diseases- fungiii and viruses They take over natural areas and habitat restorations and stop natural succession The worst In Wetlands: Reed canarygrass- Phalaris arundinaceae Common reed- Phragmites australis, Class B Spartina- Spartina alterniflora, S.densiflora, S. anglica- covered another time In uplands: Ravenna grass- Saccharum ravennae, Class Pampas grass- Cortaderia selloana, Class C Jubata grass- Cortaderia jubata, Class C Giant reed- Arundo donax (none found in Wa yet) A bit about ID’s Vegetative- can be very helpful for the 5 big species that all look VERY similar. I will go through a few characteristics that may help you figure out what you have Flowering- Don’t always have the flowers and 5 of the problem species have “plume-like” inflorescences But here goes………. Grass Sedge Rush Stem (culm) cross section (but be careful that you don’t squash stem when checking!) Annual Perennial, rhizomatous Perennial, stoloniferous Perennial, caespitose Perennial, bulbous or tuberous Parts of a Grass Leaf Leaf blade tips Leaf blade width Sheath opening Open sheath Open sheath Closed sheath Be careful not to rip while checking! Closed sheath Hairy sheath Hairy blade Hairy node Hairy collar Hairy throat Let’s talk ligules No ligule at all Ligule: fringe of hairs Ligule: acute, membranous Ligule: ciliate, membranous Ligule: erose (chewed up) Ligule: lacerate (shredded) Ligule: obtuse Ligule: truncate Auricles present Auricles absent The suspects- uplands Jubata grass Pampas grass Ravenna grass Giant reed Ravenna grass, Saccharum ravennae As a Class A noxious weed Native to Asia, Europe and North Africa Tall, perennial, ornamental grass; forms clumps, mound of leaves up to 4 ft high, flower stems up to 14 ft Hairs on leaf blades and sheaths Leaf < 12mm wide w/ a single white stripe down the middle. Plumes 10-24" long appear in late summer to early autumn, on upright, leafy stalks Stalks often red tinted in late summer Plumes bloom purplish-bronze turning to silver-gray in fall and persist well into winter. Spreads by seed Ligule is a fringe of hairs< 1 mm long. Pampas grass, Cortaderia selloana and Jubata grass, Cortaderia jubata Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org Conservancy, Nature Class C noxious weeds The Archive, Conservancy Nature The Native to parts of S. America Monitor list 2008 Large, densely tufted perennials, to 15-20 yrs old Long basal leaves (3 ft)- dropping lvs in jubata, erect in selloana Tall, showy, plume-like inflorescence above leaves in jubata C. selloana: Plants female are hermaphroditic (acting primarily as males) C. jubata: all female, apomitic Spread by seed Leave margins of selloana are serrated Ligule is a fringe of hairs Cortaderia selloana & C. jubata Cortaderia selloana: not listed • Crowds out native species along coast Cortaderia jubata: listed as a noxious weed in California, • Reduces growth in forests Oregon (B), and Hawaii • Access to fires and present a fire hazard themselves • Saw-toothed leaves can cause injury • Historically just females were introduced (more attractive); recent years, some nursery stock propagated by seed, and both sexes have been widely planted Disturbed areas, dunes, bluffs, roadsides, logged forests, coastal shrub and grassland and adjacent inland areas moderated by maritime influences, inland riparian areas, other interior sites where sufficient moisture (may tolerate standing water for prolonged periods) Tacoma In WA: C. selloana Olympia site: 484 plants in all states of growth, seedling, vegetative, vegetative with flower stalks, and mature. Bellingham: water front 1 escaped blooming plant Tacoma: Port property ~100 seedlings Grayland: few escaped plants Olympia Asotin: 2 roadside plants Grayland C. jubata C. selloana Control Methods 1. Deve) NOT boating, fishing, walking on the peat and Educate and encourage neighbors to stop using fertilizers, pesticides, and discharging point source pollution into the bog. Remove a section of the road to better connect the lobe with the rest of the wetland Arundo donax- giant reed Listed as monitor species, Wa quarantine list Native to Asia* Large, creeping (1 cm tick!) rhizomatous perennials 36” long, 7.5 cm wide cauline leaves on woody stems, 20-30feet tall! Leaf margins scabrous Stems commonly branch after first year/5 to 1.5 “ thick Tall, showy, plume-like inflorescence Auricles present and collar brown with hairs No reported escaped populations in WA Giant reed is taller with thicker stems, rhizomes than common reed and the leaves are 2-ranked. *seeds possibly sterile The