TANZANIA
SGP COUNTRY PROGRAMME STRATEGY FOR OP6 (2015 - 2018)
Small Grants Programme UNDP Country Office 182 Mzinga Way, Oysterbay P. O. Box 9182, Dar es Salaam TANZANIA Tel: +255 22 211 5135
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SGP C OUNTRY P ROGRAMME S TRATEGY FOR OP6 ------
Country: TANZANIA
OP6 resources (estimated): US$ 2, 9 00,000
(Resources outlay: STAR....US$ 2,500,000; SGP CORE...US$ 400,000; ICCA...US$ 500,000)
1. SG P C ountry P rogramme - S ummary B ackground
OP5 (2011 – 2013) was a very important programming period for Tanzania. During this period, the country program delivered a total of US$ 5,359,358 that was distributed in the following Focal Areas: Climate Change (Adaptation) ; Climate Change (Mitigation) ; Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Land Management as per pie chart below. In addition to funding the Focal Areas listed above, the Country Program supported a total of 7 projects valued at US$ 303,983 that specifically targeted indigenous communities.
OP5 Supported Projects
Sources of Fund : OP5 was resourced mainly by STAR, which provided US$3.6 Million. UNDP CO provided parallel funding to a tune of US$ 2,479,443. Other contributions came in cash and kind from local communities as per bar chart below
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OP5 Results : During OP5, a total of 10,000 people (5,200 women and 4,800 men) in 35 administrative districts were outreached. Key results achieved in OP5 included the following:
Increased access to m odern energy services in Schools and Health delivery systems. In Schools, beneficiaries were school children between the age of 7 and 17 years. In Health delivery facilities, beneficiaries were mainly women in maternal health care. However, men, children a nd Youths benefited as well.
Reduced rate of deforestation and reduction of indoor pollution. This result was achieved through wider adoption of biogas cook - stoves and wood - fuel efficient cookers. Schools and households benefited from these types of proje cts. Field reports show that up to 1,000 people benefitted from these projects and deforestation for woodfuel in the target areas fell by 50%. Reduced number of people without clean and safe water as a result of adoption of solar powered water pumping techn ologies and conservation of water sources. Field reports indicate that t he number of people that benefited from this support w as about 5,000 .
Increased food security at household levels through Climate Smart Agricultural techniques. Number of households t hat benefitted from this initiative was 300 with over 1,500 people. 60% of those were women and youths. Increased income and improved livelihoods to selected farmers through support to off farm activities specifically fish farming , butterfly farming and be e keeping .
Replication, Upscaling and Mainstreaming : Almost all SGP supported projects are used as demonstration centers for learning, adoption, replication, upscaling and mainstreaming . During OP5, the following technologies were presented for demonstra tion and replication:
Climate Change Mitigation : PV solar lighting in Health provision facilities; schools and homes of the poor and excluded.
Climate Change Adaptation : Solar powered water pumping; solar powered small scale irrigation; Climate Smart Agr iculture; Rainwater harvesting
Sustainable Land Management : Integrated aquaculture ; Soil and water conservation; Agroforestry.
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Biodiversity Conservation : Ecotourism; Beekeeping; Butterfly farming.
Cross cutting issues : Almost all SGP supported projects mainstream gender and promote women empowerment. Therefore, mainstreaming of gender and women empowerment is a pre - condition for project selection. Good governance is another element that needs to be seen that it is mainstreamed for a project to be selecte d for funding.
Ensure access to affordable modern energy for all
Key Lessons Learnt : The following key lessons learnt were captured during OP5:
Effectiveness of supported projec ts : We learnt that projects, which addressed peoples ’ felt needs such as water supply and food production did not require any follow up in implementation. There was sufficient self - motivation during implementation.
Sustainability : We learnt that sustainability of project results was higher where capacity building was provided to local in stitutions involved . Examples of such local institutions include: NGOs; CBOs; FBOs and Village level natural resources management committees
Participation of women : There was evidence, which showed that where there was full participation of wo men in project implementation, success rate was higher as compared to projects where women participation was either absent or minimum.
Biodiversity Conservation : The National Environment Policy (1997) and The State of the Environment Report (URT , 2014 ) lists biodiversity loss as one of the six key national environmental challenges in the country. Other challenges include: (i) Land degradation , ( ii) Deforestation and forest degradation, (iii) Environmental pollution , (iv ) Deterioration of aquatic ecosys tems ; and (v) C limate change .
Key drivers of biodiversity loss in Tanzania include: wide spread poverty now covering 28.2% of the country’s population; high population growth at 3.2%; cropland expansion; tree cutting for wood - fuel;
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global trade in plant a nd animal species; Climate Change and invasive and alien species . High rates of biodiversity loss are responsible for low provision of ecosystem services ( URT 2014).
During OP6, SGP will focus on restoration of ecosystem services through increased conserv ation actions on ecosystem s . Under this focus, SGP will identify at least 3 important ecosystems and apply a landscape approach to promote their conservation by involving local communities in their respective buffer zones.
Climate Change : Climate Change a daptation and mitigation actions in agriculture, water and livestock production, which were supported during OP5 had broader impact on livelihoods. The impacts included increased food security at households’ level; increased access to water and improved su pply of fodder for livestock. During OP6, support will be built up on the success of OP5 to promote Climate – S mart agro - ecology
Renewable Energy (Low Carbon Energy Access Co - benefits) : At OP5, SGP supported demonstration projects in renewable energy tech nologies targeting people without access to modern energy services. Examples included: PV Solar; Biogas; Green energy and low carbon wood - fuel efficient cook - stoves. During OP6, SGP will continue to address national demand for energy services particularly targeting local communities without access to electricity and those that still rely on traditional biomass for cooking. Furthermore, the focus will be on providing bottom - up energy solutions that are low - cost with high potential for carbon emission reducti ons. Deliberate efforts will be made to align SGP supported projects with larger frameworks like UNDAP II, MSPs, FSPs and Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative to facilitate mainstreaming and scaling up.
Local to Global Chemicals Management Coali tions : Previous efforts under this focal area have been to raise awareness on relevant international conventions, which address control and proper management of hazardous chemicals. These conventions include: Rotterdam, Basle, Bamako and Stockholm. The Rot terdam convention aims at restricting production of certain harzadous chemicals and pestides. In Tanzania, common examples of these substances include: DDT, Dieldrin and Endosulfan. The Basel convention aims at controlling Transboundary movement of harzado us wastes and their disposal. The Bamako convention focuses on banning the import into Africa and control of Transboundary movement and management of hazardous wastes within Africa. The Stockholm convention aims at eliminating or restricting production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Common examples of POPs in Tanzania include: Aldrin; Dieldrin; Hexachlorobenzene; Toxaphene, DDT and many others. Tanzania is one of the leading countries in Africa where large and small scale mining of minera ls is practiced. Gold is one of the minerals that are mined widely. Usually, gold mining is associated with use of lethal chemicals such as mercury. During OP6, support will be focused on communities in the forefront of chemical threats either as users or consumers. Activities will include support for innovative, affordable and practical solutions to chemical management in joint efforts with such partners as: International Elimination Network (IPEN); Government agencies; Research institutions; the Private s ector and International agencies. Special focus will be directed to gold mining where mercury pollution is widespread. Small and artisanal gold miners will be trained to use alternative and less lethal chemicals instead of mercury. Furthermore , awareness o n the Global convention for mercury, also known as Minamata Convention will be raised to the general public particularly the gold miners. In Tanzania, small scale gold miners work in small groups where they own digging equipment collectively. SGP will fede rate these groups to form platforms for collective training. Federations of small scale miners will increase claim making power and voice to the authorities for such governance issues as improved mining conditions , loans for purchase of equipment, fair tax ation system, technology transfer and relationship with neighbouring large scale mining companies
Land Degradation : It is estimated that 33% of Tanzania ’s land surface is affected by desertification (VPO, 2014). The most affected areas are the arid, semi - arid and dry sub humid zones. Key factors that
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lead to land degradation in Tanzania include: inappropriate land husbandry practices, overgrazing, bush fires and deforestation for cropland expansion (SGP, CPS, OP5). Other factors include: cultivation on the steep slopes and river banks, soil acidification and water pollution due to excessive us e of nitrogenous fertilizers. During OP5, priority was given to community level actions that contribute to conservation of water sources and land restoration practices . During OP6, efforts will be provided to scale up Sustainable Land Management (SLM) actions supported at OP5. In addition, local authorities will be supported to mainstream land restoration issues in their development plans and strategies .
Photo of Maasai women with water tank
SGP C oun try P rogramme N iche
2.1. Alignment with national priorities:
Table 1. List of relevant conventions and national/regional plans or programmes
Rio Conventions + national planning frameworks Date of ratification/completion UN Convention on Biological Di versity (CBD) 08/03/ 1996 CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 01/03/1996 Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit - Sharing (ABS) ? UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 17/04/ 1996 UNFCCC National Communications (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) 2003 UNFCCC National ly Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Underway UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 19/06/ 1997 UNCCD National Action Programmes (NAP) August, 1999 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 30/0 4/ 2004 SC National Implementation Plan (NIP) May, 200 4 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) 24/03/ 2000 GEF National Capacity Self - Assessment (NCSA) 29/06/ 200 5 GEF - 6 National Portfolio Formulation Exercise (NPFE) 2015
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Strategic Action Programmes (SA Ps) for shared international 12/06/2003 water - bodies 1 Minama ta Convention on Mercury underway
2.2. The use OP6 resources to support the implementation of national priorities in relation to GEF - 6 Strategic Priorities and h ow civil society and community - b ased projects will be facilitated and coordinated to help the country achieve its priorities and achieve the objectives of the global conventions?
SGP Country Program in Tanzania has been allocated a total of US$ 2 million from STAR for GEF - 6 Strategic priorities. An additional US$ 0.5 million has been allocated by SGP CPMT for Indigenous Community Conserved Areas and Territories (ICCA). A further US$ 0.4 million will be allocated from the CORE. UNDP CO may allocate some funds from its TRAC for SGP. Conf irmation to this effect may be made around February 2016. Therefore, for the time being, the resource envelope stands at US$2.9 million.
Pursuant to the GEF document Number . GEF/C.46/13 dated 30 April 2014 and titled, “ GEF Small Grants Programme: Impleme ntation arrangements for GEF 6” and taking into consideration the consultations conducted at the National Portfolio Formulation Exercise (NPFE) at Bagamoyo in March 2015, OP6 resources are planned to contribute to achieving the following results:
Conserva tion of important ecosystems : Through a community landscape approach, CSOs in Community Conserved Areas (CCAs) will be supported to implement community based conservation initiatives that complement each other spatially and thematically to create ecosystem - wide impacts. Priority will be given to three critical ecosystems with universal value but which are threatened with a variety of degradation risks. The three critical ecosystems are: West Kilimanjaro – Lake Natron ecosystem Serengeti ecosystem Jozani eco system in Zanzibar
Climate Smart Innovative Agro - ecology : Under this result area, SGP will focus on local comm unities adjacent to selected three important ecosystems. Support will be given to promote climate – smart agriculture including pastoralism. Sust ainable Land Management activities will also be supported to create synergies with climate - smart agricultural activities .
Low Carbon Energy Access Co - benefits : Under this result area, SGP will contribute to increasing access to modern energy services for people without access to electricity and those that still rely on traditional biomass for cooking. Furthermore, SGP will focus on providing bottom – up energy solutions that are low - cost and provide high potential for reduction of carbon emissions. SGP wil l align its efforts with the larger framework of Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) to facilitate mainstreaming and scaling up with the view to ending energy poverty and light a bright future.
Local to Global Chemicals Management Coalitions : Under this r esult area, support will be focused on communities in the fore front of chemical threats either as users or consumers. Activities will include support for innovative, affordable and practical solutions to chemicals management in joint efforts with SGP’s es tablished partners such as the International POP’S Elimination Network (IPEN), as well as new partnerships including Government agencies, research institutions, the private sector and international
1 Please identify existing regional projects and the reg ional SAPs adopted by countries sharing international waterbodies. Please check this website to find some of the SAPs: http://iwlearn.net/publications/SAP 7
agencies . Since Tanzania is a large producer of gold, spec ial efforts will be directed to initiatives that will reduce mercury pollution.
Gender E quality and Women Empowerment (GEWE) : Under this result area, support will be provided to enhance gender equality and women’s empowerment through pro - active promotion of women - led projects; mainstreaming gender in any and all projects; support national and global networking of women grantee - leaders for knowledge sharing and policy advocacy. Implementation of these actions should be consistent with GEF Gender Mainstreami ng Policy and Gender Action Plan; UNDP Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Strategy and Government of Tanzania Gender Equality Policy.
SGP Services as a Grant maker+ : In addition to grant making, SGP will facilitate non - grant services such as institutio n building; knowledge networking and policy advocacy to create value beyond grant - making. Examples of such services include but not limited to the following: Assisting country stakeholders, especially local communities through their local CSOs to develop v iable project proposals as “Barefoot Consultants” particularly with the “ direct access” modality of new funds Setting up a “Grassroots Reach” to enhance citizen voice. This is a communication channel for use by local communities to ensure that the voiceles s are able to get a voice and platform for participation in the development process. Developing an indigenous fellowship and dedicated grant - making window to promote proactive mentoring and capacity building of indigenous peoples at national, regional and global levels. A sub - project on indigenous communities is annexed to this CPS.
2.3. The potential for complementary and synergy with: UNDP CO/UN System strategies (CPD, UNDA P II ) GEF funded projects in the countries (ongoing and planned FSPs, MSPs )
Po tential for Complementary and Synergy : During OP5, SGP fostered a productive partnership with the UNDP and UN System. SGP acted as a delivery mechanism for a UNDP project on Community Based Adaptation (CBA), which was worth US$ 2.5 million. The project cre ated synergies with ongoing SGP supported projects. At the program level, UNDP CO provided logistical and technical assistance specifically transport. Furthermore, UNDP staff participat ed in field monitoring missions for SGP supported projects. At the UN S ystem, SGP contributed to the achievement of planned outcomes of the UN Development Assistance Plan (UNDAPI). Furthermore, SGP received project funds totalling US$ 320,000 from the UN ONE Fund. This Fund is managed by the UN System in Tanzania. During OP6, SGP will explore possibilities of collaborating with the UNDP CO in delivering on some of the components of the downstream program of the Country Program Strategy (CPD) and UN Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP).
