An International Journal Nature and Science ISSN 1545-0740 Volume 9 - Number 3 (Cumulated No. 48), March, 2011 Marsland Press PO Box 180432, Richmond Hill, New York 11418, USA http://www.sciencepub.net [email protected] [email protected] 347-321-7172 http://www.sciencepub.net/nature [email protected] Nature and Science ISSN 1545-0740 Nature and Science ISSN: 1545-0740 The Nature and Science is an international journal with a purpose to enhance our natural and scientific knowledge dissemination in the world under the free publication principle. Papers submitted could be reviews, objective descriptions, research reports, opinions/debates, news, letters, and other types of writings that are nature and science related. All manuscripts submitted will be peer reviewed and the valuable papers will be considered for the publication after the peer review. The Authors are responsible to the contents of their articles. 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References should include all the authors’ last names and initials, title, journal, year, volume, issue, and pages etc. ISSN: 1545-0740 ã 2003-2011 Marsland Press http://www.sciencepub.net [email protected] Nature and Science ISSN: 1545-0740 Volume 9 - Number 3 (Cumulated No. 48), March, 2011 Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, ns0903 The following manuscripts are presented as online first for peer-review, starting from February 1, 2011. All comments are welcome: [email protected]; [email protected] Welcome to send your manuscript(s) to: [email protected]. CONTENTS No. Titles / Abstracts / Authors Full Text No. Uncertainty determination of correlated color temperature Full Text for high intensity discharge lamps A.B. El-Bialy1, M.M. El-Ganainy2 and E.M. El-Moghazy3 1University College for Woman for Art, science and education. Cairo , Egypt 2 National Institute for Standards (NIS), Giza, code 11211, Egypt 3 NIS and Ph.D. student in University College of Woman, Giza, code 11211, Egypt. Email: [email protected] Web site: www.nis.sci.eg Abstract: Color temperature is a description of the color of light sources. The chromaticity coordinates of the light source lying on the Planckian locus which is called (Commission Internationale de l'Eclariage, referred to as CIE) CIE diagram and the source has color temperature (in Kelvin) equal to the blackbody temperature of the Planckian radiator. For light sources that don't have chromaticity 1 1 coordinates that fall exactly on the Planckian locus but lie near it. In this case the chromaticity coordinates of such sources can be representing by correlated color temperature (CCT). Uncertainty of Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) or (Tcp) for high intensity discharge lamps (HID) is derived from (u, v) color coordinates. The method of the International organization for standardization (ISO) Guide is applied by Gardner to drive analytical expression for uncertainty in u and v chromaticity coordinates and an uncertainty in CCT for few Kelvins can be achieved. The color temperature standard achieved with the uncertainty of NIS. (11.48 % for mercury lamp, 3.44 % for sodium lamp and 6.4 % for metal halide lamp). [A.B. El-Bialy, M.M. El-Ganainy and E.M. El-Moghazy, Uncertainty determination of correlated color temperature for high intensity discharge lamps. Nature and Science 2011;9(3):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net. Key words: lamp, correlated color temperature, Uncertainty and luminous flux Shell selection of the hermit crab Clibanarius africanus (Aurivillus, 1898) (Decapoda: Diogenidae) Full Text in the Lagos lagoon: Aspects of behavioural and bio- ecology of benthos. 2 Aderonke Lawal-Are, Roland Efe Uwadiae* and Olayemi Ruth Owolabi 2 Department of Marine sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka , Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected]. Tel: +2348063145723 Abstract. Shell selection of Clibanarius africanus was investigated in the intertidal area of the Lagos i lagoon, between March and August, 2008 at five study sites. A total of 663 specimens of hermit crab in gastropod shells were collected. Shell occupation of C. africanus was limited to gastropod shells belonging to Pachymelania and Tympanotonus spp. The gastropod shell most inhabited was Pachymelania spp, which accounted for 60.96% of inhabited shells, while about 39% of the shell inhabited belonged to Tympanotonus spp. Shell preferences were characterized by shell length, weight and aperture width. Positive and statistically significant correlations were obtained between morphometric characteristics of C. africanus and those of the shells inhabited, suggesting that fitness of shell to crab dimension constitutes mainly the determinant for C. africanus shell utilization. Spatiotemporal variations in the type of shell occupied were not significant in this study. Analysis of the abundance of C. africanus in the study area indicates that, a relatively higher abundance of C. africanus was observed in site 3, due probably to the favourable environmental conditions provided by large percentage of sand fractions in the sediment. From the data recorded in this study, it may be concluded that shell selection by hermit crabs involves individual preferences related to the shell features that best provide protection, survival and opportunity for the enhancement of behavioural attributes that are necessary for the