K!"#$%&'$' Journal of the Native Plant Society of Oregon

Juniper Canyon, Umatilla County, Oregon.

ISSN 1055-419X Volume 21, 2015 E($)%*$!"

KALMIOPSIS Two years have passed since my last editorial in which I resigned Journal of the Native Plant Society of Oregon, ©2015 from the position of editor and, yet, here I am + nishing another issue of Kalmiopsis. I’m pleased with this + nal issue. It has the breadth and depth that I strive for in each issue. Subjects range from Wallula Gap in far northeastern Oregon to the remote Owyhee region of southeastern Oregon; north to south along the salt-sprayed rock blu, s of the Paci+ c coast and along the crest of the Cascade Range that divides western and eastern Oregon. - e Plant of the Year is sea blu, bluegrass and the Oregon Plants, Oregon Places article highlights Juniper Canyon in Umatilla County. Two articles give details of newly described species in Oregon, Fragaria cascadensis, Lomatium bentonitum and L. ravenii var. paiutense. As of yet, no one has volunteered to take over as editor of our Society’s journal, but this year I have no unful+ lled promises to authors, so I can retire. In the interim I’ve made one change to transition Kalmiopsis into the future. When it was clear that no one wanted to store old issues anymore, Kareen and I heaved the paper archives into the recycle bin, an experience that was transforming for me. I vowed that future issues would be entirely electronic. Beginning this year, Kalmiopsis will not be printed, E($)%*: Cindy Roché, PhD but is available online for anyone to print an article or + le a PDF on a computer or tablet for future reference. Not only is this E($)%*$!" B%!*(: approach environmentally justi+ ed, but it saves NPSO the cost of printing and mailing. At the same time, the journal continues to provide a record of Oregon’s rich botanical legacy. Perhaps the next incarnation of Kalmiopsis will be a blog or an app. It will please me immensely if someone volunteers who has the skills and passion to carry it forward. —Cindy Roché, Editor.

Frank A. Lang, PhD

Cover Photo: Juniper Canyon is part of the McNary National Wildlife Refuge in Umatilla County, Oregon. Photo by Kareen Sturgeon, PhD Robert Carson.

Disclaimer: - e opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily re. ect those of the Native Plant Society of Oregon.

K!"#$%&'$': ISSN 1055-419X. Volume 21, 2015. Published annually. Subscription $25 per year. Native Plant Society of Oregon • General business address: PO Box 902, Eugene, OR 97440-0902 • NPSO Website: http://www.NPSOregon.org NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF OREGON STATE OFFICERS CHAPTER PRESIDENTS DIRECTORS (to 6/16) ...... Linda Hardison, Laura Taylor, CHEAHMILL (McMINNVILLE) ...... Susan Aldrich-Markham Kevin Weitemier CORVALLIS…………………………… ...... Jordan Brown DIRECTORS (to 6/17) ...... Mary Beth Averill, EMERALD (EUGENE) ...... Steven Yeager Billy Don Robinson HIGH DESERT ...... Desiree Johnson PRESIDENT ...... Kelli Van Norman MID-COLUMBIA ...... Sara Wu IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT ...... Judi Sanders KLAMATH BASIN ...... Kim Elliott VICE PRESIDENT ...... Rosalie Bienek PORTLAND ...... Nancy Chapman SECRETARY ...... Lisa Blackburn SISKIYOU ...... Kristi Mergenthaler TREASURER ...... Cyndi Dion SOUTH COAST ...... Alexis Brickner UMPQUA VALLEY (ROSEBURG) ...... Neal Hadley STATE COMMITTEE CHAIRS WILLAMETTE VALLEY (SALEM) ...... John Savage BUDGETS AND GRANTS ...... Dan Luoma WM CUSICK (LAGRANDE) ...... Susan Geer CONSERVATION, EAST SIDE ...... Billy Don Robinson BLUE MOUNTAIN (PENDLETON) ...... inactive CONSERVATION, WEST SIDE ...... vacant NORTH COAST ...... inactive FRIENDS OF OR FLORA PROJECT ...... Linda Hardison LEGISLATIVE ...... Billy Don Robinson PUBLICATIONS MEMBERSHIP ...... Matt Morales BULLETIN EDITOR ...... Erika Wedenoja NPSO FELLOWS ...... Kareen Sturgeon, Cindy Roché BULLETIN PRODUCTION ...... Cat Mead RARE & ENDANGERED PLANTS ...... Jason Clinch KALMIOPSIS EDITOR ...... Cindy Roché WEBMASTER ...... Sunia Yang

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Members of the Native Plant Society of Oregon and others are with varied edu ca tional backgrounds and all articles must invited to submit articles, book reviews, artwork, and photo graphs be comprehensible to a broad, but relatively well educated, for publication in Kalmiopsis. All materials submitted should audience. - e goals of Kalmiopsis are to disseminate correct pertain to Oregon’s native vegetation and . ora. Acceptance infor mation about and generate interest in native plants; thus will be based on suitability (articles dealing with formal each article is reviewed by the editorial board and selected tech- nomen clatural proposals or of a highly tech nical nature are not nical re view ers before publication. acceptable). Kalmiopsis publishes two series articles: Plant of the Contributions of artwork and photo graphs without accom- Year and Oregon Plants, Oregon Places. We also publish articles pany ing manu scripts are welcome; color sub missions must be about botanical history and features related to native plants or suitable for publi cation in grayscale. Contact the Kalmiopsis plant com munities in Oregon. editor to request a copy of Instruc tions to Authors or to inquire Please consider that the readers of Kalmiopsis are people about the suit ability of an idea for an article.

CONTACT INFORMATION K!"#$%&'$' E($)%*: Cindy Roché, [email protected] B/""0)$1 E($)%*: Erika Wedonoja, [email protected] M0#20*'3$& C3!$*: Matt Morales, P.O. Box 80714, Portland, OR 97280, [email protected] W02#!')0*: Sunia Yang, [email protected] E#!$" D$'4/''$%1 L$') L%5$1: See NPSO website, select subscribe to list under membership. W02'$)0: http://www.NPSOregon.org

MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Native Plant Society of Oregon is open to all. Membership applications, renewals, and changes of address (include old address and zip code) should be sent to the NPSO Membership Chair, Matt Morales, P.O. Box 80714, Portland, OR 97280. Student $12; Regular $25; Family $35; Sustaining $60; Patron $125; Life Member $500; Subscription Only (Bulletin and Kalmiopsis) $25

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS K!"#$%&'$' L%5%: Linda Ann Vorobik (VorobikBotanicalArt.com) G*!&3$4 C%#&%'$)$%1: Diane Fassler Chasmar, Fassler Graphics, Ashland Juniper Canyon, Wallula Gap: An “Oasis in the Desert”

Marin Axtell, Chelsea Cordell, Heidi Dobson, Bob Carson Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington Mike Denny Walla Walla Community College, Walla Walla, Washington

here the Great River bends” is where the mighty plants, lichens, and other animals. Juniper Canyon is a patchwork of Columbia turns west toward the Paci! c Ocean public and private land; the US Fish and Wildlife Service manages to form the boundary between Washington the bottom of the canyon for most of the lower six miles of Juniper “Wand Oregon. " is locality, known as Wallula Gap, is unusually Creek. " e # anks of the canyon are privately owned and used for rich in natural and human history. On the southeast side is grazing. " e current rancher allows public access across his land for Juniper Canyon, where a creek enters the Columbia River hiking. Upstream, easements for a power line and a pipeline cross the in Umatilla County, just south of the Washington border. A canyon approximately 2.5 and 5 miles east of US Highway 730. popular destination for spring wild# ower hikes for members of the Washington Native Plant Society, Juniper Canyon is not (yet) well known by Oregon botanists. Carson (2008) described Wallula Gap as an “oasis in the desert” because the vegetation adjacent to Juniper Creek di$ ers completely from the upland vegetation: “Wallula Gap is part of a desert, yet there are beavers. Wallula Gap has no mountains, yet there are bighorn sheep. " e bedrock is all basalt, yet there are granitic boulders” (Carson 2008). " is region of the Columbia Plateau receives an average of only six inches of precipitation a year. Although many people think of it as a desert, much of eastern Oregon and Washington is shrub steppe (dry grassland with a shrub overstory) or bunchgrass steppe. Here, low rainfall combined with high summer temperatures, cold winters, and desiccating winds have selected for plants adapted to survive in an arid environment. " e Columbia River at Wallula Gap has been known as Lake Wallula since it was impounded behind McNary Dam in 1954. When the McNary National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1956 to mitigate lost wildlife habitat, Juniper Canyon was selected as one of three parts of the Refuge. " e stream and wetland provide critical habitat for migratory waterfowl, as well as a diverse array of Map of Juniper Canyon area. Prepared by Bob Carson.

Juniper Canyon appears as a green “oasis in the desert” on Google Earth© imagery. Accessed online by Marin Axtell.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 1 Lakes of lava About 16 million years ago, large " ssures opened and, until 6 million years ago, massive amounts of lava poured peri- odically across the landscape. ! e basalt # owed in a generally westward direction, " lling the area between the Rockies and Cascades to make the Columbia Plateau. Movement of the earth’s crust wrinkled these basalt # ows into anticlines and syn- clines known as the Yakima Fold Belt. Although the Columbia River now # ows through Wallula Gap, 15 million years ago its course was farther west against the Cascades where lava # ows had pushed it. ! e Clearwater-Salmon River # owed from the east across the basalt # ows and crossed at the lowest point of the Horse Heaven Hills, an anticlinal ridge stretching all the way from the Cascades to the Blue Mountains. As this anticline grew upward, the Clearwater- View looking north from the south side of Juniper Canyon. In the foreground are snow buckwheat and Salmon River cut Wallula Gap. The rabbitbrush, with two junipers growing on sandy soil farther down the north-facing slope. In the background, evidence is at 1140 feet at the top the the relatively barren, hot south-facing slope has thin, silty soil over horizontal lava # ows. ! e Missoula # oods created scablands at the top of the highest basalt outcrops by scouring the soil away. Raging waters also left west rim of the gap where an 8.5 million- a granitic boulder resting just beneath the saddle between the two scabs. Look carefully to see the line of year-old lava # ow lies over gravels that ten hikers. Photo by Bob Carson. originated in the Clearwater and Salmon drainage basins. As the anticlines of the ! e plants, animals, and geology make this canyon a fascinating Yakima fold belt grew upward and eastward, the Columbia River place for hiking and nature study. Carson and Denny have been was forced eastward, eventually being captured by the Clearwater- studying and leading " eld trips into Juniper Canyon for decades and Salmon River. Much later, perhaps 2.5 million years ago, the have written chapters for a book published by Keokee Press with a Salmon River captured the Snake River, adding its discharge to grant from the National Park Service, Where the Great River Bends: the Columbia River that now # ows through Wallula Gap. a natural and human history of the Columbia at Wallula (Carson 2008). Juniper Canyon has been the subject of three senior theses Walls of water at Whitman College (Leslie 2008, Axtell 2014, Cordell 2014). ! e ! e Pleistocene Ice Age began about 2 million years ago. Colder two recent ones are a # oristic study under the guidance of Professor glaciations alternated with warmer interglaciations, during which Heidi Dobson. the climate was like that of today. Every 100,000 years or so, Because the underlying geology of Juniper Canyon is the glaciers from the mountains of British Columbia coalesced to form basis for its ecological diversity, Carson begins this paper with an the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, which advanced south into northern overview of its geologic history. ! en Dobson, Axtell, and Cordell Washington, Idaho, and Montana. Often, a lobe of this ice sheet describe the plant communities in the canyon, and Denny’s dammed the Clarks Fork River, creating an enormous lake in description of the natural history through one revolution around western Montana known as Glacial Lake Missoula. Although the sun completes the article. this lake formed many times in the last million years, we know the most about the consequences of the last occurrence. When Geology of Juniper Canyon: a landscape built by Lake Missoula reached a depth of about 2,000 feet, it # oated lava ! ows, sculpted by water and wind the ice dam. ! is triggered a sudden release of massive amounts of impounded water, thus an enormous # ood. ! is Missoula ! e headwaters of Juniper Creek begin near Vansycle Canyon, about # ood raced southwest across eastern Washington until it reached 15 miles east-southeast of Wallula Gap. ! e two forks of Juniper the bottleneck of Wallula Gap. About 900 feet of water poured Creek originate at an elevation of approximately 2,000 feet,1 where through Wallula Gap at 60 miles per hour. Even so, the gap acted they carve into wind-deposited soil (loess). ! e creek works its way as a hydraulic dam that created a temporary lake with an elevation westward, gradually cutting down into the basalt # ows, then into of 1200 feet in the Pasco Basin. At Wallula giant eddies swirled at remnants of an immense gravel bar on both sides of the canyon, and the mouths of every tributary canyon, including Juniper Canyon, " nally into sand dunes that # ank the south side of the canyon. In the depositing huge gravel bars. Icebergs from the disintegrating ice " nal mile above its mouth, Juniper Creek forms a partially natural dam rushed downstream, carrying rocks that had been plucked wetland augmented by water impounded by McNary Dam. by glaciers crossing the landscape. Some of these icebergs were stranded in the tributary canyons, depositing boulders as they 1 Surface elevation of Lake Wallula is 340 ft. 2 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 ! e Missoula " oods also deposited sand in the Pasco and Umatilla Basins. Prevailing southwesterly winds blew sand from the Umatilla Basin and from sandbars along the Columbia River toward the Horse Heaven Hills, leaving a large sand deposit on the south side of Juniper Canyon. Some of sand landforms are transitional between parabolic dunes and blowouts. The features resemble blowouts in that the wind has eroded hollows in the sand; the sandy ridges at the edges of the blowouts are like parabolic dunes. Unlike silt, which may become airborne, wind-blown heavier sand particles remain close to the ground. Even though wind moved the sand northeast, it fell into Juniper Creek before reaching the north side of the canyon. About 7700 years ago, Mt. Mazama (now Crater Lake) in the southern Most of the gravel deposited in Juniper Canyon by the Missoula " oods has been eroded or buried in sand. Oregon Cascades erupted violently, Here, at the outside of a bend of Juniper Creek, the gravels are exposed. Photo by Bob Carson. spewing volumes of ash that was blown far to the northeast; some was deposited on the Horse Heaven Hills. Rain washed the melted. Two large granitic erratic boulders rest on the north side of ash o# the hillsides and down into the channel of Juniper Creek. Juniper Canyon, one near the east end of the wetland, the other at an As the water in the reservoir behind McNary Dam (downstream elevation of about 1000 feet between two large outcrops of basalt. on the Columbia River in the Umatilla Basin) rose, it inundated the Glacial Lake Missoula drained, but the ice re-advanced to lowermost part of Juniper Canyon. ! is small arm of the reservoir block Clarks Fork again within 50 years. ! is ice dam created became $ lled with sediment deposited by Juniper Creek and was another lake, which then ruptured, sending another " ood ravaging colonized by plants. As beavers dammed Juniper Creek, the wetland across eastern Washington. ! is cycle repeated 80 to 100 times extended upstream. from about 18,000 to 15,000 years ago. Gravel bars in the tributary canyons grew to 600 feet thick. Despite its small size, Juniper Creek eroded most of the gravel in its valley over the course of 15 thousand years. A good exposure of the remaining gravel exists on the outside of a meander bend of Juniper Creek near the beaver ponds; it is best seen from the north side of the creek.

Soil from the sky As the rocks at the bottom of the Cordil- leran Ice Sheet were dragged over bed- rock, abrasion made silt-size fragments of rock " our in the glacial meltwater. Much of this silt was deposited in the Pasco and Umatilla Basins, where it was picked up by the prevailing southwest- erly winds and deposited as a blanket of loess on the Horse Heaven Hills and the Palouse Hills to the northeast. ! is is the source of the silt loam soil that Naturalists hike along the north rim of a sand dune, a combination of an erosional blowout on the south caps the uplands north and south of side and a parabolic dune on the north side. In the distance sits another sand dune on the north-facing side Juniper Canyon. of Juniper Canyon. Photo by Bob Carson.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 3 ! e puzzle of the giant stairs and south of Wallula Gap. Longitudinal dunes are most commonly ! e trail along the south side of Juniper Canyon crosses " ve deposited on # at terrain. ! e longitudinal sand dunes of Juniper benches topped with a thick layer of sand (Carson 2014). ! ese Canyon are unusual because they are draped across steep slopes. terrace-like landforms resemble a short # ight of giant stairs. ! e treads are 120 to 200 feet wide and more than 1000 feet long; they ! e " ora of Juniper Canyon slope upvalley 4 to 5% toward the northeast. ! e risers slope 24 to 43% to the northwest and are 40 to 60 feet high. Given the geologic history, it isn’t surprising that this small canyon Several explanations of the origins of these giant steps don’t harbors a variety of plant communities. ! e thick sand of the south survive careful scrutiny. ! ese benches are not likely bedrock side of the valley supports juniper trees, shrubs, bunchgrasses, a vari- buried by sand because, while the basalt # ows here are nearly ety of wild# owers, and a cryptobiotic crust. ! e # oodplain supports horizontal, the benches are not. If the benches in Juniper Canyon willow trees, cattails, tules, bulrushes and a variety of marsh-loving are merely thin sand overlying eroded basalt # ows, the benches plants. Bunchgrasses dominate the thin, silt loam soil over basalt would also be horizontal. bedrock on the north side of the valley # oor. Our survey of plant Nor is the explanation plausible that they are terraces that were species, combined with previous collections and observations by deposited or eroded by the Missoula # oods, because all known coauthors (Dobson and Denny), totaled 168 species in 49 families gravel eddy bars slope downvalley, not upvalley as these do. It (see Table at end of article). Until this survey no one had compiled is unlikely that they are strath or alluvial-" ll terraces eroded or a comprehensive list for the canyon. Other incomplete species deposited by Juniper Creek, because stream terraces also slope lists for commonly visited sites in the Wallula Gap area (Juniper downvalley. Canyon, Twin Sisters, and Telephone Hill (http://www.wnps.org/ Another possibility is that they are slumps (a type of landslide) cbasin/hikes_lists.html) have been assembled by members of the caused as Juniper Creek cut its valley and reduced lateral support Columbia Basin Chapter of the Washington Native Plant Society, for the hillsides. Geologic materials like the basalts, gravels, and but these were based solely on springtime hikes. Scientists at the Pa- sands in Juniper Canyon are not usually susceptible to mass wast- ci" c Northwest National Laboratory published a complete vascular ing, and the benches here seem too regular to be slump blocks. In plant list (725 taxa) for the Hanford Site (Sackschewsky and Downs addition, the headscarps of almost all slumps are convex upslope; 2001), but that survey covers a much larger diverse area. no such landforms exist here. We (Cordell and Axtell) visited Juniper Canyon at three week Sand dunes are common northeast of the Umatilla and Pasco intervals between February 2013 and April 2014. First, we mapped basins; some are longitudinal dunes parallel to the prevailing wind. seven plant communities on a Google Earth image and developed ! e long axes of the giant steps in Juniper Canyon have almost ex- two walking routes, one through the # oodplain, and one through actly the same orientation (N60°E) as the longitudinal dunes north the uplands, along which we collected each plant species at its

Large slanted terraces covered by thick sand are present on the south side of lower Juniper Canyon. ! e most plausible theory for the origin of these terraces is that they are longitudinal dunes, oriented parallel to the dominant wind direction. Photo by Bob Carson.