On complementary cooperation with FSPs an d MSPs, during the year under review, SGP supported 3 community components of FSPs and MSPs . The projects included: Sustainable Land Management, Kilimanjaro; Mnazi Bay Marine Park, Mtwara; and Selous – Niassa Wildlife Conservation, Ruvuma. From the three e xamples, GEF and UNDP team that conducted the Country Portfolio Evaluation concluded that SGP had the knowledge, expertise and experience t o deliver community components of FSPs and MSPs. (GEF/UNDP Country Portfolio evaluation report 2012).
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Table 2. SGP contribution to national priorities / GEF - 6 corporate results
SGP Strategic SGP niche: national Local priorities for GEF - 6 corporate results Initiatives Priorities Tanzania Community Landscape under Landscape/Seascape focus: Maintain globally Conservation CPS linkages with OP6 West Kilimanjaro – significant biodiversity landscape/seascape area Lake Natron and the ecosystem goods of focus, and/or other ecosystem; Serengeti and se rvices that it approaches and Jozani ecosystems provides to society (p art of Jozani is a seascape) Innovative Climate Target groups under CPS linkages with OP6 Sustainable land Smart Agro - Ecology; Climate Smart strategic initiativ e on management in Community Innovative Agro Innovative Climate smart production systems Landscape and ecology: Local farmers agro - ecology, as well as (agriculture, rangelands, Seascape and pastoralists that broadly with the and forest landscapes) Conservation live adjacent to the landscape/seascape area prioritized three of focus. ecosystems Pro motion of collective Community CPS linkages with OP6 management of trans - Landscape/Seasc ape trans - boundary seascape Promote conservation boundary water systems Conservation areas of focus and IW of Lake Victoria and implementation of the Strategic Actions Plans in shores through full range of policy, legal, shared waterbodies, such strengthening of Beach and institutional reforms as lakes, rivers and Management Units and investments regional seas (as and scaling up of contributing to appropriate) integrated fish farming sustainable use and practices maintenance of ecosystem services Energy Access Co - CPS linkages with OP6 Benefits energy access area of Scaling up of modern Support to focus and larger energy services for transformational shifts frameworks, including people without towards a low - emission national energy access electricity in the and resilient development priorities and Sustainable prioritized ecosystems path Energy For All as part of SE4ALL (SE4ALL) initiative Local to Global CPS linkages with Support Chemicals Coalitions pesticide management, implementation of the Increase in phase - out, solid waste management, Minamata mercury disposal and reduction of heavy metals, and local to convention and the releases of POPs, ODS, global chemical Stockholm convention mercury and other coalitions to support the on PoPs in the Lake chemicals of global implementation of the the zone where gold concern Minamata Mercury mining is high Convention and the
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Stockholm Convention
Enhance capacity of All areas, in CPS alignment and Promote increased countries to implement particular CSO - Govt. contribution to MEAs as capacity for MEAs (multilateral dialogues, KM relev ant, and mainstreaming of environmental Platforms national/sub - national multilateral agreements) and policies environmental mainstream into national agreements through and sub - national policy, dialogues and training planning financial and legal frameworks
OP6 Strategies
3.1. Grant - making strategies
3.1.1 Strategic initiatives The focus for the OP6 in Tanzania is West Kilimanjaro - Lake Natron and Serengeti Landscapes and Jozani Forest in Zanzibar . These landscapes are nationally and internationally importan t for biodiversity conservation and economically important for Tanzania’s economic development through ecot ourism, pastoralism and agriculture . Yet these areas are facing major environmental problems particularly, (i) loss of biodiversity is driven by unsustainable farming practices , illegal hunting for domestic and international trade, overgrazing, poverty, spread of invasive alien species and deforestation, (ii) land degradation which is driven by poverty, overgrazing , unsustainable farming practices, and unplanned human settlements and tourism pressure , (iii) climate change is driven by land use c hange including deforestation and reliance on fossil fuel for energy. In order to understand the current state of the landscapes, a desk review was carried out . Information collated from the desk review was presented for consultation with local communities and other stakeholders in the landscapes. This was critical in order to validate and improve information on the state of the landscapes. Finally , after consultations with key stakeholders, it was agreed that strategic initiatives for the OP6 should addres s biodiversity conservation, climate change, renewable energy, indigenous communities and land degradation. These views have been validated by a Baseline assessment that was carried out on two of the three landscapes. The third landscape, which is the Joza ni ecosystem, is well documented having been involved in GEF and GEF/SGP projects in the recent past.
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Figure 1 : Location of West Kilimanjaro - Lake Natron (L) and Serengeti Landscapes (R) in relation to Tanzan ia’s geographical location
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3.1. 2 Gran t Making Strategies Project solicitation : As pe r SOP, projects will be solici ted through a public call. Project approval process w ill follow the steps as per illustration 1 below
SGP Project Approval Process
Call for Proposals in the Media
Endorsement by Desk Pre - appraisal by NC
UNDP RR
Approval by NSC Review and pre - selection by TWG
Field Appraisal
Implementation strategies
Landscape approa ch : This is the conservation approach, which integrates nature, culture and local communities. It embraces the central role of local communities as st ewards of the landscape. Furthermore, the approach promotes participatory processes and partnerships that link local communities , park management, local authorities and other stakeholders in stewardship and sustainability. The existence of nature, strong culture and local communities in the landscape constituted the criteria, which was used to select the three landscapes for OP6.
Project level strategies: At the project level, a three - pronged approach will be used as follows: (i) focus on globally significant ecosystems /sites . In Tanzania, the following three ecosystems will be under focus: West Kilimanjaro – Lake N atron ecosystem; Serengeti ecosystem and Jozani ecosystem in Zanzibar. (ii) Setting up innovative institutional and financial support mechanism to expand the value and impact of projects nationally and globally (iii) systematically developing the cap acity of local and national civil society stakeholders as a key factor for environmental sustainability .
Selected landscapes to be focused under OP6
Under GEF 6 programming directions, 70 % of grants will go to the 3 selected landscapes to be focused und er OP6. Selecti on of the landscapes is based on the SGP work over the last one year , the scooping study and baselines assessments outcomes . Focus on the selected landscapes will allow for completion and consolidation of ongoing conservation and social prot ection work in the area. As per 2(b) above, selected landscapes are as follows: (a) West Kilimanjaro – Lake Natron ecosystem (b) Serengeti ecosystem (focusing in and around Ngorongoro Conservation Area (c) Jozani ecosystem i n Zanzibar. Endorsement of the N ational S takeholders and Steering Committee for the landscapes under focus has already been secured .
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3.2. Grant - maker+ strategies In addition to grant making, SGP will facilitate non - grant services such as institution building; knowledge networking and po licy advocacy to create value beyond grant - making. Examples of such services include but not limited to the following:
Assisting country stakeholders, especially local communities through their local CSOs to develop viable project proposals as “Barefoot C onsultants” particularly with the “direct access” modality of new funds . Setting up a “Grassroots Reach” to enhance citizen voice. This is a communication channel for use by local communities to ensure that the voiceless are able to get a voice and platfor m for participation in the development process. Developing an indigenous fellowship and dedicated grant - making window to promote proactive mentoring and capacity building of indigenous peoples at national, regional and global levels. A sub - project implemen tation strategy on indigenous communities is annexed to this CPS.
3.2.1. CSO - government Dialogue Platform
In view of the strategic importance of CSO - Government dialogues, during OP6, the Country program will organize two dialogues. Each of the two dialo gues will have the following agenda points: (i) Review work environment for CSOs , (ii) Dissemination of good practices , (iii) Review of policies that impact on the work of C SOs , (iv) communication b etween CSOs and Government ; and (v) commu nication betwee n CSOs and Development Partners . SGP will collaborate with an NGO umbrella organization and the Government M inistry responsible for CSOs to organize the two dialogues. In addition to CSOs that are working with SGP, other policy focused CSOs will also be in vited together with NSC members . CSOs that focus on Youths, W omen, Children, indigenous peoples and the disabled will be prioritized.
SGP can use collected and packaged knowledge to inform and influence policy in three broad areas: - Provide Policy Feedbac k : A national policy may be formulated but never tested on the ground. If such policy falls within any of the GEF focal areas or affect any of the GEF focal area s , SGP could support testing any component of the policy and assess its effectiveness on the g round. A feedback report will be prepared and presented to the Government as policy feedback. On the other hand, SGP could still undertake a dialogue, which reaffirms the effectiveness of the policy and provide feedback for necessary review and adoption. For example, during yearly UNFCCC processes, usually SGP tries to promote consensus around some national level themes . At COP 21, SGP organized a side event that rallied a number of countries around a very important issue of Climate Change.
Policy amendme nt: An existing national policy may appear to be defective in its provisions as a result of lessons learnt generated during implementation of SGP projects. When such defects are noted, advocacy and facilitation for policy review may be initiated.
Initia ting or providing a justification for a policy dialogue with the view to influencing the formulating of a new policy: When new knowledge is collected through SGP supported projects, which suggests existence of a policy gap, SGP may prepare a concept note a nd invite key stakeholders to a dialogue with the view to initiating a new policy or amend an existing one. This initiative will follow the required procedures through the Government machinery until a new policy or desired amendment is put in place.
Repl ication and scaling up of good practices
Over the last phases, SGP has successfully facilitated replication of solar energy and biogas technologies in new areas. SGP has also facilitated replication of low carbon cook stoves in various regions. The stra tegies that SGP has been using to promote replication are as follows: -
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Promote sharing of project - level experience at the community level through exchange visits, documentation and dissemination of best practices as well as lessons learnt. Em power local co mmunity organizations through capacity building initiatives and awareness raising actions to replicate projects that address felt needs of local communities within the context of conservation of the global environment. Promote collaboration between local c ommunities, Local Government and the private sector in addressing local community needs so that GEF financing only caters for the incremental cost required to leverage global environmental benefits.
Scaling - up
Capture and document project - level good prac tices to influ ence policy changes at the upstream level by facilitating dialogue between local communities and policy makers. Facilitate site visits for Policy Executives to see and appreciate suc cessful practices at the downstream level. Involve the media to publicize successful practices at the project level with the view to attracting attention of the wider audience including policy making executives.
3.2.2. Promoting Social Inclusion Gender inequality and women empowerment situation in Tanzania : The g ender inequality and women empowerment situation in Tanzania is reflected in UN reports on Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). In its last report that was submitted in 2008, the following was highlighted:
Existence of discrim inatory laws : Marriage law of 1971 allows child marriages and polygamy. Child marriage is alarmingly high and remains legal. 2 in 5 girls will marry before the age of 18 years, which is one of the highest rates in the world. A penal code does not recognize marital rape as a crime and there are low levels of women’s participation in decision making particularly at the local level.
Persistence of negative cultural practices : Widespread killings of elderly women because of witchcraft beliefs . In Tanzania, som e elderly women have been assassinated because they possessed red eyes, which local people believe to be a sign of a person practising withcraftry.
Gender based Violence (GBV) : Violence against women and girls remains at alarmingly high levels. About 40% of women aged 15 - 49 have experienced physical violence since at the age of 15
Maternal mortality : Rates of maternal mortality are unacceptably high (454 per 100,000 live births)
Teenage pregnancy : Teenage pregnancy is equally high. 20% of girls give bi rth before the age of 17
Female and Children headed Households : These household s are on increase due to HIV/AIDS pandemic
During OP6, SGP will work with gender and women empowerment focused CSOs to address the above identified needs . Likewise, SGP will p rioritize female and children headed households for poverty reduction interventions. In all the three challenges, SGP would take an awareness raising approach around an SGP supported project. For example, SGP may support a water and watershed project. This project is usually associated with project level water governance meetings. During these meetings, SGP will invite facilitators to talk about how to address maternal mortality; teenage pregnancy and challenges concerning Female and Children headed Househo lds. Sometimes it may be necessary to organize women only meetings to create the anticipated impact.
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Indigenous P eoples (IPs) : Over the last 10 years, S GP in Tanzania has been working with indigenous communities. This cooperation has yielded a number of r esults, which have benefited the indigenous communities. Examples of these results include legal ownership of the land on which they live . This result empowered indigenous communities to safeguard their natural capital against possible land grabbing by for eign investors in the name of privatization. Other results include d water dams for themselves and their livestock and projects that address ed human - wildlife conflict. During OP6, SGP facilitated a ba seline assessment and identified opportunities for scale up of interventions that were supported in the past . Please see the report annexed to this CPS. Therefore, during OP6, SGP will scale up interventions that were started in the pre v ious phase s with the view to reaching out to more indigenous communities.
Y ouths and children : Youths aged between 15 and 24 years make up the largest single group of population in Tanzania. They constitute 64% of the whole population. In the previous phase, SGP reached youths in schools through school projects whereby focus was on increasing their conservation knowledge and skills so that they may become environmentally responsible people when they became adults. Youths out of schools were reached with employment generation projects whereby focus was on production and trading of biodiversity products. Examples of these projects included: Beekeeping; fish farming; agroforestry, butterfly farming and fuel farming. During OP6, SGP will scale up similar projects in order to increase employment opportunities and improve livelihoods of youths and their families.
3.2.3. Knowledge management plan
Plans for capturing lessons learnt and good practices include:
Grantees stories: Grantees will be encouraged and trained to learn from their own experiences in the course of project imple mentation. Information generated through participatory monitoring and evaluations, which are conducted by grantees, will be packaged into stories. These will be kept in project files for records. The stories could also be used in local and country level journals and magazines.
PA/NC Stories: Lessons learnt from Grantees’ periodic reports, monitoring and evaluation reports by grantees themselves, NC, PA and NSC members will be packaged in the following media (a) Newspaper stories (b) Articles (c) Fliers (d) Bro chures. These will be shared with stakeholders locally, nationally and globally. At least 3 stories of this type will be produced per year.
Video footage & Photo stories : Photo stories will be prepared for selected supported project s . The plan is to have at least two photo stories per year. Video footage will be prepared for extr emely good projects. One video footage will be pr epared from each of the core focal areas of CBD; CC & LD.
