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A Antitrust law, 17, 113, 114, 125, 126, Absence of law, 18, 176–178, 182, 181 184 Article 1, 87, 89, 98, 105, 136 Acceptance, 5, 28, 92, 123, 150, Australia, 73, 105, 127, 163, 164 176 Authority, 8–10, 28, 30, 101, 133, Acquiesce, 7, 178 136, 141, 144, 162, 169, 181 Acquiescence, 10, 182 Advised, 155–157 Afsluitdijk, 109 B Against the law, 69, 88, 91–94, 103, Beetham, D., 30, 35, 169 116, 124, 137, 176, 177 Before the law, 88, 92, 94, 103, 116, Age, 13, 159, 168, 179 137, 176, 177 Agenda, 11, 12, 66, 71, 72, 182 Belgium, 28, 36, 37, 149 Alienated voters, 154 Bivariate correlation coeffcients, 165 American conception of legal Bivariate correlations, 164, 168 consciousness, 67 Blacklisting, 120 American legal culture, 28, 34 Bottom-up, 117 Amsterdam, 15 Broad conception of legal equality, 98, Analytical framework, 15, 44, 49, 60, 102, 103 65 Brussels, 123, 149 Anderson, E., 56, 59, 158, 181 Bukowina, 69, 71 Anger, 2, 3, 39, 181 Businessmen, 72, 78, 115–117, 126 Anomie, 51, 52, 56 Business people, 17, 72, 127, 158

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 207 M. Hertogh, Nobody’s Law, Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60397-5 208 Index

C Controversy, 3, 88, 94, 102, 136 Canada, 76, 119 Corporatist tradition, 112 Careless driving, 5 Cotterrell, R., 13–15, 29, 179, 180 Cartels, 110, 112, 119, 126 Counterhegemony, 158 Case studies, 15, 17, 18, 44, 65, 78, Courtroom, 1, 2, 4, 38, 39 88, 91–94, 98, 101, 104–106, Criminal justice system, 10, 41, 59, 111, 121, 122, 125, 127, 132, 142, 143, 152, 160 134, 140, 142–144, 150, 151, Critical approach, 6, 9, 12, 13, 68, 75, 153, 154, 158, 161, 171, 78, 176, 177, 183 178–181, 184 Critical edge, 12, 75 Chair, 2, 3, 9, 114, 149, 152 Critical empiricism, 66, 73 Chicago, 54, 162 Critical legal consciousness studies, 7, Citizen advice bureau, 101 9–11, 14, 67, 68, 71, 75, 179, Citizen agents, 144 183 Civil engineering, 111 Critical Legal Studies, 7 Class, 158, 161 Critics, 9, 33, 51, 66, 67, 74, 158 Code of the street, 56, 181 Cronbach’s alpha, 164 Cognitive dimension, 57 Cynicism, 34 The Common Place of Law, 74, 176 Cynics, 50, 59, 60, 88, 100, 111, 121, Community service, 2–5 133, 141, 154–158 Competition, 110–112, 118, 124, 125, 179, 180 Competition law, 18, 78, 79, 110, D 111, 116, 121, 124, 125, 127, Debunking, 43 151, 152, 161 Demonstrations, 10, 149 Complaints, 39, 40, 88–90, 92, 94, Dependent variable, 66, 68, 71, 95, 101, 138 137, 164 Compliance, 7, 16, 18, 43, 93, 110, Deterrence, 163, 164, 166, 169 114, 119, 154, 161–164, 166, Diffuse support, 30 168, 169, 171 Dimensions, 50, 55, 163, 180 Conceptual law-frst perspective, 11 Direct discrimination, 89, 151 Confdence, 10, 30, 33, 43, 59, 142, Disconnection, 14, 54, 55, 106, 150 158, 163 Discontent, 8, 14, 38, 54, 176 Constitutional state, 92, 95 Discretion, 132, 144 Construction industry, 18, 79, Discrimination, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 110–127, 151–154, 158, 161, 96, 97, 99–101, 103, 104, 106, 171, 178, 179, 181, 184 136, 152 Constructivist grounded theory, 74 Disenchantment, 9 Contingency theory, 78 Dispute processing, 183 Contract, 72, 115–117, 119, 126 Disputes, 70, 72, 115, 155 Contractors, 18, 79, 110–113, Dissent, 10 116–127, 151–154, 158, 161, Distance, 5, 14, 55, 56, 99, 121, 150, 171, 181, 184 151, 178, 180 Index 209