4 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Based on topographic position and soils, it is likely that this site originally supported a community of Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata). Saltgrass is the only remnant of that as- sociation. Our working name for the site was “disturbed grassland,” derived from the obvious human disturbance: trash (beer cans, clay pigeons, shotgun shells, animal bones), soil compaction, and dominance by non-native species. Of the current community, the three introduced perennial grasses, bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa), intermediate wheatgrass (! inopyrum intermedium) and creeping Plant communities in Juniper Canyon, mapped on a Google Earth image. Codes are 1=Basin wildrye/saltgrass bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), as well as (disturbed grassland), 2=Western juniper/big sagebrush-bitterbrush, 3=Bluebunch wheatgrass/Sandberg the introduced Canada thistle (Cirsium bluegrass, 4=exposed gravel bar (Rock), 5=marsh, 6=willow riparian woodland, 7=narrowleaf cattail marsh. Prepared by Marin Axtell and Chelsea Cordell. arvense), reproduce vegetatively and are highly tolerant of grazing and trampling. reproductive stage. Voucher specimens of all documented taxa have ! e remaining grasses are all weedy annuals that are unpalatable to been deposited in the Whitman College Herbarium (WCW). livestock after in" orescences form: ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), ! e seven communities in the canyon included the follow- cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros). ing: a disturbed grassland (basin wildrye/saltgrass), juniper/big sagebrush/bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass/Sandberg bluegrass, rock, marsh, willow riparian woodland and a narrowleaf cattail marsh. We recorded in which communities each species occurred and its " owering period.

Upland communities

! e four upland types of Juniper Canyon include a severely disturbed grassland at the mouth of the canyon (which probably supported Basin wildrye/saltgrass in presettlement time), western juniper/sagebrush/ bitterbrush on the canyon " ank south of the creek, bluebunch wheat- grass/Sandberg bluegrass on the north side of the creek, and a rocky area in the upper reach of the south side of the creek.

Basin wildrye/saltgrass ! is heavily disturbed grassland lies at the entrance of Juniper Can- yon, southeast of State Highway 730 (see area 1 on map, above). Shaggy " eabane (Erigeron pumilus) " owers in early May in the severely disturbed grassy area and on the north-facing slope. Photo by Marin Axtell.

! e soil in this area is hard packed, rocky, and very disturbed. Scattered shrubs (Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa, and Purshia tridentata) are surviving native plants. Our most noteworthy discovery in this community was salt heliotrope (Heliotropium curassavicum), a sensitive species in Oregon (List 2). Its presence has been reported to the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC).

Western juniper/Big sagebrush-Bitterbrush ! e north-facing canyon wall supports a thriving shrub steppe community, characterized by a sparse overstory of western juniper with an understory of shrubs (principally bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and rabbitbrush) and native bunchgrasses (area 2 in map, above). Moving south along the ridge, shrubs become less dominant and the soil becomes slightly rockier. Native grasses include bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa se- Disturbed grassland in an old gravel pit that is currently used illegally as a cunda Elymus elymoides shooting range. Photo by Marin Axtell. ), bottlebrush squirreltail ( ), Basin wildrye,

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 5 and two sand-loving species, downslope. Orthents are soils that lack pro! le development other Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum than an A horizon; in this case these are deep soils on unstable hymenoides) and needle-and- slopes characterized by ! ne sandy loam in the upper 10 inches and thread (Hesperostipa comata). very cobbly loamy ! ne sand below that. " ese deep soils have a Evidence of grazing distur- high water storage capacity which, combined with a cooler north- bance includes numerous facing aspect, support a dense canopy of perennial vegetation and non-native grasses: annual a scattered cryptobiotic crust. bromes (Bromus tectorum, B. hordeaceus, B. commutatus), Bluebunch wheatgrass/Sandberg bluegrass longspine sandbur (Cenchrus " is community is located on the north side of the canyon, facing longispinus), rabbitsfoot grass south, with a gentle slope up from the bottom of the canyon (area (Polypogon monspeliensis). 3 on map on previous page). It is characterized by a sparse cover of Daubenmire (1970) did shrubs (gray rabbitbrush and big sagebrush) and remnants of the not describe a western juniper native bunchgrasses (bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, shrub steppe community for sand dropseed and red threeawn) growing on hard packed rocky 2 Bastard toad# ax (Comandra umbel- eastern Washington , but silt loam soil. " e soil is mapped as Lickskillet-Rock outcrop lata) # owered in early May on the western juniper communities complex. " e Lickskillet series are shallow, well drained soils that north-facing slope. Photo by Chelsea with big sagebrush and formed in stony colluvium consisting of loess, rock fragments, Cordell. bitterbrush are widespread in and residuum weathered from basalt and rhyolite. eastern Oregon (Franklin and Dyrness 1984). Two bitterbrush/ Evidence of disturbance in this area is the compacted soil, ter- bunchgrass communities are described at the Hanford Site west of racettes (numerous livestock trails following the contour across the Pasco, Washington (Sackschewsky and Downs 2001). Bitterbrush slope), and a variety of non-native grasses, ripgut brome, cheatgrass, commonly grows on deep, sandy soils, so its occurrence on the south rattail fescue, and bulbous bluegrass, which increase in abundance side of Juniper Canyon is characteristic. Here the soil is mapped under grazing pressure. " e fence along the property line was in dis- as Quincy loamy ! ne sand and Rock outcrop-Xeric Torriorthents repair, allowing grazing livestock to range freely through the area. complex (Umatilla Area Soil Survey3). " e Quincy series is eolian Goatheads or puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris), an invasive sand that has blown over the ridge from the south and migrated exotic weed with stout sharp spikes on its fruits, dominates the lower slope near the bottom of the canyon. The sprawling stems of this warm-season annual are well adapted to the hot, harsh conditions of summer and occur on the south-facing exposure.

Cli! , scree, and rock4 An area of sparse vegetation over a loose rock substrate is located on the south canyon wall on the outside of a meander of Juniper Creek (area 4 on map on previous page). It is the most barren of the communities, due to disturbance caused by the deterioration of an old gravel bar in the wall of the canyon. " e steep, north-facing slope is a substrate of loose sand, pebbles and cobbles, mostly of basaltic composition, that shift down toward the canyon # oor when disturbed. Cover in this community is sparse, consisting of a Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), a few big sagebrush, rabbitbrush, and cheatgrass. Among the plants on the steep north-facing slope of Juniper Canyon are gray rabbitbrush (yellow # owers), Among the weedy species, bull thistle big sagebrush (light green leaves), and juniper trees. One beaver pond is visible in the wetland on the valley (Cirsium vulgare) and Russian thistle # oor. Sparse vegetation grows on thin, silty soil over lava # ows on the north side of the canyon. In the distance (Salsola tragus) are characteristic of the are the Columbia River and the west side of Wallula Gap. Photo by Bob Carson. farmland above the canyon, while moth 2 " e northernmost population of western juniper in North America lies only mullein (Verbascum blattaria) is characteristic of the canyon walls about 30 air miles north of Juniper Canyon; that population is protected by the along the Snake and Columbia rivers. " is is the only community Juniper Dunes Wilderness Area east of Pasco, Washington (http://www.blm.gov/ in which we found silverleaf phacelia (Phacelia hastata). or/resources/recreation/! les/brochures/brochure-juniper.pdf). 3 http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/ 4 nhttp://www1.usgs.gov/csas/nvcs/nvcsGetUnitDetails?elementGlobalId=849126 6 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Marsh Covering the upper half of the canyon ! oor that slopes gently westward (area 5 on map on page 5), the marsh formed where the stream was impounded by beaver dams, creating lush vegetation. It is sandwiched between the north and south canyon slopes east of the Salix Riparian Woodland, which is dominated by two willow species, peachleaf (Salix amygdaloides) and narrowleaf willow (Salix exigua), the latter appearing to be a favorite food of the beavers. " is community has a dense cover of grass- es and rushes, both in the slow moving water and in the surrounding mud ! ats, attracting cattle grazing year-round. " e wetter areas are dominated by narrowleaf cattail (Typha angus- tifolia), common reed (Phragmites australis), hardstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus), and three-square bulrush (S. americanus). Here we also found American licorice East of the beaver ponds, Juniper Creek has eroded the base of gravels deposited by the Missoula ! oods. (Glycyrrhiza lepidota), a traditional medicine Photo by Bob Carson. plant for Native Americans, and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), a native species of ! oodplains that is often mistaken for an introduced noxious weed (Xanthium spinosum) because the spiny fruits of both species cling tenaciously to boots, pants, and backpacks.

Salix amygdaloides/Salix exigua Riparian woodland5 " is community covers the relatively ! at eastern portion of the canyon ! oor (area 6 on map on page 5), downstream from the marsh and bounded by the narrowleaf cattail community on the east and south. Because the channel of Juniper Creek is narrower and the water ! ows faster here, the silt loam soil is drier, and also more compacted than the marsh area. As re! ected by our name for this area, vegetation is dominated by narrowleaf wil- low. Two abundant species in this type are an introduced perennial, whitetop (Lepidium draba), which ! owers from May to Septem- A grassy marsh covers the upper half of the canyon ! oor (east of the willow riparian woodland), sandwiched ber, followed by a native annual, horned between the north and south canyon walls. Here the stream is impounded by beaver dams, creating a seablight (Suaeda calceoliformis), ! owering lush environment. Photo by Bob Carson. from late August through early November.

Floodplain communities Narrowleaf cattail marsh6 " is community borders both sides of Juniper Creek extending We mapped three types of vegetation in the ! oodplain of Juniper upstream from the mouth at the Columbia River, on the south side Creek: marsh, riparian woodland, and cattail marsh. " e silt loam of the marsh and Salix riparian woodland (area 7 on map on page soil of these communities is classed as a xero! uvent, meaning a 5). Due to a high water table, the soil in this community is wet ! oodplain soil that developed in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate 5 http://www1.usgs.gov/csas/nvcs/nvcsGetUnitDetails?elementGlobalId=689863 (moist cold winter, dry warm summer). 6 http://www1.usgs.gov/csas/nvcs/nvcsGetUnitDetails?elementGlobalId=684716

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 7 Seasons in the sun: Juniper Canyon through a naturalist’s eyes

Spring Early spring starts in February, and in some years as early as mid-January, with the blooming of salt-and-pepper desert- parsley (Lomatium gormanii). As soon as the soils warm and the last few cool nights fade in early March, sagebrush buttercup (Ranunculus glaberrimus) appears, along with the delicate prairie starflower (Lithophragma parviflora), the spectacular yellow bell (Fritillaria pudica), and desert shooting star (Do- decatheon conjugens). $ e ! rst native $ e willow riparian woodland covers the relatively " at eastern portion of the canyon " oor, downstream from the grasses to emerge from dormancy for the marsh and bounded by the narrowleaf cattail community on the east and south. Photo by Marin Axtell. new growing season are Sandberg blue- grass, Indian ricegrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass. On the dunes, veiny dock (Rumex venosus) pushes its way up through the sandy soil; its thick leathery leaves attract the ! rst shiny metallic blue leaf beetles that use the plant for breeding and feeding. Soon, low carpets of gold star (Crocidium multicaule) brighten the sage and bitterbrush stands. In April, the pale yellow " owers of bitterbrush bring the ! rst mass bloom for pollinators in this canyon. Bitterbrush provides important seasonal thermal cover (shade) to animals that live in this hot environment, as well as being the favored forage of many native browsers. Patches of cryptobiotic soil crust, composed of lichens, mosses, and other microorganisms (cyanobacteria and algae), are evidence of recovery from decades of heavy grazing and trampling by cattle. Where they coat the surface of sandy soils that have stabilized enough to support sagebrush, rabbitbrush, bunchgrasses, and forbs, these soil crusts help conserve soil moisture by limiting evaporation

Peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides) is one of two willows that grow in the " oodplain. Photo by Marin Axtell. nearly year-round. During the colder part of the winter, ice forms over the water, particularly near the edges. Emergent vegetation, including tules, bulrushes, sedges, and cattails, creates a haven for frogs, herons, ducks, and numerous song birds. We found two aquatic species, common duckweed (Lemna turionifera) and Paci! c mosquitofern (Azolla ! liculoides). Other native plants include narrowleaf willow, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), Hall’s willowherb (Epilobium hallianum), pale smartweed (Persicaria lapathifolia), and northern bugleweed (Lycopus uni" orus). A number of non-native species have invaded this wet- land, including poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), yellow " ag iris (Iris pseudacorus), false indigobush (Amorpha fruticosa), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and, on the better drained edges of the community, whitetop, di# use knapweed (Centaurea di# usa) and bull thistle (all Class B species on the Oregon Noxious Weed list). Western white clematis (Clematis ligusticifolia) " owered in late May in the " oodplain. Photo by Chelsea Cordell.

8 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 and hinder invasive species by preventing seed contact with the Summer soil. Early spring ends with the emergence of needle-and-thread, In late May temperatures rise dramatically, drying the soil surface. poisonous woolypod milkvetch (Astragalus purshii), and rough Many early ! owering plants have already produced seed. On the wall! ower (Erysimum capitatum) from the sandy soils. " e # rst dunes, veiny dock is loaded with bright pink winged fruits that native wasps, bees, butter! ies, ants and ! ies also emerge under the many mistake for large clumps of ! owers. Desert paintbrush warm sun, ready to pollinate the peak season ! owers. (Castilleja chromosa), a hemiparsitic plant with a limited distribution in Juniper Canyon, ! ashes forth in # ery colors to light up the shrub-steppe communities. Gairdner’s beardtongue (Penstemon gairdneri) attracts ants and native bees to its spectacular pale pink tubular ! owers. Out of the dry soil also appears the low, thick- growing Munro’s globemallow (Sphaeralcea munroana) with its vivid orange-red ! owers emerging from gray-green buds; these plants create patches of brilliant orange in an otherwise drab gray/green sandy area. Northern wyethia (Wyethia amplexicaulis), now in full bloom, is a spectacular large composite ! ower named in honor of Nathaniel Wyeth, who passed by the mouth of Juniper Canyon on 19 October 1832 on his way to Fort Vancouver. Known to many as mule’s ears, this resplendent native ! ower marks the start of the hot season in Juniper Canyon. " e emergence of whitestem evening

Desert shooting star (Dodecatheon conjugens). Photo by Mike Denny.

Flat-topped broomrape (Orobanche corymbosa ssp. corymbosa) is a small na- tive annual that is parasitic on roots of Artemisia tridentata. Photos by Mike Yellow bells (Fritillaria pudica). Photo by Mike Denny. Denny.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 9 primrose (Oenothera pallida) creates opportunities for crepuscular and set seed, rabbitbrush comes into its full glory, giving a golden pollinators such as moths, crickets, and rodents. Locoweed, biscuit glow to the canyon. It is complemented by purple " owers of hoary root, buckwheat, and the cool season grasses are already fruiting. tansyaster (Dieteria canescens, formerly Machaeranthera). Late- Along the riparian zone of Juniper Creek the growth is rank " owering Asteraceae set out the last great o$ ering of pollen and with black cottonwood, coyote and peachleaf willows, and a few nectar for the numerous insect pollinators that are getting ready American hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). ! ere are many patches to meet the arrival of winter. ! ese shrubs and herbs provide food of common cattail, hardstem bulrush, and several sedge species for a wide array of rodents, birds, and mammals also preparing (Carex). Invasive reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) grows in for the cold winter months. dense mats all along the creek. ! e hydrology of the valley " oor is naturally managed by a beaver population whose dams create Winter pools that extend the growing season through the hot summers Winter can be short in this canyon, sometimes becoming typical of the canyon. intermittent by mid-January. But when Arctic air " ow brings ice and snow, small birds and other animals seek food and cover in Autumn the dense evergreen foliage of the juniper trees. ! e round silvery- From late August into early September, snow buckwheat blue juniper “berries” provide winter forage for American Robins, (Eriogonum niveum) graces the sandy soils with its showy silver- Western Bluebirds, Townsend’s Solitaire, and mule deer, and are green leaves and papery white " owers lightly tinged with pink. ! e also eaten by Cedar Waxwings, coyotes, and wood rats. ! e trunks foliage and " owers are naturally dry, so persist until battered by fall of old mature junipers are host to numerous wintering spiders, rainstorms and wind. When most plants have # nished " owering insects, hibernating tree frogs, and many species of bats, along

Ice along Juniper Creek during the coldest part of the winter. Photo by Chelsea Cordell.

