to

TEACHING WITH THE POWER OF OBJECTS Smithsonian Institution September/OctoberFall 1996 RT OO(Updated Fall 2007)

Inside Subjects Art Lesson Plan Geography

Take-Home Language Page in Arts English/ Social Spanish Studies

Grades 4–9

Publication of Winning Art to Zoo is the Vote: made possible through the How generous support of the Americans Pacific Mutual Elect Their Foundation. President CONTENTS

Introduction Page 3 Lesson Plan Step 1 Page 6 Activity Page 1A Page 7 Activity Page 1B Page 8 Lesson Plan Step 2 Page 9 Activity Page 2A Page 10 Activity Page 2B Page 11 Activity Page 2C Page 12 Lesson Plan Step 3 Page 13 Take-Home Page in English/Spanish Page 14 Resources Page 15

Art to Zoo’s purpose is to help teachers bring into You may request a Cover photo William Jennings their classrooms the educational power of museums large-print or disk Bryan presidential campaign game, 1908. and other community resources. version of Art to Zoo Art to Zoo draws on the Smithsonian’s hundreds by writing to the Above photo Abraham Lincoln of exhibitions and programs—from art, history, and address listed on the campaign biography, 1860. During science to aviation and folklife—to create classroom- back cover or by faxing the nineteenth century, political parties emphasized the character ready materials for grades four through nine. to (202) 357-2116. and accomplishments of their Each of the four annual issues explores a single candidates in carefully crafted topic through an interdisciplinary, multicultural campaign biographies. approach. Opposite photo William The Smithsonian invites teachers to duplicate Jennings Bryan paper hat, 1896. Art to Zoo materials for educational use. Democratic newspapers distributed this elaborate paper hat during the 1896 presidential campaign. Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their President

During the long, explore in the Smithsonian’s single individual or perhaps of the Revolution and now sweltering summer of 1787 National Museum of a panel of executives? the presiding officer of the a delegation of more than American History. The Would the federal legislature Philadelphia Convention, fifty men from twelve former activities that follow include (Congress) elect the presi- was to many a living embod- British colonies cloistered objects from that museum dent or would the nation’s iment of the presidency. In themselves behind the locked and encourage your students voters? Should the president no small measure the powers doors of Philadelphia’s to consider the powers of serve only a single, lengthy granted to the Executive are Independence Hall. The the presidency as well as term or be eligible for reelec- a testimony to the confidence stated purpose of their the informal methods that tion to several shorter terms? placed in Washington’s meeting was to amend the have evolved to select These were difficult issues personal qualities of Articles of Confederation, a candidates for America’s for the Founders to resolve. leadership and integrity. loose framework for our highest elected office. Many had resented the The institution of the young nation’s government. powerful royal governors presidency as created by the However, when the delega- Defining the Office who had presided over their Constitution represented a tion adjourned in September The Founders at states before the Revolution. bold new experiment in gov- its members had instead Philadelphia in 1787 were Others had equally strong ernment. The president was fashioned an entirely new confronted with a series of feelings about the perceived to be many things—the head Constitution and with it fundamental questions as weaknesses of the Executive of the executive branch, the the uniquely American they fashioned their execu- under the Articles of commander-in-chief of the institution of the presidency. tive creation. Would the Confederation. Despite their armed forces, and the head The office of the presiden- president possess almost differences, however, the of state. His powers were cy and the informal process monarchical authority, or Founders agreed on who wide-ranging and included of electing the president are would his powers be more should serve as the first the authority to command the the themes of this issue of like those of the state president—he was sitting in armed forces, veto congres- Art to Zoo and are among the governors? Should the the same room with them. sional legislation, negotiate many topics visitors can presidency encompass a George Washington, the hero treaties with foreign powers, Benjamin Harrison presidential campaign ribbon, 1888. The party faithful often wore ribbons like this one to show their support for a candidate.