Distrust, 32, 34, 159, 160 Ethnicity, 159, 160, 168 Durkheim, E., 51 Ethnographic methods, 66, 76 Dutch Central Fine Collection Agency Ethnography, 54, 56, 181 (CJIB), 163, 167–169 Eurobarometer, 30, 31 Dutch Competition Act, 112 Europe, 7, 28, 35, 36, 50, 54, 66, 69 Dutch Constitution, 87, 89, 105, 136, European Commission, 110, 112, 123 137 European conception of legal con- Dutch Equal Treatment Commission, sciousness, 69 88, 102 European Social Survey, 30 Dutch House of Representatives, 104 Everyday life, 6, 11–13, 17, 18, Dutch justice system, 4, 6, 28, 29, 31, 44, 60, 65, 71, 74, 76, 78, 87, 34, 36, 40, 42–44 102, 103, 150, 171, 175–177, Dutch legal culture, 27–29, 33, 36, 179–182, 184 43, 44, 124, 125, 178 Ewick, P., 7, 8, 11, 15, 60, 67–69, Dutch public opinion climate, 18 74–76, 91, 92, 94, 110, 116, Dutch Traffc Act, 4, 14 137, 150, 158, 161, 176, 177, 179, 183, 184 Exclusion, 119, 126 E Exit, 179 Easton, D., 30, 43 External legal culture, 29, 55 Education, 9, 89, 159, 161, 168 External understandings of law, 14, Ehrlich, E., 13, 16, 67, 69–71, 180, 54, 56, 151 183 Einzelfallgerechtigkeit, 142, 152 Ellickson, R., 13, 180, 183 F Empirical research, 8, 10, 12, 50, 51, Facebook, 4, 6 53, 73, 184 Fairness, 16, 38, 40, 44, 106, 159, Engel, D., 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 163 66–68, 183 Faith, 6, 8, 9, 97, 144, 150, 153, England, 50, 55, 58, 76, 155, 157 183 Equality, 87, 88, 98, 99, 102–106, Fiddling with Millions, 110, 112 118, 132, 134, 136, 137, 139, Flash Eurobarometer, 31, 36, 37 140, 162, 181 Florida, 150 Equal Treatment Act (ETA), 89–94, Formal equality, 132, 140, 143, 151, 97–101, 103–105, 136, 150, 153 152, 161, 182 Frame of analysis, 42, 50, 95 Equal Treatment Commission, 89, 98, Friedman, L., 14, 29, 55 102, 104, 152, 153, 161 Front-line offcials, 131–134, 137, Erik, 1 140, 142–145, 151–154, 158, Erosion, 14, 16–18, 28, 43, 150, 154, 176 182, 184 Estrangement, 50, 51, 53, 54 Frustration, 3, 39, 184 210 Index