Sharing and dissemination : Leaflets and brochures will be d istributed at relevant fora that will be organized by Government, UN Agencies, National and International NGOs as well as SGP - Government dialogues meetings . The leaflets and brochures will also be displayed at knowledge fairs. Knowledge products such as p apers, posters, photo stories and videos will be shared at meetings, workshops and seminars that will be organized by SGP and UN Agencies. For events that will be hosted by other agencies and organizations, SGP will solicit for invitation to display knowle dge materials for visibility.
Peer to Peer exchanges and Use of demonstration sites and knowledge centres : Each SGP supported project will be transformed into a knowledge centre where specific knowledge and experience will be disseminated. Stakeholders f rom SGP supported projects and others from elsewhere will be encouraged to visit SGP supported projects to enhance inter - community learning. During NSC screening exercise, where the NSC feels that a certain new project could benefit by creating linkages w ith an existing similar
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project, a recommendation to that effect will be provided. Additionally, further lessons learnt will be disseminated through KM products from SGP projects that are displayed in Government; UNDP and GEF websites.
3.2.4. Communicatio n Strategy
The overall goal of the Country Program Communication Strategy is to enhance the SGP image and promote its services to its stakeholders inside an d outside the country for partnership building and resource mobilization.
3.2.4.1 Objectives: To improve communication which brings coherence and clarity in SGP’s programme of work its role and responsibilities and its image and identity:
To enhance effective communication between SGP , its stakeholders o and partners in order to attract local and international resources
Communication methodologies A wide range of methods will be used including: Interactive/participatory – discussion, meetings, role play, drama, theatre and music Large - scale forum – media (radio, television, newspapers), seminars, workshops Practices – field study, surveys and researches, searching e.g. use of internet Conventional – teaching Training – skills impacting
3.2.4.3 Implementing the Strategy A ll SGP stakeholders are participants in the impl ementation of this strategy. Each of them has a role to play. Th ese participants may be grouped in four categories as follows : First Category: Development partners a t the national and global level Second Category: Decision makers including Legislatures, Politicians, Government bodie s including Central and Local Government. Third Category: Journalists and media institutions Fourth Category: Local Communities .
3.2.4.4 Communication approaches The following approaches will be used in implementing the country Program Communication Stra tegy: Plan and facilitate donor engagement events focusing on results gained and success stories achieved on the ground Communicate results and breakthroughs to donors on a more regular basis Conduct preliminary donor intelligence of prospective partners f or possible engagement with them Using Knowledge Management strategy, document examples of knowledge – sharing, innovation and South - South cooperation and disseminate through key networks Show - case lessons learned from the ground through side - events organ ized at major flagship functions Share photo - stories, posters and brochures with CPMT through digital library to increase CPMT ability to communicate results Establish a Newsletter to improve strategic communication at Country Program level Field media mis sions to project sites to increase visibility of project results
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E x pecte d results framework
Table 3. Consistency with OP6 global project components
OP6 project components CPS targets Indicators Means of verification Activities Individual project SGP OP6 Component 1 : reporting by SGP country Conserve river Community Landscape and teams banks through tree Seascape Conservation : planting prohibiting Baseline assessment human activities for 1.1 SGP country programmes Contribute to safeguarding of the Approx. # and comparison variables (use rivers that flow to improve conservation and global environment through typology of projects 2 of conceptual models an d Lake Natron sustainable use, and management community and local solutions in Approx. # projects partner data as Conserve Mau of important terrestrial and three globally significant appropriate) catchment forest coastal/marine ecosystems ecosystems namely: Lake Natron Promo te soil and through implementation of West Kilinajaro; Serengeti and Annual Monitoring Report water conservation community based Jozani (AMR) practices around landscape/seascape approa ches Expand coverage and stren gthen Lake Natron in approximately 50 countries networks of ICCAs in the districts Country Programme P romote of Longido, Ngorongoro and Strategy Review conservation of 2 Monduli (NSC inputs) ICCAs, one each in Longido and Monduli
SGP OP6 Component 2 : Climate Smart Innovative Agro - Individual project Establish farmer ecology: reporting by SGP country field schools to teams promote 2.1 Agro - ecology practices 2.1 Soil and water conservation Target # of hectares agro ecology incorporating measures to reduce practices around lake Natron Number of water Socio - ecological resilience principles within 3 - CO2 em issions and enhancing through tre e planting activities facilities indicators for production 5 farmer leaders resilience to climate change tried 2.2 Pastureland improvement in 2 Number of ICCAs landscapes (SEPLs) demonstrating a
2 The estimated number of OP6 projects should d istinguish between the utilization of OP6 core grants (which can apply across GEF focal areas) and non - core GEF STAR resources (which need to be directly linked to the relevant GEF focal areas). In accordance with the GEF Steering Co mmittee decision (March 2010), up to 20% of non - core GEF resources mobilized may be used for secondary focal areas. 17
and tested in protected area ICCAs with land use plans typology of buffer zones and forest corridors 2.3 Increased access to water for Annual Monitoring Report projects outlined in and disseminated widely in at local communities and livestock in (AMR) component 1. least 30 priority countries 2 districts of Longido and Monduli Support eradication Country Programme of invasive plant Strategy Review species to improve (NSC inputs) pastureland Support establishment of boreholes and water dams to increase access to water Pr omote land use planning to reduce conflict between farmers and pastoralists AMR, country reports SGP OP6 Component 3 : AMR, global database, Install 30 so lar Low Carbon Energy Access Co - country reports home systems, 10 benefits : Special country studies 3 in each of the 3 districts of 3.1 Low carbon community 3.1 Promoting wide adoption of low Number of low cost Longido, energy access solutions cost technologies that reduce carbon technologies that Country Programme Ngorongoro and successfully deployed in 50 emissions reduce carbon Strategy Review Monduli countries with alignment and 3.2 Scale up renewable energy emissions (NSC inputs) Fix at least 10 integratio n of these approaches actions to meet objectives of Number of renewable biogas cook stoves within larger frameworks such as SE4ALL energy actions scaled for demo SE4ALL initiated in at least 12 up countries Outline of innovative tools and Target # beneficiaries Individual project Approx. # projects SGP OP6 Component 4 : approaches to: (gender, youth, reporting by SGP country Local to Global Chemical pesticide management indigenous peoples, teams Raise awareness on
3 Only applies to lead countries in this strategic initiative 18
Management Coalitions: solid waste management (plastics, and disability the part of e - waste, medical waste and so on), disaggregated) Strategic partnership with stakeholders o n 4.1 Innovative community - based heavy metals management, and At least 40 youths IPEN country partners Minamata Global tools and approaches local to global chemical At least 20 men Mercury demo nstrated, deployed and management coalitions At least 20 women Annual Monitoring Report Convention transferred, with support from (AMR) Support artisanal newly organized or existing and small scale coalitions in at least 20 countries Country Programme gold miners to for managing harmful chemicals Strategy Review reduce mercury and waste in a sound manner pollution Individual project SGP OP6 Component 5 : reporting by SGP country Facilitate CSO - Government Policy and Target # “CSO - teams strengthening an Planning Dialogue Platforms Establishment of a CSO – Government Policy existing CSO – (Grant - makers+) : Government policy and planning and Planning SGP Global Database G overnment policy dialogue platform Dialogue Platfor ms* and planning 5.1 SGP supports establishment initiated Annual Monitoring Report through organizing of “CSO - Government Policy and (AMR) at least 2 dialogue Planning Dialogue Platforms”, platform s leveraging existing and potential CSO networks Country Programme partnerships, in at least 50 strengthened if one Strategy Review countries of 25 lead countries Outline of CPS approach to social Target # beneficiaries Individual project SGP OP6 Component 6 : inclusion, including assumptions (gender, youth, reporting by SGP country Promoting Social Inclusion with regards to national content for indigenous peoples, teams ( Grant - makers+): supporting vulnerable and and disability Scale up at least 10 marginalized populations disaggregated) SGP Global Database existing gender 6.1 Gender mainstreaming equality and considerations applied by all Expanding supp ort for gender Number of new Annual Monitoring Report women SGP country programmes; equality and women empowerment gender and women (AMR) empowerment Gender training utilized by SGP Promotion of women – led projects empowerment projects staff, grantees, NSC members, Mainstream gender in any and all projec t s Country Programme Suppor t at least 5 partners supported projects Number of women - Strategy Review new projects that Support involvement of youths and led projects aim at increasing 6.2 IP Fellowship programme disabled in environment Number of projects gender equality and awards at least 12 fellowships to conservation and socio - economic that involve youths women
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build capacity of IPs; development and disabled empowerment implementation of projects by Formation of a dedica ted window Support at least 5 IPs is supported in relevant for capacity building of Indigenous new projects that countries Peoples (IPs) involve youths and disabled 6.3 Involvement of youth and Support at least 1 disabled is further support ed in workshop on SGP projects and guidelines and capacity building of best practices are widely shared IPs through the with countries ICCA project Connections between CPS and Target # of country SGP Global Database SGP OP6 Component 7 : global priorities for the digital innovations to be Upload at least 10 Global Reach for Citizen library and SSC Innovation shared and Annual Monitoring Report best practices for Practice - Based Knowledge Exchange Platform disseminated at the (AMR) community con nect program ( Grant - makers+): global level* Facilitate at least (i.e. examples of tested Country Programme one South – South 7.1 Digital library of community technologies, comparat ive * Example s may be Strategy Review innovation innovations is established and advantage and experience of SGP drawn from OP6 exchange platform provides access to information to country programme) period, as well as communities in at least 50 earlier SGP countries Promotion of digital library of Operational Phases community innovations (including Upgrading 7.2 South - South Community South – South community country programmes) Innovation Exchan ge Platform innovation exchange platform promotes south - south exchanges on global environmental issues in at least 20 countries
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Monitoring & Evaluation plan
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is critical for successful implementation of projects and programmes. M&E is also important for achievement of anticip ated results. In the table below, M&E plan, complete with its tools and strategies for the OP6 Program in Tanzania is presented and elaborated.
Table 5. M&E Plan at the Country Programme Level SGP Country Programme Level
M&E Activity Responsible Parties Timeframe /Scope Reviews will be conducted o n annual basis 4 to ensure CPS is on Country Programme Annual Strategy track in achieving its outcomes NSC, NC, CPMT Review and targets, and to take decisions on any revisions or adaptive management needs Minimum three times per year , with one dedicated to M&E and NSC Me etings NSC, NC, UNDP CO adaptive management at the end of each grant year in June Financial Reporting NC/PA, UNOPS Quarterly Annual Country Report 5 (ACR) to review portfolio progress and results NC presenting to NSC Once per year in June of completed projects Annual Monitoring Report – country NC, survey data Once per year in July survey 6 based on ACR provided to CPMT Strategic Country Portfolio Review NSC, NC At the end of OP6
Monitoring an d Evaluation (M & E)
Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) refers to the process of overseeing and assessing the progress and accomplishments of projects and programmes. M & E assists in identifying implementation problems and help to assess whether targets are being achieved.
Although M & E functions are closely related, in practice, a distinction is usually made betw een the two: Monitoring focus on tracking the progress of project activities and achievement of planned outputs while Evaluation refers to a p eriodic activity aimed at assessing the relevance, performance, effects and impact of a project within the framework of the stated objectives.
4 The CPS is a living document, and should be reviewed and updated as deemed necessary by the NSC.
5 The country programme should be reviewed in consultation with the NSC members, national Rio Convention focal points, and the associated reporting requirements. The Annual Country Report should be presented at a dedicated NSC meeting in June each year to review progress and results and take decisions on key adaptive measures and targets for the following year. 6 The AMR Survey will essentially draw upon information presented by the country in the Annual Country Report (ACR) with few additional questions. It will enable aggregation of country inputs by CPMT for global reporting.
In this regard, the thrust of monitoring function is to keep track of project objectives, activities and expecte d results and to make whatever changes are necessary to impr ove project performance while the main emphasis of Evaluation is to determine and analyze results and effects of a project in terms of the local and global environment and the quality of life of t he participants.
In GEF/SGP operations, M & E functions use participatory methodologies through three levels: The project level, Country Programme level and Global Programme level.
The Project Level
At the project level , M & E functions would involve th e following key features: -
Establishment of baseline data by grantee organizations. National Coordinator, National Steering Committee members or consultants may help grantees in this task;
Establishment of an M & E Plan (by Grantees);
Identification and construction of activity and results indicators (by Grantees);
Monitoring visits by the National Coordinator and National Steering Committee Members. Observations from monitoring visits are posted in the monitoring record.
To facilitate the M & E funct ions at the Project level, the following reports would be expected from the grantee organizations: -
Trimester or Semester progress reports. Trimester or Semester financial reports Monitoring record Project termination or Final report.
The Country Program me Level
At the Country level, the NSC, NC and other key stakeholders assess the portfolio as a whole and measure impact in more subjective but nevertheless valuable ways. Specific M & E functions at the Country level may include the following: -
Impleme ntation of project M & E plan (tracking reports, site visits, facilitating participatory evaluation); Implementation of Programme M & E plan; Compilation and communication of lessons learnt.
To facilitate the M & E functions, the following reports would b e prepared at the Country Programme level: -
Project and Programme Implementation Report (submitted biannually); Project survey and update of performance data into the database; An annual assessment of the Country Programme Performance.
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Global Programme Level
At the Global Programme level, M & E functions involve the following: -
Implementation of a global M & E Plan; To provide targeted guidance and assistance to Country programmes; To compile and disseminate Project evaluation reports and lessons lear nt which would be received periodically from the Country Programmes.
Indicators
In the GEF/SGP operations, indicators are defined as basic tools, which are used to measure or assess the progress and results of a project. There are two types of indicator s at the project level: Activity Indicators, which measure project implementation activities and Results Indicators which measure project results at three levels: Output, Outcome and Impact.
In order to conduct monitoring and evaluation, the grantee orga nizations would be assisted by the NC, NSC members or National Consultants through the Grant Maker+ roles, to identify and construct indicators. Since each project would be expected to develop indicators that will be useful for its constituency, it suffic es here to mention that for indicators to be useful, they ought to have the following characteristics: -
Quantitative (in terms of numbers and percentages); Qualitative (should be easily described in words); Time - specific (until when? ); Independent of the objective (should not be a repetition of the objective); Cost - effective (the cost of collecting data should not exceed the value of the information).
Involvement of Local stakeholders in M & E
Involvement of Local Stakeholders in M & E stems from the com mon principle in Participatory Development, which insists that “Those that are involved in the implementation of projects should also be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of those projects” (Murusuri Nehemiah K , Planning for Village Development, M Sc. Thesis, Bradford University, UK 1989).
