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Seminar Report SEMINAR REPORT (SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY) ON SESSION 2009-2010 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mrs. Nida Haseeb (Seminar Co-ordinator) SUBMITTED BY Vikas Kumar Mishra IV YEAR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLL No. : 0600115059 INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW Phone No.: 0522-2890812, 2890730, 3096117 Fax: 0522-2890809 Web: www.integraluniversity.ac.in SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” CERTIFICATE This is to certify that VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA has completed necessary Seminar work & prepared the bonafied report on CRUSOE -PROCESSOR in satisfactory manner as the partial fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of B.Tech (Information Technology) Of INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW under the guidance of his faculty within his time limit and his full effort to make his Seminar good. Mr. M. M. Tripathi Mr. Rizwan Beg (Seminar Co-ordinator) (HOD - CSE/IT) Mrs. Nida Haseeb (Seminar Co-ordinator) Miss. Nikhat Akhtar (Seminar Co-ordinator) Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 2 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Nida Haseeb (Department Of CSE/IT) for her valuable advice and guidance for the success of this seminar. I also thank Dr. Rizwan Beg, HOD, (CSE/IT Dept). and all other staff of the department for their kind co-operation extended to me. Also I am extending my gratitude to everyone who helped me in the successful presentation of this seminar. I am thankful to all my friends who helped me in completing my seminar a successful one. I am also thankful to all the people who were directly or indirectly involved me in helping to complete my seminar report. Vikas Kumar Mishra Roll No.:0600115059 B.Tech ( Final Year ) Information Technology Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 3 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” INDEX SNO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. Introduction 5 2. Architecture 16 3. Hierarchy model 20 4. Instruction set 23 5. Performance 24 6. Crusoe v/s Pentium die size 25 7. Code morphing software 26 8. Drawbacks 27 9. Conclusion 28 10. Refrences 29 Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 4 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” 1.INTRODUCTION Mobile computing has been the buzzword for quite a long time. Mobile computing devices like laptops, webslates & notebook PCs are becoming common nowadays. The heart of every PC whether a desktop or mobile PC is the microprocessor. Several microprocessors are available in the market for desktop PCs from companies like Intel, AMD, Cyrix etc.The mobile computing market has never had a microprocessor specifically designed for it. The microprocessors used in mobile PCs are optimized versions of the desktop PC microprocessor. Mobile computing makes very different demands on processors than desktop computing, yet up until now, mobile x86 platforms have simply made do with the same old processors originally designed for desktops. Those processors consume lots of power, and they get very hot. When you're on the go, a power-hungry processor means Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 5 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” you have to pay a price: run out of power before you've finished, run more slowly and lose application performance, or run through the airport with pounds of extra batteries. A hot processor also needs fans to cool it; making the resulting mobile computer bigger, clunkier and noisier. A newly designed microprocessor with low power consumption will still be rejected by the market if the performance is poor. So any attempt in this regard must have a proper 'performance-power' balance to ensure commercial success. A newly designed microprocessor must be fully x86 compatible that is they should run x86 applications just like conventional x86 microprocessors since most of the presently available software's have been designed to work on x86 platform. Crusoe is the new microprocessor which has been designed specially for the mobile computing market. It has been designed after considering the above mentioned constraints. This microprocessor was developed by a small Silicon Valley startup company called Transmeta Corp. after five years of secret toil at an expenditure of $100 million. The concept of Crusoe is well understood from the simple sketch of the processor architecture, called 'amoeba'. In this concept, the x86-architecture is an ill-defined amoeba containing features like segmentation, ASCII arithmetic, variable-length instructions etc. The amoeba explained how a traditional microprocessor was, in their design, to be divided up into hardware and software. Thus Crusoe was conceptualized as a hybrid microprocessor that is it has a software part and a hardware part with the software layer surrounding the hardware unit. The role of software is to act as an emulator to translate x86 binaries into native code at run time. Crusoe is a 128-bit microprocessor fabricated using the CMOS process. The chip's design is based on a technique called VLIW to ensure design simplicity and high performance. Besides this it also uses Transmeta's two patented technologies, namely, Code Morphing Software and Longrun Power Management. It is a highly integrated processor available in different versions for different market segments. Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 6 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” In electronics, Crusoe is a family of microprocessors from Transmeta. They use a VLIW hardware "core", upon which runs a software abstraction layer, or virtual machine, known as the Code Morphing Software (CMS). The CMS translates machine code instructions received from programs running on the chip into native instructions for the core. In this way, the chips can emulate the instruction set of other computer architectures. Currently, this is used to allow the chips to emulate the Intel x86 instruction set. In theory, it is possible for the CMS to be modified to handle other instruction streams (i.e. to emulate other microprocessors). The addition of an abstraction layer between the x86 instruction stream and the hardware means that the hardware architecture can change without breaking compatibility, just by modifying the CMS. For example Efficeon, the second-generation Crusoe, has a 256-bit-wide VLIW core versus 128-bit in the first generation. Crusoe performs in software some of the functionality traditionally implemented in hardware (e.g. instruction re-ordering), resulting in simpler hardware with fewer transistors. The relative simplicity of the hardware means that Crusoe consumes less power (and therefore generates less heat) than other x86-compatible microprocessors running at the same frequency. The name is taken from the novel Robinson Crusoe. Transmeta (NASDAQ: TMTA) is a company that develops computing technologies with a focus on reducing power consumption in electronic devices. It was founded in 1995 by Bob Cmelik, Dave Ditzel [1], Colin Hunter, Ed Kelly, Doug Laird, Malcolm Wing, and Greg Zyner as a US-based corporation that designed very long instruction word code morphing (Microcoded) microprocessors. So far, it has produced two x86-compatible CPU architectures: Crusoe and Efficeon. These CPUs have appeared in ultra-portable laptops, blade servers, tablet PCs, a personal cluster computer, and a silent Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 7 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” desktop, where low power consumption and heat dissipation are of primary importance. HistoryThroughout Transmeta's first few years, little was known about exactly what it would be offering. Its web site went online in mid-1997, and for approximately two and a half years displayed nothing but the text "This web page is not yet here." Information gradually came out of the company, suggesting of a very long instruction word-based (VLIW) design that translated x86 code into its own native code. As Intel's then-forthcoming "Merced" processor was also a VLIW design which could translate x86 code, speculation arose suggesting that Transmeta's product could have supercomputer-level processing power while actually being cheaper to manufacture than any offering by Intel, AMD or Cyrix. In fact, Transmeta marketed their microprocessor technology as extraordinarily innovative and revolutionary in the low-power market segment. They had hoped to be both power and performance leaders in the x86 space. But initial reviews of the Crusoe indicated the performance fell significantly short of projections. [2] Also, during Crusoe development Intel and AMD significantly ramped up speeds and began to address increasing concerns about power consumption. So Crusoe was rapidly cornered into a low-volume, small form factor (SFF), low-power segment of the market. In response, Transmeta quickly re-designed its technology, and produced the Efficeon processor. The Efficeon claimed to have twice the performance of the original Crusoe CPU at the same frequency. But the performance was still weak relative to the competition, and the complexity of the chip had increased significantly. This greater size and power consumption may have diluted a key market advantage Transmeta's chips had previously enjoyed over the competition. Transmeta has employed a number of industry luminaries such as Linus Torvalds and Dave D. Taylor. Initially, its purpose was kept secret, but partially because it had such talent amongst its staff, the industry was constantly abuzz with rumors in addition to 'conspiracy theories' resulting in excellent press relations (PR). Torvalds left Transmeta in June 2003 to dedicate himself to the further development of the Linux kernel. Submitted By: VIKAS KUMAR MISHRA (0600115059) 8 SEMINAR REPORT on “CRUSOE PROCESSOR” As an example of technology media hype, the company was once named as the Most important company in Silicon Valley in an Upside magazine editorial. Less well reported was that the company was never profitable while it was a chip vendor. In 2002, it had a loss of $114 million dollars, in 2003 a loss of $88 million, in 2004 a loss of $107 million. As of January 2005 the company announced a strategic restructuring away from being a chip product company to an intellectual property company.
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