G Immoral, 124, 127, 152 Game, 8, 92, 119 Income, 72, 133, 159–161, 168 Gap, 7–9, 53, 56, 68, 102, 125, 133, Incompatibility thesis, 77 142, 151, 182 Independent variable, 68, 71, 134, Gender, 58, 89, 100, 158, 159, 161, 168 164 Generalize, 153, 154 Index of legitimacy, 35 General justice, 142 Indifference, 94, 95 General public, 4, 14, 17, 18, 29, 41, Indirect discrimination, 89, 92, 93, 55, 78, 92, 94, 100 100, 101, 151 Genn, H., 10, 50, 55, 58, 59, Individual justice, 142 155–157 Indonesian quarter, 132–145, 151– Grounded theory, 74 154, 171, 179, 182, 184 Group rights, 102 Input legitimacy, 5 Insiders, 118 Institutional law-frst perspective, 11 H Instrumental approach, 162 Handshake, 89–91, 98, 99, 102, 105 Internal legal culture, 29, 55 Hart, HLA, 54 Internal understandings of law, 14 Hashtag activism, 10 Internet, 66 Have-Nots, 66, 71–73, 154, 158, 161 Interpretative bias, 11 Haves, 66, 71, 73, 154, 158, 161 Interpretivist, 77 Hegemonic legality, 11, 176 Interviews, 2, 17, 39, 68, 72, 75, 77, Hegemony, 7, 8, 11, 176, 178, 182 90, 91, 93–97, 99, 100, 104, Hegemony of law, 10 111, 127, 132, 135, 136, 138, Herz, J., 43 143 High trust, 27, 28 Italy, 119 Hirschman, 178 Ivory tower, 38 Holmes, Sherlock, 184 Ize, 2 Homo juralis, 8 Homo juridicus, 57 Hong Kong, 50, 105 J Housing, 136 Judge, 1–3, 5, 9, 28–30, 33–35, Housing association, 133, 139 38–44, 55, 67, 70, 71, 91, 143, Housing policy, 135, 136, 141, 153 149, 152, 159, 160 Human rights, 105, 134 Judicial disqualifcation, 39, 40 Juridifcation, 72, 179 Jury, 41 I Justice, 68 Identifcation, 170, 171 Justice system, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, Identity, 7, 60, 97 18, 27, 29–31, 33–38, 40–44, Illegal clearing system, 110 55, 56, 143, 150, 151, 153, 154, Immigrants, 160 158–161, 171, 176, 178, 184 Index 211

K Legal infation, 179, 180 Kafka, F., 55 Legal institutions, 8, 9, 11, 27–30, 33, Knowledge and Opinion about Law 42, 44, 58, 68, 70, 178 (KOL), 57, 184 Legalism, 116 Legalistic, 98, 102, 116, 152 Legalists, 50, 57–60, 121, 154–157 L Legality, 11, 74, 132, 134, 135, 137, Law-abiding, 28, 35 140, 143, 151, 153, 162, 176, Law and society research, 6, 7, 11, 16, 177, 183 54, 57, 66, 67, 180, 183 Legal meaninglessness, 50, 55, 56, Law in action, 7–9, 14, 67–70, 182 60, 88, 100, 104, 111, 121, 127, Law in the books, 7–9, 14, 15, 68 151, 178 Lay participation, 41 Legal mobilization, 7, 76, 154 Laypeople, 100, 180 Legal myths, 182 Legal advice, 155 Legal needs, 159, 183 Legal alienation, 6, 14–18, 49, 50, Legal pluralism, 12, 183 53–57, 59, 65, 78, 100, 104, Legal powerlessness, 50, 55, 56, 60, 111, 121, 122, 144, 149–158, 88, 100, 101, 111, 121, 122, 161, 162, 171, 176, 178, 180, 127, 133, 141, 143, 151, 152, 181, 184 178 Legal awareness, 58, 92, 121, 155, Legal professionals, 18, 29, 78, 91–94, 156 100–103, 151, 152, 154, 158, Legal consciousness, 6–9, 11, 12, 14– 161 18, 65–67, 178–180, 182–184 Legal proliferation, 179–181 Legal culture, 28, 29, 50, 54, 105, Legal theory, 54, 76 183 Legal value isolation, 50, 60, 88, 100, Legal cynicism, 50, 54, 56, 60, 88, 102, 111 100, 101, 104, 111, 121–123, Legal wind-chill factor, 15 127, 133, 141, 143, 151, 152, Legitimacy, 8, 10, 14, 16–18, 28–30, 171, 178 42, 163, 164, 168–171, 176, 178 Legal doctrine, 57, 68, 132, 145, 151 Legitimacy crisis, 43 Legal equality, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 98, Levine, K., 11–13, 66, 67, 74, 106, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 139, 158, 179, 183 142, 150–152 Lipsky, M., 131, 140 Legalese, 116 Living law, 13, 16, 69–71, 183 Legal ethos, 49 Local government, 18, 72, 79, 98, Legal explosion, 179 133, 158, 161 Legal hegemony, 6, 8, 18, 175–178, Local group norms, 69 182, 184 Local legal order, 111 Legal ideals, 9, 10, 153, 178, 182 Local norms, 103, 105, 126 Legal identifcation, 58, 59, 121, 140, Lovell, G., 9, 10, 176, 178, 182, 183 155 Low trust, 28 212 Index