10 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 with seasonal nesting Ferruginous, Swainson’s, and Red-tailed Hawks. Long-eared and Great Horned Owls depend on the nests Hiking in Juniper Canyon of Black-billed Magpies in these trees. Most native plants are dormant in the winter, but some Driving directions to Juniper Canyon: From Interstate 84 east of the native bunchgrasses (e.g., bluebunch wheatgrass and of Boardman, turn north on US Highway 730 at Boardman Sandberg bluegrass) develop green leaves with fall rains and grow Junction toward Irrigon and Umatilla. Continue northeast on intermittently when temperatures rise above freezing. Introduced 730 past Umatilla for 15 miles. Alternatively, take Exit 182 on Mediterranean annuals, e.g., cheatgrass and yellow starthistle Interstate 84 onto Highway 207 north (toward Hermiston), (Centaurea solstitialis), germinate with the ! rst rains of late fall follow 207 for about 12 miles and turn right onto Highway and grow at temperatures just above freezing, extending their 730. Follow Highway 730 east for about 7.5 miles to Juniper roots deep into the soil. " is gives these invaders a competitive Canyon. Pull o# at a turnout and park in the small parking advantage over seedlings of native plants, especially when the area on the southeast side of Highway 730 between mileposts weeds are less palatable to livestock. Some species pass the winter 198 and 199. as seeds in the plant litter over the soil surface, providing a food " e bedrock here is all Columbia River basalt; outcrops source for small rodents and birds. by the creek are Wanapum Basalt, whereas the “scabs” at the top of the canyon are younger Saddle Mountains basalt. Two Acknowledgements crude trails lead eastward along the sides of Juniper Canyon; both become faint in about a mile. However, numerous game Travel to Juniper Canyon was funded in part by Suzanne and and cattle trails provide easy access to the open country. " e Philip Moss (through Heidi Dobson at Whitman College) and trail on the south side of Juniper Canyon starts at the gate and by the Whitman College Department of Biology. Peter Zika climbs up and over several sandy benches. A remnant of this (University of Washington Herbarium) and Cindy Roché identi- Mazama ash deposit is exposed just to the left of and below ! ed the graminoid species, Fred Hrusa (Herbarium, California the trail a short distance east of the parking lot. Within a few Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California) minutes of walking are two large juniper trees to the north and identi! ed Kochia scoparia var. subvillosa. Jannelle Downs (ecologist a patch of bare sand high to the south. At an elevation of 760 with Paci! c Northwest National Laboratory, Richland) reviewed feet, small juniper trees grow on sand that overlies a giant gravel the manuscript and o# ered valuable edits. bar deposited by the Missoula $ oods. Below this hill Juniper Creek has undercut the eddy bar to expose the thick, steeply References dipping gravels. Along the creek are beaver ponds and wetland vegetation. Farther east are dune complexes with patches of bare Carson RJ, ed. 2008. Where the Great River Bends: a natural and sand. " e prevailing westerly winds have blown the sand here human history of the Columbia at Wallula. Sandpoint (ID): from the Umatilla Basin. Juniper Canyon is a sand trap as the Keokee Books. 220 pp. creek prevents further transport northeast. Carson RJ. 2014. Puzzling benches in Juniper Canyon, Wallula To access the trail on the north side of Juniper Canyon, one Gap, Oregon. Proc. Oregon Acad. Sci. 73:30. can also cross the bridge to the north side of Juniper Creek; a Daubenmire, RF. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Wash. path goes east along the fence on the north side of the wetland. Ag. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 62. Pullman, WA.131 pp. " e creek is easily crossed by foot on a basalt outcrop at the east Franklin JF, Dyrness CT. 1984. Natural Vegetation of Oregon end of the wetland. " e trail along the north side of Juniper and Washington. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State Univ. Press. Canyon stays close to the wetland and passes by the beaver 452 pp. dams. " e scabland topography high above is due to erosion Leslie G. 2008. Natural History of Juniper Canyon, Oregon. by the Missoula $ oods; on the south side of the 975-foot hill, Senior " esis, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA. and farther east up to an elevation of 1,030 feet, are granitic Miller RF, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ, Pierson FB, Eddleman LE. boulders up to 6 feet in diameter. " ese erratic boulders were 2005. Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper deposited here during the melting of icebergs stranded at the (Juniperus occidentalis). Oregon State Univ. Ag. Expt. Sta. Tech. shorelines of the Missoula Bull., Corvallis, OR. 152. 82 pp. $ oods. To the northeast, above Sackschewsky MR, Downs JL. 2001. Vascular Plants of the Hanford the level of the Missoula $ oods, Site. Paci! c Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL-13688. loess covers the basalt. http://ecology.pnnl.gov/library/pnnl13688.pdf, accessed Continued public access November 25, 2014. across private land depends on responsible use. Visitors should reclose gates when entering and leaving (or leave the gates as they were found). Remember that both the Russian olive (Elaeagnus angusti- $ oodplain and the privately folia) is a non-native invader of owned slopes should be treat- wetlands and $ oodplains. Photo ed respectfully. by Chelsea Cordell.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 11 Michael E. Denny Marin P. Axtell Mike Denny was born in Oregon. Marin Axtell is a native Idahoan He began studying natural history and a recent graduate of Whitman at age eight while growing up in College in Walla Walla, Washington, southeast Africa, where he was in with a BA in Spanish and biology. awe of all things living. After he She currently works with the Idaho returned to the US, he studied Immunization Program and hopes biology and art in college. He to begin a Masters program in the and his wife MerryLynn now live near future. in Walla Walla. Mike illustrated the Birders Guide to Idaho (1998), Chelsea C. Cordell and co-authored several books: ! e Chelsea grew up in the rainy forests Birds of the Inland Northwest and of Olympia, Washington, and Northern Rockies (2008), Where the Great River Bends (2008), ! e graduated from Whitman College Birds of Interior BC and the Rockies (2009) and Many Waters (2015). in Walla Walla, Washington, with Mike greatly enjoys hiking, birding, Lepidoptera and botanizing. a BA in biology and anthropology. He also taught adult education classes at Walla Walla Community After a summer as a sea kayak tour College for " fteen years and guest lectured at Whitman College guide in Ketchikan, Alaska, she is and Walla Walla University. He works for Walla Walla Community currently residing in San Francisco, College, Water and Environmental Center as a grant writer. California, spending her time hiking, backpacking, and getting Heidi E. M. Dobson to know the ! ora of the Bay Area Heidi Dobson is Professor of Bio - and the Sierra Nevada. logy and Director of the Whitman College Herbarium, in Walla Robert J. Carson Walla, Washington. She earned her Bob Carson is Phillips Professor of Geology and Environmental AB in botany and BS in agricultural Studies at Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. After science from the University of he earned an AB in geology from Cornell University, he worked California Berkeley, her MS in for Texaco, Inc. His other geology degrees are an MS from Tulane entomology from the University University and a PhD from the University of Washington. Summer of California, Davis, and her PhD employment included Washington’s Department of Ecology and in botany from the University Division of Geology and Earth Resources. of California Berkeley. As an undergraduate, she worked during His interests are in the earth and environmental sciences; his the summers in Yosemite National Park conducting research on courses deal with resources and pollution, human inter action with the ecological carrying capacity of the subalpine backcountry. the biosphere, glaciers, vol canoes, Her expertise and passion lie at the intersection of botany and water, global climate change, entomology, encompassing the biology of solitary bees and the landforms, and natural hazards. As factors underlying their associations with ! owers and particularly a whitewater guide and member of with pollen. Her research has taken her from the California chaparral, the American Alpine Club, he has to eastern Washington, the Mediterranean, and Sweden. led " eld trips in Africa, Eurasia, South America, and throughout North America. His books include Hiking Guide to Washington Geology, Where the Great River Bends, East of Yellowstone, and Many Waters.

12 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 List of the plant species collected and observed in Juniper Canyon

Codes are 1=Basin wildrye/saltgrass (disturbed grassland), 2=Western juniper/big sagebrush-bitterbrush, 3=Bluebunch wheatgrass/ Sandberg bluegrass, 4=exposed gravel bar (Rock), 5=marsh, 6=willow riparian woodland, 7=narrowleaf cattail marsh. MD in the column under ** indicates taxa observed by Mike Denny. For all other taxa, voucher specimens have been deposited in the Whitman College Herbarium (WCW). Weed status indicates taxa on the Class B list of Oregon Noxious Weeds.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 13 14 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 15 16 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 ! e Discovery of Two New Tufted Desertparsleys from Southeastern Oregon: Lomatium ravenii var. paiutense and Lomatium bentonitum

Donald H. Mans# eld Department of Biology, $ e College of Idaho Caldwell, Idaho 83605

nyone who has ever tried to identify a biscuitroot or desertparsley (Lomatium) or springparsley (Cymopterus) can ap- Apreciate how variable these plants can be. As a consequence of my ! oristic study of southeast- ern Oregon, most recently the Owyhee region, I often encounter unusual forms of plants. Sometimes these forms are just minor variations within the range of what might be expected for a given species, and other times the variations seem di" erent enough to warrant a closer look. Further investigation may include more # eld observations, locating additional populations with the unusual characters, careful measure- ments and comparisons of these characters between closely related species, greenhouse or experimental manipulations, or even phyloge- netic analysis of DNA sequence data. At the small liberal arts college where I teach, some of these aberrant populations that “don’t read the books” make for fun research projects for keen undergraduate students. $ at was the case in the mid-2000s when I suggested to my student, Kim Carlson, that she make some measurements on specimens of three species of Lomatium from southeastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Flowers in these “apioids” (Apiaceae, the carrot and parsley family) are small and rather nondescript white, yellow, or sometimes purplish, reddish, or brownish- green. Easily recognized by the characteristic umbel, members of the genera Lomatium Figure 1. Lomatium foeniculaceum var. macdougalii is a wide-ranging, yellow-! owered, tufted biscuitroot and Cymopterus harbor a wild and confusing entering southeastern Oregon from the southeast. Photo courtesy of Gerald Carr. variation in the fruits, leaves, stems and roots. Many new species are still being described, for two reasons: di" erences among species are subtle and many of these $ is is the story of the research that led to the discovery of two plants are restricted to very narrow geographic ranges (narrowly of these new taxa: bentonite desertparsley (L. bentonitum), and endemic). For example, within the past five years, scientists Paiute desertparsley (L. ravenii var. paiutense). $ is research also described eight new taxa within Lomatium in the Paci# c Northwest: revealed to me that our current understanding of the evolution L. bentonitum from the Succor Creek area in southeastern Oregon, of this group of plants is still in its infancy. L. brunsfeldianum from northern Idaho, L. tarantuloides from the Greenhorn Mountains of northeastern Oregon, L. swingerae from Lomatiums from Malheur County that west-central Idaho, L. knokei from central Washington, L. ochocense, “don’t read the books” from the Ochoco Mountains of central Oregon, L. pastorale1 from northeastern Oregon [see Kalmiopsis 20:1-5], and L. ravenii In southeastern Oregon we commonly encounter several tufted lo- var. paiutense from northern Nevada, southeastern Oregon and matiums, three of which I’ll discuss here. One of these, Macdougal’s southwestern Idaho. Several more narrowly endemic species are biscuitroot (L. foeniculaceum var. macdougalii), is yellow-! owered in the process of being described. (Figure 1). It grows in shallow soils high in clay content and ranges 1 Originally published as L. pastoralis. to the east and southeast (Idaho and eastern Nevada). A very similar Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 17 plant growing in comparable habitats, but with white ! owers and with other minor, subtle di" erences, enters southeastern Oregon from the southwest (western Nevada and northeastern California). # is plant (Figure 2) has been called di" erent names by di" erent botanists, and became the focus of our research in 2005. # e name Lassen parsley (L. ravenii) is given for this plant in the USDA Plants Database (http://plants.usda.gov). But in his treatment of Lomatium for the Intermountain Flora, Art Cronquist (1997) placed these white-! owered desertparsleys (Figure 2) under the name L. nevadense. # is white-! owered species, commonly called Nevada biscuitroot (Figure 3), is a widespread southwestern species that reaches into Oregon from California and Nevada and grows in loamy soils often at higher elevations. In his discussion of L. nevadense, Cronquist noted that “a few plants with the leaves…dissected into very numerous small segments, nearly as in L. foeniculaceum, but with the bractlets…scarcely hirtellous, as in L. nevadense occur in a swath from Lassen County, California across northern Nevada…. At least some of these plants have white ! owers with purple anthers, as in L. nevadense: these have been described as L. ravenii.” # us, Cronquist acknowledged that our unusual white-! owered tufted Lomatium specimens in southeastern Oregon (Figure 2) were simi- lar to three species: L. foeniculaceum, L. ravenii, and L. nevadense. Cronquist chose to call the unusual Oregon specimens L. nevadense

Figure 2. Anomalous white-! owered desertparsley (Lomatium ravenii var. Figure 3. White-! owered Lomatium nevadense var. nevadense is a wide-ranging paiutense) from southeastern Oregon, northern Nevada, and southwestern and highly variable southwestern US species that extends into southeastern Idaho. Cronquist included this as L. nevadense in the Intermountain Flora. Oregon. Photo courtesy of Gerald Carr. Photo by the author. 18 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 and, in the process, lumped all the other white-! owered specimens First, Kim examined the morphological variation among called L. ravenii into L. nevadense as well. " e justi# cation for lump- specimens of these three species from our herbarium at " e College ing was that the morphology of the type specimen of L. ravenii fell of Idaho, which included a large number of specimens from Malheur within the range of the highly variable L. nevadense. But we were County and surroundings. In the following year, she examined a few not satis# ed with Cronquist’s reluctance to accept L. ravenii as a more species and varieties and from a wider geographic range. She distinct taxon, when other authors did. " us, the taxonomy of L. measured 29 di$ erent morphological characters (such as length-to- ravenii became the focus of our research in 2005. " e distributions width ratios of bracts below the ! ower clusters, ! ower color, and of these three species are shown in Figure 4. density of hairs on various structures) in plants from more than 50

Figure 4. " e distributions of Lomatium foeniculaceum, L. nevadense, and L. ravenii in our region (not showing the entire range of L.foeniculaceum and L. nevadense). Map by author.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 19 populations of these three taxa and other related Lomatium species. other L. ravenii specimens, both on the herbarium sheet and on One way to visualize the results of her study is to reduce the the NMDS graph. variation among those 29 characters into a two-dimensional graph To pursue both of these questions we joined forces with Dr. with two axes that describe much, but not all, of that variation James F. Smith at Boise State University, whose phylogenetic work (Carlson et al. 2011). ! rough this procedure, non-metric multidi- using DNA sequences of both nuclear and chloroplast genes en- mensional scaling (NMDS), we were able to see (Figure 5) that the abled him to distinguish among closely related species in the largely specimens from throughout the full geographic range of L. ravenii tropical family Gesneriaceae. So in 2007 and 2008 we returned to (Nevada, Idaho, California and southeastern Oregon) were distinct the # eld to locate both more populations of the anomalous Succor from both L. foeniculaceum and the highly variable L. nevadense. Creek specimen and to # nd true L. ravenii from the type locality. Data points for plants recognizable as L. ravenii (enclosed by a Kim and I, with help from Jim, Dr. Ron Hartman (University polygon in Figure 5), L. nevadense and L. foeniculaceum formed of Wyoming), and some of my other students collected fresh clusters distinct from one another, rather than being scattered leaf samples of many populations of L ravenii, L. nevadense, L. throughout the variation typical of each species. ! ese clusters foeniculaceum, the unusual Succor Creek specimen, and several supported distinguishing three distinct species. Among the white- other species of Lomatium, from which Kim began extracting " owered desertparsley specimens with tightly clustered leaves, we DNA for analysis. recognize L. ravenii as a species rather than including some of the specimens in L. nevadense and others in L. foeniculaceum. Two varieties of Lomatium ravenii However, there were two unresolved questions remaining from this analysis that we pursued in the following year or so. First, we examined plants from the population where Mildred First, it was clear that Cronquist did not accept L. ravenii as a Mathias and Lincoln Constance collected the type specimen of L. good species, so we needed to # nd out where it # t in an analysis ravenii, which is the plant on which they based their initial descrip- of the DNA of all of the Lomatium taxa throughout northeastern tion of the species and named it. We reasoned that, perhaps L. ravenii California, northern Nevada, and Malheur County in southeastern specimens from the type locality were di$ erent than the L. ravenii we Oregon. Second, in our analysis there was one rather odd speci- had been studying. With the help of Dr. Barbara Ertter (University men from Succor Creek (marked with the blue star on Figure 5) of California, Berkeley, and ! e College of Idaho) and Matt Guil- that we had initially thought was L. ravenii, but di$ ered from liams (a UC student at the time), we were able to get leaf samples and voucher specimens of three L. ravenii from both the type locality and nearby locations. After re# ning techniques for sequencing the same genes from all samples, we were able to decipher some presumed evolutionary relation- ships using techniques of phylogenetic analysis. ! e results of these analyses (Figure 6) demon- strate that L. ravenii is indeed closely related to L. foeniculaceum. It is within the same terminal branch, or clade, in this phylogenetic tree. Loma- tium nevadense, the species in which Cronquist thought L. ravenii should be included, is in a part of this tree widely separated from L. foeniculaceum and L. ravenii by several other Lomatium species (Figure 6). ! is phylogenetic tree also revealed that L. ravenii specimens consist of two di$ erent, related groups, one that includes plants resembling the L. ravenii type specimen and another that includes other L. ravenii from Malheur County and northern Nevada. We named this second group of L. ravenii as a new variety (Carlson et al. 2011b): L. ravenii var. paiutense or Paiute de- sertparsley, in recognition of the Northern Paiute tribe, which shares a similar range throughout northern Nevada, southeastern Oregon, south- western Idaho and whose members may have used the plant as a food source. ! e new variety, L. ravenii var. paiutense is more densely hairy on Figure 5. An NMDS graph illustrating variation among plants in the three species of Lomatium that the leaves and bracts beneath the umbels and has the author and his student Kim Carlson investigated in 2007, showing also the unusual specimen that led to the discovery of Lomatium bentonitum. ! e two axes represent a composite of the greatest broader, shorter leaf segments than the typical amount of variation possible in two dimensions from among the 29 variables measured among the variety (L. ravenii var. ravenii) that is restricted to 50 plants observed. Each point on the graph represents one plant from a unique population. (adapted California (not overlapping the range of the Paiute from Carlson et al. 2011a) 20 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Lomatium species, L. ravenii and L. foeniculaceum by specimens from a di! erent genus (Cymopterus)! Indeed the DNA analysis strongly indicated that we had turned up another species. We decided to examine the morphology of specimens in more detail, such as the root form and additional features related to form, density and location of surface hairs. Fortunately, we had some additional specimens in our herbarium that had been collected a few years earlier. A subsequent NMDS analysis of these specimens distinguished this new species from the other species similar to it, including L. nevadense, L. ravenii, L. foeniculaceum, and L. canbyi (Figure 8). We named it Lomatium bentonitum because the only place where we found it (or have found it since we described it) is a bentonite clay mine in Succor Creek basin (Figure 9). Lomatium bentonitum, or bentonite desertparsley (Figure 10), is found only in azonal soils on outcrops of Miocene ash of the Sucker Creek Formation in Succor Creek drainage where light colored ash has weathered to bentonite clay, a shrink-swell clay with tremendous capacity to absorb water. " e similar species, L. ravenii var. paiutensis, Paiute desertparsley, lives nearby but not on the bentonite-rich outcrops. " ough similar in appearance to Paiute desertparsley, bentonite desertparsley has more planar leaves, which are less hairy, making the plant appear more green than gray. " e root is perhaps its most distinctive feature. Figure 11 shows how the top of the root is abruptly narrowed in L. bentonitum but tapered in L. ravenii var. paiutense. However, now that we have been able to recognize L. bentonitum as a distinct species, and know how rare it is, I recommend against digging

Figure 6. A phylogenetic tree (cladogram) of Lomatium ravenii, its closest relative, L. foeniculaceum, and other less closely related species of biscuitroots and desertparsleys. " e groups (clades) discussed in this article are marked on the # gure: L. foeniculaceum (square), L. ravenii var. paiutense (circle), L. ravenii var. ravenii (triangle), L. bentonitum (diamond), and L. nevadense (star). " e numbers are degrees of support (likelihood of true phylogenetic relationship) for each branch based on di! erent methods of analysis. (adapted from Carlson et al. 2011b) desertparsley—see Figure 7). Also, L. ravenii var. ravenii has other characteristics more closely resembling L. nevadense than does L. ravenii var. paiutense. Cronquist may well have recognized the dif- ference between what we are calling two varieties of L. ravenii, but preferred to lump all plants resembling L. ravenii in the widespread and variable L. nevadense. His note suggesting that what we now call L. ravenii var. paiutense might have merely been another form (possibly a variety?) of L. foeniculaceum was indeed insightful, as the results of the DNA cladogram illustrate (Figure 6).

