Upcoming European Missions

Carsten Brockmann Brockmann Consult GmbH

With contributions from Criag Donlon, Peter Regner, Bianca Hoersch, Ferran Gascon (all ESA) Charly Kaufmann (GFZ Potsdam), Godela Rossner (DLR)

ESA Sentinel 3 ESA Sentinel 2 German Enmap GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels

Sentinel 1 – SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2013 / 2015

Sentinel 2 – Multi-spectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture,… Continuity of Landsat, SPOT 2013 / 2015

Sentinel 3 – Ocean and global land monitoring Wide-swath ocean color, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry 2013/ 2014

Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring, trans- boundary pollution 2019

Sentinel 5 – Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring (S5 Precursor launch in 2015) 2019

S3 Meeting | 20/03/2012 | Slide 2

ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Sentinel 3 OLCI – SLSTR - SRAL S3 Objectives

Primary Secondary

Continuity of ocean colour as good as ENVISAT MERIS or better

Continuity of SST as good as ENVISAT AATSR or better

Continuity of SSH as good as ENVISAT RA-2 or better with SAR capability derived from CryoSat-2 over coastal zones and sea ice

Continuity of land products (reflectance's, temperature) as good as ENVISAT MERIS and AATSR or better

Provide consistent quality L1b and L2 optical and topography products in a timely manner for GMES services

Continuity of SPOT VGT-P like products

Fire, River and lake height, atmospheric products…for GMES services Sentinel-3: Continuity of ENVISAT Ocean Observation

Microwave Radiometer Ocean and Land Colour Instrument Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer

X-band GPS Antenna

DORIS Antenna

Laser retro- SAR Radar reflector S-band Altimeter Antenna Sentinel-3 Mission Heritage

Poseidon-1 Poseidon-2 Poseidon-3

2012:AltiKa 1992: TOPEX / 2001: JASON-1 2008: JASON-2 Poseidon-1 SIRAL SIRAL

2005: CryoSat-1 SARAL RA 2010: CryoSat-2 SRAL, ATSR RA-2 MWR, 1992: ERS-1 POD 1995: ERS-2 AATSR SLSTR

MERIS 2013: Sentinel-3 OLCI 2002: ENVISAT

Vegetation 1998: SPOT-4 Sentinel-3: Instrument Swath and Satellite Orbit

Instrument Swath Patterns Ground Track Patterns

S3-A S3-B

SRAL (>2 km) and MWR (20 km) nadir track

2 days

1400 km SLSTR (nadir) 740 km SLSTR (oblique) 1270 km OLCI

1 Repeat Cycle Orbit type Repeating frozen SSO Repeat cycle 27 days (14 + 7/27 orbits/day) (27 days) LTDN 10:00 Average altitude 815 km Inclination 98.65 deg Sentinel-3 Optical Revisit time and coverage

Optical missions: Short Revisit times for optical payload, even with 1 single satellite Revisit at Revisit for Requ. Equator latitude > 30°

Ocean Colour 1 Satellite < 3.8 days < 2.8 days (Sun-glint free, < 2 days day only) 2 Satellites < 1.9 days < 1.4 days

Land 1 Satellite < 2.2 days < 1.8 days reflectance(day < 2 days only) 2 Satellites < 1.1 day < 0.9 day

SLSTR dual 1 Satellite < 1.9 days < 1.5 days view (day < 4 days and night) 2 Satellites < 0.9 day < 0.8 day

• Data delivery timeliness: • Near-Real Time (< 3 hr) availability of the L2 products • Slow Time Critical (STC) (1 to 2 days) delivery of higher quality products for assimilation in models (e.g. SSH, SST) Sentinel-3 OLCI 5 cameras Basic Geometry

Calibration Assembly

~68.5° FoV

West Across-East 55 deg_OZA track-tilt

13.6° 12.2°

Camera 1 Camera 2 Camera 3 Camera 4 Camera 5

14.1° SSP ~09:00 LST 10:00 LST ~10:30 LST

1270 km Transect showing MERIS sunglint, MERIS band 9 (708 nm) Hawaii 20030705

200

180

160

West East 140 55 deg_OZA Approximate position of OLCI cameras 120 13.6° 12.2°

100 Camera 1 Camera 2 Camera 3 Camera 4 Camera 5

80 14.1° SSP 60

40

20 radiance_9 [mW/(m^2*sr*nm)]

0 -160 -158 -156 -154 -152 -150 -148 -146 longitude (deg) (R. Doerffer) OLCI: Ocean and Land Colour Instrument - comparison to MERIS

