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Lowland Forest Butterflies of the Sankosh River Catchment, Bhutan

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Lowland Forest Butterflies of the Sankosh River Catchment, Bhutan JoTT COMMUNI C ATION 4(12): 3085–3102 Lowland forest butterflies of the Sankosh River catchment, Bhutan Arun P. Singh Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Division, Rain Forest Research Institute (ICFRE), P.O. Box no. 136, Deovan, Sotai, Jorhat, Assam 785001, India Email: [email protected], [email protected] Date of publication (online): 10 October 2012 Abstract: This paper provides information on butterflies of the lowland forests of Bhutan Date of publication (print): 10 October 2012 for the first time. As a part of the biodiversity impact assessment for the proposed ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Sankosh hydroelectric power project, a survey was carried out along the Sankosh River catchment to study the butterfly diversity. The aim of the study was to identify Editor: Ullasa Kodandaramaiah species of conservation priority, their seasonality and to know the butterfly diversity Manuscript details: potential of the area. Surveys were carried out during five different seasons (winter, Ms # o2625 spring, pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon) lasting 18 days from January 2009 Received 12 November 2010 to March 2010. Pollard walk method was used to assess the diversity on four-line Final received 17 July 2012 transects within 10–12 km radius of the proposed dam site. Two hundred and thirteen Finally accepted 20 August 2012 species, including 22 papilionids, were thus sampled. Eleven species amongst these are listed in Schedules I and II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, of which Citation: Singh, A.P. (2012). Lowland forest butterflies of the Sankosh River catchment, 10 taxa (Pareronia avatar avatar, Nacaduba pactolus continentalis, Porostas aluta Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(12): coelestis, Elymnias vasudeva vasudeva, Mycalesis mestra retus, Melanitis zitenius 3085–3102. zitenius, Charaxes marmax, Athyma ranga ranga, Neptis manasa manasa and Neptis soma soma) are of conservation priority as they are ‘rare’ in occurrence across their Copyright: © Arun P. Singh 2012. Creative distribution range in the region. The maximum number of species (128) were recorded Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. during the spring season (March) and lowest (66) during July (monsoon). The seasonal JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any pattern of variation in diversity was very typical of the pattern found in other areas of the medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the lower foothills and adjoining plains of the Himalaya. Relative abundances of butterflies authors and the source of publication. during spring varied significantly (p<0.05) as compared to winter, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. However, species composition changed with every season as Author Details: ARUN P. SINGH works on the Sorensen’s similarity index varied between 0.3076 to 0.5656. All these findings suggest conservation of biodiversity of Himalaya with that the lowland forests of Bhutan hold a rich and unique diversity of butterflies during special reference to butterflies and birds every season of the year thus having a good potential for ecotourism. Establishment since 18 years. His research works include of a butterfly conservatory and park as a ‘biodiversity offset’ for conservation of ‘rare’ ecology, taxonomy, and environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies. Presently, he heads species along with more field surveys in the study area will be a way forward along with the Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation the present work to bridge the exisiting gaps in knowledge on butterflies of the sub- Division, Rain Forest Research Institute tropical lowland forests of the Himalayas. (ICFRE), Jorhat, Assam. Keywords: Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary, rare species, Acknowledgements: This study was part of seasonality, Shorea robusta, Simpsons index, Sorensen’s index, sub-tropical. the EIA of the proposed Indo-Bhutan Sankosh Hydro Electric Power project at Kerabari, being carried out by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun. The author is thankful to DG (ICFRE), DDG INTRODUCTION (Extension, ICFRE) & ADG and Sudhir Kumar, project manager (EIA Division, ICFRE), and Director, FRI, India, and Department of Reducing the impact of large dams on biodiversity calls for knowing Energy and Range Officer, Kalikhola, Forest Department of the Royal Government of Bhutan where species, ecosystems and ecological functions are located. Lack for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this study. of that information is one of the serious impediments and is a result of poor support for biological surveys, research and academic work on taxonomy and ecology. IUCN, UNEP and WCD recommendations on dams and biodiversity (McAllister et al. 2001), highlight the need to avoid biodiversity ‘hotspots’ and ‘hot’ portions of gradients. The avoidance of areas rich in species and endemic species needs to be given high priority in selection criteria. That includes both, choosing