NASA A-Train and Terra Observations of the 2010 Russian Wildfires

Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | N, ◦ –58 ◦ Chemistry , and and Physics Discussions Atmospheric 1,2 , R. C. Levy 2 , O. Torres 2 19114 19113 , A. da Silva 2 2 , A. R. Douglass 1,2 E) is most severely impacted by wildfire emissions. Over this area, AIRS CO, ◦ C) and low relative humidity (9–25 %) from mid-June to mid-August 2010 shown by –43 ◦ ◦ and Physics (ACP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in ACP if available. This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Atmospheric Chemistry Science Systems and Applications Inc.,NASA Lanham, Goddard MD, Space USA Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA show that the region in33 the center of westernOMI Russia AI, surrounding and Moscow (52 MODISrecord AOT during are the significantly first enhancedBy 18 relative mid-August, days to the in the anti-cyclonic August historical circulationMoscow when and was satellite the replaced vicinity. with anti-cyclonic The westerlyrelative circulation heat humidity, transport persisted. wave and ended over OLR as disappeared.ished anomalies After over of 18 western surface August Russia the temperature and firetypical and levels activity of of greatly previous the years. dimin- satellite smoke tracers returned to values observations obtained by remote-sensing instrumentsand on-board Aqua NASA (part satellites: of Aura MODIS the fire A-Train Constellation) products and andsingle-scattering Terra. aerosol albedo Analysis optical (SSA) of thickness from the (AOT),total UV column distribution Aura’s carbon Ozone of aerosol monoxide Monitoring index (CO) from (AI) Instrument Aqua’s and Atmospheric (OMI), Infrared and Sounder (AIRS) tions for the wildfiresfrom to the thrive. Atmospheric Infrared Measurementstent Sounder of subsidence (AIRS) outgoing during over longwave the western radiationMoscow heat Russian (OLR) reveal wave. indicate a persis- Daily persistent three-daywith anti-cyclonic back-trajectories circulation the initiated for most over 18 intenseing days Spectroradiometer period in (MODIS). of August, This fire coincident unfortunatetransport meteorological activity of coincidence observed polluted allowed air bying from Moderate area. the Resolution region We Imag- demonstrate of that intense the fires 2010 to Russian Moscow wildfires and are the unique surround- in the record of Wildfires raged throughout western Russiasistent heat and wave parts in the of summer Eastern41 of Europe 2010. during Anomalously a high surface per- analysis temperatures (35– of radiosonde data from multiple sites in western Russia were ideal condi- Abstract NASA A-Train and Terra observationsthe of 2010 Russian wildfires J. C. Witte 1 2 Received: 17 June 2011 – Accepted: 27Correspondence June to: 2011 J. C. – Witte Published: ([email protected]) 4Published July by 2011 Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11,www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/19113/2011/ 19113–19142, 2011 doi:10.5194/acpd-11-19113-2011 © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. B. N. Duncan 5 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | er by about ff erent sets of ff ecting the carbon cycle, ff 19116 19115 ) and CO to the atmosphere while burning, and remove 2 e et al., 2004; Morris et al., 2006; Crounse et al., 2009). They ff ecting human health and livelihood. The prolonged heat wave over western ff during post-fire re-growth, thus playing an important role in the global carbon cycle 2 Aqua and Aura are two of four satellites in the NASA A-Train constellation. Aura trails We use observations of fire activity, carbonaceous aerosols, and CO from several Russia includes approximately 30 % of the world’s total forested area, and forest fires Forest fires are a major perturbation to the atmosphere a tively. Due to orbital1.5 h. geometry, overpass MODIS observes times fires over and the fire-produced Moscow aerosol. area di For our MODIS products, we (OMI). 2.1 MODIS MODIS observes top-of-atmosphere radiancerange from in 0.41 36 to 15 channels, umdepending (Kaufman spanning on et al., the channel, 1997). spectral and PixelTerra the sizes and vary Aqua observed from have swath 0.25 equatorial km is overpass to 2340 1 times km. km, of 10:30 The and MODIS 13:30 sensors local on time, respec- 1999, followed by Aqua incounts, May fire 2002, and radiative Aura power in (FRP),erate July and Resolution 2004. Spectroradiometer aerosol Our (MODIS), optical total datasets thickness columnradiation include: (AOT) CO (OLR) fire from and from the outgoing the longwave Mod- Atmospheric(AI) Infrared and Sounder aerosol single-scattering (AIRS), albedo and (SSA) UV from aerosol the index Ozone Monitoring Instrument 2 Satellite instruments We capitalize on NASA’s collectionfrom of Aqua, atmospheric Aura and monitoring Terra. instruments All using three platforms data are inAqua sun-synchonous by orbits. 8 min attor the crossing equator time with for crossing Terra is time around at 10:30 around LT. Terra was 13:30 the local first time. to The launch equa- in December lite records. Section 2 presentsand the 4 satellite discuss observations used the in severitydominant this and circulation study. duration patterns Sections of 3 during the theines heat period the wave of over impact the western of active Russiaparts wildfires. the and of Section 2010 the Eastern 5 Russian Europe exam- wildfires and on over Moscow. the The air summary quality is over presented Western in Russia, Sect. 6. wildfire event over western Russia and Moscow city with respect to the historical satel- nearly simultaneous observations from these satellites. We discuss the impact of the satellite monitoring (Generoso et al.,2004; 2003; Wooster Kasischke et et al., al.,remote 2003; 2003; sensing Hoelzemann Damoah remains et et the al., al.,areas best 2004; as method large Wooster of and et collecting as al., information remote on 2005), as fire those and in activity satellite sensors Russia over on (Zhang NASA’s et Earth al., Observing 2003). System(two (EOS) members platforms of including Aura the andbution, A-train Aqua and constellation) impact and of Terraconditions to the during examine 2010 the this Russian evolution, unusually wildfires. distri- strong