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CROSS BORDER HEALTH THREATS: STATE of the ART REPORT for GROUND CROSSINGS Deliverable 5.1

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CROSS BORDER HEALTH THREATS: STATE of the ART REPORT for GROUND CROSSINGS Deliverable 5.1 EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS JOINT ACTION GRANT AGREEMENT NUMBER: 801493 PREPAREDNESS AND ACTION AT POINTS OF ENTRY (PORTS, AIRPORTS, GROUND CROSSINGS) CROSS BORDER HEALTH THREATS: STATE OF THE ART REPORT FOR GROUND CROSSINGS Deliverable 5.1 Version Number 02 February 2021* Work Package 5: GROUND CROSSINGS Work Package Leaders: National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH-NIH), Poland National Public Health Center (NVSC), Lithuania * The EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS Joint Action has received funding from the European Union, in the framework of the Third Health Programme (2014-2020). The content of this document represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility; it cannot be considered to reflect the views of the European Commission and/or the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA) or any other body of the European Union. The European Commission and the Agency do not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains. Authors: 1. Janusz Janiec, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Poland 2. Brigita Kairiene, National Public Health Centre under the Ministry of Health, Lithuania 3. Robertas Petraitis, National Public Health Centre under the Ministry of Health, Lithuania 4. Radosław Izdebski, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Poland 5. Savina Stoitsova, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Poland 6. Aleksandra Gliniewicz, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Poland 7. Diana Bruneviciene, National Public Health Centre under the Ministry of Health, Lithuania Contributors: 1. Christos Hadjichristodoulou, Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece 2. Barbara Mouchtouri, Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece 3. Lemonia Anagnostopoulos, Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece 4. Martin Dirksen-Fischer, Hamburg Port Health Center, Germany 5. Kristina Carolin Militzer, Hamburg Port Health Center 6. Doret de Rooij, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands 7. Martin Holzer, FRONTEX, Poland 8. Maciej Makula, (legal counsel) Maciej Makula Kancelaria Radcy Prawnego, Poland 9. Kamil Kwieciński, (legal adviser) APIpharma Sp. z o.o. i Wspólnicy Sp.k., Poland Suggested Citation: Janusz Janiec, Brigita Kairiene, Robertas Petraitis, Radosław Izdebski, Savina Stoitsova, Aleksandra Gliniewicz, Diana Bruneviciene, Barbara Mouchtouri, Lemonia Anagnostopoulos, Martin Dirksen-Fischer, Kristina Carolin Militzer, Doret de Rooij, Martin Holzer, Maciej Makula, Kamil Kwieciński and Christos Hadjichristodoulou for the EU HG consortium. Cross border health threats: State of the Art report for Ground Crossings (Deliverable 5.1). February 2021. EU HEALTHY GATEWAYS joint action (Grant agreement Number – 801493).; 2021. Available at: https://www.healthygateways.eu/Portals/0/plcdocs/EUHG_D5.1_State_of_the_Art_Report.pdf Keywords: Point of entry; ground crossing; land border; ground transport; health threat; cross border health threat; pandemic preparedness; communicable disease; chemical event; vector borne disease; contact tracing; IHR; EU legislation Content 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Ports, Airports and Ground Crossings - a general comparison ......................................... 2 1.2 Scope of work package 5: Ground Crossings ................................................................. 3 1.3 Who and what travels through ground crossings? .......................................................... 3 1.4 Vectors and ground crossings ................................................................................. 4 1.5 Legal basis for infectious disease control and international data sharing ........... 4 2 BACKGROUND STATISTICS .......................................................... 5 3 IDENTIFICATION OF GOOD PRACTICES AND EVENTS .................. 8 3.1 Survey ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.1.1 Survey methodology ............................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Survey results .......................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Literature review ....................................................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Background............................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 16 3.2.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 17 3.2.4 Research questions ................................................................................................... 17 3.2.5 Evidence retrieval and assessment ............................................................................. 17 3.2.6 Data extraction ......................................................................................................... 20 3.2.7 Results ..................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.8 Discussion................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 51 3.2.10 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 51 3.2.11 References ............................................................................................................ 52 4 VECTORS AND VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE THREATS AT THE EAST AND SOUTH-EAST EU BORDER ................................................................. 55 4.1 Introduction: conquering new territories by alien species ............................................. 55 4.2 Arthropods – active (blood sucking) vectors of diseases ............................................... 58 4.2.1 Mosquitoes ............................................................................................................... 58 4.2.2 Ticks ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.2.3 Phlebotomine sandflies .............................................................................................. 63 4.3 Human external parasites ........................................................................................... 64 4.3.1 Fleas ........................................................................................................................ 64 4.3.2 Lice .......................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.3 Scabies ..................................................................................................................... 67 4.4 Passive (mechanical) vectors ...................................................................................... 68 4.4.1 Flies and Cockroaches ............................................................................................... 68 4.4.2 Commensal Rodents .................................................................................................. 70 5 TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA IN ASPECT OF VECTOR INTRODUCTION RISK73 5.1 Transport Corridors .................................................................................................... 73 5.2 Commodity Groups .................................................................................................... 81 5.2.1 Risk of “unexpected passengers” – disease vectors conveyance through ground crossings at the East and East - South border of EU .............................................................................. 83 5.3 Possible actions which can be undertaken to stop invasion of vectors into a new territory94 5.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 97 5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 100 5.6 References .............................................................................................................. 102 6 LEGAL GROUNDS FOR RESPONDING TO SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH THREATS OF CROSS-BORDER SIGNIFICANCE IN THE ASPECT OF LAND BORDER CROSSINGS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES DETERMINED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND POLISH LAW .................................... 108 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 109 6.2 The descriptive part of the report ...................................................................... 110 6.2.1 Explanation of basic concepts and systematics of sources of law ................................ 110 6.3 Methodology ..........................................................................................................
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