Wireless-Powered Communication Networks Edited by Dusit Niyato , Ekram Hossain , Dong in Kim , Vijay Bhargava , Lotfollah Shafai Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13569-7 — Wireless-Powered Communication Networks Edited by Dusit Niyato , Ekram Hossain , Dong In Kim , Vijay Bhargava , Lotfollah Shafai Frontmatter More Information

Wireless-Powered Communication Networks Architectures, Protocols, and Applications

Learn the fundamentals of architecture design, protocol optimization, and application development for wireless-powered communication networks with this authoritative guide. You will gain a detailed understanding of the issues surrounding architecture and protocol design, with key topics covered including relay-based energy harvesting systems, multiple-antenna systems for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), performance modeling and analysis, and ambient wireless energy- harvesting-based cellular systems. Current applications of energy harvesting and transfer in different wireless networking scenarios are discussed, helping you to under- stand practical system development and implementation issues from an engineering perspective. The ﬁrst book to provide a uniﬁed view of energy harvesting and wireless power transfer networks from a communications perspective, this is an essential text for researchers working on wireless communication networks and wireless systems, RF engineers, and wireless application developers.

Dusit Niyato is an Associate Professor in the School of Computer Science and Engineer- ing at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is the recipient of the IEEE Communications Society Asia Paciﬁc Best Young Researcher Award and the IEEE Communications Society Fred W. Ellersick Prize Paper Award. Ekram Hossain is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Manitoba, Canada, and a Fellow of the IEEE. He is the co-editor or -author of several books, including Wireless Device-to-Device Communications and Networks (Cambridge, 2015) and Cooperative Cellular Wireless Networks (Cambridge, 2011). Dong In Kim is a Professor in the School of Information and Communication Engineer- ing at Sungkyunkwan University Korea. He previously served as the Founding Editor- in-Chief for the IEEE Wireless Communications Letters (2012–2015), and in 2014 was the ﬁrst recipient of the ERC Excellence Award in Wireless Communications from the National Research Foundation of Korea Vijay Bhargava is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of British Columbia, Canada, where he is currently leading a major research program in 5G Wireless Systems. His previous positions include President of the IEEE’s Information Theory and Communications Societies, and Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. Lotfollah Shafai is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Electri- cal and Computer Engineering at the University of Manitoba, Canada. His numerous awards and recognitions include the Canada Council for the Arts Killam Prize in Engi- neering (2011), and the IEEE Chen-To-Tai Distinguished Educator Award (2009). He was also a Canada Research Chair in Applied Electromagnetics (2001–2015).

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13569-7 — Wireless-Powered Communication Networks Edited by Dusit Niyato , Ekram Hossain , Dong In Kim , Vijay Bhargava , Lotfollah Shafai Frontmatter More Information

“This is a brilliant piece of work which provides a holistic view of the emerging energy harvesting-based wireless communications and networking technology. Starting with thebasics...,thebook cohesively covers different aspects of this technology, including circuit and antenna design issues for wireless energy harvesting devices and performance modeling and analysis of wireless energy harvesting and transfer-based wireless networks, as well as applications of this technology in different wireless networking scenarios. Standardization activities on wireless energy harvesting and transfer are also discussed. As a valuable addition to the library of graduate students, researchers and practitioners working in this area, this book will equip them for further reading and research on this exciting technology.” Vahid Tarokh, Harvard University

“Wireless power transfer and energy harvesting networks have received tremendous attention in both the research community and industry recently . . . This book contains a comprehensive review of the various topics which are nicely organised and blended in a coherent manner. It will be an excellent introductory text to get into this exciting new topic of research.” Vincent Lau, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Wireless-Powered Communication Networks Architectures, Protocols, and Applications

DUSIT NIYATO Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

EKRAM HOSSAIN University of Manitoba, Canada

DONG IN KIM Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

VIJAY BHARGAVA University of British Columbia, Canada

LOTFOLLAH SHAFAI University of Manitoba, Canada

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www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107135697 © Cambridge University Press 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2017 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Names: Niyato, Dusit, editor author. Title: Wireless-powered communication networks : architectures, protocols, and applications / [edited by] Dusit Niyato, Nanyang Technological University, Ekram Hossain, University of Manitoba, Dong In Kim, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Vijay Bhargava, University of British Columbia, Lotfollah Shafai, University of Manitoba, Canada. Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiﬁers: LCCN 2016021099 | ISBN 9781107135697 (Hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Wireless communication systems–Power supply. | Electromagnetic induction. | Microharvesters (Electronics) | Computer network architectures. | Computer network protocols. Classiﬁcation: LCC TK5103.2 .W574126 2017 | DDC 004.6–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021099 ISBN 978-1-107-13569-7 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of contributors page ix Preface xi

Part I Basics of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer Technology 1