wildfire We characterize event the by atmospheric combining di are common (Alimov et al., 1989;the Wotawa influence et of al., forest 2001; fires Zhang inbecause et Russia al., on most 2003). regional of and Forecasting global theand scales forest underestimated remains a (Stocks area challenge et is al.,Nevertheless, largely 1998; improvements in Mottram wild spatio-temporal et and coverage al., of inventory 2005; fire data Houghton events continue et is due al., to under-sampled 2007). climate (Stocks et al., 1998; FlanniganRanderson et al., et 2000; al., Soja etEdwards 2006; al., et 2007; Flanner al., Gillett 2004; et et Ja al.,release al., 2004; carbon 2007), dioxide and (CO CO air quality (Colarco(Olson et et al., al., 2004; 1983;2005). Crutzen and Andreae, 1990; Amiro et al., 2001; Kasischke et al., The 2010 Russiancantly wildfires a spread dangerouslyRussia towards in populated the summer regions, of 2010 signifi- created ideal conditions for the wildfires to thrive. 1 Introduction 5 5 25 20 15 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | . at 2 ected the 24 km ff × . ) and OLR. The AIRS instru- , which is an important wave- 2030 km. 55 TC × http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/ http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS 0.03) (Jethva and Torres, 2011). OMI AI is a 19118 19117 ± cient to detect, and on detection relative to its back- ffi cient heat to be detected by MODIS (Roy et al., 2008). ffi . at the edge of the swath. The OMAERUV Collection 3 algorithm 2 ects on climate and the relationship between satellite-measured ff 162 km × C051update.html at nadir. The fire detection algorithm is described in Justice et al. (2002) and 2 http://www.knmi.nl/omi/research/product/rowanomaly-background.php The MODIS aerosol algorithm over land, described in Levy et al. (2007), relies on Active fire count data and FRP (units of Megawatts (MW)) are taken from the L2 of view at nadir across atailed 1650 km by swath McMillan (Aumann et et al., al. 2002). (2011) V5 and CO are retrievals are available de- at ciated with elevated absorbingal., aerosols 2008). and higher AllLevel extinction 2 data optical data have depths since been (Ahn 2007.at filtered et Detailed for information the on row the OMI anomalies row that2.3 anomaly have can a be AIRS found We use AIRS Version 5ment on-board (V5) Aqua L2 is total a column cross-track CO scanning (CO grating spectrometer with a 45 km field due to the radiativeOMI interaction AI between is molecular used scattering toence and track of particle absorbing clouds absorption. aerosols (i.e.link (Torres smoke, et smoke desert al., plumes dust) even 2007). toal., in biomass 2008; the Recent burning pres- Guan studies regions et have (Fromm al., used et 2010; al., AI Torres observations 2005; et to Christopher al., et 2010). AI above 1.0 is generally asso- AI and AOT and SSA (atoriginally 388 developed nm). for Torres et TOMS al. (Totalof Ozone (2007) describes scattering Mapping the Spectrometer). optical algorithm thickness that SSAaerosol was to is radiative the the e ratio totalradiances optical and thickness aerosol and optical isground-based depths used data (King to from et determine AERONETgions al., sun-photometers (estimated 1999). located uncertainty in OMI is biomassqualitative SSA within indicator burning agrees of re- the well presence with of UV light absorbing particles in the atmosphere OMI, a nadir-viewinga moderate full resolution cross-track UV/Vis swathnadir spectrometer of to 2600 on-board 42 km, Aura, containinguses 60 has the pixels top-of-atmosphere ranging radiances from at 13 354 and 388 nm (near-UV region) to derive 2.2 OMI the actual fire counts and intensity (in FRP) may becalibrated, higher geolocated (Wooster reflectances. et The al., uncertaintiesin 2003). in the these measured visible reflectances andAOT reported mid-IR at bands 0.55 µm, arelength hereafter less often referred to than used as in 2ther % AOT global documentation (Guenther climate on et modeling the and al.,products collection can analysis 2002). be 5.1 (Remer obtained MYD04 et from Weproducts (Aqua) al., the use MODIS and 2005). website: MOD04 Fur- (Terra) aerosol may appear less intense orlow escape bias detection in by the thegenerally measurements MODIS, do (Giglio resulting not in et produce a al.,Only su systematic subsets 2006). of fires Ground areet fires, captured al., such due as 2006). to peat the Thus, fires, relatively although large viewing MODIS geometry captured (Giglio numerous fires over western Russia, fire when the fireground strength to is account su forFRP variability measures of the the radiant surface heatveloped temperature output an and of empirical reflection the non-linear detected by relationship fires.brightness sunlight. between Kaufman temperatures the et at MODIS al. mid-infrared an (1996) channel Satellite active de- measurements fire of pixel fire andand activity the strength are fire (Mottram the FRP et current overthe al., all best limitations 2005; wavelengths. estimates of Roy of this et fire data al., detection set 2008), in however, it mind. is In important the to vicinity keep of heavy clouds, very large fires (granules), each having an approximate size of 2340 active fire products MOD14 (Terra)of and 1 MYD14 km (Aqua) that haveGiglio a et retrieved pixel al. size (2002). The fire detection strategy is based on absolute detection of a use Level 2 (L2) along-orbit data. L2 data are split up into five-minute increments 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2 − and with a sfc 2 gridded T − ◦ anomalies 1 × to 84 W m ◦ sfc 2 − to 312 W m 2 − , Fig. 1b) from radioson- anomalies were 20 % to sfc sfc (Sun et al., 2010). We use N], the geographic center of ) (Chelliah and Arkin, 1992). ◦ 2 2 − − ). From mid-June to mid-August E, 55.8 ◦ 200 MW) occurred close to Moscow. An 280 W m > > C and 9–25 %, respectively. ◦ anomalies were two to three standard devia- 19120 19119 sfc T and OLR anomalies associated with the heat wave C above average and RH ◦ sfc , RH Fig. 1a) and relative humidity (RH ), while regions of subsidence and clear-sky-conditions are 2 , , indicating clear-sky conditions associated with atmospheric sfc − 2 C to 10 T sfc ◦ − T http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/raobs/ at these sites were 35–41 200 W m 15 W m < ± sfc anomalies were 5 After 18 August the AIRS OLR values during the heat wave ranged from 255 W m sfc Figure 3b: During the 22–29 Julyin period Fig. winds reaching 3a, Moscow tonumber shifted southeasterly of from flow fires the over with patternanti-cyclonic regions greater shown pattern of intensity began (FRP significant to fire form. activity. An increased Figure 3a: The 11–21 July period wasMoscow prior (black triangle) to were the generally peak fromno period the significant in north fires fire to in west activity. quadrant. Air the parcels vicinity MODIS shows reaching of this transport pathway. wind-fields from the National Centercirculation for Environmental patterns Prediction (NCEP). are Five distinct panels identified of over Fig. 3 Russia show backclose during trajectories to initialized July the at Aura to 12:00 and (16:00at Aqua August local 06:00 local time 2010. and overpass in 18:00 times; Moscow), are results The similar.counts for Panels back and left on trajectories FRP the initialized right-hand for sidelocations each of of time Fig. intense period. 3 fires. show We FRP MODIS describeof fire the greater pollutants circulation than as patterns follows: 200 and MW concurrent (blue transport circles) reveal The Goddard Kinematic Trajectorycalculate Model (Schoeberl back-trajectories and from Newman, Moscowour 1995) [37.6 domain is of usedlevels interest. to (925 hPa, Three-day 850 hPa, daily 700 hPa, back-trajectories and initialized 500 at hPa) are five computed pressure using 1 4 Circulation patterns 3 The heat wave: anomalies inDaily radiosonde anomalies and and OLR number data surface of temperature standard ( deviations relativedes to (station a locations 1994–2009 are shown meanheat in in wave Figure in 1c) western attest Russia.Laboratory to Data the archive are severity ( and taken duration from of the the NOAA/Earth System Research mean of 292 subsidence. AIRS OLR anomalies overthe western same Russia, 60-day in Fig. time 2,between period. June were and positive mid-August Anomalous during and values were around ranged 2 from standard deviations 16 above W the m mean. disappeared, indicating a shift in meteorological regime. The precision of AIRSsatellite derived V5 OLR information OLR on isvection cloud-top and temperature less subsidence. to than Regions distinguish of areas 2–3 convectionOLR W of and m con- values cloudiness are ( associated withassociated low with relatively high OLR values ( T 40 % drier than average.tions above The average daily inwere 2010 one with to respect two tominimum standard the RH deviations 1994-2009 below record. average. The RH range of maximum 5 5 20 15 10 10 20 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | are plotted for the 11 July to 31 August 2010 E), which encompasses western Russia and ◦ TC 19122 19121 generally occurred between 22 July and 18 Au- –63 ◦ TC levels were elevated (refer to Fig. 4). These regions N, 23 55 ◦ . and AIR CO 55 –63 . ◦ and AIRS CO . The build-up of smoke pollution from the fires was compounded by 55 . TC , AI, and AOT TC and CO 55 . There are domains where MODIS did not detect significant fire activity, e.g. domains Figure 4 shows that the peak fire activity and corresponding increases in OMI Back-trajectories for 30–31 July showed air at all pressure levels coming from the 2–4, but CO are within the anti-cyclonic transport pathway, and received smoke and by-products extent as in centralobserved in domains these in domains western (SSAAOT values Russia. of 0.96–0.97) concurrent Increasedthe with persistent aerosol elevated anti-cyclonic absorption levels circulation was patterntrapped, shown allowing in smoke Fig. and 3c–d. firetivity everywhere In by-products decreased to this by case accumulate the air andlevels end was of re-circulate. of smoke August Fire tracers. (Fig. ac- 4a–b), concurrent with reduced gust. Decreased OMI SSA (increasedsmoke. aerosol absorption) Over is consistent mostactive with domains, fire increased period. SSA Table 1 values showstivity as that and domains low by-products 6 during as and theDomains 7 0.92 active 10 had were fire the to period, highest observed 12, levels compared whichcations), during of to include fire also the neighboring ac- eastern showed domains. Ukraine elevated and fire Kazakhstan activity (see Fig. and 4a smoke for products lo- but not to the same our region of interest (45 parts of Eastern Europe andlimits is given in divided Table 1). into 12 WithinAI each smaller and domain, domains SSA, time (latitude MODIS series AOT and for MODIS longitude period. fire count, This FRP,OMI period spans theshown pre- in to Figure post-active fire 3. period and five circulation patterns AI, MODIS AOT 5.1 Regional distributions of wildfires, smokeSatellite tracers, observations and indicate aerosol properties that theseverely central impacted region by of high western Russia levels was of the smoke most pollution from wildfires. Figure 4 shows 5 Satellite observations The start of theshown post-fire by period the on radiosonde data 19 in Augustwesterly Fig. winds coincided 1. generally with The dominated the anti-cyclonic the circulation endmerous flow pattern of fires toward ended Moscow in heat and at Eastern wave, all Europe as pressureRussia were levels. still had detected Nu- diminished by and MODIS fire but activity the fires was over no western longersouthwest, observed close also to over Moscow. regionsonly two of days active we do fires. not include Because these two this days circulation on the pattern figure. lasted were less numerous and intenseFig. compared 3b–c. to the period of peak fireFigure activity 3e: shown in the south. Yurganov et al. (2011)found present the an Moscow analysis area of strongly inthe situ impacted south measurements by to and CO southeast also plumes quadrant. transported from wildfiresFigure in 3d: 11–18 August showed afrom shift the north in and thetransported west. anti-cyclonic over The pattern. active corresponding fire map Air regions of now south MODIS entered and fires Moscow shows southwest that of air Moscow, was but those fires An anti-cyclonic circulationFires pattern continued persisted to be around numerousre-circulated, and Moscow like intense stirring at around in this a all region. bowland containing pressure Air local smoke was and pollution. levels. circulated by-products During from and the the wildfires, 1–10 August period, air generally entered Moscow from Figure 3c: 5 5 25 15 20 10 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2 ± − 1 . peaked 55 . molec cm 17 and AI anoma- 10 TC × 71, respectively. OMI SSA . standard deviations). Daily 1 σ ± was a factor of 6.8 higher than 55 04 . . 