Pushbroom Imaging Spectrometer (VIS- MERIS Bands λ center Width Yellow substanace/detrital 412.5 10 NIR) – similar to MERIS pigments Chl.. Abs. Max 442.5 10 Key Improvements: Chl & other pigments 490 10 . More spectral bands (from 15 to 21): 400-1020 nm Susp. Sediments, red tide 510 10 Chl. Abs. Min 560 10 . Broader swath: 1270 km Suspended sediment 620 10 . Reduced sun glint by camera tilt in west direction Chl. Abs, Chl. fluorescence 665 10 (12.20°) Chl. fluorescence peak 681.25 7.5 Chl. fluorescence ref., Atm. 708.75 10 . Absolute (relative) accuracy of 2% ( relative 0.5%) Corr. . Polarisation sensitivity < 1% Vegetation, clouds 753.75 7.5 O2 R-branch abs. 761.25 2.5

. Full res. 300m acquired systematically for land & ocean O2 P-branch abs. 778.75 15 . Reduced res. 1200m binned on ground (L1b) Atm corr 865 20 Vegetation, H2O vap. Ref. 885 10

. Improved characterization, e.g. straylight, camera H2O vap., Land 900 10 boundary characterization New OLCI bands λ center Width . Ocean coverage < 4 days, (< 2 days, 2 satellites) Aerosol, in-water property 400 15 Fluorescence retrieval 673.75 7.5 . Timeliness: 3 hours NRT Level 2 product Atmospheric parameter 764.375 3.75 . 100% overlap with SLSTR Cloud top pressure 767.5 2.5 Atmos./aerosol correction 940 20 => Improved L2 products e.g., Cla, Transparency, TSM, Atmos./aerosol correction 1020 40 Turbidity, PFTs, HAB, NDVI, MGVI, MTCI, faPAR, LAI Key Improvements: SLSTR vs AATSR…

• Increased number of spectral bands from 7 to 9 (new 1.3 and 2.2um) for better Ci Cloud detection • Increased spatial resolution for VIS and SWIR channels (0.5 km @ nadir, TIR 1 km @nadir) • Along track scanning with increased swath: • oblique swath to 740 km • nadir swath to 1400 km • 100% overlap with OLCI • Improved coverage < 4 days global ocean (practically ~ 2 days) • Dedicated Active Fire channels Thermal Structure in the Med, ENVISAT • Better timeliness: 3 hours NRT AATSR Level 1/2 products S3 SLSTR: Basic Geometry

• Uses two scan mechanisms and a flip mirror to enable wider swath • Nadir swath is offset to cover OLCI swath • One VIS channel (865nm) is used for co- registration with OLCI swath

• Oblique view 55 deg inclination maintains a longer atmospheric path length (1.5atm) compared to nadir for better atmospheric correction

Oblique view is ‘backwards’ relative to flight direction (Orbit, solar illumination, emissivity => algorithm updates needed)  Overlap between AATSR and SLSTR is fundamental S3 SLSTR: Spectral Bands

Absolute rad. Accuracy SLSTR center  SNR [-] / SSD VI/SWIR S1–S6: SLSTRBand SRF[ Availablem] from[m] ESANeDT [mK] [km] <5% (EOL) Contact [email protected] <2% (BOL) S1 0.555 0.02 20 0.5 S2 0.659 0.02 20 0.5 Absolute rad. Accuracy S3 0.865 0.02 20 0.5 TIR S7/8/9: 0.2K S4 1.375 0.015 20 0.5 (goal: 0.1K) S5 1.61 0.06 20 0.5 Polarisation sensitivity: S6 2.25 0.05 20 0.5 S1–S6: < 0.07 S7 3.74 0.38 80 mK 1.0 S7/8/9:< 0.10 S8 10.95 0.9 50 mK 1.0

Stability: S9 12 1.0 50 mK 1.0 S1–S6: <0.1% F1 3.74 0.38 500 1.0 S7/8/9: <0.08K F2 10.95 0.9 400 1.0 SLSTR is an IR self-calibrating instrument using on-board calibration device (blackbody cavities for TIR; Solar diffuser AATSR Heritage for the VIS-SWIR) SLSTR New Bands S3: Data processing chains

OLCI SLSTR SRAL MWR POD Instrument Instrument Instrument Instrument System

OLCI L1B SLSTR L1B

L1C Topography Ocean & Land Surface Processing chain Colour Processing L1C: Hybrid processing Temperature based on altimeter chain based Processing radiometer and on OLCI data chain based on combination of chain based POD system data SLSTR and on SLST data OLCI data Ocean & L2 Surface L2 Surface Land Colour Synergy Temperatures Topography L2 Products Products Products Products Product delivery timeliness: • Near-Real Time (< 3 hr) availability of L2 products (and L1b) • 1 to 2 days delivery of higher quality topography products for assimilation in models Sentinel – 3 Core GS User Products list

LEVEL 1 Level 1 - OLCI L1B ESA/EUMETSAT - SLSTR L1B LEVEL 2 - OLCI ocean color Marine products - SLSTR sea EUMETSAT -SRAL L2

Land products LEVEL 2 - OLCI Land ESA - SLSTR Land - SYNERGY / VGT -SRAL L2 Satellite Operated by EUMETSAT Early S3 Mission Timeline: Cal/Val

4/2014

2nd half of 2014

No data available

Limited L0/L1 data from Gradual ramp-up of payload for cal/val: – all products in early systematic production and phase dissemination ramped-up Sentinel–2

Numerous applications • land cover/use, agriculture, forestry • risk / disaster relief mapping • glaciers, snow, coastal waters, lakes, wetlands •etc.