1 Basics of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer 3 Dusit Niyato, Ekram Hossain, and Xiao Lu

1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 History of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer Technology 5 1.3 Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer Technology 7 1.4 Wireless-Powered Communication Networks 17 1.5 International Standards 20 1.6 Implementation Examples 31 1.7 Summary 36 References 36

2 Circuit Design for Wireless Energy Harvesting 44 Min Jae Kim, Kae Won Choi, Dong In Kim, Youngoo Yang, Kang Yoon Lee, and Keum Cheol Hwang

2.1 Introduction 44 2.2 Test-Beds for Long- and Short-Range RF Energy Harvesting Systems 45 2.3 Stored Energy Evolution Model for an IoT Sensor Node with Wireless Energy Harvesting Capability 74 2.4 Summary 84 References 85

3 Antennas for Wireless Energy Harvesting and Massive MIMO Applications 86 Zahra A. Pour, Lotfollah Shafai, Ali M. Mehrabani, and Navid Rezazadeh

3.1 Introduction 86 3.2 Historical Overview on Wireless Power Transmission 87 3.3 Wireless Power Transmission Techniques 89 3.4 Block Diagram of RF Wireless Power Transmission 92 3.5 Candidate Antennas 93

vi Contents

3.6 Universal Design Examples: Slotted Microstrip Patch Antennas 103 3.7 Wideband Diversity Antennas 109 3.8 Design III: Wideband Dual-Diversity Antenna 114 3.9 Antennas for Massive-MIMO Applications 123 3.10 Summary 126 References 127

Part II Architectures, Protocols, and Performance Analysis 133

4 Cooperative Networks with Wireless Energy Harvesting 135 Sudha Lohani, Roya Arab Loodaricheh, Shankhanaad Mallick, Ekram Hossain, and Vijay Bhargava

4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 Relay-Based Energy Harvesting Systems 137 4.3 Relay Operation Policy 139 4.4 Resource Allocation 146 4.5 Open Issues and Challenges 164 4.6 Summary 166 References 167

5 Multiple Antennas and Beamforming for SWIPT Systems 170 Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, Shiyang Leng, and Robert Schober

5.1 Introduction 170 5.2 System Model 174 5.3 Single-Objective Optimization 174 5.4 Multi-Objective SWIPT Optimization 190 5.5 Secure Communications in SWIPT Systems 199 5.6 Research Challenges 207 5.7 Summary 209 5.8 Appendix 209 References 212

6 Backscattering Wireless-Powered Communications 217 Dinh Thai Hoang

6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 Application of Backscattering Communication in Wireless-Powered Body Area Networks 222 6.3 Future Research Directions 240 6.4 Summary 241 6.5 Appendix 242 References 244

Contents vii

7 Dedicated Wireless Energy Harvesting in Cellular Networks: Performance Modeling and Analysis 246 Hina Tabassum and Ekram Hossain

7.1 Introduction 246 7.2 Major Challenges in Dedicated Wireless Energy Harvesting 247 7.3 Centralized and Decentralized Dedicated WEH Architectures: Comparative Analysis 250 7.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 258 7.5 Summary 261 References 263

8 Ambient Wireless Energy Harvesting in Small Cell Networks: Performance Modeling and Analysis 265 Ahmed Hamdi Sakr, Hina Tabassum, and Ekram Hossain

8.1 Introduction 265 8.2 Challenges in Ambient Wireless Energy Harvesting in Small Cell Networks 266 8.3 RF Ambient Energy Harvesting: Literature Review 268 8.4 Ambient Energy Harvesting: Network Performance Modeling and Analysis 271 8.5 Discussion 277 8.6 Uplink Coverage Probability 280 8.7 Numerical Results and Discussion 281 8.8 Summary 286 References 286

Part III Applications of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer 289

9 Sensor Networks with Wireless Energy Harvesting 291 Xiao Lu

9.1 Introduction 291 9.2 Static Wireless Charger Deployment 291 9.3 Mobile Sensor Charger Optimization 298 9.4 Hardware Designs for Sensor Nodes with Wireless Energy Harvesting 309 9.5 Energy Scheduling in Wireless-Powered Sensor Networks 311 9.6 Future Research Directions 326 9.7 Summary 329 References 329

10 Cognitive Radio Networks with Wireless Energy Harvesting 338 Dinh Thai Hoang

10.1 Introduction 338 10.2 Opportunistic Channel Access for RF-powered Cognitive Radio Networks 343

viii Contents

10.3 Performance Optimization for Cooperative Multiuser Cognitive Radio Networks with RF Energy Harvesting Capability 355 10.4 Performance Optimization for Wireless-Powered Cognitive Radio Networks under Smart Jamming Attacks 368 10.5 Future Research Directions 379 10.6 Summary 380 References 381

11 Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and Delay-Tolerant Networks With Wireless Energy Harvesting 383 Dusit Niyato