Therefore, under OP6 , local stakeholders will perform the following roles in M & E : -
Monitoring
Monitoring plan will be reflected in the project proposal Grantees in each project will form an M & E Committee Th e M & E Committee s will make monitoring as part and parcel of project implementation activities. This means, monitoring will be conducted on continuous basis The M & E Committee s will present its report s on weekly basis at the initial stages of the p rojec t. Later, as the project get s firmly on course, periodicity will move to monthly then to quarterly basis.
TOR for the M & E Committee s wil l include the following:
Follow - up implementation in accordance to Project Implementation plan (PIP)
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Identify imple mentation bottlenecks and solution to identified challenges Follow - up financial expenditures (to make sure it is consistent with Physical Implementation Performance) Prepare progress reports to stakeholders and other project partners Capture and document l essons learnt
Evaluation
E valuation will be done on three - monthly basis when the project is in its infa ncy. This will be moved to six - monthly and later to yearly. Evaluation will use a participatory method where by all stakeholders are involved under the leadership of the M & E Committee. Under the leadership of the M & E Committee, stakeholders will formulate evaluation questions and sub questions The M & E Committee will collect data from primary and secondary stakeholders through the evaluation questio ns and sub questions so formulated. The M & E Committee will synthesize information collected by stakeholders and prepare the evaluation report, which will be submitted to a meeting of all stakeholders for validation and deliberations. Based on the report and stakeholders’ deliberations, remedial measures to improve implementation performance will be adopted.
Table 3 . M&E Plan at the Project Level SGP Individual Project Level M&E Activity Responsible Parties Timeframe
Participatory Project Monitoring G rantees Duration of project Baseline Data Collection 7 (in Grantees, PA, NC, At project concept planning and particular for landscape and seascape NSC proposal stage level) Two or Three Project Progress and Financial Reports (depending on Grantees, NC, PA At each disbursement request agreed disbursem ent schedules) At the planning and proposal stage Revised after project approval Project Work - plans Grantees, NC, PA Revised upon recommendations by M & E and adoption of the M & E report by all stakeholders NC Project Proposal on - site appraisal Before project approval as visit NC,PA appropriate (as necessary/cost effective) NC Project on - site Monitoring Visit NC, PA, NSC On average once per year as (as necessary/cost effective) members appropriate
7 Capacity - development workshops and M&E trainings may be organized in relation to innovative techniques for community monitoring, including new technologies (i.e. GPS - enabled came ras, aerial photos, participatory GIS, etc.); as well as in response to guidelines for “climate proofing” of GEF focal area interventions; REDD+ standards; and/or other specific donor/co - financing requirements. 24
NC Proje ct on - site Evaluation Visit NCPA, NSC Members At end of project as appropriate
Following completion of project Project Final Report Grantees activities Project Evaluation Report (as NC, NSC, External Following completio n of project necessary/cost effective) party activities
Prepare project description to be At start of project, and during incorporated into global project PA, NC project progressing database
Strategy for aggregated SGP Results at Country Programme Portfolio
Results at the project l evel, will be captured and documented by grantees through their biannual progress reports Analytical reports from the project level will be captured and documented by NC, PA and NSC members during monitoring visits. The same will be collected during post completion Evaluation reports and periodic documentation of case studies. Project level reports are synthesized and posted in the SGP database. The same are compiled into annual reports, which are submitted to CPMT and posted in the SGP and UNDP CO websit es.
Project’s Target Contributions to Global Environmental Benefits :
Corporate Results Replenishment Targets Project Targets 1. Maintain globally significant Improved management of landscapes and 3,000 ha biodiversity and the ecosystem seascapes covering 300 million hectares goods and services that it provides to society 2. Sustainable land management in 120 million hectares under sustainable land 1,200 ha production systems (agriculture, management rangelands, and forest landscapes) 3. Promotion of collect ive Water - food - ecosystems security and conjunct ive At least 3 freshwater management of transboundary management of surface and groundwater in at basins water systems and implementation least 10 freshwater basins; of the full range of policy, legal, and institutional reforms and investments contributing to sustainable use and maintenance of ecosystem services 4. Support to transformational shifts 750 million tons of CO 2e mitigated (include both 750 metric tons towards a low - emission and di rect and indirect) resilient development path 5. Increase in phase - out, disposal Disposal of 80,000 tons of POPs (PCB, obsolete 8 metric tons and reduction of releases of POPs, pesticides) ODS, mercury and other Reduction of 1000 tons of Mercury 10 metric tons chemicals of global concern 6. Enhance capacity of countries to Development and sectoral planning frameworks Number of Countries : implement MEAs (multilateral integrate measurable targets drawn from the 1 environmental agreements) and MEAs in at least 10 countries
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mainstream into national and sub - Functional environmental information systems Number of Countries: national policy, planning financial are established to support decision - making in at 1 and legal frameworks least 10 countries
Table 4 . M&E Plan a t the Programme Level
SGP Country Programme Level
M&E Activity Responsible Parties Timeframe
Country Programme Strategy Review NSC, NC, CPMT November/December 2015
Strategic Country Portfolio Review NSC, NC May 2017 2015 ; August; December 2016 February; June; October NSC Meetings NSC, NC, UNDP CO 2017 February ; June; October 2018 February; June Performance and Results Assessment NC, NSC, UNDP CO, Once per year (determined (PRA) of NC Performance CPMT, UNOPS by CPMT)
Country Programme Review resulting NC presenting to NSC May every year in Annual Country Report 8 and CPMT Quarterly (Sept, Dec., Financial 4 - in - 1 Report NC/PA, UNOPS March and June every year)
Resource mobilization plan
GEF financing is co - financing. Implementation of the Country Pr ogramme would require non - GEF financial resources for the following purposes: - To meet costs for baseline activities; To support up - scaling or replication of GEF/SGP pilot projects. In order to ensure successful resource mobilization initiatives, the follo wing strategies would be applied: - Motivate the government and UNDP Country Offic e to allocate a portion of the TRAC for GEF/SGP activities; Use the matching fund approach to encourage contributions from recipient groups. Contributions may be given in for m of cash, kind or both; Solicite UNDP support in mobilizing resources from pote ntial donor agencies.
Form co - financing partnerships with regular and Small Grants Programmes that are managed by UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank.
Organize regular meetings wi th the private sector and development partners with a view to informing and interesting them on GEF/SGP activities and achievements;
8 The annual Country Programme Review exercis e should be carried out in consultation with the national Rio Convention focal points and the associated reporting requirements. 26
Help NGOs and CBOs to develop GEF eligible project proposals which have resource mobilization components;
Invite potentia l donors to participate in project appraisal and re - formulation missions. During implementation, invite donor participation in monitoring missions;
6.2. Strategic Initiatives
Objective for Partnership: To strengthen and expanding existing donor base and build new strategic partnership, reaching out to new donors such as Foundations, Private Sector and even Government Principles for partnership: (i) transparency and accountability, which is maintained through timely submission of results based narrative a nd financial reports (ii) manage partner expectations by ensuring that all standard agreements and progress reports are submitted timely .
Types of partnerships: (i) with national government: Policy dialogue, Government co - financing project costs through c ash or provision of technical assistance (TA); (ii) With Multilateral agencies/financial institutions: Experience and information sharing; Project Cost sharing; (iii) With bilateral agencies: Experience/information sharing; Project Cost sharing; (iv) NGOs/ Foundations: Partnerships in project implementation; (iv) With Private Sector: Project Cost sharing particularly for business oriented projects
Risk Management Plan
Describe identified risk Degree of risk (low, Probability of risk (low, Risk mitigation measure medium, high) me dium, high) foreseen 1. Unsustainable Medium Medium Project intervention s patterns of production should include capacity and consumption building in sustainable development pathways 2. Climate Change High High Mai nstream CC in adverse effects development plans and strategies 3. Budgetary constraints Medium Medium Formulate a reliable resource mobilization strategy
7.3 Tracking of risks
Analyze, manage risks and build resilience as CPS implementation continues Review risks a nd adjust their level and mitigation measures at annual NSC meetings and CPS review meetings
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Annex 1: OP6 landscape/seascape B aseline A ssessment
BASELINE ASSESSMENT FOR LAKE NATRON - WEST KILIMANJARO AND SERENGETI LANDSCAPES
A study co mmissioned by the GEF/UNDP Small Grants Programme, Tanzania Dr. Maurus Msuha
October 2015
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CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL BACKGROU ND ...... 31 2.0 OB JECTIVES ...... 31 3.0 BACKGROUND ON TH E LANDSCAPES ...... 31 3.1 Geographical context ...... 31 3.2 Global significance ...... 32 3.3 Biodiversity context ...... 33 3.3.1 Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape ...... 33 3.3.2 Serengeti landscape ...... 33 3.4 Socio - economic context of the landscapes ...... 34 3.4.1 Lake Natr on - West Kilimanjaro Landscape ...... 34 3.4.2 Serengeti Landscape ...... 37 3.3 Focal areas of operation in the landscapes ...... 39 3.3.1. Operational area in Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro Landscape ...... 39 3.3.2. Operational area in Serengeti Landscape ...... 39 4.0 RESULTS OF BASELINE ASSESSMENT ...... 40 4.1 Loss of habitats ...... 40 4.2 Human - wildlife conflicts ...... 40 4.3 Spread of invasive plant species ...... 40 4.4 Deforestation ...... 41 4.5 Clim ate change ...... 41 4.6 Land degradation ...... 41 4.7 Illegal wildlife hunting ...... 41 4.8 Livestock incursion in protected areas ...... 42 4. 9 Proposed strategic initiatives to address threats ...... 42 4.10 Project Results Fr amework ...... 44
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4.11 Stakeholders Analysis ...... 46 4.12 Proposed modalities of implementation ...... 47 4.12.1 Grant making strategies ...... 47 4.12.2 Modalities of implementation ...... 47 4.13 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 48 4.14 Policy and Legislative context ...... 48 4.14.1 Policy context ...... 48 4.14.2 Legislative context ...... 50 4.14.2 Institutional context ...... 51 5.0 REFERENCES ...... 54 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti Landscapes ...... 32
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1.0 GENERAL background
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Small Grants Programme (SGP ) provides non - governmental and community - based organizations (NGOs/CBOs) in developing countries with grants to enable them tackle global environmental challenges while addressing local sustainable development needs. SGP in Tanzania has since 1997 funded and provided technical support to environmental projects. The Programme is about to embark on its Operational Phase 6 (OP6) from 2015 to 2018. Under OP6, SGP in Tanzania has selected to focus on Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti Landscapes. The two landscapes have been selected as its geographical areas of concentration because of recognized presence of globally significant biodiversity and availability of a large population of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) that co - exist with wildlife. A key element o f the SGP implementation in OP6 is to better focus grant - making and promote strategic programming and clustering of small grant projects with the aim to achieve greater impact and lead to synergies and opportunities for scaling up. SGP in Tanzania seeks to focus on supporting and coordinating concrete actions at the grassroots level by providing small - scale catalytic finance for local community - led projects in the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti Landscapes in order to achieve landscape - scale impa cts. In this regard, a preparatory process through baseline assessment was conducted in order to collect information that will guide the development of SGP strategy for these landscapes. The Baseline Assessment will also be used in the future to assess imp act of those initiatives in the areas of environment conservation and community sustainable development.
This report provides results of the Baseline Assessments in the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti landscapes. It also proposes strategic pri ority actions for implementation of small grants projects in the eco - region.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of th is baseline assessment is to “support the creation of global environmental benefits and the safeguarding of the global environment thro ugh community and local solutions that complement and add value to national and global level action”.
The objectives of the Baseline assessment were two folds: 1. To assess the status of natural resources of Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti land scapes 2. To identify priority action for conservation of Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti landscapes that will be incorporat ed in Tanzania’s CPS for OP6
3.0 BACKGROUND ON TH E LANDSCAPES
3.1 Geographical context
Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro a nd Serengeti landscapes comprises of two ecosystems which are closely related in terms of biodiversity conservation and community benefits. Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape comprises of West Kilimanjaro particularly the slopes of Mt.
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Kilimanjaro to the border with Kenya in the north and extending west to Longido Mountain, Lake Natron and Monduli highlands while Serengeti landscapes comprises of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Loliondo Game Controlled Area, Maswa, Ikorongo, Grumeti and Kijeleshi G ame Reserves and the Serengeti National Park (SENAPA). Overall these landscapes are extremely important conservation sites at national and global level as follows:
Figure 1 : Location of the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Sereng eti Landscapes
3.2 Global significance
Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and the Serengeti landscapes are unique landscapes of global significance. Overall the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro is globally important for conservation of globally threatened species such as the African elephant ( Loxodanta africana ), cheetah ( Acononyx jubatus ) and African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus ). Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape is also globally important as the only breeding site for more than 1.5 million lesser flamingo ( Phoe nicopterus ruber ). Other unique of the landscapes include semi active Oldonyolengai Mountain and the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. The landscape has also wildlife corridor that connects Kilimanjaro National park in Tanzania and Amboseli National Park in Kenya .
On the other hand, the Serengeti landscape is extremely unique and globally important as the biggest wildlife migration landscapes of nearly 2 million wildebeest seasonally moving between Serengeti National Park and Masai Mara Nature Reserve in Kenya. T his landscape has two Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage Sites (Serengeti National Park and Ngo ro ngoro Conservation Area ) . The la t ter is known to have the Oldpai Gorge which is i nternationally recognized for discoveries of early humans and magnificent a ntiquities documenting the
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evolutionary history of stone tool - using ancestors, vertebrate fauna, and the environments over the last two million years.