could determine the disagreed and went on to In addition to changing outcome; they feared that form America’s first the dynamics of elections, voters might select regional political parties. the emergence of national candidates lacking in Historians continue to political parties created a national perspective. debate the precise evolution new role for the president— To prevent this possibility, of American political parties that of party leader. It was a the Founders created the but generally agree that a position that many presidents Electoral College. In viable national party system found uncomfortable but this body, each state was had emerged by the late necessary to assume in their allocated as many electors 1830s. National political pursuit and exercise of the as it had senators and parties brought together Executive office. representatives in Congress. diverse local and regional Members of the Electoral coalitions who wanted to Selecting the Candidates College were chosen through voice their opinions in a Political parties methods determined by the national forum. An important introduced to American state legislatures. To elect a part of their strategy was to presidential elections several president, electors would gain control of Congress informal practices that have meet in their respective and the presidency. no constitutional definition. states to cast their votes. The broadly based Instead, they complement The candidate with the Democratic, Whig, and the Constitution by providing appoint officials (including greatest number of votes (later) Republican Parties an effective means to select ambassadors and Supreme would be named president, were products of the steadily candidates of proven ability Court justices), grant and the candidate with the expanding franchise, or right and national reputation. pardons and reprieves, second greatest number of to vote, during the early Early on, presidential receive foreign ambassadors, votes would be named vice nineteenth century. By candidates were chosen by and call Congress into president. (This procedure 1840, property restrictions a few influential party special session. was modified in 1804 by the for voting had largely been members who assembled The constitutional process Twelfth Amendment, which repealed, enabling most in state and congressional that they established for placed the president and white males over the age caucuses. It became clear by electing the president reflect- vice president as a “team” of twenty-one to vote. the late 1830s, however, that ed the Founders’ concern that running on the same ticket.) Throughout the nineteenth this process did not appear the right person be selected and twentieth centuries the democratic enough to the for a job with a four-year Political Parties electorate continued to thousands of newly enfran- term of office and unlimited A gradual development expand as people outside chised voters. Thus was born possibility for reelection. in the American process of the system struggled to the curiously American ritual The ideal candidate would electing a president was the obtain the vote. The of the quadrennial national be, like Washington, a leader formation of political parties. franchise was extended to party convention. of national stature who Some of the Founders did African American males in From the beginning, con- possessed the experience not welcome parties; there is the 1870s (although later ventions were highly stylized and maturity necessary to no mention of the role or severely restricted in some and emotive affairs, partly carry out his duties. With so function of national parties in states), to women and Native reminiscent of religious much power entrusted to the the Constitution. They shared Americans by the 1920s, revival meetings and attend- presidency, the delegates the eighteenth-century notion and to all eighteen-year-olds ed by an enthusiastic cross chose not to enact a system that parties, or “factions,” in the 1970s. Each influx section of the party’s faithful. in which popular votes alone were injurious to a represen- of new voters added strength A convention’s primary tative government. Others to the political parties. function was not always to select a candidate but to

4 Art to ZooZoo Winning Winning the the Vote: Vote: How How Americans Americans Elect Elect Their Their President President September/October September/October 19961996 (Updated October 2007) Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivering a radio address, 1936. Our thirty-second president was the first Chief Executive to make extensive use of radio to communicate with American voters.