Loyalists, 50, 60, 121, 154–157 Neighborhood Intervention Team Loyalty, 43, 92, 179 Zwolle (NITZ), 133–141, 143 Lucia de B., 59 Nelken, D., 29, 68–71 Lumpers, 155–157 New gap, 14 New legal pluralism, 67 Newspapers, 3, 9, 28 M New Zealand, 105 Macaulay, S., 72, 114–117, 119, 120, Non-discrimination law, 17, 18, 78, 126, 183 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, Malinowski, B., 114 102–106, 151, 152, 161 Market-allocation, 110 Non-state law, 11, 13, 67, 179–181, 183 Martin, Trayvon, 150 Normative alignment, 127, 162, 169 Marx, K., 51 Normative approach, 162 Mashaw, J., 132, 144 Normative dimension, 57 Material equality, 132, 137, 140, 143, Normative profles, 50, 57, 58, 60, 151 155, 156 Measures of trust, 34 Normative support, 126, 127, 144 Media, 114, 132, 151 Normgerechtigkeit, 142, 152 Mellema, V., 11–13, 66, 67, 74, 106, Normlessness, 52, 56 158, 179, 183 Norms for decision, 70 Merton, R., 52, 60 Methodology, 16, 18, 29, 67, 77 Miscarriages of justice, 28, 59 O Mistrust, 138 Objective alienation, 51 Mixed methods, 17, 44, 66, 77, 78 Objective justifcation, 95 Moniek, 2 Observations, 17, 35, 75, 77, 132, 150 Monopoly, 125 Old gap, 14 Moore, S., 13, 180, 183 Ordinary citizens, 50, 66, 78, 91, 99, Multi-dimensional, 35 103, 106, 132 Mundane, 8, 18, 150 Ordinary people, 6, 10, 13, 17, 28, Muslim, 76, 88, 90, 94, 96, 97, 101, 55, 59, 66, 71, 88, 91, 92, 104 99–101, 106, 151, 152, 158, Myth, 43, 140 161, 171 Output-legitimacy, 5 Outsiders, 49, 50, 59, 60, 88, 100, N 111, 118, 121, 133, 141, Narrow conception of legal equality, 154–158 98, 102, 103 National Antitrust Authority (NMa), 112, 114, 120 P Neighbourhood, 54, 79, 90, 103, Parliament, 104, 110 132, 133, 136, 137, 139–142, Parliamentary enquiry, 110, 111, 113, 158 120, 126, 181 Index 213

Peer opinion, 163, 164, 166 Public outcry, 6, 9 People’s law, 181 Punitiveness, 38, 40 Perceptions, 6, 15, 17, 60, 66, 68, 74, Punitiveness defcit, 40, 41 76, 106, 111, 132, 162, 169, 175 Personalistic value orientation, 137, 139, 142 Q Personal morality, 163, 164, 166, 169 Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Phantom book-keeping, 117 76–78 Philadelphia, 56, 59, 181 Police, 3, 54, 133–136, 138, 143– 145, 162, 164, 166–169, 181 R Policy alienation, 52 Race, 58, 89, 102, 136, 161 Political alienation, 51, 154 Rechtsstaat, 6, 18, 28, 79, 99, Political science, 50, 154 132–135, 137, 140, 141, 143, Popular support, 27 145, 151, 152, 162 Positivist, 77 Reciprocity, 118 Pound, R., 67–69, 150 Regression analysis, 168–170 Power, 7, 8, 12, 30, 34, 74, 77, 182, Replication, 154, 171 183 Reputation, 119, 120, 126, 139 Pragmatics, 36 Research participants, 66, 74, 75, 115, Pragmatism, 77, 78 145, 177 Pre-consultations, 112, 114, 117, 119 Research tradition, 182, 183 Price-erosion, 125 Resistance, 10, 177 Price-fxing, 110, 114, 120, 123, Respect, 3, 153, 167 125–127, 161 Responsiveness, 28, 38–41, 132, 137, Privacy, 134, 135, 142 138, 140, 143, 151 Procedural justice, 16, 164, 167–169 Responsiveness defcit, 41 Procedural justice model, 16, 163, Risk of punishment, 163 164, 167–169 Rule of law, 10, 44, 54, 132, 135 Procurement, 121, 122, 151 Rule of men, 135 Protest, 4, 8, 10, 149 Protest marches, 149 Psychological distance, 54 S Public attitudes, 29, 35, 49 Salience of law, 12, 18, 178, 182, 183 Public dissatisfaction, 15, 29, 40, 42, 44 Sanctions, 41, 72, 110, 115, 117, 119, Public hearings, 111, 113, 118, 122, 132 181 Sarat, A., 8, 10, 11, 28, 29, 34, 35, Public law, 17, 18, 78, 79, 132–134, 38, 42, 67, 71, 73, 76, 132, 158, 137, 140–145, 152, 153, 161 177, 180 Public offcials, 17, 52, 72, 78, 114, Savigny, F. von, 70 132, 138, 140, 142, 144 Savigny, 70 Public opinion surveys, 9, 18, 28–30, Secular approach, 6, 12, 75, 177, 34, 35, 43, 159, 160, 184 183 214 Index