suspects- uplands Pampas grass Ravenna grass Jubata grass Control Methods Arundo donax Hand pulling ok with just a few plants- when they are small and young. Mowing is difficult because of robustness of stems. Must remove rhizomes. Best method Heat girdle the stem with a burner device, allow plants to resprout and treat with herbicide. Chemicals suitable Most commonly used: Glyphosate (2-5% foliar spray), Imazapyr (.5-1 lb a.e.), and triclopyr (%?). Surfactant must be non-ionic and State approved. Spraying most effective in summer (beginning of July) after the seed head has formed. Estuary Imazapyr use in the fall Spray should be applied to wet the leaves and flower plumes- damp BUT NOT DRIPPING Chemical Cut stem can be used. Cut to 4” tall and wiper apply herbicide, or squirt solution down the stem. A mixture of glyphosate (.25 lba.e/aacre) and imazapyr (1 lb a.e/acre) worked well in some studies. Phragmites australis- common reed Listed as a Class B noxious weed* Wetland plant Native to parts of Europe, Asia, and Australia Large, creeping rhizomatous perennials; 12-16 feet tall! 20-40 cm long cauline leaves on woody stems Ligule hairy showy, plume-like inflorescence *Native genotypes are less dense, the stems are thin and shiny. The flowers are also less dense. Control Methods 1. Phragmites australis Particularly a problem in Eastern Washington in alkalai wetlands but also found along the coast. Mowing typically difficult because of “humocky” nature of growth, but best when done late summer. Burning alone NOT recommended. Thought to stimulate growth! Covering with a plastic shade cloth for 3 seasons somewhat effective. Cut to 4” height first. Re-introduce salty water (> 18 part/thousand) Best method Herbicide, wait 1 month, mow. Repeat each year for 3 years Reed canarygrass Listed as a Class B noxious weed* Wetland plant Native to parts of S. Europe Large, creeping rhizomatous perennials; 3-5 feet tall 20-40 cm long cauline leaves on somewhat woody stems- no hairs Reddish panicle but not plume-like Ligule large- 1 cm membranous No auricles Control Methods Phalaris arundinaceae What works: Burn, disk, mow, shade, flood, and herbicide- all work Best to use a few methods in tandeum. Mow (May) –herbicide July –disk repeat x 2 years Mow (May) –burn (July/August) – herbicide Disk – herbicide – disk – herbicide Flood/shade for 2 years –herbicide Dig pits for tree plantings Chemicals suitable Most commonly used: Glyphosate (1.2-2.5 lb ae/A) Surfactant must be non-ionic and State approved. Imazapyr (.5-1lb ae/A), Aquatic sites must use Habitat. Rangeland, non-crop land Arsenal Estuary Spraying most effective in summer (beginning of July) as early seed head has formed, through first frost Early spraying use imazapyr Chemical Spray should be applied to wet the leaves and flower plumes- damp BUT NOT DRIPPING Cut stem can be used. Cut to 4” tall and wiper apply herbicide, or squirt solution down the stem. Boom work great! Kills off RCG and lets other herbs grow up afterward. Species that compete with Reed canarygrass In Native Restoration Areas: Glyceria- both G. grandis and G. elata, especially in forested areas Carex comosa- in open flooded pastures. Any tree or shrub that grows quickly and can shade, especially if planted densely- e.g. willows! Replacement Species Calamagrostis acutiflora Stipa gigantea .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Salinity and Water Depth on Germination of Phragmites Australis in Coastal Wetland of the Yellow River Delta
    1154 Clean – Soil, Air, Water 2012, 40 (10), 1154–1158 Junbao Yu1 Research Article Xuehong Wang1,2 Kai Ning1,2 Yunzhao Li1,2 Effects of Salinity and Water Depth on Germination Huifeng Wu1 of Phragmites australis in Coastal Wetland of the Yuqin Fu1,2 Di Zhou1,2 Yellow River Delta Bo Guan1 3 Qianxin Lin Phragmites australis, a perennial herb and a widespread species, is widely distributed in coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Laboratory experiments were carried out to 1 Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone assess the effects of water and salinity on seed germination of P. australis and recovery Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research response after seed transferred to distilled water. The germination responses of seeds (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences were determined over a wide range of salinities of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, and 3% and water (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key depths