The Changing successfully marketed to Campaign the electorate. During most of the Televised debates between nineteenth century, the major party candidates presidential became a part of the national candidates were presidential campaign in not expected to 1960. Historians and political play a public role scientists continue to in the national study the electoral impact campaign. The of televised debates, and lack of efficient millions of voters watch reconcile competing factions the national campaign pitted transportation made it diffi- them each election year. and unite the party behind the major parties in a titanic cult for candidates to interact More recently, television the nominee. As part of battle to market their with voters outside their introduced the “electronic this reconciliation process, respective candidates to the immediate regions. Not until town meeting” to the convention delegates wider electorate. 1928 did national speaking presidential contest. In drafted a statement of party Around 1840, national tours by both major party this increasingly popular principles—a platform— campaigns began to surround candidates become a staple broadcast forum, candidates that represented the views of the presidential election of the presidential race. The answer questions from those assembled. Candidates process in an atmosphere only significant exception voters across the nation. would pledge to uphold their of unrestrained hoopla. to this general inertia was And,Presidential of course, politics presidential have party platforms, but seldom The party faithful marched the whirlwind eighteen- politicseven moved have intomoved the intorealm the have elected presidents used in torchlight parades; sang thousand–mile speaking realmof cyberspace. of cyberspace. Major Majorand these principles as a basis for official campaign songs; tour in 1896 of the andminor minor parties parties have have eagerly enacting their legislative devoured adoring campaign Democratic candidate eagerlyset up World set up Wide websites Web to agendas. biographies; subscribed to William Jennings Bryan. disseminatesites to disseminate their candidate’s their National conventions party newspapers; and The technological viewscandidate’s on a wideviews range on a of became less important in the displayed buttons, banners, progress of the twentieth domesticwide range and of foreigndomestic policy and candidate selection process ashtrays, mugs, and every century brought profound issues.foreign policy issues. by the mid-twentieth century, manner of memorabilia changes in the style of These changes remind us as reformers within both emblazoned with the name the national presidential that the process ofof electingelecting major parties advocated a and image of their candidate. campaign. By the 1930s, the president will nono doubtdoubt series of state primaries as These seemingly frivolous radio carried the voices of continue to evolve, as itit hashas a means of more actively efforts were directed toward the candidates directly into over the past two centuries.centuries. involving the party rank a very serious end: convinc- millions of American homes. In a manner befittingbefitting aa freefree and file. Once they became ing as many voters as Within a generation, and open society, Americans widely adopted, primaries possible to cast their ballot television had completed will determine how to virtually guaranteed to for the party’s nominee. the picture by providing the select those most qualifiedqualified establish major party nomi- Because of peculiarities in voters with visual images to compete for ourour nation’snation’s nees well before the national the Electoral College system, of the candidates. Thus highest office: thethe conventions took place. a difference of only a few presidential politics had presidency. American political parties thousand popular votes was merged with the media also transformed the national often enough to garner a revolution. It was now presidential campaign into candidate the total count of desirable that candidates a colorful spectacle. An a state’s electoral votes— have both a polished speak- eclectic mixture of American and possibly the presidency. ing voice and a photogenic popular culture and politics, quality if they were to be

5 Art to Zoo Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their President ArtSeptember/October to Zoo Winning the 1996 Vote: (Updated How Americans October 2007) Elect Their President September/October 1996 5 enough and have lived in the your students to write LESSON PLAN United States long enough to answers to the questions on have had a wide range of the activity page. Next, tell Step 1 experience with national them that the small numbers issues. (Life expectancy was on the map represent the significantly shorter during electoral votes of the states. the eighteenth and nineteenth (Use the Introduction as a centuries than it is today, guide to discuss the concept LEARNING ABOUT THE although it is not a sporting making thirty-five a relatively of the Electoral College). Be PRESIDENCY event, some people have mature age then.) sure to stress that a state’s described it as being like a 4. Direct students to the number of electors is equal Objectives long-distance race. Your stu- section entitled “Some duties to its number of senators and ■ Identify the powers of the dents will probably conclude of the president.” Choose representatives. presidency as defined by the that you have described the volunteers to read the para- 7. Ask your students to U.S. Constitution. election of the president of graphs aloud and then have add up the numbers in the ■ Interpret an electoral map the United States. students write their responses states with dark shading of a presidential contest. 2. Ask students why to the questions that follow (electoral votes for Benjamin ■ Examine the function of Americans show so much each paragraph. Encourage Harrison) and the numbers in the Electoral College. interest in the election of the them to compare their the states with light shading president. They will probably answers to the class’ list of (electoral votes for Grover Materials conclude that Americans presidential duties (on the Cleveland). (You may have ■ Copies of Activity Pages want to pick the right person chalkboard). students add the numbers on 1A and 1B, pages 7 and 8. for the most powerful elected 5. Ask students to the chalkboard.) Which can- ■ Copies of maps of the office in America. Ask them describe how they think the didate had the greater num- United States. to describe the president’s president is elected. Students ber of electoral votes? ■ Chalkboard, chalk. job—what does the president will probably conclude that Students should conclude ■ Pens or pencils. do? Have a volunteer list the the president is elected by a that Harrison did. Tell them class’ responses on the chalk- majority of popular votes in that as a result, Harrison won Subjects board. the general election. Give the election even though he Geography, language arts, 3. Give each student a each student a copy of had fewer popular votes than math, social studies copy of Activity Page 1A and Activity Page 1B, “The Cleveland. tell the class that they will be Electoral College” and a U.S. 8. Conclude the lesson by Procedure reading part of the presi- map (with states’ names). initiating a discussion on the 1. Tell your students that dent’s job description from Tell them that they will be relative merits of the you are going to describe an the U.S. Constitution. Direct learning about the presiden- Electoral College system. Is important national event for them to the section entitled tial election of 1888 and that it a fair way of electing the them to guess. Give these “Who can be president?” and the result might surprise president? Does it still work? details: This event takes choose a few volunteers to them. (To establish a context, Should the system be place once every four years read the paragraph aloud. you may wish to tell your changed? (Students might in November; many (Some students might find the students that this election not see the benefits of having Americans take an interest in eighteenth-century language occurred between the Civil the Electoral College. You it; the press begins to cover of the Constitution difficult to War and World War I.) may wish to mention that the this event at least one year understand and may need 6. Tell students to mark system encourages the stabil- before it happens; if you extra coaching.) Have your the electoral map on Activity ity of well-organized, locally watch television, listen to the students answer the questions Page 1B with the names or based parties at the expense radio, or read the newspapers that follow the paragraph. U.S. Postal Service abbrevia- of less-established, third- you see many advertisements Encourage them to consider tions of each state in 1888 party movements.) Be sure to and hear stories about it; why the president must be at (territories are already emphasize that the 1888 thousands of people meet least thirty-five years old and marked). Be sure to stress election was an exceptional every four years during the have lived in the United that the electoral map shad- case and that candidates who summer to prepare for it; and States for fourteen years. ings indicate which candidate garner the greatest number of Answers may vary, but stu- won which states. Direct popular votes also usually dents will probably conclude win the Electoral College that the president must be old vote.