Bentonite desertparsley (Lomatium bentonitum) is a new species

Having settled the L. ravenii enigma to our satisfaction, the phyloge- netic tree revealed that the unusual Succor Creek specimens (shown by the blue star in Figure 5) not only represented a di! erent branch on the tree (labeled as L. bentonitum on Figure 6), but the specimens were so di! erent that they were separated from specimens of the two Figure 7. " e distributions of the two varieites of L. ravenii. Map by author.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 21 it up to examine its root. We know of just one population of this L. bentonitum in our herbarium (still cited in PLANTS USDA species, though we have not searched exhaustively in this region. (http://plants.usa.gov). But in 2012 we revisited populations from Other clay rich substrates in the area should be investigated for that area and realized that, although some plants in the L. ravenii this extremely rare endemic. Originally we had thought that an var. paiutense populations have a distinctive abrupt narrowing to the additional population existed deep in the desert plateaus in southern bulbous root, most root tops are tapered. Furthermore, those plants Owyhee County, Idaho because we had one specimen that resembled were not in bentonite clay outcrops, but rather are growing in rocky soil having a clay substructure, which is the typical habitat of L. ravenii var. paiutense. Furthermore, the surfaces of leaves were much more typical of L. ravenii var. paiutense. The Succor Creek location of the new bentonite desertparsley is in the vicinity of several other unusual soil outcrops from weathered ash deposits high in clay content where other rare plants are found, including Lomatium packardiae, Cymopterus glomeratus var. greeleyorus (C. acaulis var. greeleyorum), Mentzelia mollis, and others. ! is area is unusually rich in rare plants restricted to speci" c substrates. Lomatium bentonitum is one more to add to the growing list of narrow endemic Lomatium species found in southeastern Oregon’s deserts.

Evolutionary relationships in Lomatium

! e observation (in Figure 6) that two species of the genus Cymopterus are situated between very similar and closely related species of Lomatium is curious and rather unsettling. After all, shouldn’t all species within a genus be more closely related to each other than to species in a di# erent genus? Figure 8. An NMDS graph illustrating variation among samples of Lomatium bentonitum and On the surface, this does not seem to be true in nearby species resembling it. (adapted from Carlson et al. 2011a)

Figure 9. ! e bentonite clay mine in Succor Creek drainage in Malheur Co., Oregon—the only known locality of Lomatium bentonitum. Photo by the author. 22 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Figure 10. " e habit of Lomatium bentonitum in its native habitat. Photo by the author. this group of desertparsleys. In the past few years we, and others, are University. Kim Carlson’s interest, keen eye, and careful attention continuing to examine the genetic and morphologic relationships to detail got this all o# the ground. Emma George moved the among other members of this group. Within the group of plants project forward by tireless work that demonstrated the incredible that includes Cymopterus and Lomatium, at least 10 cases have been polyphyly in the group. Many of my students have worked to the identi! ed where species of one of the genera appear to be more project, including Lauren Polito, McKayla Stevens, Kelsey Nelson; closely related to species of the other genus than to members of many more in ! eld botany classes have contributed to important their own genus (George et al. 2014, Sun and Downie 2010). " is field collections. Several others including Richard Heliwell, situation termed “polyphyly2” indicates that our understanding of Mark Darrach, Rick McNeil, Cody Hinchli# , and Jim Duncan the evolutionary relationships among species in the two genera is have contributed invaluable samples and vouchers. I continue to not yet clear. Some characters that we thought de! ned a genus are appreciate collaborations with Barbara Ertter, Ron Hartman, Cody more than likely ones that appear repeatedly in multiple evolutionary Hinchli# , and Stephen Downie. Mark Darrach read and contributed lineages, and do not indicate that the groups share a common to the ! nal manuscript. Finally, I wish to thank Cindy Roché and ancestor. For example, one character used to separate Cymopterus Kareen Sturgeon for their many helpful editing suggestions. from Lomatium is the multiple elaborated wings on the fruits of Cymopterus, which are normally absent on fruits of Lomatium — but References there are exceptions (L. packardiae var. tamanitchii, L. thompsonii, L. suksdor! i, C. glomeratus var. concinnus). As we continue to study this Carlson KM, Mans! eld DH, Smith JF. 2011a. A new species group of interesting plants, we expect that the coming years will in the Lomatium foeniculaceum (Apiaceae) clade revealed reveal dramatic reinterpretations of their evolutionary relationships through combined morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. and plenty of new names for botanists to learn. Systematic Botany 36(2):495-507. Carlson KM, Mans! eld DH, Smith JF. 2011b. A new variety of Acknowledgements Lomatium ravenii (Apiaceae) from the northern Great Basin and adjacent Owyhee region. Aliso 29(2):105-114. I wish to acknowledge many people who have contributed to Cronquist A. 1997. Lomatium Pp. 394-419 in Volume " ree, this project. I could not have become so engaged with Lomatium Part A: Subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). Intermountain Flora without my collaboration with Dr. James F. Smith at Boise State by Cronquist A, Holmgren NH, Holmgren PK. New York 2 Polyphyly refers to branches of a phylogenetic tree that do not include their com- Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY. mon ancestor. Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 23 Figure 11. # e two new desertparsleys of southeastern Oregon: Lomatium ravenii var. paiutense and Lomatium bentonitum. # ey are distinguished by their tapering and bulbous roots, respectively, and by their grayer, more hairy and greener, less hairy foliage, respectively. (from Carlson et al. 2011a)

George E, Mans! eld DH, Smith JF, Hartman R, Downie S, Columbia, working with Dr. Iain E.P. Taylor on a biochemical Hinchli" C. 2014. Phylogenetic analysis reveals multiple cases problem, but also studying with Dr. Wilf Scho! eld and others, of morphological parallelism and taxonomic polyphyly in Don decided that he loved both teaching and botanical research. He Lomatium (Apiaceae). Systematic Botany 39 (2):662-675. earned his Doctor of Arts degree in biology at Idaho State University Sun FJ, Downie SR. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among the (1979) working with Dr. Jay Anderson. # ere he began studying the perennial, endemic Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae of western botany of Steens Mountain in eastern Oregon, often studying with North America: additional data from the cpDNA trnF- Dr. Karl Holte. After brief post-doctoral employment at University trnL-trnT region continue to support a highly polyphyletic of California, Davis, where he worked on post-harvest physiol- Cymopterus. Plant Diversity and Evolution 128:151–172. ogy while spending weekends studying vernal ponds of northern California, he taught botany and physiology at Colorado College (1981-1984). While Assistant Professor of Biology at Rollins Col- Don was born in Salem, Oregon, lege in Florida (1984-1989), Don returned each summer to Steens and grew up all over the US. He Mountain and Colorado to pursue his growing love of $ oristics. In took his ! rst biology class from 1989 he took a faculty position at # e College of Idaho in Caldwell, Dr. Martha Springer at Willamette where he teaches ! eld botany and a variety of biology courses and University and transferred to Colo- serves as Curator of the Harold M. Tucker Herbarium. His $ oristic rado College where he completed research resulted in the Flora of Steens Mountain (2000), and he a BA in biology in 1973, discov- continues to study the $ oristics of SE Oregon, SW Idaho, and N ering ! eld botany in his senior Nevada. His work has turned up many interesting problems, such year studying under Dr. Jack L. as the ones described in this article, which he continues to pursue Carter. After completing his MSc with his wonderful and talented undergraduate students. in botany at University of British

24 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015

Key to the low-growing (generally < 1.5 dm), tufted desertparsleys, springparsleys, and related biscuitroots (Lomatium and Cymopterus) of SE Oregon and SW Idaho (! ese are species with highly dissected leaves with very short ultimate leaf segments.)

1a. Foliage lacking hairs or with sparse, short stubbly hairs 2a. Mature fruits lacking papery ribs between the two lateral wings; roots swollen and spherical (smelling of turpentine), sometimes only at the base of an elongate upper portion; widespread in clay soils in SE Oregon and SW Idaho ...... Chucklusa (Lomatium canbyi) 2b. Mature fruits with papery ribs between the two lateral wings; roots elongate, cylindrical and never spherical ...... Cymopterus 3a. Leaves dissected 1-2 times with one to a few pairs of distinct lea" ets; bracts beneath the terminal umbels of " owers narrow and # nger-like, not fused to one another at their bases; " owers white; plants of sandy soils in southern Malheur and Harney Counties ...... Corrugated springparsley (C. corrugatus) 3b. Leaves dissected 2-3 times into small segments; bracts beneath the terminal umbels of " owers broad and generally fused to one another at the base; " owers white or yellow; plants generally of clay soils, in Malheur County ...... Plains Cymnopoterus (C. glomeratus (=C. acaulis)) 4a. Flowers yellow; plants restricted to brown to tan Sucker Creek Formation ash outcrops that have weathered to clay ...... Greeley springparsley (var. greeleyorus) 4b. Flowers white; plants in clay soils other than those of the brown to tan ash outcrops in Succor Creek ...... Plains springparsley (var. glomeratus) 1b. Foliage distinctly hairy, though sometimes sparsely so 5a. Flowers yellow; anthers yellow...... L. foeniculaceum 6a. Petals with a fringe of hairs on their margins; plants known only from barrens a few miles west of Rome, OR (not known in ID) ...... Fringe-petal biscuitroot (var. ! mbriatum) 6b. Petals entire, lacking a fringe of hairs on their margins; plants scattered throughout SE Oregon and SW ID ...... Macdougal’s biscuitroot (var. macdougalii) 5b. Flowers white; anthers generally purple 7a. Plants with spherical thickening in the roots (see Figure 11) abruptly narrowing at the top; foliage similar to L. nevadense (see lead 8a); plants restricted to azonal soils of white ash outcrops in the Sucker Creek Formation that have weathered to bentonite clay ...... Bentonite desertparsley (L. bentonitum) 7b. Plants with either elongate roots or, if roots are thickened then tapering gradually at the top of the thickened base (see Figure 11); plants widely distributed in SE Oregon and SW Idaho generally on zonal, loamy or rocky (with clay subsurface) soils 8a. Leaves divided about 2.5 times; lea" ets somewhat open, with ultimate leaf segments neither narrowly linear (pencil-shaped) nor narrowed at the base; foliage sparsely hairy; bracts beneath the umbels with few hairs; plants generally of well-developed loamy soils ...... Nevada biscuitroot (L. nevadense) 8b. Leaves divided 3 or more times; lea" ets tightly clustered, with tiny ultimate segments that are either much longer than wide or narrowed at the base; foliage densely to sparsely hairy; bracts beneath the umbels densely to sparsely hairy; plants of rocky soils with clay substructure ...... (L. ravenii) 9a. Ultimate leaf segments wider in the middle or near the tip than at the base, generally < 3.0 times longer than wide; bracts at base of umbels densely hairy; stems generally 1-2 per plant; leaf bases rarely persistent; plants widespread in N NV, SE OR, and SW ID ...... Paiute parsley (var. paiutense) 9b. Ultimate leaf segments generally uniformly narrow, generally > 3.5 times longer than wide; bracts at base of umbels hairless or nearly so; stems generally 2-4 per plant; leaf bases generally persistent; plants from vicinity of Ravendale, CA (see Figure 7) ...... Lassen parsley (var. ravenii)

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 25 ! e Discovery and Naming of the Cascade Strawberry (Fragaria cascadensis Hummer) Kim E. Hummer, USDA ARS NCGR 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333-2521, [email protected]

have a great job. I am the Research Leader and Curator of a US Department of IAgriculture ex situ (off site) genebank and research laboratory called the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (USDA ARS NCGR). At this facility in Corvallis, Oregon, my sta! and I preserve about 12,000 living plants representing collections of important specialty crops, including berries, pears, hazelnuts, mint, hops, and their wild relatives. Our assignment is to collect, maintain, distribute, and evaluate the global genetic diversity of these crops. We’re part of the US National Plant Germplasm System. " e federal government does good work in germplasm1 conservation through our program! Our facility maintains plants in Type specimen of F. cascadensis. If you look closely, white hairs are visible on the upper leaf surface of the four-foliate leaf. the # eld in orchards, in containers Note that the distal tooth of the distal lea% et is smaller than that of adjacent teeth. Photo by author in greenhouses and screenhouses, as tissue-cultured plantlets, and as seed. We preserve heritage cultivars and species of crop wild The base number of chromosomes in a haploid strawberry relatives. Each year we host the public at open house events, in gamete is x = 7 (Darrow 1966). Alpine strawberry, Oregon’s only which visitors sample fruit of the 350 blueberry genotypes in mid- diploid strawberry, is widespread, occurring in the Coast Range, July, and about 2,000 types of pears in late August. At other times, the Willamette Valley, the Cascade Mountains, and throughout the public can visit our laboratory by appointment. eastern Oregon in moist montane habitats. " e octoploid beach As curator of the strawberry collection, I have had the good strawberry, with two subspecies recognized by some authorities, is fortune to have participated in more than 18 major international found along the coast. " e octoploid Virginia strawberry, which plant-collecting expeditions throughout the world to obtain was named for the Virginia colony in the 1700s, is widespread samples of regional cultivars and diverse wild species for our throughout the United States; in Oregon, it is found from the genebank. Our strawberry collection includes 42 taxa (including western Cascade foothills and eastward in moist montane habitats. species and subspecies) and 1,842 accessions from 42 countries. " e natural strawberry hybrid, which occurs in the Coast Range and the Willamette Valley, is also octoploid, like its parents. Native strawberries in Oregon As everyone knows who has ever grown strawberries in their garden or a container, these plants reproduce vegetatively by runners Until recently, only four native taxa of Fragaria were known in as well as by seed. " e seeds are found in the achenes on the surface Oregon: Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana ssp. platypetala), of the tasty fruits. Wild populations of strawberries consist of clonal alpine or woodland strawberry (F. v e s c a ssp. bracteata), beach colonies of plants with either imperfect (male or female) or perfect strawberry (F. c h i l o e n s i s ) and a natural hybrid between beach and (hermaphrodite) % owers arising from the runners. Hermaphrodite Virginia strawberries (F. × ananassa nothosubsp. cuneifolia). Like plants are very rare in the species F. c h i l o e n s i s , and this species is many plant species, ploidy levels2 vary among Fragaria species. considered dioecious. In populations of F. v e s c a subsp. bracteata only females and hermaphrodites are found, a situation called 1 " e term germplasm refers to living tissues that contain the genetic makeup or gynodioecious (Staudt 1999, Tennessen et al. 2013). propagules of plant species. 2 Polyploid organisms have two or more sets of homologous chromosomes, des- ignated as 4x, 6x, etc. 26 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 A puzzle in strawberry polyploidy

During a routine survey of wild strawberry germplasm using molecular markers, our geneticist, Dr. Nahla Bassil, and her graduate student, now Dr. Wambui Njuguna Young, found some anomalies in some samples of what we thought were the octoploid Virginia strawberry. ! ey observed several samples with unusually high numbers of alleles per locus, many more than they expected. ! is discovery prompted us to count the chromosomes of those samples using a microscope. Visiting scientists Dr. Tomohiro Yanagi from Japan, Dr. Preeda Nathewet from ! ailand, and I found that the atypical samples did, in fact, have more chromosomes; they were decaploid (10x), not octoploid (8x). Now this was really intriguing, because the only previously known naturally occurring decaploid strawberry grows on the Kurile Islands between Japan and Russia (Hummer et al. 2009). Other known decaploids are cultivated types that were produced in a laboratory, not found in the wild.

Tracking decaploid strawberries in the mountains of Oregon In$ orescences of the Cascade strawberry showing young and mature fruits. Photo by author.

One of the plant samples in question was collected in 1982 by the there was just one small colony. No one had described a native wild germplasm repository’s former curator, Dr. Otto Jahn along the decaploid strawberry from North America before, although many Paci" c Crest Trail near Big Lake, south of Santiam Pass in eastern strawberry breeders had synthesized them in the laboratory using Linn County, Oregon (ca. 1400 m. elev.). I became curious whether chemicals and speci" c crosses. this decaploid cytotype3 was just an anomaly or whether other So I set out to obtain samples of wild strawberries from many strawberry plants nearby had similar chromosome numbers. Also locations around Oregon. I " rst went to the original location along I wondered if decaploid plants were widely distributed or whether the Paci" c Crest Trail and obtained samples from east and west of Big Lake (near Hoodoo Butte). The strawberries were growing alongside a forest road and in the alpine meadows. We started analyzing the num- ber of chromosomes of the straw- berries using a technique called flow cytometry, which is faster than counting chromosomes us- ing a microscope. ! e " rst results were exciting: many clones near the original locality were decaploid. Soon I found that many sites from elevations above 1,000 m. in the Cascades, starting near Mt. Hood in the north and extend- ing to Crater Lake in the south, supported decaploid strawberries. Like other Fragaria taxa in Oregon, plants from these populations are One location where F. cascadensis grows in the high peaks of the Oregon Cascades near the Paci" c Crest Trail. sub-dioecious. Photo by author.