3.3 Biodiversity context
3.3.1 Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape
This landscape consists of impo rtant ecosystems such as 1. Wet slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro to the border with Amboseli National Park on the Kenyan side. This is a globally important area for maintaining ecological connectivity between Kilimanjaro National Park (KINAPA) in Tanzania and Ambo seli National Park in Kenya. It has the famous Kitendeni wildlife corridor which allows movement of wildlife, particularly elephants from KINAPA to Amboseli National Park in Kenya. 2. Wooded grasslands in lowland areas covers significant portion of the landsc ape. These areas are important both for wildlife and livestock grazing. It consists of Wildlife Management Areas (Enduimet and Lake Natron) and human settlements. Wooded grasslands provide important ecosystem services such as, tourism, fuel wood , honey col lection and ‘boma’ construction materials as well as provision of medicinal plants. 3. Forest Reserves (Gelai, Monduli and Longido) are important as catchment areas and holds significant biodiversity. For example, a survey in the Gelai Forest Reserve has show n that the forest has over 39 tree species and 10 mammal species. These forests are also important for the livelihoods of people living adjacent to it through provision of fodder/pasture, fuel wood, construction materials, honey, traditional medicines, wat er and spiritual needs. 4. Lake Natron has the highest concentration of flamingos in East Africa. Both the greater and the lesser flamingo ( Phoenicopterus ruber and Phoeniconaias minor ) are found at this lake. The lake is the major breeding ground for flamin gos in East Africa. It is the only regular breeding site for the lesser flamingo in Africa but also hold significant numbers of waterbirds. It is also an important ecotourism destination. Lake Natron has been designated as a Ramsar Site by the Government of Tanzania. 5. Open grasslands such as Engikaret and areas near Lake Natron are important grazing areas for livestock and wildlife. The latter is a unique Maasai grazing area extending westward from the Kiserian - Mriata Ridge (on the eastern side of the lands cape) extending westward encompassing the grasslands adjacent to Gelai and Kitumbeine mountains. The area is characterized by well - drained savannah grasslands and woodlands where Maasai graze their cattle during the dry season and no permanent human settl ements are allowed. This area is also within the Natron WMA and within it is a wildlife corridor that connects Lake Manyara National Park and Lake Natron.
3. 3 .2 Serengeti landscape
This landscape consists of a network of ecosystems which makes protected areas and thus relatively well protected from community interference. The protected areas network includes Serengeti National Park (SENAPA) and Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), both of which have been designated as World Heritage Sites and Biosphere Re serves. Other protected areas are Loliondo Game Controlled Area, Maswa, Ikorongo, Grumeti and Kijeleshi Game Reserves.
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Additionally there are two wildlife management areas, Ikona in Serengeti district and Makao in Meatu district. The landscape is an import ant site for conservation of big wildlife species. It is also of great interest and importance in terms of human evolution. The Olduvai Gorge, a site of the discovery of the 1.75 million - year - old remains of Australopithecus boisei and Homo habilis by Dr. L ouis and Mrs. Mary Leakey is in this landscape. Consequently, this landscape one of the well visited areas in Tanzania by tourists thus contributes significantly to foreign revenue earnings.
3.4 Socio - economic context of the landscapes
3.4.1 Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro Landscape
3.4.1.1 Human population
This landscape is primarily within the Longido and Monduli districts. Majority of the population are pastoralist which uses the plains for grazing. Pastoralism is the main economic activity with cultiva tion on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. Human population has been increasing in these districts due to improved social services after Longido became a district in 2007. This has increased pressure on protected areas and natural resources as majority of th e population are poor and their livelihoods depend on natural resources. The 2012 census shows that human population of Monduli district was 158,929 people and Longido district was 123,153 people.
3.4.1.2 Agriculture
Cultivation in this landscape is a re sult of increased demand for food in Arusha town where cultivation on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro and along the Kitendeni wildlife corridor and in Tinga T inga outside Enduimet WMA and in Ngarenaibor Ward in the Lake Natron WMA is mainly for sale as incom e generation. In other parts of the landscape, cultivation is part of adaptation to climate change to increase food availability as these areas are frequently affected by famine. Cultivation in areas such as Kitendeni wildlife corridor has reduced wildlife movement and increased human - wildlife conflict due to crop raiding. Cultivation has also reduced area under grazing and thus causing conflict between farmers and livestock keepers. Most of the food that is consumed in the lowlands of Lake Natron - West Kili manjaro landscape is produced from the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro or outside the landscape. Maize is the major crop produced followed by wheat and beans. This is because most of the land is unfavourable for agriculture due to its geographical location and i n some areas due to lack of appropriate soil and water management practices. Out of 778,200 hectares of Longido district land area, arable land covers only 73,164 hectares, or 9.4% of the total land area of the district. Agricultural production in this la ndscape is highly affected by climate change. Quite often, the landscape does not receive short rains. Unreliable rainfall has affected some Wards which are depending on agriculture as the main source of food such as Ngarenaibor Ward in Longido district.
Although some of these areas have village land use plans, lack of law enforcement in implementing the land use plans is responsible for encroachment into wildlife habitats and expanded cultivation. Human wildlife conflict has reduced community support to conservation
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efforts because they develop negative attitudes towards conservation of wildlife. In Lake Natron c ultivation takes place along river banks and in Mau catchment forest which feeds Lake Natron . This results in siltation and changes in ecology o f the lake as a result of inappropriate soil and water conservation practices and law enforcement .
3.4.1.3 Livestock keeping
Livestock keeping takes place on the grassland and woodlands of the Longido district . Livestock is the main source of livelihood in the landscape. Livestock and its products contribute over 80% to Longido district economy since a large area of over 743,365 hectares (95% of the total district land) is a grazing land. The district is estimated to have a total of 905,347 livestock of which 356,664 are cattle, 329,673 are goats, 192,970 are sheep, and 22,730 are donkeys, 300 camels and 3000 chicken. However, the severe drought during the years 2008 and 2009 has reduced substantially the number of livestock herds to about 50%.
The live stock infrastructure is poorly developed and most of the available infrastructures such as water points are not in use due to either water shortage or tearing. Lack of adequate infrastructure facilities and insufficient livestock extension services has ma de livestock prone to diseases which result into death and poor quality and quantity of livestock products. Furthermore rangeland management programs in these area have not been given priority especially control of invasive plant species, this has resulted into increased livestock movements in search for pastures. Where movements are not possible, the areas are affected by overgrazing.
Traditionally ivestock management in the landscape involves construction of kraals (bomas) to protect livestock from preda tors at night. Unfortunately these bomas are not strong enough to protect livestock from predators such as lions. Consequently lions and other large carnivores break through the bomas or stamped livestock and causing significant economic loss to household when livestock are attacked or killed. Masai bomas are constructed using acacia branches which require replacement after every year. Extensive cutting of trees for boma construction adversely affects ecosystem as tree cutting increase soil erosion in the a rea.
Prolonged drought due to climate change has significantly affected livestock holdings and livelihoods of pastoral communities in this landscape. Drought has reduced the capacity of the range land to support livestock keeping, which has impact on fam ily income. This has led to social disruption including immigration of men to towns and cities in search for employment to increase family income. Consequently women have to supplement household incomes by engaging themselves in activities such as charcoal making which traditionally Masai women were not doing. Cutting trees for charcoal making increase pressure on the environment which is already experiencing droughts due to climate change.
3.4.1.4 Tourism and eco - tourism development
Th ere are tourism an d ecotourism activities carried out along the L ake Natron where flamingos are the unique species of attraction along the lake. Other tourism and ecotourism activities in the landscape include, climbing of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Longido, Gelai, Ketumbeine and Old onyolengai Mountain which is an active volcano is located within Natron WMA. Cultural tourism is another
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type of tourism in this landscape e.g. by the Longido cultural tourism group. This area requires conservation measures because of its landscape feature s and soils that have unique characteristics.
Local communities are actively involved in cultural tourism program, but they also have employment opportunities from tour operators for photographic and hunting tourism around WMAs. WMAs provide an opportuni ty for local communities to benefit from wildlife resources in their area. However these benefits have not been well developed and hence improved wildlife conservation practices will increase the benefits to communities. Due to insufficient opportunities d erived from wildlife, illegal wildlife hunting takes place in most of the areas including in the WMAs. It has been noted during the baseline survey that illegal hunting is partly a result of low level of capacity for law enforcement. Additionally it has al so been noted in this survey that, lack of appropriate human - wildlife conflict management strategies lead to increased wildlife killing as communities retaliate by killing culprits after crop raiding or when livestock are killed by predators such a s lions and hyenas.
3.4.1.5 Mining
There is Mining activities in Longido District mainly ruby which takes place in Mundarara village, mainly in the woodlands ecosystems which are very important to pastoral communities. At the moment communities use low t echnology in mining leaving mining sites un rehabilitated leading to soil erosion. There is also soda ash in Engaruka where communities extract it for local income generation, an opportunity which can be explored further on the impact of extraction of soda ash for alternative income generation to the local communities. The Government is looking for an investor for soda ash extraction to improve local income and employment opportunities.
3.4.1.6 Water and sanitation
There is limited access to clean and saf e water in Lake Natron – West Kilimanjaro Landscape, especially in Longido and along Lake Natron. Local communities use untreated water which they fetch in sand dams and rain water harvesting . This landscape is increasingly experiencing droughts resulting f rom climate change and thus makes water supply a big problem for people, livestock as well as wildlife . For example , Longido town is supplied with water from springs mainly by gravity system which caters only for about ¾ of the population in Longido town . In the villages most people rely on seasonal dams and rivers and a few boreholes.
In most cases, sanitation facilities in the villages such as toilets are limited thus presenting high risk to public health, especially during the rainy season where there have been reports of diseases such as diarrhea in some cases. Where seasonal dams or boreholes are located
3.4.1.6 Energy
Power supply such as electricity is limited to towns such as Longido and Namanga. Electricity is mainly used for light where as ener gy for cooking is mainly fuel wood and charcoal. In the villages the main source of energy for cooking is fuel wood. Recent increase in population in
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Longido town has increased the demand for charcoal. Shift from fuel wood to charcoal has increased tree cu tting activity which has negative impact on the environment and hence livelihoods of the people. Although biogas can be alternative for fuel wood in this area with plenty of livestock, the initiative has not been given priority for majority of the communit y does not practice zero grazing. Use of fuel wood has immense pressure on forests such as Longido, Gelai and Kitumbeine.
3.4.2 Serengeti Landscape
3.4.2.1 Human population
The Serengeti Landscape is characterized by high human population density especi ally in towns of high tourism activities. According to the 2012 National Population and Housing census results, population for the 6 district that forms part of the landscape was: Serengeti (249,420), Bunda (335,061), Meatu (299,619), Maswa (334,125), Ngor ongoro (174,278) and Karatu (230,166).
Land pressure is extremely high given that a bigger portion of the landscape is covered by protected areas. This high population means that human pressure on natural resources and the environment is also high. As to urism activities are growing and contributes significantly to national economy, there is a great need to initiate activities which will encourage communities to use alternative and intensive means to reduce community dependency on natural resources.
3.3.2 .2 Agriculture
Agriculture is practiced in villages bordering SENAPA in the western part and adjacent to Maswa Game Reserve and some parts of the Makao WMA . The main food crops grown include maize, cassava, millet, and sorghum, while cotton is grown f or cash. Shifting cultivation is commonly practiced when soils lose fertility and hence low crop yield. This practice has resulted into poor soils and water management practices causing soil erosion and reducing natural vegetation. Villages adjacent to wil dlife protected areas often suffer crop loss due crop raiding by elephants. This is particularly prominent in western Serengeti in villages such as Robanda. These communities have advantage of increasing their income through ecotourism once they receive co nservation education on the benefits of WMAs.
Lack of appropriate land management practices for agriculture and encroachment into wildlife areas especially in western Serengeti has not only increased human - wildlife conflicts, but also pressure on availabl e wildlife habitats and contribute to reducing ecological integrity of the landscape by creating a hard boundary for wildlife. Increased human population and demand for land for cultivation is the main driving factor.
3.3.2.3 Livestock
Livestock keepin g is a major source of livelihood for pastoral communities in this landscape. Communities living in and around the NCA, Loliondo Game Controlled Area and Makao WMA are largely dependent on livestock for their livelihoods . There are more livestock o utside t he 37
NCA and SENAPA and because of frequent droughts in many parts of the landscape, there is increased incursion of livestock into the protected areas for pasture which is partly attributed to insufficient law enforcement.
3.3.2.4 Tourism and eco - tourism d evelopment
SENAPA and NCA receive the highest number of tourists in a year compared to all other protected areas in Tanzania, making tourism a major socio economic activit y in the landscape. The landscape is globally important as a tourist destination and a main source of foreign revenue earnings in Tanzania. This sector provides employment to Tanzanians through hotels and also with tour operators.
Local communities are involved in eco - tourism activities through WMAs and cultural tourism program which ar e initiated by the community groups as income generation. Cultural tourism is more developed in the NCA where Masai homesteads bomas are being used by tour operators for showing tourists Masai culture. Photographic tourism is conducted mainly in the NCA, S ENAPA and the Grumeti Reserve whereas hunting is predominantly in the Game Reserves and the Loliondo Game Controlled Area. A concern has been raised by stakeholders including UNESCO on tourism pressure in the landscape. This concern requires a multidiscipl ine solution of which among many is to ensure conservation of ecosystems which support important species as explained in these baselines assessment.
While local communities benefit directly from revenue accrued from tourism in the NCA it is now high time to formalize benefit accrued from cultural tourism conducted at household level, (Masai bomas) in order to understand its benefits in reducing population pressure in the NCA.
Illegal wildlife hunting both for subsistence and commercial purposes takes plac e in the landscape. Western Serengeti is particularly known for bush meat hunting. Local communities in western Serengeti have traditionally been eating bush meat which has shown to have significant impact to wildlife population. Locals use snares to catch wildlife which are usually non selective to species and when a non - targeted specie is caught it is usually left to rot. Traditionally bush meat is seen as the best source of protein compared to livestock. Illegal hunting can reduce wildlife populations an d hence tourism and eco - tourism development in the landscape. Furthermore, bush meat is a source of income where there are no alternative income generating activities. Insufficient law enforcement also contributes to illegal hunting.
This landscape is als o characterized by human - elephant conflicts. A survey conducted in 2014 by TAWIRI has shown that elephant numbers have increased by 64% in the landscape. Increase in elephant number has increased human - elephant conflict due to crop raiding particularly in western Serengeti. Human - elephant conflict has created negative attitude towards conservation and increased killing of elephants.
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3.3.2.5 Water and sanitation
Availability of clean and safe water is a major proble m to communities adjacent to NCA and SEN APA, Ikona and Makao WMAs. A recent study suggests that water availability in these areas has decreased tremendously partly because of growing human population but also due to climate change impacts. Lack of rainfall has caused drying up of rivers which fe eds many water points for both local communities and for wildlife. Competition for water has also caused human wildlife conflict calling the need for OP6 to promote knowledge in rainwater harvesting and construction of wildlife and livestock water points s uch as surface water dams and boreholes.