6 Art to ZooZoo Winning Winning the the Vote: Vote: How How Americans Americans Elect Elect Their Their President President September/October September/October 19961996 (Updated October 2007) ACTIVITY PAGE 1A The President on Paper

WHO CAN BE PRESIDENT? Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by (From Article II, Section 1 of the U. S. Constitution) and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; the United States, whose Appointments are not herein neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall otherwise provided for. not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. What can the president do, if he or she receives the Senate’s approval? How old must one be to run for president?

How many years must one be a resident of the United

States to run for president?

(Excerpted from Article II, Section 3) He shall from time to time give to the Congress SOME DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to (Excerpted from Article II, Section 2) their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them . . . he States, when called into the actual Service of the United shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he States . . . and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and Pardons for Offences against the United States. shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

What duties of the president are described in this paragraph? What can Congress expect the president to do?

What other duties of the president does this paragraph

SOME DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT continued describe? He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the

7 Art to Zoo Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their President ArtSeptember/October to Zoo Winning the 1996 Vote: (Updated How Americans October 2007) Elect Their President September/October 1996 7 ACTIVITY PAGE 1B The Electoral College

Who were the candidates? Which candidate had the most popular votes? Who do you think won the election? Count up the number of electoral votes: ___ Cleveland ___ Harrison

Washington Territory Montana 6 Territory 4 Dakota 7 4 3 Idaho 14 Territory 11 36 Territory 6 Wyoming 13 4 Territory 13 30 9 5 3 23 Utah 22 15 3 6 8 Territory 3 12 8 9 16 13 11 12 Arizona New Oklahoma 9 Territory Mexico Territory 7 12 Territory 10 9

13 8

4

KEY ■ Benjamin Harrison (R) ■ Grover Cleveland (D)

Popular Votes Cleveland 5,537,857 Harrison 5,447,129

8 Art to ZooZoo Winning Winning the the Vote: Vote: How How Americans Americans Elect Elect Their Their President President September/October September/October 19961996 (Updated October 2007) LESSON PLAN Step 2