59 and 6 values exceeding 1. AI and AOT . 0 55 . over Moscow were observed between 1 and ± 19124 19123 3 . TC 10 days earlier on average than all previous years, show positive anomalies during the 1–18 August ∼ 55 . , the variability was large (1- 55 in domain 8 are due to the transport of fire by-products from . E) was within the transport pathway of the southeasterly flow above average in 2010 compared to the 2003–2009 mean, an ◦ over Moscow were significantly elevated during the time period 2 TC − 55 . –49 anomalies during these 18 days in August are 5 ◦ reached a maxima during 7–10 August with a mean value of 36 TC and CO TC molec cm 55 . 17 N and 37 ◦ 10 , OMI AI, and MODIS AOT The 2010 fires were triggered except 2002. The 2010 fires sustained very high levels of activity and intensity Although the fire counts andbers were FRP less stand than out those compared observed to for other 2010. Compared years, to their prior num- years,most numerous the and intense fires for fromally a sustained late-July comparable period, to during although FRP mid-August othercounts were 2010 occasion- and years, were FRP e.g., the were twoduring twice the exceptions as active in high fire FRP period. in in 2010 compared 2008. to the Fire 2002–2009 mean through mid-August.showed By fire 18 activity August peakinglasted around the from this 22 fires time. July waned. 2002 A to shorter the In end duration contrast, of fire the prior event month that is years also apparent in this record. × –57 TC ◦ i. ii. The positive anomalies in fire counts and FRP (Fig. 5c-d) began around 22 July, Moscow and vicinity have not been impacted by wildfires of this scale since the d). As withvalues AI of and CO AOT We examined the impact ofAI the and MODIS 2010 AOT wildfiresof on the Moscow’s air first phase quality. ofPrevious In years the Fig. rarely anti-cyclonic showed 7, AI circulation OMI and pattern AOT on and 7 peak August with fire maximum activity valuesdecreased (Fig. of 3c). 3 from unityExceptionally during high this levels time of18 AIRS period, August CO consistent 2010, concurrent with with elevated both levels phases of of AI. the anti-circulation pattern (Fig. 3c– 5.3 Smoke tracers, and aerosol properties over Moscow into Moscow seen in Fig. 3bthe and the time anti-cyclonic series circulation of in Fig. fireas 3c–d. shown counts We in and examined Fig. FRP 6, within and this observed region the for following: the 2002 to 2010 records, (51 was adversely impacted by heavysouth smoke and from clusters east of of intense the fires nearby, city located (Fig. 6a, purple box). This particular region of active fires fire counts are higherpared on to average the by 2002–2009 aFRP mean. factor of increased Relative 8.2, by to and factors thehighest FRP 2002–2009 of levels by mean, of 7 a fire the and factor products fireappeared of 9.2 and by counts 12, 18 in smoke and August com- tracers domain with (refer 7, the to end which Table of 1). also the5.2 All heat showed anomalies wave the (Fig. dis- 1). Intense second wildfire activity near Moscow During the active fire period (22 July–18 August, 2010) the air quality over Moscow concurrent with the shift inwinds circulation (Fig. pattern 3b). over The Moscow numberlous from of northerly with fires to observed respect southerly priorcounts to to and this the FRP date persisted (Fig. 2002–2009 through 3a)lies August mean. is along (Fig. not with 5a–b). anoma- the The positive In CO domain higher 6 than between average 22 July values and of 18 August, fire Aqua and Terra MODIS CO time period, coincident with the persistent(Fig. anti-cyclonic 3c–d). circulation and CO active fire period to 20 average increase of afactor factor of of 3.4 1.5. relative to For thethe 2005-2009 the 2002–2009 mean mean. same and time AOT period AI was enhanced by a of AI, AOT neighboring domains with high fire activity. earliest satellite records.mean The of previous daily years for July domain to 6 are August plotted in 2010 Fig. satellite 5. In data this mean example domain, and AIRS the from fires in western Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan in early August. Elevated levels 5 5 20 25 15 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , – ◦ TC TC , AI, and over west- returned to TC TC (factor of 6.8), TC , and to a lesser 55 . TC , and CO 55 . by a factor of 9.4, and AIRS , and AIRS CO 55 . 55 . 19126 19125 (factor of 1.5 relative to 2003–2009 mean) and TC E) showed that 2010 wildfires started 10 days ear- ◦ 0.05 compared to the 2005–2009 mean). MODIS quan- , 2008. ected by pollution plumes transported from clusters of in- ∼− ff N, 37–49 . SSA also showed relatively high aerosol absorption (values ◦ 55 . SSA . This is consistent with in-situ measurements of CO taken in in 2010 (bold) relative to prior years during the 1–18 August period 2 by a factor of 9.4 relative to the 2002–2009 mean, and (iv) CO ∆ − This work is supported under NASA contract number NNG06HX18C. 55 . 55 . E), which includes Moscow, was impacted by some of the highest lev- ◦ molec cm –43 ◦ 17 returned to values typical of previous years, in tandem with the break down of by a factor of 1.5, relative to previous years. 10 55 . N, 33 × TC ◦ Aerosol Products withangle Aqua/Moderate Imaging Resolution Spectroradiometerdoi:10.1029/2007JD008832 observations Imaging in Spectroradiometer 2006, and J. Multi- Geophys. Res., 113, D16S27, The impact of these fires on Moscow’s air quality was significant. OverAfter Moscow, 18 August 2010, MODIS fire activity subsided well below what has been com- Moscow was strongly a Satellite observations showed that the center of western Russia (domain 6: 52 Table 2 highlights the high levels and variability observed over Moscow city of CO A secondary peak between 10 and 18 August was observed in CO 7 . temperature and RH, and AIRS OLR over westernAcknowledgements. Russia disappeared. Ahn, C., Torres, O., and Bhartia, P. K.: Comparison of Ozone Monitoring Instrument UV CO monly observed in previousvalues years, typical while of levelsanti-cyclonic previous of circulation years. AI, and AOT the The end timing of coincided the with heat the wave: break strong down anomalies of of the surface References tense fires located southpaired and visibility east and of unhealthy the levelsover of city. this smoke domain Consequently, and (51–57 the smog. citylier MODIS experienced than fire im- counts usual, and and FRP even that for a the short sustained duration levels in observed prior in years. 