3.3.2.6 Energy
Electrical power supply in the landscape is limited to towns such as Karatu which is adjacent to the NCA, Mugumu which is adjacent to SENAPA, Grumeti and Ikorongo Game Reserves, Loliondo which is ad jacent to both NCA and SENAPA. There is also electricity in Meatu which is adjacent to Makao WMA and Maswa which borders Maswa Game Reserves. Despite having power in these towns, the majority of the people in the villagers have no electricity. There are no alternative sources such as solar and wind power although there is potential for making use of these sources. Consequently majority of people living in these towns and those in the villagers depend on fuel wood and charcoal as the main source of energy. M ost of the charcoal comes from forest nearby especially Loliondo forest and woodlands. Inevitably such demand has impact on woodlands and forests in the landscape and Loliondo forest.
3.3 Focal areas of operation in the landscapes
Activities will focus o n conservation of areas of socio - economical importance to the community and on areas of national as well as global biodiversity importance and that these areas are unique to conservation of plants and animal species. These areas will include but not limite d to:
3.3.1. Operational area in Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro Landscape
Focal areas of operation for the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape will include but not limited to: Wet slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro , w ooded grasslands in lowland areas , Forest R eserves (Gelai, Monduli and Longido) , areas around Lake Natron and open grasslands such as Engikaret and areas near Lake Natron
3.3.2. Operational area in Serengeti Landscape
Focal areas of operation within Serengeti Landscape will include villages adja cent to Serengeti Nationa Park ( SENAPA ) , Robanda village in Ikona, Makao village in Makao WMA. It will also include Lololiondo Game Controlled, Loliondo Forest and Ngorongoro Crater.
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4 .0 RESULTS OF BASELI NE ASSESSMENT
While Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro an d Serengeti landscapes are important for biodiversity conservation and socio - economic development in Tanzania, these landscapes are under threat as follows:
4.1 Loss of habitats
The ecological integrity and long - term survival of any ecosystem depends gr eatly on the quality of its habitats. In both landscapes, human population growth and poverty are the underlying factors leading to loss of habitats. Population growth increases demand for land (required for cultivation, livestock grazing, and settlements) , wood fuel, building poles, and medicinal plants). The Serengeti landscape has been an important ecosystem for elephant and rhino which have been listed as species of high conservation importance. Enhancing law enforcement measure is of paramount importan ce for long term survival of these wildlife species in these landscapes . Poverty in the landscapes is the main driver that affects habitat quality by limiting people’s access to modern agricultural technologies and inputs, thus leaving expansion to new lan ds (including critical wildlife habitats such as corridors). For example, a study conducted in 2003 has shown that there has been expansion of agriculture and settlements in Kitendeni wildlife corridor. This expansion has led to reduction in the size of th e corridor from 21 km 2 in 1952 to 5 km 2 in 2001.
4.2 Human - wildlife conflicts
In both landscapes human - wildlife conflict is increasing. This is due to poor livestock management practices that do not deter large carnivores from attacking or killing live stock at night. Increase of elephant population and cultivation along the boundary of near protected areas has led to increased crop damage particularly by elephants. For example, survey in 2014 has showed increased elephant population in the Serengeti eco system. Consequently human - elephant conflict has increased in this area by nearly 30%. Management of human - wildlife conflict across the world is now seen as a necessity because often when communities loose livestock or crops they retaliate by killing culpr its. Retaliatory killings can reduce wildlife numbers and the benefits they provide to communities. In this regard developing conflict management strategies is extremely important for enhancing community livelihoods and for wildlife conservation especially in SGP activities under OP6.
4.3 Spread of invasive plant species
Invasive species are species wh ich establish and spread outside its natural distribution range and demonstrate potential to compete with native species for space or nutrients hence threa tens the ecosystems, habitats or other species and/or may result in economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species have devastating impacts on native biota, causing decline or even extinctions of native species, and negatively aff ecting ecosystems. In the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti landscapes invasive plant species are on the increase e.g. in Ngarenaibor Ward in Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape and in the Ngorongoro Crater where wildlife and livestock coexist. The spread of invasive plants in the s e areas have changed
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quality and quantity of pasture in rangelands leading to overgrazing as wildlife compete with livestock (http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=32337). Therefore , managing the reduction of spread of the invasive species in these rangelands is extremely important for improving livestock and wildlife populations and for maintaining of species within its habitat for biodiversity conservation .
4.4 Deforestation
In Lake Natron - west Kilimanjaro and Sere ngeti landscapes there is significant increase in illegal tree cutting for timber for building etc e.g. in Longido forest in Serengeti landscape, tree cutting has significantly affected water flows from this catchment forest. In Longido tree cutting is co mmon for boma construction and for other domestic use. The cutting of trees has in impact on ecosystem services such as water supply. Furthermore, there is extensive use of fuel wood as source of energy in both landscapes. Promoting the use of a lternative sources of energy such as biogas and improved cook stoves which are environmentally friendly is required in order reduce deforestation and conserve biodiversity in the landscapes.
4.5 Climate change
Climate change appears to have significant impact in a ll landscapes. In 2009, for example, Longido district in the Lake Natron - West Kilimanjaro landscape lost most about 50% of livestock herds as well as wildlife and significantly affected indigenous community livelihoods. Water supply has also decreased sign ificantly in all landscapes due to decreased rainfall as result of climate change. Furthermore, drought as a result of climate change has affected livelihoods of communities through not only reduced livestock holdings but also reduced crop yield. Therefore promoting adaptation measure s for climate change such as climate smart agriculture is essential for community livelihoods.
4.6 Land degradation
Mining activities such as ruby mining in Mundarara Ward and soda ash extraction at Engaruka is likely to hav e negative impacts on the environment if there is no compliance to EIA. Tourism pressure is particularly a problem in the Serengeti landscape. Tourism pressure has been raised as a concern by a number of institutions including UNESCO as a concern of land d egradation in the NCA Crater and SENAPA. Overgrazing is another cause of land degradation both landscapes resulting from reduction of grazing land either by increase of invasive species or increased cultivation. The assessment found out that unsustainable farming practices such as shifting cultivation in poor communities were partly responsible for land degradation. There are also inadequate extension services to promote soil conservation measures and lack of enforcement to ensure that communities adhere to land use plans.
4.7 Illegal wildlife hunting
While illegal hunting takes place in both landscapes, hunting for bushmeat is more prominent in the western part of the Serengeti lands c ape . Wildlife hunting for food is a tradition of the local
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people in t his area but also it is driven by lack of alternative income generation activities. Consequently hunting for bushmeat has become a major management challenge for conservation authorities. Research has shown that people of the Ikoma tribe make the highest n umber of poachers (accounting for about 40% of all poachers) in this landscape. Hunting wildlife has historically been a coping and adaptive strategy against poverty . However, unsustainable harvesting of wildlife can have huge impact on their population an d hence tourism and eco - tourism in these important landscapes. Thus strategies to address the problems are required for management of wildlife population and associated benefits.
4.8 Livestock incursion in protected areas
Inadequate livestock management practices such as range l and management and fodder cultivation has led to overgrazing in community areas leading to livestock incursion in protected areas. Incursion of livestock in protected areas can be a major source of conflict between wildlife manageme nt authorities and communities adjacent to protected areas because of potential for diseases transmission from livestock to wildlife. Inad equate and poor quality pastures in these lands has prompted serious demands from the livestock owners to the governme nt of Tanzania seeking degazettement of the protected areas or authorize legal access to critical grazing lands and watering points in Grumeti, Ikorongo, and Kijereshi Game Reserves. Villagers in these areas, however, are continuing to use the resources in side the protected areas illegally in order to survive. Activities for promoting rangeland management, law enforcement, community education and awareness are essential for addressing the problem.
4. 9 Proposed strategic initiatives to address threats
Bas ed on the socio - ecological importance of these landscapes both at national and global levels, addressing the above threats through initiation of conservation projects as well as replication and expansion of existing projects will contribute in the conserva tion of this important landscape . The following proposed list of initiatives will broadly address biodiversity conservation, climate change, land degradation, indigenous communities and renewable energy. These broad areas have been elaborated in the logica l framework below. Proposed initiatives includes but not limited to: 1. Enhancing law enforcement for protection of wildlife corridors, deter human encroachment through settlement and cultivation, livestock incursion in protected areas and adherence to land use plans. 2. Enhancing law enforcement on anti - poaching and promoting conservation awareness 3. Poverty reduction through alternative income generation activities to reduce environmental degradation 4. Promoting management of human - wildlife conflict through impro vement of livestock and crop management practices to reduce depredation, deforestation and crop raiding and enhance community willingness to support conservation 5. Develop and implement invasive plant species management/control strategies to reduce their spr ead and improve quality and quantity of pasture for livestock and wildlife and reduce overgrazing and improve livestock productivity and biodiversity in rangelands 6. Establish participatory forest management to reduce unsustainable use o forest resources,
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7. T o provide alternative energy sources and energy efficiency technologies ( Low Carbon Energy Access Co - benefits) in order to reduce CO 2 emission for people without access to electricity 8. Develop and implement community - based soil and water conservation strate gies to reduce land degradation and improve soil fertility and crop yield and reduce pressure on protected areas and other natural resources in the landscapes 9. Enforcing Environmental Impact Assessment compliance in investments and tourism to reduce impact of tourism pressure and environmental protection 10. Initiate community - based adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability to impacts of climate change
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4.10 Project Results Framework
Project typology T arget s Indicators R esult s All projects that control and reduce spread of By 2018 Invasive plants species reduced by Number of hectares of Reduced spread of invasive species invasive species 50% in Ngarenaibor in West Kilimanjaro – invasive plant species Improved livestock and wildlife Lake Natron landscape reduced in Ngarenaibor and carrying capacity Ngorongoro Crater Improved community support to
By 2018 invasive plant species reduced by biodiversity conservati on 20% in Ngorongoro Cr ater, Serengeti landscape
All projects that enhance law enforcement for By 2018 natural sources governance enhanced to Reduced number of Reduced poach ing protection of wildlife species reduce poaching poachers through Reduced livestock incursion in Activities that reduce poaching By 2018 natural r esources governance enhanced to provision of alternative protected areas Activities that reduce livestock reduce livestock incursion SENAPA and Game income generating incursion in protected areas Reserves in Serengeti landscape activities Reduced number of incursion in protected areas All projects that enhance protection of wildlife By 2018 status of Kitendeni elephant migratory Reduced number of Reduced human - elephant conflict corridor improved hectares cultivated in Kitendeni elephant corridor Scaling o ut of formidable bomas that prevent predation All projects that enhance community By 2018 communities in at least 20 villages around Number of communities Increased community knowledge education and awareness on biodiversity protected areas are aware of economi c effects of aware of economic effects of on economi c effects of invasive invasive plant species, poaching and livestock invasive plant species, plant species, poaching and incursion in protected areas poaching and livestock livestock incursion in protected incursion in protected areas areas All projects that address climate smart By 2018 climate change vulnerability reduced Number of households Improved food security agriculture (drought resistant crops and through smart agricul ture (use of drought implementing climate Improved community awareness seeds plus drought farming techniques) resistant crops and seeds) smart agriculture and education on effects of climate All projec t that reduce vulnerability to By 2018 climate vulnerability to communities Number of households change droughts and floods (rain water due to droughts and floods reduced through with i ncreased food harvesting, food storage facilities) rain water harvesting and improved food security All projects that enhance community storage facilities. Number of households education and awareness on effects of By 2018 communities are aware of the effects with rain water climate change of climate chan ge harvesting facilities Number of households
storage facilities
Reduce land All projects address improvement/ By 2018 land degradation is reduce d through Number of livestock Reduced over grazing degradation construction of livestock infrastructures improvement of available livestock infrastructure Improved farming systems e.g. watering points infrastructures /construction of new improved/constructed Improved livestock management structures Number of hectares of practices improved All projects that address improved By 2018 land degradation is reduced through Communities are aware of the farming/grazing effects of land degradation farming practices improved farming practices By 2018 land degradation is reduced through pra ctices Number of villages appropriate livestock grazing practices All proj ects that address overgrazing with land use plans By 2018 land degradation particularly in the Reduced number of NCA Crater is reduced through adherence to All projects that reduce tourism pressure tourism vehicles in the EIA NCA Crater All projects that enhance community By 2018 communities are aware of the Number of education and awareness on effects of effects of land degradation communities aware of land degradation effects of land Promote best practices in sustainable land degradation management(SLM) Support indigenous All environmentally friendly poverty By 2018 poverty level s in communities is Eco - friendly developed Poverty reduction communities and reduction projects reduced through eco - friendly income and projects I mproved range land communities ge neration projects. implemented Improvement of livestock keeping around protected All projects that enhance food security By 2018 poverty level s in communities is Alternative eco - friendly practices areas reduced through improved food security. projects contribute to Inclusion of indigenous knowledge household incomes All projects to improve livestock By 2018 community livelihoods is improved in conservation practices through participatory forest management Projects initiated and producti on Reduce food insecurity By 2018 community livelihoods are improved implemented through appropriate rangeland m anagement Community All projects that promote participatory practices acceptances forest management By 2018 indigenous knowledge is used in natural resources management and livestock All project that enhance rangeland management to improve livelihoods and management conservation. By 2018 livestock depredation and crop loss All projects that make use of indigenous to elephants is reduced through adoption of knowledge (pastoralism etc.) fenced bomas and management of human - elephant conflicts to improve livelihoods Enhance low All projects related to the use renewable By 2018 communities use renewable energy Projects developed and Reduced land degradation Carbon Energy energy technologies (so lar, wind, biogas) technologies such as solar, wind and biogas to implemented Improved biodiversity Access Co - benefits reduce deforestation and improved livelihoods Reduced deforestation conservation All projects related to energy efficient By 2018 communitie s use energy efficient rate Improved ecosystem services technologies e.g. efficient cooking stoves technologies such as efficient cooking stoves Improved community awareness of natu ral resources
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4.11 Stakeholders Analysis Some of the key stakeholder and their activities in the landscape are as shown in the table below. Landscape Stakeholders Stakeholder activities West Kilimanjaro - Lake Longido and Monduli district Councils Natural resources governance and community development, law enforcement Natron Indigenous communities Pastoralism and subsistence farming Wildlife Division Policy, wildlife management outside National Parks and NCA and management Lake Natron Ramsar Site, law enforcment Tour operators Photographic and hunting safaris TAWIRI Wildlife census, climate change adaptation, improvement of livestock husbandry (fenced bomas), invasive plant species control TANAPA Management of Kilimanjaro National Park, Tourism and law enforcement WMAs Wildlife conservation and community livelihoods TFS Management of catchment forest reserves, law enforcement MWEDO Climate change adaption and food security Longido Cultural Tourism Ecotourism Irksongo pastoralists Clima te change adaptation (water) AWF Implement based conservation projects UNDP Support environmental projects Serengeti Wildlife Division Policy, wildlife management outside National Parks and NCA , law enforcement Site Local communities adjacent to pr otected Livestock keeping and crop cultivation, ecotourism activities areas Indigenous communities in NCA Pastoralism and cultural tourism TANAPA Management of SENAPA, Tourism and law enforcement NCAA Wildlife management in the NCA, ecotourism and l aw enforcement WMAs Wildlife conservation and community livelihoods Grumeti Fund Ecotourism FZS Support conservation activities in the Serengeti landscape UNESCO Hosts World Heritage Sites (SENAPA and NCA) Baraza la wafugaji NCA Promotes conserva tion based tourism Hoteliers Ecotourism UNDP Support project on environmental protection
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4.12 Proposed modalities of implementation
4.12.1 Grant making strategies
Projects will be solicited through a public call. Project approval process would foll ow the steps as per illustration below.