PROMOTING THE have profoundly shaped the 4. Repeat the inquiry 5. Conclude the activity CANDIDATE way Americans elect their process outlined in lesson by asking your students what president. (You may wish step 3 for the remaining these campaign objects might Objectives to remind them of party- objects on Activity Pages indicate about the qualities ■ Identify the role of driven institutions such as 2A–C. (Be sure to consult American voters seek in political parties in conventions and primaries.) the key to campaign objects their president. Students will presidential elections. 2. Give each student a and possible answers probably conclude that voters ■ Interpret objects from copy of Activity Pages provided in the Introduction seem to want proven leaders presidential campaigns. 2A–C. Tell your students and this lesson plan.) Have who can keep the nation at that they will be examining students write their answers peace and economically Materials objects at the Smithsonian in the spaces provided on strong. ■ Copies of Activity Institution that originally the Activity Pages. Pages 2A–C, pages 10–12. came from presidential ■ Pens, pencils. campaigns of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Subjects Stress that political parties KEY TO CAMPAIGN OBJECTS Social studies, language arts created these objects to provide simple and direct Object 1 Korea; conducts himself Procedure reasons for voters to consider 1840 campaign ribbon with honesty and integrity; 1. Ask your students to their candidates’ character for Whig candidate and took action on civil review what they learned by and personal qualifications. William Henry Harrison. rights during his first term. reading the portions of the 3. Direct your students Message to voters: Constitution included in to Object 1 but do not tell Consider Harrison Object 3 Activity Page 1A. Is there them what it is—an 1840 because he was, like 1912 campaign poster any mention of the presiden- campaign ribbon for Whig George Washington, a for Democratic candidate tial campaign process? Does candidate William Henry military hero and farmer Woodrow Wilson. the Constitution say anything Harrison. Ask them to look and so is well prepared Message to voters: about political parties? Using carefully at the object, for the presidency. Consider Wilson because the Introduction as a guide, examining both the text and he displays the leadership tell your students that the pictures. Is it clear who the Object 2 qualities of George writers of the Constitution candidate is? What qualities 1956 comic book Washington. did not anticipate the scope make this candidate trustwor- (aimed at women voters) of national political parties thy enough to be president? for Republican candidate Object 4 and would not have imagined (Some students might find the Dwight D. Eisenhower. 1972 campaign poster the large expense and perma- nineteenth-century language Message to voters: for Democratic candidate nent organization necessary difficult to understand and Consider Eisenhower George McGovern. to run a modern presidential may need extra coaching.) because he brought about Message to voters: campaign. Be sure to empha- Answers may vary, but economic prosperity by Consider McGovern size that ever since political students will likely conclude balancing the budget, cut- because he would address parties were formed, they that voters were encouraged ting taxes, and reducing the concerns of ordinary to elect Harrison because inflation; ended the war in people if he were elected. he was, like George Washington, a military hero and farmer and so presumably well prepared for the presidency.

9 Art to Zoo Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their President ArtSeptember/October to Zoo Winning the 1996 Vote: (Updated How Americans October 2007) Elect Their President September/October 1996 9 Activity Page 2A

Object 1

What is the candidate’s name?

What party did the candidate belong to?

Why should voters choose this candidate?

10 Art to ZooZoo Winning Winning the the Vote: Vote: How How Americans Americans Elect Elect Their Their President President September/October September/October 1996 1996 (Updated October 2007) Activity Page 2B

Object 2

What is the candidate’s nickname? (Your teacher can tell you his full name.)

Why should voters (especially women) choose this candidate?

11 Art to Zoo Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their PresidentArt September/October to Zoo Winning the 1996 Vote: (Updated How Americans October Elect 2007) Their President September/October 1996 11 Activity Page 2C

Object 3 Object 4

What is the candidate’s name? What is the candidate’s name?

Why should voters choose this candidate? Why should voters choose this candidate?

12 Art to ZooZoo Winning Winning the the Vote: Vote: How How Americans Americans Elect Elect Their Their President President September/October September/October 1996 1996 (Updated October 2007) LESSON PLAN Step 3