3 An organism with a chromosome number that di# ers from others. Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 27 Identi! cation key for wild Fragaria in Oregon

1a. Leaves thick (or moderately so), lower surface often strongly reticulate-veined, upper surface dark green or bluish green; achenes large to medium; plants coastal to inland. 2a. Leaves thick, strongly reticulate-veined beneath, upper leaf surface dark green; achenes 1.8 (1.4-2) mm long; plants coastal, octoploid (2n=8x=56); beach strawberry...... F. c h i l o e n s i s 3a. Petioles, peduncles, pedicels and runners with appressed-ascending hairs, occasionally macroscopically almost glabrate ...... subsp. lucida 3b. Petioles, peduncles, pedicels and runners with spreading, dense hairs ...... subsp. paci! ca 2b. Leaves somewhat thick, not strongly reticulate-veined beneath, sometimes bluish green to slightly glaucous; achenes 1.4 (1.3-1.75) mm long; plants coastal to inland, octoploid (2n=8x=56); hybrid strawberry ...... F. ×a n a n a s s a nothosubsp. cuneifolia 1b. Leaves thin, not reticulate-veined beneath, upper surface bluish green; achenes 1.4- 1.6 mm long; plants inland. 4a. Leaves bright green; lea$ ets ovate or obovate to slightly rhomboidal; distal tooth of terminal lea$ et usually longer than adjacent teeth; teeth ca. 38 or more per leaf; $ owers ~ 20 mm in diameter; in$ orescence usually above foliage; $ owers usually perfect, sometimes female; calyx mostly re$ exed from ripe fruit; achenes 1.4-1.6 mm long, frequently with persistent style; Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Cascade Mountains, moist montane habitats in eastern Oregon; plant diploid (2n=2x=14); alpine or woodland strawberry ...... F. vesca subsp. bracteata 4b. Leaves green to bluish green; distal tooth of terminal lea$ et usually shorter than adjacent teeth; in$ orescence usually lower than foliage or variable length; $ owers male, female, or perfect; calyx mostly clasping ripe fruit; achenes 1.5 (1.3–1.8) mm, style not persistent. Achenes of F. v e s c a subsp. bracteata, F. 5a. Upper leaf surface glabrous; achenes generally tear-drop shaped, about 1.5 cascadensis, and F. virginiana ssp. platypetala. mm long; Oregon Coast Range, Willamette Valley eastward in moist montane (Images by Dr. Sugae Wada). habitats throughout Oregon, generally < 1,000 m elev.; plants octoploid (2n=8x=56); Virginia strawberry ...... F. virginiana subsp. platypetala were restricted to higher elevations, 5b. Upper leaf surface with scattered white hairs (~ 1mm); many achenes comma- so I sampled strawberries on Marys shaped with concave edge, sometimes tear-drop shaped; crest of Cascade Range Peak (ca. 1240 m.). Not so! Samples from Marys Peak were octoploid, as from ca. Mt. Hood to Crater Lake, extending down west side to about 1,000 m were populations in eastern Oregon. elev.; plants decaploid (2n=10x=70); Cascade strawberry ...... F. cascadensis Samples from high elevations in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains, the Washington Cascades, and in California from Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen were also octoploid. Should the decaploid plants ! us, the decaploid strawberry was limited, as far as we know, to be considered a a band high in Oregon’s Cascade Range. new species? ! e restricted distribution and the higher chromosome number, which served as a barrier to crossing with the octoploid Virginia After establishing that the decaploids strawberry, signi" ed that these populations might represent a new were widespread along the crest of species. I asked my colleague, Dr. Aaron Liston (Professor and the Cascades, I began collecting Director of the Oregon State University Herbarium), what it took samples from many river drainages to name a new species. He said I would " rst need to determine and trails in the Willamette Valley how the morphology of the decaploids di# ered from other Oregon to see how far west the distribution strawberries. ! en I would need to write and publish a detailed (2N = 10x = 70) chromosomes of the decaploids extended. Samples description based on a type specimen4, along with a taxonomic of the Cascade strawberry, F. from the Valley and the Coast Range key to separate it from other Oregon species of Fragaria. cascadensis. The bar = 5 m. proved to be octoploids. It occurred Image by Dr. Preeda Nathewet. 4 A type specimen is the plant, deposited in a herbarium, on which the descrip- to me that perhaps the decaploids tion and name of a new taxon is based. 28 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Naming the new species

I went to one of my favorite populations of the decaploid strawberries, at the entrance road to Waldo Lake (1700 m.) in Lane County in the western Cascades. I began systematically measuring and counting ! ower parts (anthers and petals), leaves, and runners, making notes of any unusual characters. At " rst, I did not detect di# erences in morphology between the decaploid and the octoploid plants at other locations. $ en, one day, I re-read a description of F. virgini- ana subsp. platypetala written by Dr. Guenter Staudt, a German taxonomist, in his monograph on strawber- ries of North America (Staudt 1999). He described the upper leaf surface of Virginia strawberry as being “smooth and usually glaucous.” I looked at the leaf of a decaploid under a microscope and observed that it had a number of 1 mm. long white hairs on the adaxial (upper) surface; it was not “smooth.” $ ose hairs became my " rst diagnostic character. As I looked at more samples, I con" rmed the distinction: those with hairs on the upper side of the leaf occurred consistently on decaploid samples; the ones that were bald on top were octoploid. $ en I began to recognize di# erences in achenes: edges of decaploid achenes curved, while edges of octoploid achenes were straight. $ e achenes of the diploid alpine strawberry are smaller than the others and have persistent styles. While this species also has hairs on the upper leaf surfaces, it could be separated from the decaploids by its prominent veins and characteristics of the teeth on lea! et margins. Having pinpointed key morphological di# erences, it was time to review the strawberry collection at the Oregon State University Herbarium. As I anticipated, I found a number of specimens labeled Virginia strawberry (some annotated by Staudt!) with 1 mm. hairs on the upper surface of the leaves, all from the high peak region of the Oregon Cascades (except for one 1915 collection with only the vague description “Hood River”). Now I had a distribution map, morphological di# erences, and di# erences in the chromosome number. I chose a population near Waldo Lake east of Oakridge in Lane County for the type locality5 and published an article describing the new species, naming it for the Cascade Range of Oregon, F. c a s c a d e n s i s (Hummer 2012). Populations of this new species have been found from near Mount Hood on the Burt Lake Trail, Echo Mountain Trail, near Hoodoo Butte, Hayrick Butte, around Big Lake, near Waldo Lake, near Diamond Lake, and to southwest of Crater Lake. Populations are found only above about 1,000 m. elevation on the west side of the crest in the Oregon Cascade Range. Signi" cantly, all of the strawberries in this band of the High Cascades in Oregon were Cascade strawberry; no Virginia strawberries grow at this elevation.

Male (top), female (middle), and hermaphroditic ! owers (bottom) of the Cascade strawberry. 5 $ e type locality is the place where a type specimen was collected. Photos by author.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 29 NCGR screenhouses in Corvallis. Photo by author. Strawberry collection at NCGR. Photo by author.

How might the decaploid Cascade strawberry subsequent hypsithermal (rapid warming) event melting this ice have formed? cap would have opened up prime territory for expansion of a newly formed decaploid strawberry species with a pioneering nature. During the past century, scientists have created decaploid strawberries in the laboratory using colchicine, a chemical mutagen, Potential of the decaploid Cascade strawberry but the ! rst discovery of a native wild decaploid (10x) species was for commercial use of F. iturupensis Staudt from the Kurile Islands (Hummer et al. 2009). " e exact process that produced this decaploid isn’t known, If trends over the past decades are an indication, consumers are but mutations causing the spontaneous doubling of chromosomes interested in ever bigger strawberries. Fruit of the cultivated hybrid in gametes may occur naturally following hybridization. Such octoploid strawberry is much bigger than that of the diploid mutations occur fairly frequently in strawberry pollen, in which alpine strawberry. " us, one might predict that the decaploid the genetic material for two pollen grains gets packaged into a Cascade strawberry fruit would be even larger. Unfortunately, single large one. For example, colonies of plants with mixed ploidy its fruit diameter is small, about the size of a thumbnail. Fruits levels (5x, 6x, 9x) have been identi! ed in California as a result of the common commercial strawberry (cultivars of octoploid of crossing of diploid (F. vesca ssp. californica) and octoploid (F. F. × ananassa) weigh ten times that of the Cascade strawberry. chiloensis) strawberries (Bringhurst 1990). Moreover, the $ avor of the decaploid fruit is mostly bland and " is same process could have occurred in Oregon for Cascade not as complex as that of the alpine strawberry. strawberry. To fully understand how the decaploid plants evolved, Despite this, breeders may want to use it in developing a plants with intermediate ploidy levels between 2x and 10x would new class of cultivated strawberries at the decaploid level. Several need to be identi! ed within or near the decaploid populations. arti! cial decaploid strawberries (Dermen and Darrow 1938) It might be that the intermediate-ploids necessary to form the already exist: in Germany, F. ×vescana hybrids from polyploid decaploid may have had a transient existence in Oregon. Many intermediate ploidy levels have very low fecundity because their homologous chromosomes do not pair properly during meiosis. However, vegetative reproduction of strawberries by runners may have allowed unstable intermediate forms to persist long enough to produce a stable decaploid.

An explanation for the distribution of Cascade strawberry?

Scientists examining the chloroplast genome of the octoploid Virginia strawberry determined that it evolved between 400,000- 2 million years ago (Njuguna et al. 2012). " us, if the decaploid Cascade strawberry originated from a combination of the genomes of Oregon’s octoploid Virginia and diploid alpine strawberries, it must have evolved more recently. " is led us to consider events in Oregon that might have fostered a narrow band of strawberries in the Oregon High Cascade Range. About 10,000 years ago, Pleistocene glaciers retreated northward, leaving only a remnant ice cap over Distribution map of the Cascade Strawberry from the Oregon Flora Project, the highest part of the Oregon Cascades (Porter et al. 1983). A (accessed 3 December 2014) published with permission.

30 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Hummer K, Nathewet P, and Yanagi T. 2009. Decaploidy in Fragaria iturupensis (Rosaceae). Am. J. Bot. 96(3):713-716. Hummer K. 2012. Fragaria cascadensis Hummer. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(1):9-15. Njuguna W, Liston A, Cronn R, Ashman T, Bassil NV. 2012. Insights into phylogeny, sex function and age of Fragaria based on whole chloroplast genome sequencing. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031. Porter SC, Pierce KL, Hamilton TD. 1983. Late Wisconsin mountain glaciation in the Western United States. Pp. 71-111 in Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1. Minneapolis (MN): Univ. Minnesota Press. Staudt G. 1999. Systematics and geographic distribution of the American strawberry species: Taxonomic studies in the genus Fragaria (Rosaceae:Potentilleae). Publ. Bot. 81. Berkeley (CA): Univ. Cal. Press. Tennessen JA, Govindarajulu R, Liston A, Ashman T-L. 2013. Targeted sequence capture provides insight into genome Insect (hover-" y, possibly Sphaerophoria sulphuripes) visiting a male " ower of structure and genetics of male sterility in a gynodioecious Cascade strawberry. Photo by author. diploid strawberry, Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Rosaceae). G3 (Bethesda). 3(8):1341-51. F. vesca and cultivated F. × ananassa; in Japan, hybrid polyploid aromatic F. nilgerrensis with cultivated F. × ananassa. Perhaps new " avors or resistant genes could be available to agriculturalists by intercrossing native and arti# cial decaploid strawberries. Scientists Kim E. Hummer was born in Washington, DC in 1952, received from around the world are now examining the genetics of the her BS in Biology from St. Lawrence University in 1974, her MS decaploid strawberries. in plant and soil science from the University of Vermont in 1978, and her doctorate in horticulture from Oregon State University in Oregon’s ! fth native strawberry 1981. Her scienti# c expertise includes the conservation of fruit, nut, in the wild and specialty crop genetic resources. Her present research passion involves the study of ploidy in berry species. She also actively studies So, now Oregon has # ve native strawberry species, not four. My genetics and chemical constituents of strawberries, blueberries, team at the strawberry genebank and I will continue to collect blackberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, and unusual berry samples to see if any strawberries with intermediate ploidy can be crops such as blue honeysuckle. found in Oregon. $ at will help us determine how the Oregon During her career she has participated in more than 18 plant decaploids strawberries came to be. collecting expeditions to locations including Canada, China, India, While hiking in the Cascades, I found that I wasn’t the only Italy, Japan, Portugal, Russia, and throughout the United States one interested in the decaploid " owers. Several di% erent types of including Alaska and Hawaii. She was selected as Specialty Crop insects, including " ies and ants, visited the " owers as well. Maybe Curator for the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research the " y pollinators played a role in the evolution of this strawberry Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, species. Research on the entomology of the pollinators of the High Oregon in 1987 and became Research Leader of that gene bank in Cascades is underway by Dr. Andrew Moldenke in the Department 1989. Dr. Hummer is an active member of the American Society of Botany and Plant Pathology at Oregon State University. of Horticultural Science, and was selected as a Fellow in 2006. She $ e next time you are hiking near the Paci# c Crest Trail in the was the # rst woman president of Oregon Cascades, look down and see if the strawberry plants at the American Pomological Society your feet have green-blue leaves. Feel for hairs on the top side of (2004-2006) and, in 2006, chaired the leaf surface or look closely at the leaves with your hand lens. the committee that developed the If you # nd hairy leaves, you have likely found Oregon’s newest Global Conservation Strategy strawberry species, the Cascade strawberry. for Strawberry, sponsored by the Global Crop Diversity Trust. References From 2002-2010, she was Chair of the International Society for Bringhurst R. 1990. Cytogenetics and evolution in American Horticultural Science, Commission Fragaria. HortSci. 25(8):879-881. on Plant Genetic Resources, and Darrow G. 1966. $ e Strawberry. New York (NY): Holt, Rinehart was the # rst woman Vice President and Winston. of that Society from 2010-2014. Dermen H, Darrow GM. 1938. Colchicine-induced tetraploid and 16-ploid strawberries. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. 36:300–301.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 31 PLANT OF THE YEAR

Sea Blu! Bluegrass (Poa unilateralis)

Kathleen Sayce and Cindy Roché Nahcotta, Washington, and Medford, Oregon

t is as if someone had urged, “Go west, young bluegrass, go cli! s,” “sea cli! s and blu! s, weathered sandstones to heavy clays, west!” and it did. Sea blu! bluegrass teeters on the western in open ground and meadows in saltspray zone,” or “growing on edge of the North American continent, clinging to ledges of grassy blu! s and cli! s near the Paci" c Coast of North America” Icli! s and headlands, misted by saltspray. Some populations have (Hitchcock et al. 1977, Soreng 1991, Soreng 2007). After the left the continent altogether and grow on rocky islands along the second year of looking unsuccessfully for this bluegrass, Roché coast, inhabited mainly by seabirds. realized that she needed to consult someone who knew this coastal Also known as ocean blu! bluegrass, the most northern grass. As it happened, Kathleen Sayce had written an article for populations grow on a series of blu! s along a 3-mile stretch of the Kalmiopsis about the $ ora of the north coast of Oregon (Sayce southern Washington coast in Paci" c County (Camp and Gamon 2010), and she had already surveyed for sea blu! bluegrass in 2011). # is rare grass is now reported from " ve counties on the Pacific County for Washington State Parks (Sayce and Eid Oregon coast: Clatsop, Tillamook and Lincoln in the north and 2004). Possessing an overabundance of botanical curiosity, Sayce Coos and Curry in the south, separated by a gap in the central coast continued surveying into northern Oregon. # e closest Roché has characterized by long stretches of sand (lacking suitable habitat). come to " nding sea blu! bluegrass occurred when Sayce showed it In California, where it is known as San Francisco bluegrass, to her with a spotting scope on an NPSO hike to the Neahkanie populations extend south along the coast from Humboldt County sea cli! s in June 2014. as far as San Luis Obispo County (http://www.cal$ ora.org/cgi-bin/ While looking at Oregon Flora Project Atlas maps, Roché species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6699). came upon the names of Dave and Diane Bilderback, botanists in Roché first became interested in Poa unilateralis (ssp. Bandon who have surveyed this species on the south coast for the unilateralis and ssp. pachypholis) when working on photographs US Fish and Wildlife Service (Bilderback and Bilderback 2010, for a " eld guide to grasses in Oregon and Washington. Floras gave 2014). Like Sayce, they had become pro" cient at surveying with a the habitat as “fairly common on dunes and along ocean-facing spotting scope or high powered binoculars, but they also had access

Sea blu! bluegrass (Poa unilateralis) clings to small ledges in basalt cli! s along the coast of Oregon and southern Washington. Photo by Kathleen Sayce.

32 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 to a boat from the USFWS to visit the islands. Poa unilateralis lemmas. Based on the other characteristics (leaves and panicles), had to be one of the least accessible grasses Roché had (not) some Oregon pachypholis specimens were indistinguishable from P. encountered in Oregon. Clearly, among the threats to its existence, unilateralis. Both species have “puccinellioid” papillae on the leaf- over-collecting by botanists did not rank very highly. Both Sayce blade epidermis and are hexaploid with chromosome numbers of and Roché found this rare grass intriguing, so they agreed to pool 2n=6x=421(Soreng 1991). " us, Soreng reclassi# ed the pubescent their e! orts to see what they could discover about it.

A peek up into the bluegrass family tree

" e genus Poa is so large that its taxa have been grouped into subgenera, sections, and subsections. Within this hierarchy, Poa unilateralis is in the subgenus Poa, section Secundae, subsection Halophytae, for which the type is Poa unilateralis (Soreng 1991). It is closely related to two taxa in its halophytic (salt-loving) subsection, P. s t e n a n t h a and P. n a p e n s i s , and is relatively closely related to the widespread Oregon species Poa secunda. De# ning characters for subsection Halophytae include the following: halophytic plants; intravaginal branching, long-cells of # rm leaves producing a single oblique papilla per cell, the papillae tending to overarch the stomata (as in Puccinellia); spikelets more or less compressed; lemmas keeled; rachilla internodes 1 mm or less in length (Soreng 1991). Members of this group also share characteristics with the genus Puccinellia: open sheaths, cespitose habit and papillae on the leaves. Stebbins (1950) In$ orescence of Poa unilateralis ssp. unilateralis from Bandon. Specimen # rst suggested a hybrid origin with Puccinellia for section Secundae collected by Dave and Diane Bilderback, photographed by Cindy Roché (including the Halophytae). Soreng (1991) explained that these taxa and Robert Korfhage. couple ancestral non-Poa-like characters with the advanced Poa chloroplast type. For example, P. u n i l a t e r a l i s (and pachypholis) have papillae on epidermal long cells similar to those in Puccinellia. Evidently, somebody’s mother up the line had sex with a saltgrass! " us, most likely, sea blu! bluegrass didn’t migrate west. One of its widespread Poa secunda ancestors mated with a Puccinellia and acquired a “taste for saltspray,” or more accurately, a tolerance of salt spray, which is not generally conducive to plant growth. Perhaps one of those descendants found refuge on the rock blu! s along the ocean where competition for resources was less intense than in the surrounding coastal shrublands and tall grass/forb meadows.

