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Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS CENTRO DE AGROECOLOGÍA MAESTRÍA EN MANEJO SOSTENIBLE DE AGROECOSISTEMAS TESIS EFECTOS DE LA APLICACIÓN DE Penicillium sp y Aspergillus flavus SOBRE LA DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL ACTIVA DE Atta mexicana (Smith) EN EL VALLE DE TEHUACÁN, PUEBLA. PRESENTA: CARLOS SERRATOS TEJEDA. DIRECTOR DE TESIS: Dr. AGUSTÍN ARAGÓN GARCÍA. COMITÉ TUTORAL: Dr. JESÚS F. LÓPEZ OLGUÍN Dr. OMAR ROMERO ARENAS Dra. BETZABETH CECILIA PÉREZ TORRES PUEBLA, NOVIEMBRE 2015. ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 6 2. ANTECEDENTES ..................................................................................................... 8 3. MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Atta mexicana (Smith, 1858) ............................................................................. 11 3.1.1 Distribución ................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2 Taxonomía .................................................................................................. 11 3.1.3 Etología de la hormiga arriera ..................................................................... 12 3.1.3.1 Organización social .................................................................................. 12 3.1.3.2 Ciclo de vida ............................................................................................ 13 3.1.3.3 Alimentación ............................................................................................ 14 3.1.4 Aspectos de coevolución hormiga-hongo .................................................... 16 3.1.5 Importancia económica de la hormiga arriera ............................................ 17 3.1.6 Control ........................................................................................................ 18 3.1.6.1 Control químico ........................................................................................ 18 3.1.6.2 Control cultural ......................................................................................... 19 3.1.6.3 Control físico ............................................................................................ 20 3.1.6.4 El manejo agroecológico de plagas .......................................................... 20 3.7 Hongos antagonistas ......................................................................................... 21 3.7.1 Género Penicillium ...................................................................................... 21 3.7.1.1 Taxonomía ............................................................................................... 22 3.7.1.2 Características generales del género Penicillium ..................................... 22 3.7.2 Género Aspergillus ..................................................................................... 23 3.7.2.1 Taxonomía ............................................................................................... 23 3.7.2.2 Características generales del género Aspergillus ..................................... 24 4. JUSTIFICACIÓN ..................................................................................................... 26 5. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................ 29 5.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ....................................................................................... 29 5.2 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES .......................................................................... 29 6. HIPÓTESIS............................................................................................................. 29 7. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. .................................................................................. 30 7.1 Localización del sitio de estudio. ....................................................................... 30 7.1.1 Sitios de estudio.......................................................................................... 30 7.1.1.1 San Gabriel Chilac ................................................................................... 31 7.1.1.2 Atecoxco .................................................................................................. 32 1 7.1.1.3 Santiago Acatepec ................................................................................... 32 7.2 Tratamientos y Diseño experimental ................................................................. 32 7.3 Producción del complejo de hongos de la tortilla ............................................... 33 7.3.1 Identificación y caracterización del complejo de hongos presentes en la tortilla de maíz ..................................................................................................... 34 7.4 Producción del hongo Aspergillus flavus y Penicillium sp. ................................. 34 7.5 Spinosad ........................................................................................................... 35 7.6 Aplicación de tratamientos ................................................................................ 35 7.7 Variables evaluadas .......................................................................................... 36 7.7.1 Efecto de los tratamientos sobre la población de A. mexicana en cada hormiguero .......................................................................................................... 36 7.8 Análisis estadístico ............................................................................................ 36 8. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN................................................................................ 37 8.1 Respuesta de la población de A. mexicana a los diferentes tratamientos aplicados. ................................................................................................................ 37 8.1.1 San Gabriel Chilac ......................................................................................... 37 8.1.2 Santiago Acatepec ......................................................................................... 38 8.1.3 Atecoxco ........................................................................................................ 40 8.2 Efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados .......................................................... 42 10. CONCLUSIÓN ...................................................................................................... 48 11. RECOMENDACIONES ......................................................................................... 49 LITERATURA CITADA. .............................................................................................. 50 2 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Número Título Pág. de tabla 1 Tratamientos que se probaron para el control alternativo de 33 la hormiga arriera en tres localidades del Valle de Tehuacán, Puebla. 2 Promedio de individuos entrantes a lo largo del periodo de 38 aplicación de los tratamientos y porcentaje de disminución de la actividad en San Gabriel Chilac. 3 Promedio de individuos entrantes a lo largo del periodo de 40 aplicación de los diferentes tratamientos y porcentaje de disminución de la actividad en Santiago Acatepec 4 Promedio de individuos entrantes a lo largo del periodo de la 42 aplicación de los diferentes tratamientos y porcentaje de disminución de la actividad en Atecoxco 5 Efecto de los tratamientos para el número de individuos 42 entrantes y salientes de las tres localidades estudiadas 6 Medianas para el número de individuos entrantes y salientes 43 de A. mexicana en las tres localidades 3 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Número Título Pág. de Figura 1 Ciclo de vida de las hormigas arrieras 14 2 Aspecto morfológico de penicilios 22 3 Conidióforos del Aspergillus 25 4 Localización del sitio de estudio 31 5 Porcentaje de individuos salientes a lo largo del periodo de 37 aplicación de los diferentes tratamientos en San Gabriel Chilac. 6 Porcentaje de individuos salientes a lo largo del periodo de 39 aplicación de los diferentes tratamientos en Santiago Acatepec 7 Porcentaje de individuos salientes a lo largo del periodo de 41 aplicación de los diferentes tratamientos en Atecoxco 4 RESUMEN El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en tres localidades del Valle de Tehuacán, Puebla, con el objetivo de comprender los efectos de aplicaciones a base del complejo de hongos presentes en la tortilla, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Spinosad y sus respectivas combinaciones, sobre la densidad poblacional activa de Atta mexicana (Smith). Así, como evaluar el tiempo en el que son reducidas las poblaciones de hormiga arriera luego de aplicar los tratamientos y determinar cuál de estos constituye el método más efectivo para llevar a cabo su control. Se localizaron nueve hormigueros en cada una de las tres localidades, se realizaron de manera previa a las aplicaciones conteos de los individuos que entraban y salían durante un minuto con tres repeticiones para cada hormiguero, las aplicaciones de los tratamientos se efectuaron cada tres días cuando los hormigueros presentaban mayor actividad, las aplicaciones se hicieron directamente sobre el alimento que se les puso como cebo, hacia el camino formado por la hormiga, así como, al material vegetal que era consumido. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar, incluyó nueve tratamientos a) los hongos A. flavus, Penicillium sp., y el de la tortilla, b) Spinosad, c) Testigo, d) la combinación Spinosad mas cada
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