2010when were the rarely anti-cyclonic observed circulation2010, pattern OMI persisted AI during increased by the a first factor 18 of 4.1, days MODIS in AOT August OMI AI (factor ofaerosol 3.4 absorption relative ( to 2005–2009tities mean). were all OMI elevated SSA withfire showed respect counts an (factor to increase of their 8.2) in 2002–2009 and means: FRP (factor AOT of 12). observed elevated levels of AIRS CO 58 els of wildfire pollution. During the period of persistent anti-cyclonic circulation we Data from multiple satellite-bornemajor sensors atmospheric provide events, complementary suchserved as information significant the about changes 2010 in Russiansatellite key records. wildfires. fire Elevated levels pollutant Multiple of tracers, OMIern sensors AI, with Russia ob- MODIS corresponded respect AOT to to the2010) their time and period historical a of persistent peak wildfire anti-cyclonicing activity circulation. smoke (22 In pollutants July–18 this August to situation accumulate air as was the trapped, air allow- mass re-circulated. AOT the anti-cyclonic circulation and the end of the heat wave. 6 Summary circulation pattern (Fig. 3d).transport of air These into loweractivity Moscow. values in Here, the were north the consistent to flow west with into quadrant. the a city shiftAI, was in SSA, from and the areas AOT ofof minor the fire persistent anti-cyclonica circulation. factor of We estimate 4.1as increases relative 0.05, in (iii) to 2010 AOT theby in 2005–2009 a (i) mean, factor AI (ii) by of a 1.5 decrease relative in to SSA the by 2003–2009 as mean. much After 18 August CO 2 Moscow (Yurganov et al., 2011). degree in AI and AOT less than 0.95). 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I., Ja 5 5 30 25 20 15 30 10 25 20 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , ++ σ 2.43 4.33 6.00 5.04 3.14 4.92 6.11 4.97 2.91 4.58 5.03 5.21 1 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± TC * CO σ , 2007. 1 ± 0.42 20.90 0.790.86 23.94 0.71 25.93 0.24 25.53 0.66 21.70 0.62 27.49 0.38 29.24 0.16 27.52 21.26 0.26 24.94 0.28 27.15 0.29 27.65 55 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± . , 2010. AOT σ 1 0.02 0.34 0.030.02 0.79 0.87 0.020.03 0.80 0.02 0.38 0.02 1.00 0.02 0.90 0.02 0.62 0.34 0.02 0.44 0.02 0.59 0.02 0.58 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± SSA doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00070-1 σ 0.16 0.98 0.460.43 0.97 0.97 0.330.14 0.97 0.57 0.98 0.45 0.95 0.26 0.96 0.16 0.98 0.98 0.17 0.97 0.21 0.96 0.24 0.96 1 , 2005. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± doi:10.1029/2007JD008809 ± 19131 19132 , 2011. doi:10.5194/acp-10-3505-2010 , 2010. ] 2 Counts* − doi:10.1029/2005JD006318 E] 2928 6402.10 0.66 E] 1734 6003.76 0.74 E] 1693 5035.33 0.80 E]E] 8680 4164 19246.10 1.06 9637.95 0.91 E] 23 45.11 0.44 E] 47 72.89 0.73 E]E]E] 399 2227E] 112 691.78 5206.87E] 0.75 0.68 166.36 775 0.44 872 1465.23 0.57 1125.11 0.56 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ molec cm 17 10 × N, 33–43 N, 43–53 N, 53–63 doi:10.1029/2009JD012799 N, 33–43 N, 43–53 N, 23–33 N, 33–43 N, 43–53 N, 53–63 N, 23–33 N, 53–63 N, 23–33 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ doi:10.5194/acpd-11-12207-2011 Table of mean values (except Fire Counts) within each box domain defined in Fig. 4. Domains Total Fire FRP* [MW] AI units [ TC CO forest fire carbon emissionSens. estimates Environ., for 87, the 1–15, 2003. Russian Federation from SPOT VGT, Remote Hannon, S., Karpov, A., Ott,ground-based L., CO Semutnikova, total E., column Shumsky, observationsestimates R., over and based 2010 Strow, Russian on L.: fires: thermal12250, Satellite- accuracy and IR of top-down satellite data., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 12207– concentrations in the Northern Hemisphereand explained Russia, by Geophys. boreal Res. forest Lett., fires 28(24), in North 4575–4578, America 2001. tion rates and totalsrelationships from between fire biomass radiative consumption powerRes., and 110, observations: fire D24311, FRP radiative energy derivation release, and J. calibration Geophys. 2003. fire products, Remote Sens. Environ., 86, 83–107, observations of the anomalous 20082009Atmos. Chem. Southern Phys., Hemisphere 10, biomass 3505–3513, burning seasons, biomass burning: Derivation fron the BIRD experimental satellite and comparison to MODIS Levelt P.: Aerosols and surface UV productsAn from overview, Ozone J. Monitoring Geophys. Instrument Res., observations: 112, D24S47, tion from AtmosphericD09103, Infrared Sounder radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 1: [58–63 2: [58–63 3: [58–63 4: [58–63 5: [52–58 8: [52–58 9: [45–52 6: [52–58 7: [52–58 10: [45–52 11: [45–52 12: [45–52 Average of Aqua and Terra Zhang, Y.-H., Wooster, M. J., Tutubalina, O., and Perry, G. L. W.: Monthly burned area and Yurganov, L., Rakitin, V., Dzhola, A., August, T., Fokeeva, E., Gorchakov, G., Grechko, E., Wotawa, G., Novelli, P., Trainer, M., and Granier, C.: Inter-annual variability of summertime CO Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L. W., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Retrieval of biomass combus- ∗ ++ Table 1. These values were calculated over thein active Fig. fire 3. period from 22 July to 18 August 2010 defined Wooster, M. J., Zhukov, B., and Oertel, D.: Fire radiative energy for quantitative study of Torres, O., Chen, Z., Jethva, H., Ahn, C., Freitas, S. R., and Bhartia, P. K.: OMI and MODIS Torres, O., Tanskanen, A., Veihelmann, B., Ahn, C., Braak, R., Bhartia, P. K., Veefkind, P., and Sun, F., Goldberg, M. D., Liu, X., and Bates, J. J.: Estimation of outgoing longwave radia- 5 25 20 15 10