Type specimens and taxonomy Floret of Poa unilateralis ssp. unilateralis from Bandon. Note the villous pubescence along the lemma and marginal veins in the lower third of the M.E. Jones # rst collected this Poa at San Francisco in May 1882 lemma. Photo by Cindy Roché and Robert Korfhage. and Scribner (1893) used it as the type specimen for a new species he called Poa unilateralis, in reference to its in$ orescence with branches directed toward one side. C.V. Piper collected a similar grass from ocean cli! s at Ilwaco, Paci# c County, Washington, on June 22, 1904, and named it Poa pachypholis (Piper 1905). (Pachy = thick, pholis = scale). " e two species were di! erentiated primarily on the basis of pubescence on the lemmas, with glabrous lemmas in P. u n i l a t e r a l i s and pubescent ones in P. p a c h y p h o l i s . " e leaves of P. p a c h y p h o l i s were described as narrow and # rm, with frequent cork-cell/silica-body pairs. In contrast, leaves of P. u n i l a t e r a l i s lacked the cork-cell/silica- body pairs and were described as narrow to broad, lax or # rm (but not narrow and # rm; if narrow, then lax). Panicles in P. p a c h y p h o l i s were typically less congested than P. u n i l a t e r a l i s (Soreng 1991). Upon further review of specimens, Soreng found that the lemma Spikelet of Poa unilateralis ssp. unilateralis from Bandon. Photo by Cindy pubescence character was not so clearcut. He discovered that nearly Roché and Robert Korfhage. all plants of P. u n i l a t e r a l i s have at least some pubescence on the lower lemmas of any given spikelet, sometimes even on the upper 1 " e exception to this chromosome number is one population in California, which is duodecaploid, 2n=12x=84. Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 33 Habitat

Over its range, sea blu" bluegrass is reported as growing on sea cli" s and blu" s, on weathered sandstones to heavy clays, in open ground and meadows in the saltspray zone (Soreng 1991). Reports of inland populations in California (http://www.cal# ora. org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Poa+unilateralis) are undoubtedly other species (Soreng, pers. comm.). Until the recent surveys by Sayce and the Bilderbacks, populations in Oregon were not well documented. In Washington, this coastal plant is known only from rock crevices and small ledges on steep basalt sea cli" s, at elevations ranging from 10 to 100 feet above sea level. Associated species include Oregon stonecrop (Sedum oreganum) and red fescue (Festuca rubra). ! e northern-most populations begin on the Cape Disappointment headlands, where this bluegrass persists on sea cli" s from the lighthouse north to O’Donnell Rock, a seastack Distribution of sea blu" bluegrass in Oregon. Map courtesy of the Oregon that is now surrounded by sand in Beard’s Hollow. Nancy Eid Flora Project Atlas, with survey data from Kathleen Sayce and Dave and Diane Bilderback. helped Sayce survey for sea blu" bluegrass in 2004, and they found hundreds of plants in more than ten populations, from the Cape Disappointment Lighthouse cli" s on the Columbia River north to lemma form (pachypholis) as a subspecies of P. u n i l a t e r a l i s . ! e key O’Donnell Rock. ! ese populations are always below the cli" tops, characters are pubescence on the lemmas and the relative widths which are often densely covered with Sitka spruce forest and its of cauline and innovation leaf blades. In ssp. pachypholis, keels associated shrubs or with meadows dominated by Paci% c reedgrass and marginal veins are villous for more than 1/3 of the lemma (Calamagrostis nutkaensis), a large bunchgrass that grows in very and cauline leaf blades are similar to the innovation blades; in ssp. dense stands, often with salal (Gaultheria shallon). Fescue-sedum unilateralis, lemmas are glabrous or pubescent for less than 1/3 the meadows form a narrow band immediately below either spruce length and cauline blades are wider and thicker than the innovation forest or reedgrass meadows; below that band sea blu" bluegrass blades (Soreng 2007). Of the two subspecies, pachypholis is the rarer, grows on the rock ledges. limited to one county in Washington and some populations along In 2004, Sayce and Eid found two populations that are now the northern coast of Oregon. Specimens of sea blu" bluegrass from more than 2,000 feet from the ocean due to sand accretion on the northern Oregon tend to be more variable than those from other north side of the mouth of the Columbia River. ! ese were found locations, bearing characteristics of both subspecies, or even tending on McKenzie Head and Middle Head, between North Head and toward Poa stenantha (Soreng, pers. comm.).

Physical appearance

In Washington and the north coast populations, sea blu" bluegrass has a mop-headed appearance, in which the in# orescences are not upright, but project sti$ y out at angles from 20 to 70 degrees. When actively growing, its color is a distinctive light bluish-grayish-green. ! e slightly # at and wide leaves distinctly contrast with Festuca rubra, which often grows in association with it and has narrower leaves, is more upright in growth habit, and tends to a more yellowish-green or bright green leaf color. Among the southern Oregon populations (ssp. unilateralis), leaves are also light bluish-gray- green, and the culm nodes, the basal sheaths of the culms and in# orescence are reddish purple prior to anthesis. ! e position of the in# orescences is distinctive: they stand at about a 60 degree angle; they are not upright, not horizontal. The stiff appearance of the reproductive culms is one of the characteristics that the Bilderbacks use for % eld recognition of the plant. Habit of Poa unilateralis ssp. pachypholis. Note the sprawling habit with horizontal in# orescences and distinctive light bluish-grayish-green foliage. Photo by Kathleen Sayce.

34 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 Cape Disappointment lighthouses, and well east of the current facing cli" s that are well shaded by nearby outcrops. ! e base rock beach. ! ey have been separated from direct salt spray since the is basalt, either Miocene or Eocene, or very hard sedimentary rocks 1950s. Likewise, O’Donnell Rock’s population is also more than (sandstone). ! is grass has not been seen on other rock types or on 500 feet from the beach and has been out of reach of salt spray soft sedimentary formations. since the 1960s. Along the rocky south coast of Oregon, plants more closely $ t South of the Columbia River, if a rock is high enough above the the description of P. unilateralis ssp. unilateralis. Rittenhouse (1996) ocean to have a meadow on top of it, sea blu" bluegrass probably included Poa unilateralis in a list of species found in coastal headlands, grows on it: on both ends of Tillamook Head, Haystack Rock in blu" s and prairies of the south coast of Oregon, but he did not specify Cannon Beach, and south to Neahkahnie Mountain. On sea cli" s, whether it grew only on the sea blu" habitats or was also found on it is found only below the Festuca-Sedum meadows. Lichens, mosses the coastal headlands and prairies. Curiously, his list did not include and the occasional mist maiden (Romanzo! a traceyi) or monkey the common associate of sea blu" bluegrass, Festuca rubra. # ower (Mimulus guttatus) are its main companions. On the north Bilderback and Bilderback (2010, 2014) completed two coast of Oregon and south coast of Washington, populations are distribution surveys along the Oregon coast from Florence to the consistently located on north to northeast-facing cli" s, or on west- California line. ! ey found 64 populations of sea blu" bluegrass in Coos and Curry counties, none of which were north of Bandon. Most plants were restricted to north- and east- facing ledges and pockets of soil on the rocky, vertical faces of headlands, spires, rocks and islands. No populations were found growing in grassy headlands or coastal prairies, on south-facing rocky slopes, or farther than 300 feet from the ocean. In the 2010 survey of seven islands of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge, they recorded sea blu" bluegrass on the east side of four islands, usually growing in a stonecrop/herb association. Common associates included Dudleya farinosa, Armeria maritima, Spergularia rubra, Sedum spathulifolium, Fragaria chiloensis, and Erigeron glauca (Bilderback and Bilderback 2010). ! e survey completed in 2012 brought the total number of populations to 30 on islands and rocks within the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge. An additional 34 populations grew on rocks within Oregon State Parks, on rocks surrounded by public beaches or on rocks adjacent to the beach.

Phenology and reproductive biology

Historic comments in # oras indicated that sea blu" bluegrass # owers in late spring or early summer, although photoperiod and seasonal temperatures may in# uence its phenology. Seasonal temperatures are strongly in# uenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, which typically bring warm weather that promotes early # owering, and by La Niña events, which bring colder than normal weather that delays # owering. Isotype of Poa pachypholis collected by CV Piper June 22, 1904, from Ilwaco, Paci$ c County, Washington. At Cape Disappointment, sea blu" Courtesy of the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. (http://sciweb.nybg.org/ bluegrass greens up in fall and goes science2/vii2.asp) Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 35 dormant in winter, then greens up again in spring. Flowering occurs by large distances: the north end of Tillamook Head is 22 miles from from April to June, depending on the warmth of the winter to spring Cape Disappointment Lighthouse; from Tillamook Head south to season. Seeds are shed as the plants go dormant for summer. the sea cli" s below Neahkahnie Mountain is 16 miles, and there are When Sayce and Eid ! rst surveyed for it at Cape Disappointment several populations in this section, where outcrops and orientation in 2004, State Park sta" told them that it # owered in June-July, but are suitable. $ e largest is probably at Cape Falcon. that year they found it # owering in early May. Nothing is known about the life span of individual plants, On the south coast, in# orescences appear in April followed by e" ective dispersal distance for pollen, pollen viability, the mating anthesis during May. Seeds mature in June, although the leaves are system of the species, and the population fecundity. However, a still green. By July the in# orescences are dry and only a few leaves preliminary assessment of some of the accessible populations reveals remain green. By August plants are in summer dormancy. $ ey a skewed population age structure, dominated by larger, older begin to grow again after autumn rains, often becoming noticeably reproductive plants, with no apparent seedlings and young plants green by November and growing over the winter. anywhere in Oregon.

Rare status

In Washington, Poa unilateralis ssp. pachypholis has a status of $ reatened. In Oregon, the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC 2015) assigns Poa unilateralis ssp. pachypholis a Heritage Rank of G4T22 S13 and places it on ORBIC List 14. Poa unilateralis ssp. unilateralis has a Heritage Rank of G4T4 S45 and is on ORBIC List 46. $ e Bilderbacks’ distribution surveys did not evaluate the total number of Poa unilateralis plants, only the number of sites7. However, they were able to share some anecdotal information about population size. $ ey considered all the plants growing scattered on various ledges of a particular rock as a population. At Fish Rock, there were about 36 plants, which they classed as a medium-sized population. Two groups on Cathedral Rock comprised at least 50 plants each. In their estimation, the 200 plants ranging over an area 700 feet across at Cape Blanco was a large population. On Pirate Rock, there were fewer than 15 estimated plants, scattered over an area about 100 feet in diameter. Some rock faces with only a few suitable ledges may support as few as two or three plants. On the north coast of Oregon and south coast of Washington, populations comprise ten to two hundred individuals or more. $ roughout its range in Washington and Oregon, populations of sea blu" bluegrass are geographically isolated from each other. $ e two closest populations in southern Oregon are on Cathedral Rock, about 80 feet apart. All other populations are 100 feet or more from their nearest neighboring population. On the north coast of Oregon, suitable rocky outcrops with the right orientation are also separated 2 $ e letters G and T refer to Global and Trinomial (subspecies) rank. $ e ranking is a 1-5 scale with 1 being critically imperiled and 5 being secure. When determining species rank many factors are taken into account, including the number of known occurrences, threats, inherent sensitivity, area occupied, and other biological and anthropogenic factors. 3 State List 1 = critically imperiled because of extreme rarity or because it is some- how especially vulnerable to extinction or extirpation, typically with 5 or fewer occurrences. 4 ORBIC List 1 contains taxa that are threatened with extinction or presumed to be extinct throughout their entire range. $ ese are the taxa most at risk and should be the highest priority for conservation action. 5 State List 4 = not rare and apparently secure, but with cause for long-term concern, usually with more than 100 occurrences. 6 ORBIC List 4 contains taxa that are of conservation concern but currently do not meet the criteria for begin considered threatened or endangered. $ is includes taxa which are very rare but are currently secure, as well as taxa which are declining in numbers or habitat but are still too abundant to be proposed as threatened or endangered. While these taxa currently may not need the same active management attention as threatened or endangered taxa, they do require continued monitoring. Line drawing of Poa unilateralis and both subspecies by Sandy Long, as it 7 Total numbers of plants and population sizes are critical information for evaluat- appeared in Flora of North America Vol. 24, p. 597. Illustration copyrighted ing the status of a rare taxon and for preparing a management or recovery plan. by Utah State University. 36 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 ! reats

Even though nearly all of the current distribution of sea blu! bluegrass in Washington and Oregon occurs on rocks, islands and cli! s within the Lewis and Clark National Historical Park (National Park Service), Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge (US Fish and Wildlife Service), Oregon State Parks or other state lands, its future cannot be considered secure. In fact, ssp. pachypholis is considered imperiled by the Washington Natural Heritage Program. Identi" ed threats in Washington include competition with other plants (particularly non-native invaders), and in some locations, recreational rock climbing (Camp and Gamon 2011) and also " shing at Cape Disappointment State Park. Fishermen climb down over the rocks, especially near North Head Lighthouse. # e greatest threat over the entire range of this species is loss of habitat. Since the species is limited to such a narrow range Habit of Poa unilateralis ssp. unilateralis at Crook Point Headland, Curry of conditions along the coastline – shallow soil on blu! s or crevices County, Oregon. Note the upright leaves and compact panicle. Photo by in rock ledges on protected aspects (north and east) in the salt spray Diane Bilderback on 15 May 2009. zone – it would be particularly vulnerable to changes in sea level and rainfall patterns associated with climate change. the o! shore islands and seastacks, where weeds may be introduced Most of the populations are inaccessible to humans, except for by waterfowl. Invaders include ice plant (Carpobrotus chilensis), rock climbers. However, all but the hardiest vegetation on the tops velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus), wall barley (Hordeum murinum), of sea blu! s that are easily reached by walkers has been eliminated ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), hedgehog dogtailgrass (Cynosurus by trampling on many sites. # us, we suspect that the grass was echinatus), and various bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.). Trailplant (Soliva formerly more common on grassy headlands and meadows (as sessilis), a recent Patagonian arrival at Cape Disappointment (Wise indicated in early habitat descriptions). We doubt that M.E. Jones and Kagan 2012), has made its way north and south along the in 1882 or C.V. Piper in 1905 rappelled o! a sheer basalt cli! to coasts of Oregon and Washington. Normally found on hard-packed collect their specimens. trails, it has been carried out onto sea cli! s by birds, " shermen and In addition to trampling of fragile sites, humans and other vectors other visitors and seems at home there as well. Probably the most continue to disperse seeds of invasive plant species. Non-native severe threat is from introduced clonal grasses, which displace Poa species are now found in virtually every coastal habitat, including unilateralis from ledges of sea cli! s.

Sea blu! bluegrass grows on the face of Cape Falcon and other stunningly inaccessible habitats along the Paci" c Coast. Photo by Kathleen Sayce. Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 37 Acknowledgements Soreng RJ. 2007. Poa (treatment). Pp. 594-597 in Barkworth ME, Capels KM, Long S, Anderton LK, Piep MB, eds. Flora of The authors thank Dave and Diane Bilderback, local field North America. New York (NY): Oxford University Press. authorities for sea blu! bluegrass along the southern Oregon Stebbins CL Jr. 1950. Variation and Evolution in Plants. New coast, for sharing their survey information and knowledge of the York (NY): Columbia University Press. p. 404. species. Also, Robert Soreng, Poa expert at the National Museum of Wise LK, Kagan J. 2012. Vascular Plant Inventory for Lewis Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, helped us tremendously and Clark National Historical Park: Public Version. Natural with the taxonomy and origin of this rare bluegrass. Nancy Resource Technical Report. NPS/LEWI/NRTR-2012/603.N. Eid helped Sayce survey populations at Cape Disappointment, National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO. Tillamook Head, Ecola State Park, and Cape Falcon. Christina Stanley assisted with the survey at Haystack Rock in Cannon Beach. " anks also to Dick Brainerd of the Carex Working Group for reviewing the manuscript, Kareen Sturgeon for calling our Kathleen Sayce was born in Ilwaco, attention to an accessible population at the beach south of Cascade Washington (same as the type Head and Stephen Meyers for an updated Atlas Project map. specimen of Poa pachypholis). She earned her BS in botany from References Fairhaven College at Western Washington University, where Bilderback D, Bilderback D. 2010. " e Flora of Seven Southern she was also interested in marine Islands and Rocks of the Oregon Island Nation Wildlife Ref- ecology, scienti# c illustration and uge. unpubl. report FWS, Oregon Coast National Wildlife geology. She completed her MS Refuge Complex. Bandon, Oregon. in 1978 at Washington State Bilderback D, Bilderback D. 2014. Poa unilateralis (San Francisco University, and also worked with Bluegrass) of the Southern Oregon Coast. Unpublished report lichens and bryophytes at WSU prepared for the US Fish & Wildlife Service, Oregon Coast and University of Idaho. Previous National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Bandon, Oregon. 7 pp. experiences with grasses include Camp P, Gamon JG. 2011. Field Guide to the Rare Plants of studying the ecology of smooth cordgrass in Willapa Bay and coastal Washington. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. dune prairies. She was Science O$ cer for ShoreBank Paci# c in 404 pp. Ilwaco 1998-2011. She lives on Willapa Bay north of Nahcotta, Chappel CB. 2006. Plant associations of balds and blu! s of western Washington, and in her spare time, hikes, botanizes new locations Washington. Natural Heritage Report 2006-02. Washington and grows native plants (geophytes and Paci# ca iris are favorites). Natural Heritage Program. Olympia (WA): Wash. Dept. of An example of her determined curiosity in mapping this sea blu! Nat. Res. http://www1.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/communities/ bluegrass in Oregon is when surveying Haystack Rock at Cannon pdf/balds_veg.pdf Beach, she took her $1,000-spotting scope into the surf at low tide Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, " ompson JW. 1977. to get a good angle for viewing the north face of the seastack! Vascular Plants of the Paci! c Northwest. Vol. 1, " ird Printing. Seattle (WA): Univ. Wash. Press. P. 674. Cindy Roché also attended Oregon Biodiversity Information Center. (ORBIC) 2015. Rare, Washington State University (BS " reatened and Endangered Species of Oregon. http://orbic. 1978, MS 1987) and University pdx.edu/ of Idaho (PhD 1996). She began Piper CV. 1905. Poa pachypholis Piper. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. working with grasses as a Range 18:146. Conservationist with the US Forest Rittenhouse B. 1996. Botanizing the southern Oregon coast (Coos Service, and then illustrated them Bay to Port Orford). Kalmiopsis 6:1-8. for a Range Plants laboratory Sayce K. 2010. Botanizing in the Swala-lahos Floristic Area. manual. She came to Oregon in Kalmiopsis 17:17-28. 1998 and joined the Native Plant Sayce K, Eid N. 2004. Vascular Plant Species and Plant Commu- Society of Oregon. She volunteered nity Survey. Cape Disappointment State Park. Lewis and Clark to help edit Kalmiopsis in 2000 National Historical Park. Unpublished Report, Astoria, OR. and met Linda Ann Vorobik who Scribner FL. 1893. Poa unilateralis Scribn. Illus. N. Amer. Grasses. promptly enlisted her to ink grass 2, pt. 2:85. illustrations for the Flora of North America. Currently, Cindy and her Soreng RJ. 1991. Systematics of the “Epiles” group of Poa husband Bob Korfhage are collaborating with the Carex Working (Poaceae). Systematic Botany 16(3):507-528. Group (Barbara Wilson, Nick Otting and Dick Brainerd) to produce Soreng RJ. 1998. An infrageneric classi# cation for Poa in North a Field Guide to Grasses of Oregon and Washington. Photographing America, and other notes on sections, species, and subspe- grasses in the # eld have taken them far and wide in Oregon, to many cies of Poa, Puccinellia, and Dissanthelium (Poaceae). Novon unforgettably beautiful places. 8:187-202.