Project Approval Process
Call for Proposals in the Media
Endorsement by UNDP Desk Pre - appraisal by RR NC
Approval by NSC Review and pre - selection by TWG
Field Appraisal
4.12.2 Modalities of implementation
NGOs and CBOs will be involved in preparing project proposals which aim at reducing vulnerability of the community from environment degradation , promotes lea rning and exchange of knowledge within the community while fostering engagement with local authorities. Projects will identify policy influence and scaling up opportunities, promoting participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) that enables community inv olvement, and facilitating knowledge management and capture and dissemination of results.
Project proposal should be developed using participatory method with the target communities . The focus of the proposal should be on conservation of biodiversity in t he West Kilimanjaro - Lake Natron and Serengeti landscapes. Proposals should s timulate active participation from the communities, create partnerships and working environment for project implementation , monitoring and evaluation to monitor effectiveness of im plementation of the strategic plan. Then proposal will be approved by the National Steering Committee having gone through the steps shown on the illustration above.
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4.13 Monitoring and Evaluation
All proposed projects will be monitored and evaluated. At the project level Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) functions will involve the following key features: - Establishment of baseline data by grantee organizations. National Coordinator, National Steering Committee members or consultants will help grantees in this task Establishment of an M & E Plan by g rantees Identification and construction of a ctivity and results indicators by g rantees Monitoring visits by the National Coordinator and National Steering Committee Members. Observations from monitoring visi ts will be posted o n the monitoring record.
In order to facilitate the M & E functions at the Project level, the following reports would be expected from the grantee organizations: - Trimester or Semester progress reports. Trimester or Semester financial r eports Monitoring record Project termination or Final report.
4.14 Policy and Legislative context
Overall there is a strong policy framework to guide environmental management and for biodiversity conservation anywhere in Tanzania including in the Lake Na tron - West Kilimanjaro and Serengeti Landscapes. Below is a description of some the policies and legislations pertaining to the landscapes.
4.14.1 Policy context
In response to environmental problems and the need for economic development and reducing pov erty among its people, Tanzania has made considerable progress in developing policies that address both natural resources conservation and economic development demands as described below.
National Environment Policy (1997): The National Environment Polic y (NEP, 1997) is the main policy document governing environmental management in the country. The policy addresses environmental issues both as natural and social concerns, and adopts the key principle of sustainable development. The policy has also propose d framework environmental legislation to take account of the numerous agencies of the Government involved in regulating the various sectors. The policy provides strategic plans on environmental management at all levels. It provides the approach for mainstr eaming environmental issues for decision - making and defining sectoral policy action plans. The policy requires EIA to be mandatory for all projects that are likely to have significant environmental impacts. The intention is to ensure that projects are impl emented in an economically sustainable manner whilst safeguarding environmental and social issues for the benefit of the present and future generations.
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The Forest Policy of Tanzania (1998): Establishes a framework for the conservation of biological dive rsity through participatory forest management, decentralization and privatization and recognizes the roles of local communities and the private sector in managing forest resources. Implementation of the Forest Policy is through the National Forest Act (200 2) and the National Forest Programme of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (2001).
National Policy for Tourism (1991): Under this policy, the government fully realizes the problems facing her protected areas that include poaching, human pressu res due to uncontrolled population increase and wild fires and deforestation which destroy water catchment and suitable habitats for animals to survive, and the government uses anti - poaching units. In this policy, the Government acknowledges that, campaign s to educate local communities on conservation of wildlife and environment at large are essential and necessary. Through its objectives the tourism policy identifies: the need to involve local people in wildlife conservation through improving local tourism ; need to improve protection of tourist attraction; need improve safari (tourist) hunting; and the need to improve publicity.
The New Wildlife Policy (2007): The policy recognizes importance of wildlife conservation for the benefit of present and future g eneration. It lays down the foundation for sustainable conservation of wildlife resources and stresses the need for community involvement and benefit sharing including the establishment of Wildlife Management areas and ranches.
Livestock Policy (2006): Ta nzania is endowed with abundant natural resources, which include land, forage and a large livestock resource base. Out of the total 94 million hectares of land resource, 60 million hectares are rangelands utilized for grazing 18.5 million cattle; 13.1 mill ion goats and 3.6 million sheep. Other livestock kept in the country include 1.2 million pigs, 30 million indigenous poultry and other species (MWLD, Statistical Year Book, 2005). The country has the third largest cattle population in Africa after Ethiopia and Sudan. Over 90% of the livestock population is of indigenous types, which are known for their low genetic potential. These animals are however, well adapted to harsh environmental conditions and have high resistance to diseases.
National Agriculture Policy (2012) – draft: The Policy recognizes the importance of agricultural sector in the economy need to be over - emphasized based on its relationship between its performance and that of key economic indicators like GDP and employment. Since this relations hip is there to stay for some time to come, justifies the argument that any attempts to improve living standards of the people must give particular attention to increased production and productivity in the agricultural sector. The National Agriculture Poli cy revolves around the goals of developing an efficient, competitive and profitable agricultural industry that contributes to the improvement of the livelihoods of Tanzanians and attainment of broad based economic growth and poverty alleviation. The Govern ment is committed to bring about green revolution that entails transformation of agriculture from subsistence farming towards commercialization and modernization through crop intensification, diversification, technological advancement and infrastructural d evelopment.
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4.14.2 Legislative context
The Environmental Management Act, 2004 (EMA): The EMA represents a comprehensive framework law on environmental protection. EMA requires an analysis of the environmental impacts of activities undertaken or permitted by the Government of Tanzania. These environmental impact assessments (EIA) are detailed analysis of the environmental effects of a proposed action. It provides for legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of environment and natural re sources in the country. The Act confers the task of overall coordination of environmental management in the country to the ministry responsible for environment and the role of environmental management in specific sector such as agriculture, fisheries, wild life, mining and water is conferred to relevant sector ministries and Local Government Authorities (LGA).Thus, this country has institutions, policies, Acts or legal frameworks, regulations and directive, visions and missions to ensure effective management of natural resources.
The Participatory Forest Management Approach: This approach allows villages to control the rate of environmental degradation. Granted appropriate user rights and security of tenure as incentives for sustainable forest management, l ocal communities are likely to participate actively and effectively in the conservation and management of their forest resources. Therefore, the Forestry and Beekeeping Division must designate Forest Reserve areas that will be managed as Joint Forest Manag ement Areas. The problem at the community level in some areas is that there are no well - established community based organizations (e.g. NGOs or CBOs) which are able to influence management of forestry activities.
National Adaptation Programme of Action ( NAPA, 2007): Tanzania’s economic base is dependent on the use of natural resources, rain - fed agriculture and biomass for household energy. The economy is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and to extreme weather events. NAPA has ide ntified and promotes activities that address urgent and immediate needs for adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change.
Wildlife Act of 2009: The Act provides legal framework for conservation of wildlife resources in Tanzania including the establi shment of Game Reserves, wetland reserves, wildlife ranches, wildlife management areas and the use of wildlife species.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). Tanzania is in its final stage of reviewing and updating its biodiversity strat egy and action plan. The Vision of the draft strategy is “ By 2025, biodiversity and ecosystems are well protected, restored and used sustainably, ecosystem functioning maintained, so that they perpetually deliver sustainable intrinsic benefits for socio - ec onomic development.”
National Climate Change Strategy : Tanzania’ National Climate Change Strategy National points out the Tanzania is vulnerable to the increased climate variability and climate change. The development of an effective strategic and instit utional framework is crucial to enhance the country‘s expertise, governance, technological and infrastructural capacities. The Strategy
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presents opportunity to address climate change adaptation and participate in the global efforts to reduce GHG emissions in the context of sustainable development.
Sustainable Development Goals : Tanzania has set out 17 sustainable development goals following the e n d of the Millennium Development Goals. Of relevance to this report include ending poverty in all its forms ever ywhere, e nd hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture , e nsure availability and sustainable manage ment of water and sanitation for all . Others are , e nsure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all , t ake urgent act ion to combat climate change and its impacts ; and p rotect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss .
4.14.2 Instit utional context
4.14.2.1 Government
Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT): Has the mandate to the conservation of wildlife and forest resources as well as development of tourism and safeguarding forest biological values. MNRT is one of the eco nomic ministries responsible for conservation of wildlife, forests as well as development of tourism. MNRT is responsible for overall organization, rules coordination and establishment of coherent general context for wildlife and forest management.
The Wi ldlife Division (WD): WD sits on the vision of ensuring Sustainable conservation of the wildlife and wetlands resources in the country through enhancing conservation, management and development of wildlife and wetlands resources, and sustainable utilizatio n that will contribute towards poverty reduction through; administration and regulation,, promotion of participation of stakeholders in conservation and sustainable utilization of wildlife and wetland resources, promotion of wildlife and wetlands resources for economic development and promotion of information sharing and exchange of expertise Nationally, Regionally and Internationally. It has Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund (TWPF), Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Tanzania National Parks (TA NAPA), Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), and College of African Wildlife Management Mweka (CAWM).
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority: The Ngorongoro Conservation Area spans vast expanses of highland plains, savanna, savanna woodlands and forests. Established in 1959 as a multiple land use area, with wildlife coexisting with semi - nomadic Maasai pastoralists practicing traditional livestock grazing, it includes the spectacular Ngorongoro Crater, the world’s largest caldera. The property has global importance for biodiversity conservation due to the presence of globally threatened species, the density of wildlife inhabiting the area, and the annual migration of wildebeest, zebra, gazelles and other animals into the northern plains. Extensi ve archaeological research has also yielded a long sequence of evidence of human evolution and human - environment dynamics, including early hominid footprints dating back 3.6 million years.
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Tanzania National Parks: The Tanganyika National Parks Ordinance CAP [412] of 1959 established the organization now known as Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), and Serengeti became the first National Park. Currently TANAPA is governed by the National Parks Ordinance Chapter 282 of the 2002 revised edition of the Laws of the United Republic of Tanzania. Conservation in Tanzania is governed by the Wildlife Conservation Act of 1974, which allows the Government to establish protected areas and outlines how these are to be organized and managed. National Parks represent the hi ghest level of resource protection that can be provided. By 2014, TANAPA had grown to 16 national parks, covering approximately 57,024 square kilometers .
Tanzania Forest Services (TFS): Has been given the mandate for the management of national forest rese rves (natural and plantations), bee reserves and forest and bee resources on general lands. TFS as an Executive Agency seeks to enhance the management and conservation of forest and bee resources for sustainable supply of quality forest and bee products an d services.
Tanzania Tourist Board (TTB): Is a government organization legally established by the Tanzania Tourist Board act, CAP 364 of 1962 and amended by Act No. 18 of 1992 (replacing the Tanzania Tourist Corporation). The Board is mandated with promo tion and development of all the aspects of tourism industry in Tanzania. The main functions of the Tanzania Tourist Board are: to adopt all such measures as it may consider necessary advertise and publicize Tanzania as a popular tourist destination; to enc ourage by such measures as it may deem fit for the development of such amenities in Tanzania as may enhance the attractiveness of Tanzania to tourists; to undertake research, experiments and operations as may appear to be necessary to improve the basis of the tourist industry; to foster an understanding within Tanzania of the importance and economic benefits of the tourist industry; and to make all such inquiries and collect all such information as it may deem necessary for the purpose of carrying out its f unctions.
Vice President’s Office – Environment
Division of Environment: The legal and institutional framework for environmental management in Tanzania is provided for in the Environmental Management Act (2004). The Division of Environment was establishe d in 1991 under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and was transferred to the Vice President’s Office in 1995 to give it the requisite priority and attention on promoting management of environmental agenda in Tanzania. The Division is responsibl e for the overall environmental policy and regulation, formulation, coordination and monitoring of environment policy implementation in the country.
National Environment Management Council (NEMC): NEMC came into being in 1983 when the Government of Tanzan ia enacted the National Environment Management Act No. 19 of 1983. NEMC was established with a broad mandate in response to the national need for such an institution to oversee environmental management issues and also implement the resolutions of the Stock holm conference (1972), which called upon all nations to establish and strengthen national environmental Councils to advice governments and the international community on environmental issues.
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The enactment of Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 ( EMA, 2004) by Parliament in October 2004, repealed the National Environmental Management Act No.19 of 1983 and re - established NEMC. EMA 2004 provides for a legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment, prevention and cont rol pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards, public participation, environmental compliance and enforcement. Furthermore, it gives NEMC mandates to undertake enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of environmental impacts asses sments, research, facilitate public participation in environmental decision - making, raise environmental awareness and collect and disseminate environmental information.
