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Journal-2011.Pdf African Journal 2 African Journal Direction des publications Directeur : L’Ambassadeur Ramtane LAMAMRA, Commissaire Paix et Sécurité de l’Union Africaine Responsable des publications : M. Idriss Mounir LALLALI, Chef de l’Unité Alerte et Prévention du CAERT/Union Africaine ; Rédacteur en chef : Lieutenant-colonel Christian Emmanuel MOUAYA POUYI, Spé- cialiste Alerte et Prévention, Etudes, Analyses et Publications du CAERT/ Union Africaine Comité Editorial : Président : Ambassadeur Francisco Caetano Jose Madeira, Représentant Spécial du Président de l’Union Africaine, Chargé de la Coopération pour la lutte Antiterroriste, Directeur du CAERT ; Membres : - M. E. WANE, Directeur Paix et Sécurité de l’Union Africaine ; - Dr. E.OKEREKE, Chercheur Principal au National Défense College of Nigeria ; - M. B.S. MAIGA, Ancien Ministre de la Défense de la République du Mali ; - Dr. C.ECHEVERRIA, UNED, Calle Obispo Trejo, s/n. 28040 Madrid Espagne. Réalisation et diffusion : M. Moïse Lazare Emery LECKIBY, Documentaliste du CAERT/ Union Africaine . 3 African Journal 4 African Journal Sommaire Page Editorial 7 Combating financing of terrorism: the african experience 13 Introduction 13 Understanding Financing of Terrorism 16 Sources of funds for the financing of terrorism in africa 19 Conclusion 34 Notes 36 Terrorism financing: the particular case of al Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 39 Introduction 39 Instruments in order to fight against the financial front of terrorists. 48 Conclusion. 52 Notes 54 Disentangling terrorism in central africa: challenges and prospects 61 Funding of terrorism in central africa 64 Counterterrorism in the central african sub-region 65 Notes 67 Transnational organised crimes and terrorist financing in west africa: challenges and strategies 69 Introduction 69 Conceptual and theoretical exploration 71 Trans-national organised crimes 71 Terrorism 72 Typologies of terrorism 74 Terrorist financing 75 Alliance between transnational organised crimes and terrorist financing 76 Trans-national organised crimes and terrorist financing in west africa. 77 Efforts at combating transnational crimes and terrorist financing in west africa 79 Challenges to combating transnational crimes and terrorist financing in west africa 81 Strategies to enhance the war against transnational crimes and terrorist financing in west africa 83 Conclusion 85 Notes 86 5 African Journal Countering the financing of boko haram extremism in nigeria 89 Introduction 90 Understanding the boko haram 91 The radicalisation of the boko haram 96 Growing audacity of the boko haram 99 The boko haram: three broad funding streams 112 Countering boko haram extremism: the way forward 116 Notes 118 Financial intelligence and counterterrorism: Challenges for nigeria 123 Introduction 123 Conceptual clarification 126 Counterterrorism 127 Financial intelligence and counterterrorism in nigeria 129 Challenges of financial intelligence and counter-terrorism in nigeria 137 Conclusion 139 Recommendations 139 Notes 140 Financing the boko haram: some informed projections 143 Introduction 143 Understanding the boko haram 144 Membership and operation of the boko haram 147 Boko haram: flashback on the july 2009 uprising 150 Boko haram beyond july 2009 152 Financing the Boko Haram: Some Informed Projections 167 Conclusion 171 Notes 172 Annexes 174 6 African Journal EDITORIAL Ambassadeur Francisco Caetano Jose Madeira, Représentant Spécial du Président de l’Union Africaine, Chargé de la Coopération pour la Lutte Antiterroriste, Directeur du Centre Africain d’Etudes et de Re- cherche sur le Terrorisme (CAERT) Chers lecteurs, L’année 2012 point à l’horizon. Dix ans déjà que l’Union Africaine a adopté son Plan d’Action sur la Prévention et la Lutte contre le Terro- risme. Dix ans, que de façon concertée, les Etats africains s’emploient à relever le défi, à eux imposé par le funeste fléau du terrorisme. Pour accompagner la mise en œuvre de ce plan, le Centre Africain d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Terrorisme a choisi, à l’orée de cette année, de consacrer la présente parution, à un des thèmes centraux de la lutte antiterroriste : la lutte contre le financement du terrorisme. La lutte contre le financement du terrorisme est une composante essen- tielle de la Stratégie Globale des Nations Unies contre le Terrorisme. Elle vise à détecter et supprimer toute source de financement du terrorisme. Elle érige en infraction le fait de mettre à la disposition de personnes ou entités terroristes des fonds ou autres ressources financières. Des efforts inlassables sont déployés à tous les plans pour mener à bien cette répression. Au plan mondial, l’Organisation des Nations Unies est, depuis les années 1970, à l’origine de plusieurs initiatives, dont je vais, à titre d’illustration, ci-après évoquer les principales. En 1972, l’As- semblée Générale a institué le premier Comité Spécial de lutte contre le terrorisme international. En 1994, elle a adopté une Déclaration sur les mesures visant à éliminer le terrorisme international. En 1996, elle a institué un nouveau comité spécial en vue d’élaborer de nouvelles conventions internationales sur le terrorisme. C’est au sein de ce comité spécial qu’a été élaborée la Convention internationale pour la répres- sion du financement du terrorisme de 1999. 