Secular approach to legal T consciousness, 12, 78, 183 Thailand, 13 Seeman, M., 14, 50–53, 56, 102 Tobriand Islanders, 114 Self-helpers, 155–157 Top-down, 117 Self-regulation, 112, 126 Traffc offenders, 163, 164, 167, 168, Self-reported compliance, 164, 166, 170, 171 168–170 Traffc rules, 139, 152, 164, 166, 167, Sense of justice, 5, 14, 69 169 Separation, 54, 134, 150 Trust, 10, 16, 27–37, 42–44, 58, 111, Sexual harassment, 76, 158 115–117, 122, 126, 143, 152, Silbey, S., 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 44, 60, 159, 160, 167, 169, 178 66–69, 71, 73–76, 91, 92, 94, TV documentary, 112, 113 103, 110, 116, 137, 150, 158, Twitter, 4, 6 161, 176–180, 182–184 Two Conceptions of Equality, 98 Sliding scale, 59 Tyler, T., 16, 30, 34, 35, 154, Social control, 67, 181 162–164, 166–171 Social engineers, 68 Typology, 55, 116, 137, 176, 178, Social housing, 133, 136 183 Socially marginalized groups, 154, 158, 161 Social media, 1, 3, 4, 9, 14, 151 U Social protest, 10 Undocumented immigrants, 158 Social security, 133 United States, 7, 58, 66, 69, 105, Socio-legal studies, 7, 75 119, 127, 144, 150, 154 Sociology of law, 7, 13, 16, 67, 69, Utrecht, 89, 90, 94, 98, 102, 103, 71, 114 151 Spaghetti ruling, 149 Special contracts, 139 Spectrum, 56, 150, 151 V State agents, 144 Vader Rijn College, 89, 99, 103, 105, State law, 11–14, 55, 67, 68, 150, 151 177, 179–181, 183 Validity, 111 Story, 6, 53, 55, 133, 144, 175, 182, 184 Vehicular manslaughter, 4 Street justice, 144, 181 Verdict, 2–5, 9 Street-level bureaucrats, 131, 132, Voice, 14, 39, 55, 151, 171, 179 140, 178 Street-level drug economy, 158 Structurally contested, 29, 41, 42 W Subjective alienation, 51 Wales, 50, 55, 58, 155, 157 Sullen toleration, 42–44, 49, 154, Weber, M., 30 158, 178 Welfare poor, 71, 132 Survey research, 9, 16, 33, 154, 158 Welfare recipients, 158 Sweden, 105 Index 215

With the law, 5, 14, 16, 58–60, 88, Y 92, 94, 103, 114, 116, 163, 167, YouTube, 3 169, 171, 176, 177 Work alienation, 51 Working-class Americans, 68, 132 Z World Values Survey, 30 Zwolle, 138, 139