of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 cm. Final percent germination and germination speed Laboratory of Coastal Zone except for at 0.5% salinity treatment were decreased with increasing salinities. Lower Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, P. R. China salinity (0.5%) could stimulate germination of P. australis, while seed germination was 2Graduate University of Chinese nearly inhibited completely at salinity 3%. P. australis percent germination was Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China decreased with water depth increasing except 2 cm water depth treatment. Percent 3Department of Oceanography and germination and speed were great and fast at lower water depth. After end of the Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State recovery period, the final percent germination of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveys for Desmoulin's Whorl Snail Vertigo Moulinsiana on Cors Geirch
    Surveys for Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail Vertigo moulinsiana on Cors Geirch NNR/SSSI and the Afon Penrhos floodplain & for Geyer’s Whorl Snail Vertigo geyeri on Cors Geirch NNR in 2017 Martin Willing NRW Evidence Report No. 258 D8 Figure1. Newly discovered Vertigo moulinsiana habitat at Afon Penrhos. NRW Evidence Report No. 258 About Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is the organisation responsible for the work carried out by the three former organisations, the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and Forestry Commission Wales. It is also responsible for some functions previously undertaken by Welsh Government. Our purpose is to ensure that the natural resources of Wales are sustainably maintained, used and enhanced, now and in the future. We work for the communities of Wales to protect people and their homes as much as possible from environmental incidents like flooding and pollution. We provide opportunities for people to learn, use and benefit from Wales' natural resources. We work to support Wales' economy by enabling the sustainable use of natural resources to support jobs and enterprise. We help businesses and developers to understand and consider environmental limits when they make important decisions. We work to maintain and improve the quality of the environment for everyone and we work towards making the environment and our natural resources more resilient to climate change and other pressures. Evidence at Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is an evidence based organisation. We seek to ensure that our strategy, decisions, operations and advice to Welsh Government and others are underpinned by sound and quality-assured evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Swamp Forest and Phragmites Australis
    COMPARISON OF SWAMP FOREST AND PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS COMMUNITIES AT MENTOR MARSH, MENTOR, OHIO A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Jenica Poznik, B. S. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Master's Examination Committee: Approved by Dr. Craig Davis, Advisor Dr. Peter Curtis Dr. Jeffery Reutter School of Natural Resources ABSTRACT Two intermixed plant communities within a single wetland were studied. The plant community of Mentor Marsh changed over a period of years beginning in the late 1950’s from an ash-elm-maple swamp forest to a wetland dominated by Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Causes cited for the dieback of the forest include salt intrusion from a salt fill near the marsh, influence of nutrient runoff from the upland community, and initially higher water levels in the marsh. The area studied contains a mixture of swamp forest and P. australis-dominated communities. Canopy cover was examined as a factor limiting the dominance of P. australis within the marsh. It was found that canopy openness below 7% posed a limitation to the dominance of P. australis where a continuous tree canopy was present. P. australis was also shown to reduce diversity at sites were it dominated, and canopy openness did not fully explain this reduction in diversity. Canopy cover, disturbance history, and other environmental factors play a role in the community composition and diversity. Possible factors to consider in restoring the marsh are discussed. KEYWORDS: Phragmites australis, invasive species, canopy cover, Mentor Marsh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A project like this is only possible in a community, and more people have contributed to me than I can remember.