7 African Journal Depuis 2000, ce comité a commencé l’élaboration de la Convention gé- nérale sur la lutte contre le terrorisme international. Ce travail se pour- suit encore à ce jour. Une étape importante de la lutte contre le terrorisme en général, et de la répression du financement du terrorisme a été atteinte avec l’adoption en septembre 2006 de la Stratégie Globale des Nations Unies de Lutte Contre le Terrorisme. Dans le 2ème pilier consacré aux « mesures vi- sant à prévenir et combattre le terrorisme », les Etats membres des Na- tions Unies s’engagent, entre autres, à priver les terroristes des moyens de mener à bien leurs attaques, et d’atteindre leurs objectifs et d’obtenir les effets escomptés, en s’abstenant d’organiser, de faciliter, de finan- cer, d’encourager ou de tolérer, des activités terroristes. Le Conseil de sécurité œuvre également à la question de l’éradication du terrorisme. La nécessité de s’adapter à la nature perpétuellement changeante et évolutive de ce phénomène et la nécessité de donner une réponse ferme et immédiate à son développement intempestif, l’a ame- né à instituer, en 2001, le Comité contre le terrorisme et un peu plus tard la Direction Exécutive de ce comité. Ce comité se charge de suivre l’application par les États membres des Nations Unies, des dispositions de la Résolution n° 1373 (2001). Le Conseil de sécurité a aussi, dans sa Résolution 1267 (1999), ulté- rieurement complétée par les Résolutions 1333 (2000) 1390 (2002), 1455 (2003), 1526 (2004), 1617 (2005), 1735 (2006), 1822 (2008) et 1904 (2009), 1988 (2011) et 1989 (2011), instauré un régime strict de sanctions, qui prévoient entre autres mesures le gel et la confiscation des avoirs des personnes et entités, associées aux Talibans et Al Qaida. Le Conseil de sécurité réexamine présentement ces mesures de sanction et devrait très probablement les renforcer avant le 31 décembre 2012. Au plan continental, les Etats membres de l’Union Africaine ont adopté plusieurs instruments juridiques qui criminalisent et répriment sévère- 8 African Journal ment le terrorisme en conséquence. Je citerais parmi ceux-ci la Conven- tion de l’OUA de1999 sur la Prévention et la Lutte contre le Terrorisme en Afrique, le Protocole de 2004 à cette convention, le Plan d’Action de Prévention et de Lutte contre le Terrorisme de 2002, et dans une cer- taine mesure la Convention sur l’Elimination du Mercenariat en Afri- que de 1977, la Convention contre la Corruption de 2003, et le Pacte de Non-Agression de 2005. A ceux-ci, il sied d’ajouter les différentes décisions relatives à la lutte contre le terrorisme et son financement, adoptées lors des différents sommets, tel que la Décision de Syrte sur l’Interdiction du Paiement de Rançons aux Groupes Terroristes pour la Libération d’Otages, la Décision de Kampala sur la Nécessité de Renouveler les Efforts Contre le Terrorisme, et la Désignation d’un Représentant Spécial Chargé de la Cooperation pour la Lutte Antiterroriste ainsi qu’un Envoyé Special sur la Question de l’Armée de Résistance du Seigneur. Cet arsenal serait incomplet si l’on n’y ajoute guère les règles du GAFI ou des organi- sations du type GAFI, ainsi que les nombreux règlements adoptés au niveau communautaire. Comme il est aisé de le constater, les sources de ces normes et règles sont diverses et variées car, bien que se recoupant souvent, la portée de ces normes est extrêmement variable. Ce qui pose évidemment le problème de la complexité de l’alignement des législations nationales à celles-ci, notamment en ce concerne le choix du champ d’application et du contenu. La Loi Type exhaustive Africaine contre le Terrorisme, adoptée au Som- met de Malabo a permis de surmonter cette difficulté. Les Etats Afri- cains ont désormais à leur disposition un outil pratique de référence, à même de leur permettre de rédiger, de la manière la plus adaptée à leur situation particulière, la législation destinée à mettre en oeuvre les obligations internationales et/ou à s’aligner sur les règles internationa- les contre le terrorisme, et prendre ainsi en compte tous les aspects de 9 African Journal la répression du financement du terrorisme, y compris la répression du paiement de rançons aux groupes terroristes pour la libération d’otages, l’argent de ces rançons constituant une importante source de finance- ment de ces groupes. Depuis novembre 2010, le CAERT mène des missions d’évaluation dans les Etats membres de l’Union Africaine. Celles-ci s’inscrivent dans le cadre du suivi de la mise en œuvre de son Plan Stratégique d’Activités pour la période 2010-2013, adopté lors de la IIIème Réunion des Points Focaux du CAERT pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre le Terrorisme, et des Instruments de l’Union Africaine pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre le Terrorisme.
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