standard deviation standard deviation standard

σ (a) (b)

standard deviation standard deviation standard standard deviation standard 2.62 0.50 0.38 0.57 deviation standard 0.53 0.68 0.76 0.65 , and AIRS CO 1- ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1 0 -1 -2 -3 4 2 0 -2 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 4 2 0 -2 2 ± 55 August August . TC * CO σ 1- ± (c) Surface RH Anomaly 1.630.19 29.47 0.08 17.91 18.69 0.120.130.08 19.62 0.10 18.64 0.30 20.58 21.90 N/A

0.09 17.34 64 58 52 55 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± . ± July July Surface Temperature Anomaly August August August August AOT 50 50 4 9 5 σ 8

1- 19134 19133 3 7 0.04 1.88 0.010.01 0.25 0.14 0.02 0.17 1 ± 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.22 6 Suhinici 7 Rjazan 8 Penza 9 Bezencukskaja mean around the city center). ± ± ± ± . The red dots highlight data from the Moscow site. 6 35 35 2 ± ± ◦ 1 Surface RH Anomaly (c) Surface RH Anomaly 64 64 58 58 52 52 × SSA July July July July ◦

Surface Temperature Anomaly Surface Temperature Anomaly

June June

64 58 52 1 Moscow 2 Bologoe 3 Vologda 4 Kirov 5 Kazan 00 00 ]