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development: The ministry has the mandate of ove rall management and development of livestock and Fisheries resources for sustainable achievement of Millennium Development Goals, National strategy for growth and reduction of poverty, improved livelihood of livestock and fisheries dependent communities , food safety and security without compromising animal welfare and environment conservation; and to build and support the technical and professional capacity of local government authorities and private sector in order to develop, manage and regulate the l ivestock and fisheries resources sustainability.
Prime Minister’s Office – Regional Administration & Local Government (Local Government Authorities including District Councils, Wards and Village Councils): They are responsible for implementing policy by f ormulating and enforcing by - laws, providing technical support and conservation education to villages and preparing physical and development plans that protect biodiversity assets. For each district there is district natural resources department and at vill age level there are village environment committees.
4.14.2.2 Civil Society (NGOs and CBOs) and Development Partners
Various local (national) and international CBOs, NGOs and development Partners are assisting in awareness raising and extension services, financing of wildlife and forests conservation and environment activities. These include but not limited to WWF, UNDP , GEF, UNEP, IUCN, UNESCO, FZS, and AWF .
4.14.2.3 Private Sector
The private sector consists of individuals, companies or groups with hig h investment capital or business skills . Tanzania Association of Tour Operators (TATO) is one of the private sector partners which is quite active in both landscapes . TATO was established in 1983, with the responsibility for providing a common and comprehe nsive position of the tourism industry in its relations with both the government and its institutions in matters pertaining to the formulation of tourism policy, plans and programmes. TATO has some members who carry out tourism activities in two landscapes . Tanzania Hunters Association (THA) is also an important partner . Several hunting companies operate in the two landscapes.
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1. 5.0 REFERENCES
CIMU, (2002) Aerial Total Count of Elephants in West Kilimanjaro Dry Season, 2002. TAWIRI Aerial Survey Report Cam pbell, K.L.I. and Hofer, H. (1995). People and wildlife: Spatial dynamics and zones of interaction. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem; Sinclair, A.R.E., Arcese, P. Eds.; The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA , pp. 534 - 570. Campbell, K., Nelson, V. and Loibooki, M. (2001). Sustainable use of Wildland Resources: Ecological, Economic and Social Interactions: An Analysis of Illegal Hunting of Wildlife in Serengeti National Park. Final Technical Report . The Departm ent for International Development (DFID): London, UK, The Guardian (2011). Invasive, poisonous plant species threatens pastoralists http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=32337 Kenana, LM., Bakari, SK., Bitok, E. Machoke, NM ., Hamzah, HK, Mukeka, J,., & Mwiu, SN, Kyale, DM, Cheptei, J (2013). Large mammal aerial total count for Amboseli – West Kilimanjaro and Magadi - Natron cross border landscape, October 2013. A technical Report for Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya and Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Tanzania Kideghesho, J. R. (2010). Serengeti shall not die: transforming an ambition into reality. Tropical Conservation Science (3), 228 - 248 Kideghesho, J.R., Nyahongo, J.W., Hassan, S.N., Tarimo, T.C. and Mbije, E.N. (2006). Factors and ecolog ical impacts of wildlife habitat destruction in the Serengeti Ecosystem in Northern Tanzania . African Journal of Environmental Assessment and Management. 11: 17 - 32 Kikoti, A. (2009) Seasonal home range sizes, trans - boundary movements and conservation of el ephants in northern tanzania. Open Access Dissertations. Paper 108. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/108 Kioko J, Okello & P. Muruthi. (2006) Elephant numbe rs and distribution in the Tsavo - Amboseli ecosystem, southwestern Kenya. Pachyderm 40: 61 - 68. Kissui, B.M. (2008). Livestock predation by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and theirvulnerability to retaliatory killing in the Maasai steppe, Tanzania. Animal Conservation 11: 422 - 432 Loibooki, M., Hofer, H., Campbell, K.L.I. and East, M.L. (2002). Bushmeat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: the importance of livestock ownership and alternative sources of protein and income . Environmental Conservation 29: 391 - 398 Moss, C.J, 2001. The Demography of an African Elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) Population in Amboseli. J. Zool., 255, 145 - 156. Omondi, P. Muruthi P. Murithi. P. and Bitok, E. (2002) Total aerial count of Elephants i n Amboseli Longido Ecosystem. Kenya Wildlife Service. Poole, J.H., and Reuling, M. 1997. A survey of elephant and other wildlife of the West Kilimanjaro basin Tanzania. African Elephant Specialist Group. Pratt DJ and Gwynne MD 1977. Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. Hodder and Stoughton, London, England.Republic of Kenya 1990. Kajiado District Atlas.
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ASAL Programme, Kajiado, Ministry of Reclamation and Development of Arid and Semi - arid Areas and Wastelands. Kajiado, Kenya. Stattersfield, A .J.; Crosby, M.J.; Long, A.J.; Wege, D.C. Endemic bird areas of the world: Priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife International: Cambridge, UK, 1998 Stuart, C. and Stuart, T. (2006). Field Guide to Mammals of Africa. Struik publishers, Cape Tow n. TAWIRI (2003). Aerial Total Count of elephants in West Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Dry Season, 2002. TAWIRI Aerial Survey, Unpublished AWF report. TAWIRI, 2009. Aerial census in West Kilimanjaro. Tanzania, Dry Season, 2009. TAWIRI Aerial Survey Report TWCM ( 1998) Aerial census in West Kilimanjaro. Tanzania, Dry Season, 1997. TWCM Aerial Survey, Unpublished AWF report.
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Annex 2 : The Global ICCA Support Initiative to Tanzania (UNDP1, Award No. 00061324)
1. Output Project T itle: Support to I ndigenous P eoples a nd C ommunity C onserved Areas and T erritories (ICCA s ) through the GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP) as a contribution to achieving T arget 11, 14 and 18 o f the CBD Aichi 2020 F ramework.
2. Project O bjectives
2.1 Primary Project Objective
To improve the recognitio n support and overall effectiveness for biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods and resilience to climate change of territories and areas conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities (ICCAs) through enhanced capacities of all engaged pa rties, contributing to the achievement of the Aichi Targets 11,14 and 18 of the CBD 2020 Global Biodiversity S trategy.
2.2 Secondary Objectives
2.2.1 Provide local capacity building support to communities at the gras s roots level through their NGOs and CBOs o n sou nd ICCA stewardship using landscape approach.
2.2.2 Disseminate and field test community – frien dly ICCA toolkits for increased visibility of ICCAs
2.2.3 Support in - country ICCAs to replicate good management practices from other ICCAs and co - management models of pro tected landscapes such as COMPACT.
3. Context
Indigenous Peoples in Tanzania are defined through the ILO definition given i n 1989, which defines Indigenous Peoples to be “Tribal peoples, whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from o ther sections of the national community”.
Furthermore, the ILO definition adds, “They are peoples, who status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations ”.
Tanzania has more than 5 ethnic groups t hat are regarded as indigenous peoples under the ILO definition. Examples of indigenous peoples in Tanzania include s : The Maasai, Barbaig, Hadzabe, Ndorobo and Akiyee. Majority of the Indigenous Peoples are pastoralists found in the Northern parts. Some live through hunting and gathering.
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Most of the Indigenous Peoples live in ICCAs. ICCAs are often considered to be bio - cultural entities, which include both the natural and cultural diversity of ecosystems and people. In addition to harboring a great d eal of biodiversity, ICCAs are also known to attract wildlife populations, some of w hich migrate from state protected areas. Therefore, it is not surprising that indigenous people s in Tanzania are unique because they co - exist with wildlife populations.
M any ICCAs exist in places where communities reside and have a traditional and historical association with the land. There are different reasons why places are set aside for conservation as ICCAs. These include: Biodiversity conservation; protection of spir itual sites; historical memory as well as investment for future generations.
Many different local names can be used to describe ICCAs. For example, in Australia, they are called, “Indigenous Protected Area”. In Mexico, they are known as “Voluntary Conser ved Areas”. In Tanzania, they are commonly known as “Village Forest Reserves”.
4. Key threats to I ndigenous communities
The re are many threats facing the Indigenous P eoples, partly because of the lack of demarcated boundaries and official recognition of t heir presence and governance systems. Some of the key threats include the following: - Human Rights Violation Discrimination and exclusion: IPs are left on the margins of the larger societies in which they exist Vulnerability: ICCAs lack security in land tenure. Land grabbing for to urism, large scale commercial fa rming and/or mining often force IPs to leave their land without their consent. Effects of Climate C hange : This includes floods or prolonged drought Loss of traditional cultures : Mainly, as a res ult of competition for the benefits t hat perceived modernity brings. Mass urban migration : Particularly where youths leave rural areas. Political insecurity : S ometimes this fuels conflicts and division within communities Human – wildlife conflicts Loss o f land to conservation and investment Lack of livestock infrastructure such as market, veterinary and extension services
5. Project focus
IPs makes substantial contributions to Global Conservation efforts and sustainable development. While these communiti es are often the primary resources stewards who rely on ecosystems to meet food security, livelihood and health needs, and their contribution to the achievement of global conservation targets have not yet been fully recognized. 57
However, this trend is grad ually changing. Awareness of the substantial role that local civil society initiatives have in conserving ecosystems is growing. Importantly, the si gnificance of community - based action s for biodiversity, ecosystem s and sustainable livelihoods are capture d in the Aichi 2020 t argets under the convention on Biological D i versity (CBD) Target 11 (Protected Areas, including other effective area - based forms of conservation); Targ et 14 (Ecosystems services and Target 18 (Traditional Knowledge). Therefore, under this project , support will be provided to promote the effectiveness and viability of ICCAs as governance structure for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems.
6. Priority Interventions in Tanzania
In view of the threats described above and taking int o consideration the key objectives of the project, the following in terventions will be prioritized:
6.1 Advocacy: Building capacity of IPs for protecting the ICCAs through acquiring legal ownership status. Additionally, build capacity of IPs to identify and address policies and practices that violate human rights 6.2 Capacity Development: Support capacity development of IPs to strengthen community level informed natural resource management practices and resilience building. 6.3 Scale up and scale out successful SGP and COMPACT supported actions that focused on IPs Example s include the following actions: Increased access to water supply; Grazing land improvement , Prevention of human - wildlife c onflict, Increased f ood security at household level. 6.4 Promotion of good gove rnance at one PA for demonstration (Aichi target 11)
6.5 Promotion of local level conservation (Aichi target 14)
6.6 Capturing and documenting traditional conservation knowledge and practices (Aichi target 18)
6.7 Promote a Rights – Based Approach to Development
6.8 I ncrease awareness to the general public on IPs issues
6.9 Facilitate IPs engagement in national for a on development agenda particularly Climate Change issues with the view to influence inclusion of IPs interests in national policies , plans and strategies
6.10 P romotion of gender equality and women empowerment
Budget USD 500,000 (Tshs. 1b/) secured from the German Ministry of Environment (BMUB).
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7. Implementation arrangement
Implementation of this project will follow the SGP implementation mechanism that has 5 si mple steps as follows: Step 1: Public call for proposals Step 2: Desk review of submitted proposals to determine compliance to selection criteria Step 3: Field appraisal of viable projects Step 4: NSC review and selection of viable projects Step 5: Contrac ting, funding and implementation start up
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Integrated Results Framework
S/N Results Area Results Indicators Targets Enabling Actions 1. Capacity of IP leaders Number of ICCAs At least 10 ICCAs Provide training strengthened on the demarc ated and given given title deeds on the process of acquiring title deeds importance of legal ownership of their and process for ICCAs acquiring legal ownership of ICCAs Support local villages on the process for acquiring title deeds for at least 10 ICCAs
2. Capacity of IP Leaders Number of IP Train up to 40 Provide training strengthened on natural leaders trained IP leaders from on natural resource management the target resource Number of land practices and local level districts of management and use plans resilience building Longido, building of local produced and Monduli, level resilience approved Serenget i, to 40 IP leaders Ngorongoro and Provide training Mbulu and institute the Train IP leaders process of on how to adopt producing at land use least 10 land use planning system plans to 10 for eff ective ICCAs resource use and reducing conflict between farmers and pastoralists
3. IPs implemented Number of water At least one Support one s uccessful community supply faciliti es water dam and water dam, cattle level practices that were supported cattle drinking drinking trough supported to IPs through dam supported and water kiosks Number of SGP and COMPACT in each of the 5 in each of the 5
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Scaled up ICCAs improved target districts target districts through RE Reduced At least one technology incidents of ICCA improv ed attacks to in each of the 5 Support removal livestock by target districts of invasive plant predators species in at least Support at least 5 ICCAs Number of food 25 demo security projects to FA to 25 demo interventions reduce livestock projects to supported attacks by reduce attacks by predators predators Support one Establish fa rmer farmer field field schools, school on food one in each of security in each the 5 target of the 5 target districts. districts to improve household food security through climate - smart agro - ecology
4. Good governance for Improve cooperation Organize Convene a one PA promoted for between PA meeting meeting between demonstration (Aichi authorities and IPs between PA PA authorities T arget 11) Authorities and and IPs on IP association improved for improve d relationships relations Facilitate Find innovative consultations ways of between PA involving IP authorities and representatives IPs on in the PA strengthening decision making joint w ork processes planning. Establish IPs - PA Policy and Planning
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Dialogue Platform
5. Local level River banks for Promote Support conservation promoted rivers flowing to conservation of conservation of in 2 ecosystems (Aichi Lake Natron river banks and river banks for target 14) conserved catchment ri vers flowing to forests in the Lake Natron Farmer field target area school established Support to promote soil Promote soil conservation of and water and water Mau catchment conservation conservation forests around Lake practices to Establish farmer Natron enhance field school to sustainable land provide demo on management in soil and water the target area conservation for villages adjacent to La ke Natron, which are currently in a state of degradation
6. Traditional conse rvation At least one booklet Publishing a Convene a knowledge and practices on traditional book let on Stakeholder captured, documented conservation traditional Forum to draw and disseminated for knowledge and conservation TOR inter - community practices published knowled ge and learning (Aichi target practices Engage a 18) Consultant for authoring a booklet on traditional conservation knowledge and practices Print the booklet and disseminate nationally and globally
7. Support for gender Number of At least 5 projects, Take inventory
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equality and women’s supported women one in each district of o ngoing e mpowerment expanded led projects on social inclusion women - led supported activities for Number of support projects where gender is Mainstream mainstreamed gender in any and all supported Number of projects in this projects where programme. youths and disabled are Take inventory involved of ongoing projects that involve youths and disabled for support
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