    [Show full text]
  • Pampas Grass and Jubata Grass
    PAMPAS GRASS AND JUBATA GRASS Cortaderia selloana Grass Family (Poaceae) Cortaderia jubata DESCRIPTION Pampas grass is a common name used masses. New seedlings often grow for both Cortaderia species. For clarity on the dead mass of the parent in this discussion, Cortaderia jubata plant, so what appears to be one will be called jubata grass,while pam- plant is often several generations, pas grass will refer only to C. selloana. growing one on top of the other.In Both species are rapid-growing contrast to jubata grass, pampas perennials that form large clumps. grass produces seeds only sexu- Jubata grass is found only in coastal ally, not apomictically, so both areas, but pampas grass also infests sexes of plants are necessary for more inland locales. Both are found in pollination and seed pro- disturbed areas, slopes and cliffs, duction. Both grasses PERENNIAL GRASSES coastal scrub, and forest clearings. can spread vegeta- Jubata grass leaves reach a height of tively from tillers or 5–7 feet at maturity. The dark green fragments of a leaves have sharply serrated margins.The mature plant that flowering stalks can tower up to 20 feet root in moist soil. above the mass of spreading leaves at the base. The inflorescence—a showy plume IMPACT ranging from pink to violet, turning Pampas grass is the more widespread creamy white or golden in maturity— species statewide, but jubata grass is con- typically appears from July to September. sidered more invasive in coastal areas. In Pampas grass leaves are gray-green forest gaps, both species can prevent the and narrower than those of jubata grass.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Reed Phragmites Australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. Grass Family (Poaceae)
    FACT SHEET: GIANT REED Common Reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Grass family (Poaceae) NATIVE RANGE Eurasia DESCRIPTION Common reed, or Phragmites, is a tall, perennial grass that can grow to over 15 feet in height. In North America, both native phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson & Soreng) and introduced subspecies are found. Introduced Phragmites forms dense stands which include both live stems and standing dead stems from previous year’s growth. Leaves are elongate and typically 1-1.5 inches wide at their widest point. Flowers form bushy panicles in late July and August and are usually purple or golden in color. As seeds mature, the panicles begin to look “fluffy” due to the hairs on the seeds and they take on a grey sheen. Below ground, Phragmites forms a dense network of roots and rhizomes which can go down several feet in depth. The plant spreads horizontally by sending out rhizome runners which can grow 10 or more feet in a single growing season if conditions are optimal. Please see the table below for information on distinguishing betweeen native and introduced Phragmites. ECOLOGICAL THREAT Once introduced Phragmites invades a site it quickly can take over a marsh community, crowding out native plants, changing marsh hydrology, altering wildlife habitat, and increasing fire potential. Its high biomass blocks light to other plants and occupies all the growing space belowground so plant communities can turn into a Phragmites monoculture very quickly. Phragmites can spread both by seed dispersal and by vegetative spread via fragments of rhizomes that break off and are transported elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Decadal Changes in Phragmites Australis Performance in Lake Eyre Supergroup Spring Communities Following Stock Exclusion
    Decadal Changes in Phragmites australis Performance in Lake Eyre Supergroup Spring Communities Following Stock Exclusion Simon Lewis1 and Jasmin G. Packer2,3 Abstract Many ecosystems around the world are vulnerable to competitive expansion by cosmopolitan colonisers (e.g. Phragmites australis, common reed) where human-mediated disturbance increases nutrient levels. Yet our understanding of the long-term dynamics within vegetation communities once this disturbance has been excluded, and how best to reduce the residual negative effects, is limited. The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) springs in South Australia offer a useful case study of vegetation responses post-disturbance because they form a collection of semi-independent ecosystems with a rich management history, from burning by Aboriginal people to pastoralism and stock exclusion from some springs since the 1980s. This paper presents a case study based on 35 years of observational data on the response of P. australis and other wetland vegetation at protected GAB springs of the Lake Eyre supergroup. The case study aims to understand how naturally present P. australis per- forms within GAB spring communities following stock exclusion. Where P. australis was present at the time of stock exclusion, it became monodominant across the main pool of several springs within the first decade, and expanded throughout the spring tail during the second and third decades. The endangered salt pipewort (Eriocaulon carsonii) appears to have been reduced in distribution and abundance where P. australis became monodominant. However, in two promising cases, P. australis dominance waned after 30+ years of stock exclusion and, in another, has not colonised a spring free of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest
    Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest Introduction These guidelines provide background information to assist land managers and approval authorities to identify remnants of Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest, an Endangered Ecological Lucas McKinnon Community (EEC). For more detailed information refer to the Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest Profile and the NSW Scientific Committee Final Determination at: threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au Trail bike and 4WD tracks reduce species diversity and expose large areas of edge to weed invasion the level of salinity in the groundwater the Lucas McKinnon understorey will be composed of salt tolerant grasses and herbs and in more saline areas by sedges and reeds. See ‘Identifying Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest’ below for further assistance. The Scientific Committees final determination Many remnants of Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest are of the Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest does not restricted to small areas surrounded by parkland with delineate between higher and lower quality exotic grasses invading the understorey. remnants of this community. It specifically notes that partial clearing and disturbance, in some instances, may have reduced this community What is an Endangered to scattered trees and this disturbed type is Ecological Community? still considered part of the EEC. Relatively few An ecological community is an assemblage of examples of this community would be unaffected species which can include flora, fauna and other by weedy taxa, including noxious species, such living organisms that occur together in a particular as those listed in a variety of key threatening area. They are generally recognised by the trees, processes (e.g. Lantana, introduced perennial shrubs and groundcover plants that live there.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Management of Arundo Donax, and Approaches to Riparian Habitat Restoration in Southern California
    ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ARUNDO DONAX, AND APPROACHES TO RIPARIAN HABITAT RESTORATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Gary P. Bell The Nature Conservancy of New Mexico, 212 E. Marcy Street, Suite 200, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA Abstract By far the greatest threat to the dwindling riparian resources of coastal southern California is the alien grass species known as Arundo donax. Over the last 25 years the riparian forests of coastal southern California have become infested with A. donax which has spread by flood-fragmentation and dispersal of vegetative propagules. Arundo donax dramatically alters the ecological/successional processes in riparian systems and ultimately moves most riparian habitats towards pure stands of this alien grass. By current estimates there are tens of thousands of acres of A. donax along the major coastal drainage systems of southern California, including the Santa Ana, Santa Margarita, Ventura, Santa Clara, San Diego, and San Luis Rey rivers. The removal of A. donax from these systems provides numerous downstream benefits in terms of native species habitat, wildfire protection, water quantity and water quality. Introduction Arundo L. is a genus of tall perennial reed-like grasses (Poaceae) with six species native to warmer parts of the Old World. Arundo donax L. (giant reed, bamboo reed, giant reed grass, arundo grass, donax cane, giant cane, river cane, bamboo cane, canne de Provence), is the largest member of the genus and is among the largest of the grasses, growing to a height of 8 m (Fig. 1). This species is believed to be native to freshwaters of eastern Asia (Polunin and Huxley 1987), but has been cultivated throughout Asia, southern Europe, north Africa, and the Middle East for thousands of years and has been planted widely in North and South America and Australasia in the past century (Perdue 1958, Zohary 1962).