38 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 BOOK REVIEWS

Conserving Oregon’s Environment: E# orts to preserve rare plant habitats are mentioned several Breakthroughs ! at Made History times, primarily in Chapter 7. Steens Mountain, recognized as Michael McCloskey. 2013. ISBN 13-987-1-59299-937-8. “an area of exceptional botanical diversity” by a collaboration 248 pp. Inkwater Press, Portland, Oregon. $15.95 paper. among ranchers, conservationists and sta# from Oregon’s congressional delegation, was protected in 2000 as the Steens In Conserving Oregon’s Environment Michael McCloskey tells Mountain Cooperative Management and Protective Area. " e the stories of the most signi! cant milestones of conservation in Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument was established in 2000 Oregon. " e author, who worked for the Sierra Club for 40 years as an “ecological wonder” containing endemic plants such as and became their CEO, is eminently quali! ed to tell this story1; he Greene’s Mariposa lily (Calochortus greenei) and Gentner’s fritillary now lives in Portland, Oregon. A visit to Redwood National Park (Fritillaria gentneri). " e Zumwalt Prairie Preserve in Wallowa inspired McCloskey to write this book. At the visitor center he was County, one of the largest unplowed bunchgrass prairies on the curious about how the Park continent, was established by the Nature Conservancy in 2000. Service was going to tell its Protection of the West Eugene Wetlands (Chapter 6) involved story; but, “To my amazement, lengthy collaboration, from the 1970s until 1992, when the city of I found almost nothing said Eugene adopted the West Eugene Wetlands Plan. about how the national park NPSO is mentioned twice in the book: in Chapter 5, in the came to be. … [A]s I looked discussion of state e# orts to protect endangered species (“At the around in the visitor centers behest of the Native Plant Society of Oregon, the legislature in for other national parks, I 1987 enacted the Oregon Endangered Species Act”); and in learned that this silence was the Appendix C in the list of Organizations " at Made Conservation rule. " ose who had worked History. NPSO member Dr. Stuart Garrett is recognized in their hearts out to bring about Chapter 7 as one of the primary leaders in the establishment of these achievements were rarely Newberry National Volcanic Monument through development even acknowledged, let alone of a consensus process in which “compromises were sought that thanked.” " is book corrects would still allow everyone to support the ! nal plan.” Dr. Garrett this oversight by recounting was recognized for his e# ort by both Senator Mark Hat! eld and the stories of those who led the Representative Robert Smith. way and acknowledges their I’ve lived and worked as a BLM employee in Oregon since contributions. As the author states, “Someone, or some entity, the late 1970s, so many of the topics were familiar to me. But I always seems to step forward and lead when the times call for it. … was also surprised by some of the stories. For example, I was not Once engaged, they just do not give up. " ey ! nd ways to arouse familiar with how Forest Reserves, the predecessors of National or rally the public.” Forests, were established in the late 1800s. I also remember " e eleven chapters focus on themes: Federal reserves, state parks, wigwam burners from my travels on family vacations in my youth; rivers, wilderness, Oregon’s environmental laws, environmental learning how and when they were all closed (Chapter 5) answered turning points, new reserves, wildlife, and federal initiatives a# ecting one of my long-standing questions. Oregon. Each chapter is organized chronologically. McCloskey " ere is much more to these and other stories that will enrich provides a basic overview of each topic, emphasizing the e# orts made your appreciation of our predecessors’ hard work. If you are at all by individuals and groups to preserve the places. At the end of each interested in conservation e# orts in Oregon and why things are chapter is a list of references that provide more in-depth information way they are, then McCloskey’s Conserving Oregon’s Environment is about each topic. " e three appendices are entitled Timeline of well worth the price. As the author suggests, readers can either read Conservation Accomplishments, Map of Places Mentioned in the the book straight through or use it as a reference. —Lisa Blackburn, Text, and List of Organizations " at Made Conservation History Cheahmill Chapter. in Oregon. " e pivotal role of politicians in getting the legislation passed for establishment of wilderness areas, wild and scenic rivers, Land Snails and Slugs of the Paci" c Northwest wildlife refuges, etc. is described throughout the book. " omas E. Burke with William P. Leonard, photographer. Many of the stories exemplify Oregon’s leadership as a 2013. ISBN 978-0-87071-685-0. 344 pages. Oregon State “wellspring of innovation in broader public policy …[in] the University Press, Corvallis. $35.00. ! eld of conservation and the environment.” For example, Oregon was one of the earliest states to protect waterfowl in refuges, to " is is the only comprehensive guide to the 245 described taxa shape laws to guarantee public access to beaches, and to protect of land mollusks in the greater Paci! c Northwest. Burke became forest scenery along highways. Chapter 5 discusses many of these interested in terrestrial slugs and snails while an undergraduate at innovations, including the Oregon Beach Bill, Bottle Bill, state Washington State University. He honed his skills as a malacologist land-use legislation, and the aerosol spray ban. while working as a wildlife biologist for the U.S. Forest Service. 1 http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/entry/view/mccloskey_michael_1934_/ Leonard is an experienced photographer and author of two ! eld

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 39 guides to Pacific Northwest of Malacologists’ Field Guide to the Slug, by David George Gordon, reptiles and amphibians. a booklet published in 1994 by Sasquatch Press, Seattle. The guide’s contents in- Is Land Snails and Slugs of the Paci! c Northwest, as the publishers clude acknowledgements that claim, “an essential reference for biologists, horticulturists, …, indicate the broad array of and anyone wishing to identify species in the ! eld?” Yes, from malacologists and others the the standpoint that its keys are based on characters visible using author consulted in the guide’s a hand lens (or alternatively, a headband magni! er or reading development. An introduction glasses, which give a wider view than a hand lens). Attributes of that follows covers slug and the book itself, including size (7x10”) and weight (ca. 2.4 lbs), its snail ecology, natural history binding, cover and glossy paper, limit its usefulness in the ! eld, and taxonomy. Topics include being slightly cumbersome and highly vulnerable to damage under mollusk diversity, conserva- wet conditions. tion, reproduction, dispersal, Why should an NPSO member like you buy and use Burke’s habitat preferences, environ- book? What do these mollusks usually eat? “Native plants in the mental hazards, collection, ! eld or plants in your garden” is the answer. You should know preparation, and preservation if your draconian control measures aimed at the creatures that for scienti! c purposes, how to use the book, and the nomencla- raise havoc in your vegetable or domestic % ower garden include ture of shell characteristics used in identi! cation illustrated with rare, narrow endemic natives, common widespread natives or Leonard’s ! ne color photographs. introduced alien pests. Following the introduction is a taxonomic list of scienti! c As with all objects of creation, knowing the organism’s name is and common names arranged in the usual taxonomic hierarchy the key to accessing what we know about it. " is richly illustrated (family, genus, species) including authors and a notation indicating volume with its identi! cation keys will accomplish that for you. whether the taxon is native or not. If you interested in the biota of the region, then this is the book Next are Keys to the Families and Genera, but the keys are not in for you. —Frank Lang, Siskiyou Chapter. a form familiar to users of dichotomous botanical keys, i.e., instead of two options, sometimes there appear to be three or four choices. Field Guide to the Sedges of the Paci! c Northwest, Fortunately, there are instructions for the use of the keys, so be Second Edition sure to read them before launching into them. " is discussion also By Barbara L. Wilson, Richard Brainerd, Danna Lytjen, Bruce includes hints and comments on where di# culties in identi! cation Newhouse and Nick Otting. 2014. 432 pages, photographs, might be encountered; for example, maturity a$ ects shell size line illustrations, distributions map, glossary, index. Oregon and development of some characters, like number of whorls. State University Press, Corvallis. ISBN 978-0-87071-728-4, Characters used in the key are based on mature specimens. Upon $35.00, paper. arriving at identi! cation of the specimen, the page number refers the reader to a Species Accounts section where each taxon has a Taxonomically, sedges (com- written description, a discussion of similar species, and a section on prising Carex and Kobresia) distribution, which often provides more geographic detail than the are not only one of the most maps; ecological habitat information, such as whether the species diverse plant groups, but also is found under logs, in vegetation, the open, in forested or riparian (and perhaps because of that areas; and indicates if the mollusk is native or not. vast diversity) a group that Leonard’s excellent photographs illustrate most species’ shells is often avoided by even ar- from the front showing details of the opening (aperture) and both dent plant enthusiasts. Here sides of the shell sides. Slug habit photos include color variants in Oregon and Washington, when appropriate. however, we have been given a Maps of the known ranges of most species show no indication resource, in the form of Field of geographic features other than state lines. " ese maps quickly Guide to the Sedges of the Paci! c reveal the taxon’s known distribution across the landscape; some Northwest, that I believe will have wide distributions and some are narrow endemics. Other taxa help alleviate “sedge anxiety.” are scattered, known from only a few individual gardens; these First published in 2008 are usually alien species, but sometimes this distribution pattern by members of the Carex is found for a native species. Working Group (Barbara L. Wilson, Richard Brainerd, Danna " e glossary, which is particularly critical for botanists who Lytjen, Bruce Newhouse and Nick Otting), an updated version need to learn an entirely new vocabulary for mollusk identi! cation, of this book was released in early 2014. " e updated guide seems complete enough, but lacks illustrations. " e glossary would contains newly discovered and newly described sedge taxa to our be greatly improved by referencing each term to one of the ! ne area, increasing the number of species included from 153 to 162 photographs that could illustrate the term. (including subspecies and varieties, 163 to 169 respectively). " ere is an extensive references and literature cited section that Field Guide to Sedges begins with short introductory chapters will lead one to most but not all of the published material on our describing sedge ecology and morphology. " ese are not merely ! ller slugs and snails. One notable missing citation is " e Western Society chapters one might read while stuck in the car during a rainstorm

40 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 on a botanical outing. I particularly encourage readers to study the ton: South-Side,” in which morphology chapter before using the guide; it makes subsequent particular species are hard keying a much easier task. to discern, and middle views Next are 32 pages of keys to the individual taxa of sedges. ! is of habitats with a suggestion key has been updated, adding new taxa and incorporating comments of species such as Gaillardia to improve it from users of the " rst edition. And while the key may aristata and Artemisia triden- seem daunting at " rst, I have found that, with some practice, the tata in “Under the Rimrock,” key is highly functional and reliable. to close views of habits with Once readers have successfully keyed a specimen, they are clearly recognizable taxa such presented with two full page descriptions of each sedge taxon. ! e as Castilleja miniata at Crater " rst page gives common names, synonyms, a full description with Lake National Park in “Along key features, habitat, distribution and a range map (the latter based a Garden Wall.” ! ese scenes, mainly on herbarium collections, but thoroughly checked by the both near and far, are familiar ways that we commonly see “botani- CWG). In addition, included with every taxon’s description is a cal landscapes.” ! ey are not scienti" c illustrations. comments section. ! is material includes a variety of topics includ- ! e subtitle, An Opportunity to Imagine Oregon Before 1800, ing ecology, genetics, ethnobotany, conservation, and information refers to the absence of human-made structures: no cars, barns, on rarity and known hybridization. I found this lends a pleasant, houses, or towns, only one fence ruin, and the absence of direct conversational # avor to the guide. human in# uence: no cows, dogs, " elds, or gardens, but one very ! e second description page contains color photographs of distant runner. ! e paintings could have been done before 1800. each taxon, usually with close-ups of key features, general habitat We can learn from this book how to educate ourselves about and the in# orescence. Usually there are additional photos of the our natural world, to slow down and stop, to consider colors, entire plant and/or line drawings that aid in identi" cation. As with shapes, and shadows, to place plants in the landscape, and to the keys, many of these descriptions and photographs have been add words that re# ect our interests and observations. —Darlene updated from the " rst edition, improving both the esthetics and Southworth, Siskiyou Chapter. usability of the guide. ! oreau wrote in Walden, “We need the tonic of wildness…to With 82 gorgeous watercolor and pastel paintings, Frances Stillwell smell the whispering sedge where only some wilder and more solitary reveals in the results of 25 years of hard work the nature of many fowl builds her nest….” I highly encourage those who have avoided of Oregon’s loveliest and more interesting plants in their native sedges in the past to arm themselves with this excellent guide and habitats. ! e dreamlike quality of the paintings truly brings us to explore this underappreciated, fascinating group of plants. appreciate the plants as they are, as they would have appeared to ! is guide is appropriately dedicated to one of the authors, an impressionist painter perhaps, and reminds us that the scenes Danna Lytjen, who died before the publication of the " rst edition. shown here have existed in the State for thousands of years – —Stephen Meyers, Oregon Flora Project. and are still there for us to enjoy, study, and conserve. Very few human-made structures are shown, so that the settings and their Oregon’s Botanical Landscape: An Opportunity to plants are timeless and, indeed, refreshingly natural. In them, Imagine Oregon Before 1800 one can almost feel the coolness of the coastal fog, the breezes on Frances Stilwell. 2014. 208 pages. 100 color plates of the author’s mountain meadows, the dryness and heat of the deserts of this original pastels. ISBN 978-1-4951-0024-6. Running Cat Press, incredibly varied state. Corvallis, Oregon. $39.99 at Amazon. Solid technically, the book is divided into eight ecoregions, each introduced with sensitive and instructive notes by Glenn Oregon’s Botanical Landscape: An Opportunity to Imagine Oregon Gri$ th on what the region is like from a geographic point of view, Before 1800 is Frances Stilwell’s compilation of her wild# ower and then by Victoria Tenbrink on what it is like botanically. ! ey paintings in native settings. She came to Oregon from Ohio in are beautifully written and lead one surely to appreciate the varied 1961 and eventually began to use painting as a way of learning regions that make up the rich and varied fabric of the state. Equally about her new home. She painted en plein air using chie# y pastels instructive and pleasant to read are the artist’s notes accompanying or pastels with watercolor, sometimes oils and rarely acrylics. Paint- each painting, which do indeed give us a sense of being in that ing required stopping and looking closely, to see the distinguishing place enjoying its unique qualities in many dimensions. ! is is features of the geography and the plants. It was a way of educating not a book about how to identify plants, it is a book about how herself and served “to communicate a sense of the neighborhood.” to enjoy them, to take time to look at them and come to know ! e comments (she calls them “grace notes”) that accompany each them for what they are and for their place in nature. painting provide re# ections and context, something noteworthy ! is book would make a wonderful gift for an Oregon resident about the plants or their location. or visitor, a " ne place to study and get in touch with the varied ! e paintings are organized by the eight Oregon ecoregions, beauties of the region. It could be used to teach an appreciation with each section introduced by a map and brief commentaries on of art and nature, and how they comprise a seamless whole. It the geography and botany of that region, followed by the paintings, is beautifully produced, very well bound, and well worth having each with a facing page of “grace notes.” ! e focus of the paintings and savoring repeatedly. —Peter H. Raven, President Emeritus, ranges from long views of landscapes such as “Mount Washing- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO.