watersheds and sites within watersheds, and taking into account ‘hotspots’ and gradients in biodiversity. Besides, the recommendations also highlight the need to carry out research on biodiversity as our knowledge on biodiversity OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD is incomplete and geographic distributions are poorly documented Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | October 2012 | 4(12): 3085–3102 3085 Butterflies of Sankosh River A.P. Singh (McAllister et al. 2001). The environmental impact MATERIAL AND METHODS of large dams on lower groups of organisms, such as insects, is hardly ever studied for loss of wildlife in Study Area India (Mishra 2009). The study area falls in the subtropical forests in According to Conservation International, Bhutan the southwesternmost part of Bhutan in the south- forms a part of the ‘Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity central Dzongkhag (Sarpang District). These forests Hotspot’ which is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots are broadly classified as semievergreen but vary of the world today (www.biodiversityhotspots.org/). from almost totally deciduous on exposed dry slopes A home for over 50 species of rhododendrons, large to almost totally evergreen in the forest valleys. numbers of orchids (http://www.bhutan2008.bt/en/ Adjacent to and east of the study area lies the Phibsoo node/276), Bhutan is also one of the 221 global endemic Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary covers an area of bird areas with over 770 avian species (Inskipp et al. 265km2 of unique dry shorea forest ecosystem and 1999). Bhutan along with northeastern India are the conserves tropical fauna such as the Tiger Panthera meeting place of the central Asian and Chinese sub- tigris, Elephant Elephas maximus, Gaur Bos gaurus, divisions of the Palaeartic region with the peninsular Golden Langur Trachypithecus geei, Indian Wild Indian and Malayan subdivisions of the oriental Dog or Dhole Cuon alpinus, Grey Peacock Pheasant region and are therefore considered very rich areas in Polyplectron bicalcaratum, Rufous-necked Hornbill terms of butterflies. With incredible variations, from Aceros nipalensis, Wreathed Hornbill A. undulatus, subtropical to alpine along the altitudinal gradient Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis and is the only (100–4,200 m), Bhutan presents a large variety of protected area in Bhutan having Chital Deer Axis axis habitats for butterflies. The adjoining state of Sikkim and natural sal forests. Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary which lies west of Bhutan in India has over 689 species touches its border with India and is linked on its (Haribal 1992). Besides, 962 taxa of butterflies have southwestern end to the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West been identified from northeastern India from Sikkim, Bengal, India ca. 100km to the south-east of the study Assam, Manipur; Meghalaya, Nagaland Mizoram and site, in India, lies the Ripu-Chirang Wildlife Sanctuary northern Myanmar (Evans 1932). On the other hand (RCWF; 89055’–90030’E & 27015’–26035’N) in Wynter-Byth (1957) gives a figure of 835 species of western Assam which is a transitional zone between butterflies from northeastern India including Sikkim, Manas Tiger Reserve in the east and Buxa Tiger Bhutan and Assam up to Chittagong. However, Reserve in the west. About 300 species of butterflies information on butterflies of Bhutan as such is scanty. have been recorded from RCWF including the rare A booklet published by van der Poel & Wangchuk Yellow-crested Spangle Papilio elephenor Doubleday, (2007) on butterflies of the Bhutan mountains, hills 1886 and Moore’s Cupid Shijimia moorei Leech, 1889 and valleys between 800–3,000 m lists only 136 (Choudhury 2010), although the list has not been species from the country. van der Poel & Wangchuk given. (2007) does not include butterflies from subtropical low land forests of Bhutan lying below 300m, which Sampling are contiguous with forests in India and are considered Five sampling surveys were carried out during rich in terms of biodiversity. One estimate for Bhutan 7–9 January 2009 (winter), 13–14; 17–19 May 2009 puts the figure between 800–900 species with the (pre-monsoon), 11–13 July 2009 (monsoon), 26–28 largest number being found in the ‘subtropical’ zone November 2009 (post-monsoon) and 19–22 March (van der Poel & Wangchuk 2007). 2010 (spring) in the study area (Images 3–8). In The present work on butterflies is part of the January the day temperature and relative humidity environment impact assessment studies undertaken (11:30–15:30 hr) varied between 23.6–27.8 0C and on biodiversity of the influence (downstream) and 57.4–58.4 %, respectively, with days being short. impact zone (upstream) for a proposed dam to be built During March relative humidity varied between 57.1– by India, near Kerabari (26044’93N & 89055’55E), 60.1 % and day temperature between 33.4–34.2 0C. In in Bhutan, under the Sankosh Hydro-electric Power May the weather was hot and dry while during July Project (Images 1 & 2). (monsoon) the whole area remained under cloud cover 3086 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | October 2012 | 4(12): 3085–3102 Butterflies of Sankosh River A.P.
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