HELP A CANDIDATE Procedure 3. Continue the class 6. After your students 1. Using the Introduction discussion by asking your have completed the Take- Objectives as a guide, tell your students students to consider the skills Home Page, ask them to ■ Identify methods used that presidential campaigns candidates must have to use share their work with the to promote presidential have changed dramatically these new communications class. Students who have candidates. over the past century. technologies effectively. created posters or buttons ■ Create campaign Emphasize that candidates in (You may wish to focus your can interpret their design to promotional materials for a the nineteenth century were questions on television and the class, while those who real or fictional candidate. not expected to play a public radio first.) Students will have written television or role in the campaign and probably conclude that it is radio advertisements can Materials were often unable to travel helpful for candidates to read, perform, or otherwise ■ Copies of Take-Home extensively because of the have a polished speaking convey the message of their Page, page 14. poor state of transportation. voice, a photogenic quality, commercials. To conclude ■ Crayons, markers, paper, Stress that much of the and the ability to respond the activity, you may wish to pencils, pens. seemingly frivolous election quickly to detailed questions. have the class vote for the memorabilia students 4. Give each student a most convincing campaign Subjects examined in Lesson Plan copy of the Take-Home materials. Art, language arts, social Step 2 was directed toward a Page. Tell your class that studies very serious end: to convince they have just been hired as as many voters as possible managers of a presidential to cast their ballot for the campaign (either real or candidate. fictional—their choice). 2. Ask your class what Their job is to promote their methods candidates use candidate so that Americans today to convince Americans will vote for him or her. to vote for them. Answers Stress that students can use may vary, but students will whatever medium they probably mention television wish—television, radio, a and radio advertisements, public rally or parade, press conferences, televised posters, or buttons—to presidential debates, elec- publicize their candidate. tronic “town meetings,” 5. Direct your students to and World Wide Web sites. the Take-Home Page. Tell Emphasize the role in them they can use the back presidential campaigns of of the sheet (and other paper changing communications as necessary) to design a technologies. poster or button, write a short radio advertisement, or draw a story board for a television commercial.

13 Art to Zoo Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their PresidentArt September/October to Zoo Winning the 1996 Vote: (Updated How Americans October Elect 2007) Their President September/October 1996 13 TAKE-HOME PAGE TRABAJO PARA HACER You’re the Campaign EN LA CASA Manager Tu Eres el Director(a) de Campaña To the teacher Publication of Art to Zoo is Al maestro (a) Esta publicación ha sido ■ Duplicate this page made possible through the ■ Copie esta página para posible gracias al generoso for students. generous support of the los alumnos. aporte de la Pacific ■ Use with Lesson Pacific Mutual Foundation. ■ Usela con el tercer Mutual Foundation. Plan Step 3. paso del plan de la lección.

My candidate is Mi candidato(a) es

People should vote for him/her because Debemos votar por el/ella porque

Directions: Use the back of this page to Instrucciones: A la vuelta de la página, promote your candidate by designing a diseña un botón o un cartel, redacta un button or poster or by writing/drawing comercial para la radio o televisión que a television or radio commercial. da a conocer a tu candidato!

14 Art to ZooZoo Winning Winning the the Vote: Vote: How How Americans Americans Elect Elect Their Their President President September/October September/October 1996 1996 (Updated October 2007) RESOURCES