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 41 NPSO FELLOWS AWARDS

Jim Duncan set it up the night before. Jim negotiated with the Ashland Parks Department to use Pioneer Hall or the Community Center, adja- he Siskiyou Chapter of the Native Plant Society of cent buildings which are typically rented for public activities. # e Oregon (NPSO) nominated Jim Duncan for NPSO show was set up in Pioneer Hall in July 2001 and has been held Fellow, in recognition of all the service he has given at indoors ever since, mainly in the Community Center. Because bothT the Chapter and State levels during the past 22 years. Jim the show is a public service in conjunction with the 4th of July has sel! essly and cheerfully shared countless hours of his time and celebration in Ashland, the park administration granted use of his expertise, serving as an o" cer of the Siskiyou Chapter and the building without charge for a 24-hour period. Even though coordinator of the 4th of July wild! ower show, both of which have the wild! ower show is a major draw to the event, this represents a bolstered chapter stability and generous donation from the Ash- continuity. His activities have also land Parks Department. Jim took improved the visibility of NPSO over as organizer of the show in in the community. In particular, 2001 and has done a superb job his wild! ower brochures and the for 13 years. wild! ower show enable us to reach During Jim’s years in Ashland a broader public audience with our he has collected a large number message about native plants. of plant specimens, mainly from Jim received an AB in zoology Jackson and Josephine counties, from Wabash College (Indiana) but a second assemblage came in 1954 and a PhD in biology, from southeastern Oregon. He with a concentration in vertebrate has compiled a personal her- embryonic development, from barium of over 3,300 specimens Stanford in 1960. He taught biol- representing almost 1,200 Or- ogy for 31 years in the California egon taxa. # is collection has university system. His positions been added to the database of included Instructor and Assistant the Oregon Flora Project Atlas. Professor of biology at the Uni- # is collection has recently been versity of California, Riverside, donated to the herbarium of from 1960 to 1962, and Assistant Southern Oregon University. Professor, Associate Professor, and Two areas where Jim has col- Professor at San Francisco State lected intensively are Grizzly University from 1962 to 1991. Peak near Ashland and a corner Retirement from San Francisco State University brought him of southwestern Harney County and southeastern Lake County. to Ashland in the spring of 1991. He wasted no time in joining Grizzly Peak is a prominent landmark to people living in the the Siskiyou Chapter of the NPSO in the fall of 1991 and has Ashland area because it is visible from their homes and streets. been an active member ever since. # e following June (1992) he It is public land, managed by the Bureau of Land Management attended his $ rst statewide Annual Meeting at the Malheur Field (BLM), with an easily accessible $ ve-mile roundtrip trail to the Station. top. Jim $ rst hiked the trail in September 1993 and during the Jim has served in leadership positions at both the state and ensuing years he made 38 trips to the top. Seven of those were chapter levels, starting with a three-year term as a member-at- scheduled Siskiyou Chapter $ eldtrips, with the most recent and large of the State Board in the late 1990s. He was co-President of last trip in June 2011. During the years of those many trips, Jim Siskiyou Chapter (with his wife, Elaine Plaisance) from 2000 to collected great numbers of plants for his herbarium and gradually 2001. In 2001 and 2002 he and Elaine co-chaired the organizing compiled a plant list for the area surrounding the trail. In 2008 he committee for the 2002 Annual Meeting, hosted by the Siskiyou wrote a Plants and Places article about Grizzly Peak for Kalmiopsis, Chapter. # e meeting showcased the recently established Cascade- which included an exhaustive plant list of more than 300 species Siskiyou National Monument. Jim assumed the duties of treasurer with notes on phenology and habitat. for the Siskiyou Chapter in the midst of the cash ! ow for the In the mid-1990s Jim attended a plant conference at OSU annual meeting (May 2002) and has held that position ever since in Corvallis at which Scott Sundberg spoke with considerable (a total of twelve years!). passion about the then-new Oregon Flora Project. What par- Jim’s $ rst involvement with the Siskiyou Chapter’s annual 4th ticularly caught Jim’s attention was the proposed Atlas Project. of July wild! ower show in Ashland was collecting ! owers in 1999. He was inspired by Scott’s message and recognized that he could He has collected ! owers for the show every year since then. At that contribute to the Flora Project by “Adopting a Block.” He and time the show was set up on the morning of the 4th in the old Elaine chose Block 170, a square area about 25 miles to the side, wooden gazebo in Lithia Park. After the 2000 show, the chapter which, according to the records at OSU, was the least known realized that if the show venue were moved indoors it could be botanically (only two records in the herbarium). Block 170 lies in

42 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 the southwest corner of Harney County and extends a few miles Bruce Newhouse into southeastern Lake County. Jim and Elaine made the ! rst trip to “their” block in June 2000, on their way home from the NPSO Annual Meeting, which that year was again at Malheur ruce Newhouse has had a lifelong love a$ air with Oregon’s Field Station. For nine consecutive years (2000–2008) they made native plants, animals and habitats. As a long-time member 3- to 4-day trips to the block, dates ranging from mid-May to early of the Native Plant Society of Oregon, Bruce has made Bmajor contributions to the conservation of Oregon’s " ora while August in an attempt to catch the seasonal range of " owering. # ey always camped out self-contained somewhere in those wilds, and also helping to raise awareness of the importance of other native over those many trips they explored a great portion of that area species and ecosystems. of mostly sagebrush desert. # eir ! nal tally for Block 170 was an impressive 262 taxa! In 2007 a small group of Siskiyou Chapter members decided to produce a wild" ower brochure for the Grizzly Peak area in the style of the Jacksonville Woodlands Association brochure. Bob Vos took the photographs with his wife Belinda’s help in identi! ca- tion, and Jim worked together with them to choose and organize pictures for the brochure. He wrote the text and arranged for the necessary layout and printing. # e Siskiyou Chapter sells these brochures for $1 each to raise money for the chapter. # e bro- chure has become quite popular and in 2009 Jim helped produce a second one, for Mount Ashland and the Siskiyou Crest. Based on the popularity of the ! rst two brochures, Jim is completing a third brochure that will be ready for the 2014 " ower season, this one for the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument. Jim has also been one of the unfailing volunteers from the Siskiyou Chapter who are maintaining the Southern Oregon Uni- versity Herbarium (SOC). For three years he spent one afternoon a week working in the herbarium, verifying identi! cations, and annotating herbarium sheets with updated nomenclature. He’s currently taking a hiatus while the university is remodeling the Science Building, but he will undoubtedly be back working there when the dust settles. Jim is also an avid gardener, and since about 1980 he has been growing mostly native plants. He grows them from seed collected in the ! eld. He now harvests seeds from his own native plants, which he spreads in his garden, gives to friends, and makes seed packets that are sold at the 4th of July " ower show. Although most native plants do not require watering in the dry season, Jim Bruce’s early years were spent in the northern Willamette has created a gravity " ow water system for those that do and also Valley. He grew up in Oregon City, Lake Oswego and Portland. for his summer vegetable garden. He pumps this water out of His is a classic demonstration of the role of family in imparting a sump in his cellar into storage tanks in his green house, from a lifelong passion for the outdoors and nature. During " y ! shing which it can " ow out through plumbing that reaches all parts of trips on the Clackamas River with his dad, his mom would come his large garden. along to enjoy the plants, and Bruce started learning some native Lest you think that Jim’s only a plant nut, he does have other ferns and wild" owers. (He keeps a few wild" owers from a patch interests and activities. He is a ! ne woodworker, and over the last of woods near McKay Creek in Hillsboro that were pressed by forty years he has made a large number of items that help furnish his mom in her late teenage years.) As a teenager Bruce and his his home. He is a home winemaker, and has been making a variety dad skied on Mt. Hood in the winter and during the summer he of di$ erent wines since 1983 from grapes he purchases. Ten years day hiked and backpacked in the Cascades. He began learning ago he took up the violin again after not playing it since high school as many Willamette Valley plants and mountain wild" owers as days, which was a long time ago. He is a member of a small string he could using Leslie Haskin’s “Wild" owers of the Paci! c Coast” ensemble in Ashland that rehearses weekly and performs once a and Elizabeth Horn’s Wild! owers 1: the Cascades. Both books are year for the public. He also plays duets or trios occasionally with still on his bookshelf. some of his musical friends. At home Bruce’s grandmother got him interested in vegetable For all the years of support Jim has given NPSO and his many gardening, and he remembers her crying upon seeing the contributions to knowledge about the native " ora of Oregon, we twin" ower (Linnaea borealis) transplanted by his mom to a " ower would like to honor him as a Fellow. —Marcia Wineteer, Kristi garden because it reminded her of her childhood in Sweden. Bruce’s Mergenthaler, Sasha Joachims, Julie Spelletich, Pete Gonzalves, and mother instilled in him her passion for house plants, knowledge Frank Callahan, Siskiyou Chapter. that was to be useful in college when he became the “plant doctor” for others in his dormitory who brought him their ailing plants. Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 43 In the early 1970’s Bruce majored in Landscape Architecture/ He is a member of the Oregon Flora Project Atlas Committee Environmental Science at Oregon State University. He took and continues volunteer work for OFP. In recent years he has botany classes from Bill Denison and many classes in forestry and donated thousands of ! eld photographs of Oregon plants to the wildlife biology before graduating in 1977. In 1978 he worked as a Flora Project. He has assisted with setup and expert plant ID at the Resource Specialist for the Multnomah County Outdoor School at annual Mount Pisgah Arboretum Wild" ower Show for nearly 20 Camp Collins on the Sandy River, then landed a job in Grants Pass years. A passion for all things fungal prompted him to co-found in working for the Josephine County Planning Department. During 1999 the Cascade Mycological Society with his wife Peg (and one that time he drove all over southwest Oregon in his 1962 VW Bug, other person). # ey now serve as CMS’s display coordinators for exploring mountain roads. Budget cuts forced a job change to the the Mt. Pisgah Mushroom Show each October. Just a sampling of City of Spring! eld Planning Department in 1981 where he worked Bruce’s other activities includes Chair of the Stewardship Technical until 1989 when he “retired from government service” and joined Advisory Committee of the Friends of Buford Park; one of the with friends on a contract to survey plants on every roadside in original members of the Eugene-Spring! eld Chapter of the North Lane County. Bruce became the botanist for the crew; thus began American Butter" y Association; an area leader in the annual his career as an independent consulting biologist. Eugene Christmas Bird Count since the early 1990’s; and certi! ed After the county road project, Bruce began working full time Master Gardener specializing in native plant gardening. as a natural resource consultant. In 1992 he co-founded his Bruce credits many people as his botanical mentors, including consulting business (with Dick Brainerd and Peter Zika), Salix Ed Alverson, Tanya Harvey, John Koenig, Rhoda Love, Nick Associates, and has done assessments and surveys on hundreds Otting, Charlene Simpson, Scott Sundberg, Dave Wagner, Barbara of sites and many thousands of acres of habitats in Oregon, Wilson and Peter Zika. Washington, and northern California. Dick and Peter moved on to At home in Eugene, Bruce nurtures a lush garden of locally- other pursuits while Bruce expanded Salix Associates and his areas native plants and their associated pollinators. He enjoys playing of expertise beyond plants to fungi, birds, amphibians, butter" ies, piano, wine-tasting, hiking and sharing life with his wife Peg and dragon" ies – just about any organism one might encounter in the their cat Mr. Biggie. —Richard Brainerd, Corvallis Chapter. wild – and applied this knowledge to producing detailed and high quality site analyses. Cindy Talbott Roché In the mid-1990s Bruce helped found the Carex Working Group (CWG) with a group of like-minded sedge-lovers (a.k.a., hrough our associations with Cindy as editor of Kalmiopsis, crazy people!) and was a CWG member until 2008, when he the three of us (Kareen Sturgeon, Frank Lang, and Frank elected to focus solely on Salix Associates work. With CWG he Callahan) have come to know her as a valued friend and helped co-author “Field Guide to the Sedges of the Paci! c Northwest.” Tcolleague, and we enthusiastically nominate her to be a Fellow of Bruce took many of the photographs and did most of the design the Native Plant Society of Oregon. Cindy completed her last issue work for the book. of Kalmiopsis (Volume 20) in June 2013 and turned the reins over Among the botanical highlights Bruce has experienced as a to the new editor, Hope Stanton, at the Annual Meeting in Baker consultant were his discovery in 2012 of the only population of City. # e time has come to honor Cindy for her contributions suncups (Ta ra x i a ova t a) known to exist in the Willamette Valley and to NPSO. in 2013 of Oregon’s only known population of many-headed sedge When Cindy asked me (Sturgeon) to write an article for (Carex sychnocephala) on the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Kalmiopsis three years ago and, subsequently, to join the editorial In the early 1990’s Bruce became involved with the Emerald board, I hadn’t the faintest notion of what was involved in pulling Chapter of the NPSO, becoming its chapter president. He served together an issue of this annual journal. In contrast, Lang had as State President of NPSO from about 1999 to 2004. He also served as the journal’s ! rst editor (1991-1993) and, in 2004, Cindy was a member of the NPSO’s State Committee for developing invited him back as a member of the editorial board. When articles policy on native gardening which was adopted by the State were in short supply both Franks pitched in to help: Lang and Board. Most of Bruce’s activity has been on a variety of Emerald Roché coauthored a plant of the year article in 2008 and another Chapter committees: coordinating the Invasive Ornamentals article with Callahan in 2013. Callahan recently published his list; working with the Native Gardening Awareness Committee fourth article in Kalmiopsis. From our combined experiences, we to produce booklets on native trees, shrubs, and wild" owers; have come to appreciate the brilliance with which she brought coordinating (with Charlene Simpson, a 2001 NPSO Fellow) the to life each beautiful issue of our society’s signature journal. For Lane County rare plant review preceding each triennial ORBIC thirteen years, she worked tirelessly to ! ll the issues by (as she update; and co-authoring the book “Vascular Plants of Lane describes it) “trolling for articles” at meetings, on the NPSO County” with Charlene and others. Bruce served as coordinator listserve, from Bulletin programs and NPSO ! eld trips. for the 2008 NPSO annual meeting in Eugene. He has led In 2000, she joined then-editor Linda Ann Vorobik to numerous NPSO ! eld trips and he has presented shows on native produce Volume 7 and Volume 8, which was the Festschrift for plants and pollinators for several NPSO chapters and many other Ken Chambers. First as co-editor, then in 2003 as sole editor, she organizations. # rough all these activities he has raised awareness introduced several format changes, including a color cover. Never and appreciation for native plants and their role and importance one to be tied to a desk, she edited fourteen issues of Kalmiopsis in Oregon’s natural habitats. on a notebook computer, often proofreading the galleys while on Bruce has applied his energy and enthusiasm for plants, bicycle tours and backpacking trips. Of course, rarely, if ever, does wildlife and science to a wide range of activities beyond NPSO. an article come to an editor polished and ready for publication.

44 Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 What we found most amazing about Cindy was her remarkable talent for working with contributors, tactfully cajoling, humoring and encouraging them to clarify their thoughts and ! nd their own voices. Cindy’s distinguished and intelligent mark is on every one of the 60 articles, 50 book reviews, and 25 tributes to Fellows she edited during her tenure. Cindy was born in Lewiston, Idaho and, for the ! rst 10 years of her life, she lived on a 40-acre farm with a big garden, fruit trees and an assortment of animals including chickens, dogs, cats, rabbits, pigs, and a milk cow, which she learned to milk by the time she was ! ve years old. Because her older brother wanted to be a farmer, the family moved to a 400-acre farm in mountainous northeastern Washington, north of Spo- kane. " is move started a chain of events that brought botany into her life. After graduating from high school she worked on the Colville in Oregon and wild# owers in Lapland (from a backpacking National Forest as a ! re lookout, then ! re ! ghter while attending trip). She helped organize the 2012 Annual Meeting in Selma, Washington State University (WSU). In 1978, she completed a BS for which she also led a ! eld trip and illustrated wine glasses with in Forest Management with additional coursework that quali! ed Calochortus howellii. her for a position in Range Conservation. As a forester trainee, she Illustration is a thread woven throughout Cindy’s life. When observed that Range Conservationists worked with other plants Linda Vorobik was principal illustrator for the Flora of North besides trees, which was much more interesting than “getting the America volumes on grasses, she enlisted Cindy as a contributing cut out.” (At that time, the Districts did not employ any botanists, illustrator. Working with grasses led to a project that Cindy and so this was as close as one could get to botany.) her husband Bob Korfhage have been working on for the past four As Range Conservationist, she was responsible for grazing years, producing a Field Guide to Grasses of Oregon and Washington permits, rare plant surveys and noxious weeds. After ! ve years, with the Carex Working Group (Barbara Wilson, Nick Otting and she returned to WSU and, in 1987, completed an MS in Range Dick Brainerd). Cindy and Bob are photographing many of the Management with emphasis on invasive exotics (Centaurea species, grasses, which she claims is de! nitely “not an easy task!” a.k.a. knapweeds and starthistles). She married Ben Roché, Jr. in Cindy and Bob, avid outdoors enthusiasts, were married on 1988 and continued working at WSU Cooperative Extension top of Siskiyou Peak. " ey ride a tandem bicycle (between 1500 writing PNW Extension Bulletins on noxious weeds, illustrating and 2000 miles per year), backpack, and ski (mostly x-country, the lab manual for the range plants course, assisting with applied but some downhill). Bob, who is a retired BLM manager and research, and giving talks to user groups. She wrote over 35 PNW resource specialist, started his career as a wildlife biologist and Extension Bulletins on Class A and B noxious weeds, illustrating is also a member of NPSO. " e two of them live in an energy them with her own line drawings and photos. After ! ve years e$ cient solar home on ¾-acre where Cindy raises a big garden and this position lost funding and she started a PhD program at the keeps a dozen or so laying hens, while Bob tends to ! ve varieties University of Idaho Weed Science Department on the biology of of grapes and makes wine. " ey do some contract work for the Centaurea solstitialis and Crupina vulgaris, completing the degree Forest Service and BLM, and Cindy also curates the BLM/Forest in December 1996. " at same year, Ben retired from WSU and Service herbarium at the Medford o$ ce. In November 2012 they moved to Asotin, Washington. Ben died the following year. she accepted the volunteer position of Regional Coordinator for In 1997-98, Cindy was employed as a post-doctoral Research SW Oregon for the Quilts of Valor Foundation, whose mission Associate at UI and WSU and, in 1998, she moved to Medford, is to cover service members and veterans touched by war with Oregon. She spent parts of the next two years in Barcelona, Spain, comforting and healing quilts. One of us (Callahan), a decorated working on a research project on the origins of the invasive Medi- veteran, was recently honored with one of Cindy’s Quilts of Valor terranean winter annual Crupina vulgaris, which has populations in recognition of his service in Vietnam. in Oregon, Idaho, California and Washington. " e three of us are honored to nominate Cindy Roché as a Cindy joined NPSO in 1998 when she moved to Oregon, Fellow of the Native Plant Society of Oregon, an honor she richly attending Siskiyou Chapter meetings and hikes. She served as deserves. —Kareen Sturgeon, Cheahmill Chapter and Frank Lang Siskiyou Chapter president in 2009-10, designed the Siskiyou and Frank Callahan, Siskiyou Chapter. Chapter T-shirt featuring gray pine, and gave talks about grasses

Kalmiopsis Volume 21, 2015 45 Kalmiopsis Native Plant Society of Oregon Matt Morales, Membership Chair P.O. Box 80714 Portland, OR 97280

~ Native Plant Society of Oregon ~ Dedicated to the enjoyment, conservation, and study of Oregon’s native plants and habitats.

T!2"0 %6 C%1)01)'

Juniper Canyon, Wallula Gap: An “Oasis in the Desert” Marin Axtell, Chelsea Cordell, Heidi Dobson, Bob Carson, Mike Denny ...... 1

! e Discovery of Two New Tufted Desertparsleys from Southeastern Oregon: Lomatium ravenii var. paiutense and Lomatium bentonitum Donald H. Mans+ eld ...... 17

! e Discovery and Naming of the Cascade Strawberry (Fragaria cascadensis Hummer) Kim E. Hummer ...... 26

PLANT OF THE YEAR: Sea Blu" Bluegrass (Poa unilateralis) Kathleen Sayce and Cindy Roché ...... 32

Book Reviews ...... 39

Fellows Awards...... 42