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Coups in Khaki and Other Colours SEPTEMBER 2017 ISSUE NO. 199 Coups in Khaki and Other Colours RAKESH SOOD ABSTRACT Prolonged periods of military rule in Pakistan have enabled the military to penetrate all structures of the Pakistani state. Political parties, the judiciary, bureaucracy, and the media – today all have their share of pro-khaki elements. Therefore, a military coup d’etat is no longer the only way to unseat a democratically elected political leader who may have differences with the Army. Indeed, if former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had completed his term, he would have become the first elected PM to do so; he was also well placed to win a second consecutive term. With his disqualification, Sharif’s political career may be over, but, the real loser is democracy in Pakistan. INTRODUCTION In 2013, when elections were held on different colours other than the military's schedule in Pakistan after a five-year period khaki. It had been predicted that in the of civilian rule—a first in Pakistan’s 70-year elections due in 2018, Nawaz Sharif was likely history—many commentators felt that to get a second consecutive term, thereby democracy had finally come to Pakistan. creating history in Pakistan. This would have However, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s been a major boost for elected civilian rule, disqualification by the Supreme Court on 28 and for Nawaz Sharif. And so it happened that July 2017 was a clear reminder that the ‘deep the third time after being elected, his stint as state’ remains in the driver’s seat in Pakistan PM was cut short abruptly, still making and in that country, coups d’etat can come in history, though of a different kind. Observer Research Foundation (ORF) is a public policy think-tank that aims to influence formulation of policies for building a strong and prosperous India. ORF pursues these goals by providing informed and productive inputs, in-depth research, and stimulating discussions. ISBN 978-81-935589-2-8 © 2017 Observer Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, archived, retained or transmitted through print, speech or electronic media without prior written approval from ORF. Coups in Khaki and Other Colours NAWAZ SHARIF’S POLITICS Nawaz Sharif in May 1993 under the same provisions (Art. 58-2b) of the Constitution. The first time Nawaz Sharif took over as prime Nawaz Sharif fought back and in what was at minister was in 1990, following the snap polls that time an unexpected judgement, the provoked by Benazir Bhutto’s dismissal, less Supreme Court reinstated his government. than two years into her term, by President This was a difficult pill for the establishment to Ghulam Ishaq Khan. The provision used to swallow and Gen. Kakar engineered a unseat Bhutto was Art. 58-2b of the compromise under which both the re-instated Constitution which had been introduced by PM Nawaz Sharif and President Ghulam Ishaq Gen. Zia ul Haq and gave the president Khan stepped down from their respective absolute authority to dismiss the elected positions in July 1993. government, dissolve the House and order fresh elections, if he believed that the The second time Sharif was elected PM was government was not functioning in in February 1997. Before the end of that year, accordance with the Constitution. The he replaced Chief of Army Staff (COAS) Gen. president, an ex-civil servant turned senator Jehangir Karamat after cutting short his and then later elected president, was widely tenure with a handpicked chief, Gen. Pervez seen as an establishment person; in other Musharraf. The 1998 nuclear tests had words, someone close to the Army. enhanced his popular standing. Encouraged by this, PM Nawaz Sharif responded positively to Nawaz Sharif’s political career had been then Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari promoted during the Gen. Zia period in the Vajpayee’s peace overtures, leading to 1980s under the benign gaze of the Army. His differences with the Pakistan Army. The family business (Ittefaq Foundries) had Lahore peace initiative in February 1999 was suffered under PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s derailed by the Kargil war. Under pressure nationalisation drive and he was among the from the US and advice from China, the young leaders who were identified for Pakistan Army was obliged to withdraw. By grooming into politics. He first became finance that time, this had irretrievably damaged the minister of Punjab in 1982 and then chief relationship between Gen. Musharraf and PM minister in 1985, under the tutelage of Gen. (retd.) Ghulam Khan, the governor of Punjab. Nawaz Sharif. Sharif realised it, and the failed attempt to replace Gen. Pervez Musharraf led In the 1990 elections after the sacking of to his ouster in the coup of October 1999. Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif’s anti-PPP Nawaz Sharif was arrested and convicted for coalition (IJI) had been cobbled together with ‘kidnapping, attempted murder, hijacking, the tacit backing of the ISI. Less than three terrorism and corruption’. Amidst rumours years later, relations with the Army Chief Gen. that his life sentence would be converted into Abdul Waheed Kakar (whom he had appointed an execution by a military court, the US and in January 1993 after the sudden death of the Saudi regime intervened and he was Gen. Asif Nawaz Janjua) started going allowed to go into exile after stiff financial downhill. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, part penalties and an undertaking that he would of the ‘deep state’, again obliged and sacked not engage in politics for 20 years. 2 ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 199 l SEPTEMBER 2017 Coups in Khaki and Other Colours It was only after Gen. Musharraf’s decline December 2015 to wish him on his birthday that democracy was restored and both Sharif had not gone down well. His willingness to and Benazir Bhutto were able to return from cooperate in the investigation into the exile in 2007. The Saudis took the view that if Pathankot attack was resisted successfully by President Musharraf was going to permit the Army. Sartaj Aziz’s portfolio was elections in which Benazir Bhutto could be downgraded to foreign policy adviser when Lt. allowed to participate, the same courtesy Gen. (Retd) Janjua became the National should also be extended to Nawaz Sharif. After Security Adviser. In any event, Afghanistan Benazir Bhutto’s assassination in 2008, PPP and India policies have traditionally been the won the national elections and his party preserves of the Army. briefly joined the PPP-led coalition as a part of efforts at restoring democracy and impeaching Nawaz Sharif also wanted to claim credit President Musharraf. Finally, in June 2013, for the projects under the China-Pakistan Sharif was elected PM for the third time. Economic Corridor (CPEC) to ensure his re- election in 2018. In November 2016, he As in the past, when he had handpicked appointed Gen. Qamar Javed Bajwa as COAS Generals Kakar and Musharraf, this time too after Gen. Sharif retired. However, this did not he appointed Gen. Raheel Sharif as the COAS help matters and differences continued to in November 2013. However, differences grow. A consecutive second term in 2018 would soon emerge. The Army had to dissuade would have strengthened Nawaz Sharif him from going after Gen. Musharraf,whom he considerably. He could have pushed for policies wanted tried for treason, and he later blamed that could make the Army uncomfortable. This the Army for encouraging Imran Khan’s was the backdrop against which the agitational politics, aimed at weakening the Panamagate trials unfolded. PML (N) hold in Punjab. (Punjab is the largest province which accounts for 183 seats in the ‘PANAMAGATE’ 342-member National Assembly.) The so-called ‘Panamagate’1 was already The International Consortium of Investigative unfolding when relations with the Army Journalists (ICIJ) released 11.5 million worsened with the Dawnleaks2 incident in confidential documents on 3 April 2016, from October 2016, for which the Army held the Panama-based law firm Mossack Fonseca. Sharif’s office responsible (Panamagate and These contained information covered by the Dawnleaks will be discussed in more detail in attorney-client privilege of confidentiality, latter sections of this brief). Sharif’s trusted relating to some 214,488 offshore entities Information Minister Perveiz Rashid took the and bank accounts worldwide. Of these, eight blame and resigned. After a prolonged enquiry, pertained to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, his his Adviser Tareq Fatimi too had to go. In sons Hassan and Hussain, and his daughter 2015, differences on policy approaches and political heir, Maryam. These files revealed towards India and Afghanistan had become four properties purchased by the Sharif family more pronounced. Prime Minister Narendra in London in the Knightsbridge area, in the Modi’s surprise visit to Lahore on 25 1990s—which is hardly a secret in Pakistan. ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 199 l SEPTEMBER 2017 3 Coups in Khaki and Other Colours Immediately, opposition leader Imran Khan weeks for a heart surgery. On Sharif’s return (Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf ) dubbed it to Pakistan on 9 July, Imran Khan raised the ‘Panamagate’ and demanded the prime ante even as the Joint Committee continued minister’s resignation. He also demanded the to debate the terms of reference. In setting up of an empowered Inquiry September, Sharif called for countrywide Commission. demonstrations which would converge in Islamabad to create an indefinite lockdown in PM Nawaz Sharif agreed to set up a Judicial the capital from 30 October onwards. In Commission under a sitting or a retired judge. response, the government imposed Sec. 144,3 Then came the demand that the terms of setting the stage for a confrontation. reference be drafted in consultation with the opposition.
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