 13 spectral bands (VIS, NIR & SWIR)  Spatial resolution: 10, 20 and 60 m  290 km swath  1200 kg spacecraft mass  5 days repeat cycle (cloud free, at equator) with 2 sat  Geographic coverage: systematic, all land & coastal surfaces between 56o S – 84o N  Sun synchronous orbit at 786 km mean altitude

 7ESA yearsUNCLASSIFIED design – For Official Use life time, consumables for 12 years Sentinel–2 compared to Landsat/Spot

Landsat-7 SPOT-5 Sentinel-2

Satellites flown/flying 7 + 1* 5 2 Launch 1999* 2002 2013+ (TBC) Measurement principle scanner pushbroom pushbroom Earth coverage (days) 16 26 5 Swath (km) 185 2*60 290 Multispectral bands 7 + 1 (PAN) 4 + 1 (PAN) 13 Spatial sampling 15, 30 2.5, 5, 10 10, 20, 60 distance (m) ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official* UseLCDM mission targeted 2013 Sentinel–2: 13 spectral bands !

VIS NIRSWIR SWIR VNIR Visible B1 B9 B10

Aerosols Water-vapour Cirrus 60 m Snow / ice / cloud discrimination B5 B7 B8a

Vegetation 20 m Red-edge

B6 B11 B12

10 m Continuity with SPOT5 multispectral

B2 B3 B4 B8 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm

Spectral bands versus spatial resolution LANDSAT 7

SPOT-5

ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Landsat / Sentinel-2 coverage in Cameroon (10 days simulation)

Landsat Landsat & Sentinel 2A

Landsat & Sentinel 2A & Sentinel 2B Potential of Sentinel 2 for Ocean Colour (+)

1. Spatial resolution a. 20m  mapping of all important inland waters 2. Temporal resolution a. 2 SC, cloud coverage considered: 1 observation / month 3. Spectral resolution

IOPs AC AC IOPs (very turbid waters) IOPs Cloud/Snow/Ice Screening Potential of Sentinel 2 for ocean colur (-)

1. Signal-to-noise ratio not adequate for ocean colour retrieval

Geographical coverage:S2 1.All land areas between 56° S and 83° N including major islands (>100 km²) 2.EU islands/islands < 20 km from the coast MERIS, MODIS, SeaWIFS 2. Radiometric3.The accuracy whole Mediterranean 3% (goal) Sea5% (thresh) from Joliet et al, 2007 4.All inland water bodies and all closed seas 3. Mission scenario a. Are all coastal zones are covered? Sentinel 2 Data Latency Sentinel–2 – A challenging ground segment

 Data delivered to 4 core ground stations, which are phased in through a staggered approach (from 24)

 Additional (collaborative) ground stations based on agreement with ESA

 Two data downlink systems - X band (490 Mbps) or laser communication to EDRS (can be operated simultaneously)

 900 GB of data throughput per day, systematically processed up to Level 1C

 Target users: operational GMES services and ESA national users; others on best effort basis Sentinel Data Policy

Full and open access to Sentinel data to all users

In practical terms

• Anybody has the right to access acquired Sentinel data • Licenses for the Sentinel data are free of charge • However the funding for the actual access in routine phase is under discussion with EU EnMAP

• Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program • PPP = Public Private Partnership • Launch 2015+ • Hyperspectral Sensor – 200 bands – Continuously measureing the spectrum • VNIR:420 – 1030 nm (96 bands) • SWIR:950 – 2450 nm (122 bands) – 30m resolution – 30km swath width – 30° pointing – 4 days revisit time EnMAP

Quelle: http://www.enmap.de/

AK Fernerkundung Küste * 4 Arbeitskreistreffen * 05 03 2007 Enmap

Acquisition Scenarios • Constraints – Sun-synchronous orbit (11:00 LTDN) – Revisit < 90d (nadir), ~29d (5° off nadir), ~4d (30° off nadir) – Shifting orbit – Capacity (along track): 1000km/orbit, 5 000km/day – 5 mins to stabilze satellite after tilt

• Priorities – Fixed set of areas of interest – High number of repetitions rather than global coverage – On-request acquisitions for rapid response actions [email protected] THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!