6060 4040 2020 2020 1010 2

-20-20 -40-40 -60-60 -10-10 -20-20

anomaly [%] anomaly C] − [ anomaly o 50 50 4 50 50 4 9 9 5 5 0.110.13 1.0 0.99 1.05 0.94 0.12 0.99 0.11 1.0 0.24 0.99 σ 8 8 anomalies (2010 – (1994–2009 mean)) calculated from radiosonde ± ± ± ± ± ±

1- 3 3 7 7 ± sfc 1 1 6 Suhinici 7 Rjazan 8 Penza 9 Bezencukskaja 6 Suhinici 7 Rjazan 8 Penza 9 Bezencukskaja 6 6 35 35 35 35 2 2 are mapped in RH molec cm 17 (b)

] over Moscow (1 (b)

June June

June June 64 58 52 64 58 2 52 1 Moscow 2 Bologoe 3 Vologda 4 Kirov 5 Kazan 1 Moscow 2 Bologoe 3 Vologda 4 Kirov 5 Kazan 00 00 00 00 10 − 2020 1010 6060 4040 2020 2020 1010 6060 4040 2020

-20-20 -20-20 -40-40 -60-60 -10-10 -10-10 -20-20 -20-20 -40-40 -60-60

C] [ anomaly [%] anomaly C] [%] anomaly

anomaly [ anomaly and o o and 20072006 0.42 0.32 200520042003 0.38 2002 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.20 0.16 0.34 20092008 0.28 0.30 Year2010 AI 1.37 sfc (a) T 1–18 August mean per year of OMI AI and SSA, MODIS AOT units [ molec cm TC 17 CO 10 Average of Aqua and Terra × Fig. 1. (a) measurements at ninelegend stations for in westernBlue Russia. triangles show Radiosonde the dailyanomalies. locations, standard The including deviation zero of line symbol the pertains anomalies to using the the anomaly mean y-axis. of all station ++ ∗ Table 2. [ Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper |

N]. The standard deviation standard ◦ 4 2 0 -2 -4 N–62 ◦ E, 52 (a) (b) ◦ 56 40 56 40 E–53 52 52 ◦ 52 52

36 36 36 36 August 20 20

56 40 56 40

56 40 56 40 19136 19135 OLR Anomaly 52 52 925hPa 850 700 500 925hPa 850 700 500 July 52 52 Pre-peak fires: 11-21 July 2010 Peak fires: 22-29 July 2010

36 36 36 36

20 20

56 40 56 40 June 0

-50

100

] [W/m anomaly 2 AIRS OLR daily anomalies ((2010 – (2003–2009 mean)) (black diamonds) and the Left-hand column are three-day back-trajectories initiated from Moscow (solid black triangle). Trajectories were initialized850 hPa at (blue), 12Z. 700 hPa Pressure (green),August levels and 2010. are 500 plotted The hPa (orange) time atshows for interval 925 the hPa five between MODIS (purple), time the (combined periods cross Aqua(blue) between and symbols for July Terra) the is fire and same 15-min. counts five (red) time The and periods. right-hand FRP column greater than 200 MW Fig. 3. number of standard deviations (blue triangles) averaged over [33 Fig. 2. location of the radiosonde stations plotted in Fig. 1c is within this domain. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , (a) (b) 100 50 0 100 50 0 100 50 0 o 52 (e) (c) 56 40 56 40 (d) 56 40 MW]: 11 July - 31 August, 2010 3

36 36 36 36 36 36 o MODIS Accumulated FRP [x10 52 20 20 20 22 Jul 18 Aug

1234 5678 9 101112

60 52

o o Lat --> Lat ) are daily sums within each domain. Time series of OMI Lon -->

56 40 56 40 40 56

56 40 56 40 56 40 and 19138 19137 (a) a 800 400 0 800 400 0 800 400 0 ) are area averages. The dashed vertical lines within each domain f o 52 52 52 – 925hPa 850 700 500 925hPa 850 700 500 925hPa 850 700 500 36 c ( 52 52 52 Peak fires: 1-10 Aug. 2010 Peak fires: Peak Fires: 11-18 Aug. 2010 Post-peak: 19-26 Aug. 2010 TC OMI AI [unitless]: 11 July - 31 August, 2010

Kazakhstan

36 36 36 o 36 36 36 52 22 Jul 18 Aug

1234 5678 9 101112

52 60

o o 20 --> Lat 20 20 Lon --> and AIRS CO

56 40 56 40 56 40 o 36 MODIS Fire Counts: 11 July - 31 August, 2010 Aqua-MODIS data are red, and Terra-MODIS in orange. Continued. Time series of ﬁre products, smoke tracers and aerosol properties plotted within 12 geographic domains. The (e) Ukraine 22 Jul 18 Aug

1234 5678 9 101112

, and

52 60

o o Lat --> Lat Lon --> AI and SSA, MODIS AOT Fig. 4. time period shown isTable from 1. 11 Time July series to of 31 MODIS August fire 2010. counts and The FRP latitude ( and longitude limits of each domain are defined in mark the active fire period(b) between 22 July and 18 August. The solid black star in domain 6 indicates Moscow. In Fig. 3. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | (c) (e) , 3.50 1.75 0.00 3.50 1.75 0.00 3.50 1.75 0.00 55 . o 52 E). Anomalies for ◦ (c) (a) (d) (b) 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 29 29 29 29