    [Show full text]
  • MANAGING the TOP FIVE INVASIVE PLANTS in CALVERT COUNTY 1. What Are the Top 5 Invasive Plants in Calvert County? Phragmites
    MANAGING THE TOP FIVE INVASIVE PLANTS IN CALVERT COUNTY 1. What are the top 5 invasive plants in Calvert County? Phragmites, English Ivy, Kudzu, Bamboo and Autumn Olive. Phragmites common reed (Phragmites australis) Accidentally imported in ship ballast, European phragmites has spread up and down the East Coast for centuries, displacing millions of acres of wetland plants, including native phragmites. The Maryland Eastern Shore may harbor our only remaining native phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. americanus.) Whereas native phragmites grows in sparse clumps and decomposes readily, European phragmites forms impenetrable monocultures more than 15-feet tall composed of both old and new canes. Subsequently, infested wetlands become dry land, wildlife habitat is destroyed, and a fire hazard created. Roots penetrate several feet deep and extend out 10 feet a season. Wind and water, carrying seed and rhizome/root fragments, have spread phragmites to tidal and nontidal wetland and dry lands, including ditches. It is extremely difficult to combat. English ivy (Hedera helix) Eurasian, not English, in origin, this evergreen vine threatens habitats at all heights. At ground level, its leaves shade out seedlings and herbs, forming acres of monoculture and attracting rodents. In trees, it engulfs branches, shading and slowly killing them. Its weight topples trees in wind, snow or icy conditions. It serves as a reservoir for bacterial leaf scorch, a serious disease of trees including maples, oaks and elms. Vines mature in trees, then flower and bear toxic berries which induce birds to vomit them out, ensuring spread. Any rooted piece can resprout. Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) “The vine that ate the South” was promoted as livestock forage, an ornamental, and for erosion control until the 1950s.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharum Ravennae (L.) L
    TAXON: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): Italian sugarcane Synonym(s): Erianthus elephantinus Hook. f. plume grass Erianthus purpurascens Andersson ravenna grass Erianthus ravennae (L.) P. Beauv. Ripidium ravennae (L.) Trin. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 8 Feb 2018 WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Ornamental Grass, Naturalized, Dense Stands, Wind-Dispersed, Riparian Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems Creation Date: 8 Feb 2018 (Saccharum ravennae (L.) Page 1 of 17 L.) TAXON: Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.
    [Show full text]
  • Phragmites Australis
    Journal of Ecology 2017, 105, 1123–1162 doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12797 BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLES* No. 283 List Vasc. PI. Br. Isles (1992) no. 153, 64,1 Biological Flora of the British Isles: Phragmites australis Jasmin G. Packer†,1,2,3, Laura A. Meyerson4, Hana Skalov a5, Petr Pysek 5,6,7 and Christoph Kueffer3,7 1Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; 3Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich,€ Switzerland; 4University of Rhode Island, Natural Resources Science, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; 5Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-25243, Pruhonice, Czech Republic; 6Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic; and 7Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa Summary 1. This account presents comprehensive information on the biology of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (P. communis Trin.; common reed) that is relevant to understanding its ecological char- acteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biologi- cal Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors and to the abiotic environment, plant structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and diseases, as well as history including invasive spread in other regions, and conservation. 2. Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan species native to the British flora and widespread in lowland habitats throughout, from the Shetland archipelago to southern England.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Salinas Headwaters Conservation Plan
    UPPER SALINAS HEADWATERS CONSERVATION PLAN A Professional Project Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of City and Regional Planning By Justin T. Saydell October 2011 © 2011 Justin T. Saydell ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Cover photo courtesy of B.K. Richard ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP Title: Upper Salinas Headwaters Conservation Plan Author: Justin T. Saydell Prepared for the Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County Date Submitted: September X, 2011 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Chris Clark, Lecturer, Cal Poly COMMITTEE MEMBER: Adrienne Greve, Associate Professor, Cal Poly COMMITTEE MEMBER: Robert Hill, Executive Director, Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County iii Upper Salinas Headwaters Conservation Plan Executive Summary By Justin T. Saydell The Upper Salinas Headwaters Conservation Plan is an effort to understand the cultural and ecosystem resources in the region, develop tools for conservation planning, and suggest a strategy and plan of action for implementation of those strategies. The plan covers a 218 square mile area between the Santa Lucia and the La Panza mountain ranges, south of Atascadero and east of the City of San Luis Obispo. The Conservation Area consists of rugged terrain made up of vast-relatively untouched open space. The area consists of several different vegetative communities including oak savannah grasslands, mixed hardwood and oak stands, shrubland, wetland and riparian corridors. The region is host to a number of land uses predominantly agriculture (mainly cattle ranching), some urban development, outdoor recreation, and a few mining operations. Approximately fifty-five percent of the acreage within the Conservation Area is designated public land (federal, state, and county), while the remaining acreages are dominantly private lands with Rural or Agriculture designations.
    [Show full text]