BOOKS ANDAND TEACHING TEACHING Schlesinger,Mieczkowski, Arthur Yan. TheM. Jr., ed. PHOTOGRAPHSThe American Presidency: ARTART TO TO ZOO ZOO GUIDES RunningRoutledge For Historical President: Atlas The of A Glorious Burden, CandidatesPresidential and Elections Their .Images New . Allhttp://americanhistory. objects shown in this ArtArt to to Zoo Zoois is a a publication publication Boller, PaulPaul F.F. PresidentialPresidential NewYork: York: Routledge, Simon 2001. & Schuster, issuesi.edu/presidency/ are from the collections, ofof the the Office Office of of Elementary Elementary Campaigns.. NewNew York:York: 1994. ofexamines the National the history, Museum impact, of andand Secondary Secondary Education, Education, Oxford UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1996. Post, Robert C., ed. Every Americanand importance History. of the most SmithsonianSmithsonian Institution, Institution, 1996. Four Years. Washington, powerful job in the world Washington,Washington, DC DC 20560. 20560. Cunliffe, Marcus. The ELECTRONICD.C.: Smithsonian RESOURCES Exposi- Images copyright Cornog,Presidency Evan,. Boston: and Richard Houghton tion Books, 1980. SmithsonianPHOTOGRAPHS Institution. ART TO ZOO ONLINE Whelan.Mifflin Company, Hats in the 1987. Ring: Go to the official White Writer An Illustrated History of HouseSchlesinger, World Arthur Wide WebM., Jr., site, All objects shown in this AlanThis Smigielskipublication is available AmericanDover, E. PresidentialD. Presidential http://www.whitehouse.goved. Running For President: , ACKNOWLEDGMENTSissue are from the collections in PDF form online, along CampaignsElections in. Newthe Television York: forThe information Candidates onand the Their current of the National Museum of Editorwith all other issues of Art to RandomAge: 1960–1992 House, 2000.. Westport, president.Images. New York: Simon & WilliamAmerican L. History.Bird DouglasZoo and Caseyits successor, Smith- Connecticut: Praeger, 1994. Schuster, 1994. National Museum of sonian in Your Classroom. Cunliffe, Marcus. The Campaign ’96 Online AmericanImages copyright History TranslatorGo to SmithsonianEduca- PresidencyFischer, Roger. Boston: A. Tippecanoe (Sobel,http://campaign.96.com Sylan A. Presidential) Smithsonian Institution. Saritation.org/Educators Rodriguez . Houghtonand Trinkets Mifflin Too: TheCompany, offersElections: a comprehensive And Other Cool guide David Burgevin 1987.Material Culture of American toFacts candidates’. Hauppauge, Web N.Y.:sites. OfficeACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Printing and Designer Presidential Campaigns, Barron’s, 2001. Photographic Services Karlic Design Associates Fischer,1828–1984 Roger. Urbana: A. Current presidential campaign William L. Bird Baltimore, Maryland TippecanoeandUniversity of Illinois Trinkets Press, Too: newsELECTRONIC appears on RESOURCES the Politics SusanNational Kelman Museum of TheMaterial1987. Culture Now site, http://www. OfficeAmerican of Elementary History and Publications Director of American Presidential politicsnow.comGo to the official. White Secondary Education Michelle Knovic Smith Campaigns,McCormick, 1828–1984 Richard P.. House web site, David Burgevin Urbana:The Presidential University Game: of Illinois Thehttp://www.whitehouse.gov complete texts of all , SandraOffice Matthewsof Printing and Press,The Origins 1987. of American presidentialfor information inaugural on the address- NationalPhotographic Museum Services of ART TO ZOO ONLINE Presidential Politics. New escurrent appear president. on http://www. American History McCormick,York: Oxford Richard University P. columbia.edu/acis/bartleby Susan Kelman This publication is available ThePress, Presidential 1982. Game: /inaugural/index.htmlCurrent presidential . NancyOffice McCoyof Elementary and electronically through the The Origins of American campaign news appears on NationalSecondary Museum Education of Internet via anonymous ftp PresidentialMee, Charles Politics L. The. GeniusNew of Thethe Politics United NowStates site, Information http:// American History to educate.si.edu. Follow York:the People Oxford. New University York: Harper Agencywww.politicsnow.com maintains an . Sandra Matthews the path pub/publications_ Press,& Row, 1982. 1987. extensive list of articles and a HarryNational Rubenstein Museum of for_teachers/art-to-zoo. glossaryThe complete of election texts ofterms all at NationalAmerican Museum History of Recent issues and supple- Mee,Melder, Charles Keith L. E. The Hail Genius to the http://www.usia.gov/presidential inaugural American History mentary materials are offered ofCandidate: the People Presidential. New York: elections/process.htmaddresses appear on http://. Nancy McCoy in hypertext format via the HarperCampaigns & Row, from 1987. Banners to www.bartleby.com/124. National Museum of World Wide Web at Broadcasts. Washington, D.C.: Note: Because of the rapidly American History http://educate.si.edu/art-to- Melder,Smithsonian Keith Institution E. Hail to Press,the evolvingHow votes nature are counted, of the and zoo/azindex.htm. Current Candidate:1992. Presidential Internet,who counts some them, of the are uniformissues Harry Rubenstein and back issues (starting with Campaigns from Banners to resourceas important locators as who (URLs) votes. National Museum of spring 1993) are also avail- BroadcastsPost, Robert. Washington, C., ed. Every aboveVisit Vote: may Thehave Machinery changed of American History able through America Online D.C.:Four YearsSmithsonian. Washington, Institution D.C.: sinceDemocracy publication., http://ameri- (keyword SMITHSONIAN). Press,Smithsonian 1992. Exposition canhistory.si.edu/vote/. Books, 1980.

15 Art to Zoo Winning the Vote: How Americans Elect Their PresidentArt September/October to Zoo Winning the 1996 Vote: (Updated How Americans October Elect 2007) Their President September/October 1996 15