29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 (f) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 45 30 15 45 30 15 45 30 15 N, 33–43 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ◦ 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 OMI AI and MODIS AOT o 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 36

19 19 19 19

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 Aug 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 Aug 18 18 Aug 18 Aug 18 (b) 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 , 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 MODIS AOT [unitless]: 11 July - 31 August, 2010 MODIS AOT [unitless]: 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 TC 13 13 13 13 o 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 52 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 22 Jul 22 Aug are calculated using the mean of Aqua and

1234 5678 9 101112

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

60 52

o o Lat --> Lat 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lon --> 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

(b)

1 Aug 1 Aug 1 1 Aug 1 1 Aug 1 1 Aug 1 Aug 1 1 Aug 1 ]: 11 July - 31 August, 2010 Aug 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AIRS CO 2 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 19140 19139 (d) (a) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 1.00 0.95 0.90 1.00 0.95 0.90 1.00 0.95 0.90 molec/cm 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 MODIS FRP Anomaly

MODIS FRP Anomaly MODIS FRP Anomaly MODIS FRP Anomaly

AI and AOT Anomalies AI and AOT Anomalies AI and AOT Anomalies AI and AOT Anomalies

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 Jul 22 Jul 22 22 Jul 22 22 Jul 22 22 Jul 22 22 Jul 22 22 Jul 22 36 Jul 22 MODIS Fire Count Anomaly MODIS Fire Count Anomaly MODIS Fire Count Anomaly MODIS Fire Count Anomaly 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 AIRS Total Column CO Anomaly AIRS Total Column CO Anomaly AIRS Total Column CO Anomaly AIRS Total Column CO Anomaly 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 anomalies in AIRS CO [x10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 55 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 . o 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 52 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 MODIS FRP over domain 6 (52–58 22 Jul 18 Aug

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

1234 5678 9 101112

60 OMI AI MODIS AOT OMI AI MODIS AOT OMI AI MODIS AOT OMI AI MODIS AOT

o o 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lat --> Lat (d) Lon --> Aqua Terra Aqua Terra Aqua Terra Aqua Terra Aqua Terra Aqua Terra Aqua Terra Aqua Terra 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Domain 6 Domain 6 Domain 6 Domain 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 2 1 0 0 0 5 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 3 2 1 0 0 5 0 3 2 1 0 0

-5 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5

-1 -5

50 40 30 20 10 20 15 10

50 40 30 20 10 20 15 10 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 15

-10 -20 -10 -20

-10 -20

200 800 600 400

200 800 600 400 molec/cm 10

molec/cm 10 800 600 400 200 800 600 400 200

molec/cm 10 molec/cm

10 -200 -200

-200 MW -200

MW 17 2 17 2

2 17 2 17

# # # # o 36 OMI SSA [unitless]: 11 July - 31 August, 2010 OMI SSA [unitless]: 11 July and August 2010 anomalies of Continued. 22 Jul 18 Aug

1234 5678 9 101112

52 60

o o Lat --> Lat Lon --> MODIS ﬁre counts, and Fig. 5. each constituent were calculatedall by previous subtracting years. the MODIS 2010 AOT daily values from the daily mean of Terra. Fig. 4. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | . The (a) (a) (b) Daily MODIS , respectively, (b) (b)

and 18 Aug 18 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 1.00 0.98 31 31 0.03). E. The blue circles in the (a) 29 29 ◦ ± 31 27 27 29 25 25 27 –49 23 23 ◦ 25 21 21

18 Aug 18 21 Aug 18 17 17

are the average of Aqua and Terra

August 19 18 Aug 18 15 August 15 17

13 55 13

. 15 Aug 10

11 N and 37 11

13 Aug 10 22 Jul 22 22 Jul 22 9 ◦ 9

11 10 Aug 10 7 7 9 5 5 –57 7 . AOT ◦ 3 around Moscow city center 3 5 o

1 Aug 1 1 1 Aug 1 1 (a) 3 x1

o 31

1 Aug 1 1 around Moscow city center o 29 19142 19141 MODIS FRP 31 29 x1 27 o

56 53 29 27 around Moscow city center MODIS Fire Counts o 25 27 25 x1 o 23 25 23 21 23 21 July 19 21 July 19 2005 - 2006 - X 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 19 17 OMI AI: 1 17 MODIS AOT: 1 17 46 46 15 15 15 13 AIRS Total Column CO: 1 13 13 11

11 plotted similar to 9 11 9 9 7 7 TC 7 5 standard deviations are plotted for 2010 only in grey shading. 40 40 5 5 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - X 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 3 σ 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - X 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 3 3 1 July 1 200 MW and the black star is the location of Moscow. 2010 ﬁre counts and 1 July July

45 40 35 30 25 20 15

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0 >

molec/cm 10

unitless

unitless 2 17

2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - X 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 -

56 53 AIRS CO June 5 4 4 4 4 (c) 0 0 June Daily OMI AI and SSA (2010 only) per year over Moscow between July and August. 500

2000 1500 1000 1•10 8•10 6•10 4•10 2•10

Fire Counts Fire MW Combined Aqua and Terra MODIS ﬁre counts and FNR in and 55 . Fig. 7. (a) AOT MODIS values. The 1- The 1-sigma standard deviation of SSA is within the uncertainty ( Fig. 6. accumulated within thelatitude domain and of longitude interest range ofmap (purple indicate this box) FNR domain shown is 51 in the map inset in FRP are shown in orange.