11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Basics of MANETs and DTNs 384 11.3 Cooperation in DTNs 389 11.4 Delay-Limited Communication in MANETs 403 11.5 Mobile Energy Sharing 413 11.6 Future Research Directions 424 11.7 Summary 425 References 426 Index 430

Contributors

Vijay Bhargava University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Kae Won Choi Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

Dinh Thai Hoang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Ekram Hossain University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Keum Cheol Hwang Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

Dong In Kim Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

Min Jae Kim Sungkyankwan University, Korea

Kang Yoon Lee Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

Shiyang Leng The Pennsylvania State University, USA

Sudha Lohani University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Roya Arab Loodaricheh 314-2730 Acadia Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada

x List of contributors

Xiao Lu University of Alberta, AB, Canada

Shankhanaad Mallick 110-8738 French Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ali M. Mehrabani University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Derrick Wing Kwan Ng University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Dusit Niyato Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Zahra A. Pour University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA

Navid Rezazadeh University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Ahmed Hamdi Sakr University of Monitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Robert Schober Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Lotfollah Shafai University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Hina Tabassum University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Youngoo Ynag Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

Preface

Recently, there has been an upsurge of research interest in wireless-powered communication networks. These networks are based on energy harvesting and/or energy transfer technology, for mobile devices using wireless propagation media. This technology offers the capability of using different types of wireless medium, such as radio frequency and magnetic induction, to carry energy from dedicated sources to wireless nodes or to harvest energy from ambient sources. Therefore, this has become a promis- ing solution to power energy-constrained wireless networks. Conventionally, energy- constrained wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks have a limited life- time, which leads to significant deterioration in network performance and usability. By contrast, a network with wireless energy harvesting and transfer capability can be powered without using a fixed power supply. For example, it can harvest energy from environmental sources such as solar and wind energy or from other dedicated or non- dedicated sources which are tetherless. Hence, there is no need to charge or replace the batteries physically, which can improve the flexibility and availability of the network substantially. Wireless energy has many advantages over other energy sources, including indoor support and stable and more predictable supply. There are three major types of wireless energy harvesting and transfer technique, namely, radio frequency (RF), inductive coupling, and magnetic resonance coupling techniques. In RF energy harvesting, radio signals with frequencies in the range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz are used as a medium to carry energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Inductive coupling is based on magnetic coupling that delivers electrical energy between two coils tuned to resonate at the same frequency. The electric power is carried through the magnetic field between two coils. Magnetic resonance coupling utilizes evanescent-wave coupling to generate and transfer electrical energy between two resonators. The resonator is formed by adding a capacitance on an induction coil. Inductive coupling and magnetic resonance coupling are near-field wireless transmission techniques featuring high power density and conversion efficiency. By contrast, RF energy transfer can be regarded as a far-field energy transfer technique. It is suit- able for powering a larger number of devices distributed over a wide area. Wireless energy harvesting and transfer have found many applications and have recently been implemented in many devices, including mobile phones, healthcare devices, sensors, and RFID tags. With the increasing number of applications of RF energy harvesting/charging, the Wireless Power Consortium is also making efforts toward establishing an international standard for RF energy harvesting and transfer technology.

xii Preface

Although wireless energy harvesting and transfer can be adopted in different types of wireless network, such as wireless sensor networks, mobile ad-hoc networks, and delay- tolerant networks, to provide the power supply for the wireless nodes, it introduces many challenges. Unlike other forms of energy harvesting, e.g., wind, solar, and vibration, the efficiency of wireless energy harvesting and transfer depends on the relative distances between the energy sources and the harvesting devices of the wireless nodes. Therefore, the locations or placements as well as the density of power sources become a significant architectural issue for such networks. Moreover, with dedicated power sources in a wireless network, issues such as scheduling of users for energy transfer (or charging) as well as data transfer and transmission scheduling of data packets in the energy harvesting wireless nodes become important. Efficient usage of the harvested energy depends on the communication protocols used by these devices as well as other network nodes such as the base stations. Therefore, the schemes and solutions developed for traditional wireless communication networks without or with other forms of energy harvesting have to be revisited. They have to be redesigned and developed to meet the unique challenges that arise due to the distinctive nature of wireless energy harvesting and transfer. This book entitled Wireless-Powered Communication Networks: Architectures, Pro- tocols, and Applications provides a comprehensive treatment of the latest research and technological developments concerning the architectures, protocols, and applications of networks with wireless energy harvesting and transfer capability. It is divided into three parts: Basics of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer Technology (Part I), Architectures, Protocols, and Performance Analysis (Part II), and Applications of Wire- less Energy Harvesting and Transfer (Part III). It starts with an introduction to the circuit and antenna design of wireless energy harvesting and transfer devices as well as the standardization efforts toward wireless energy transfer and harvesting technology (Part I). Then, in Part II, the book deals with several issues related to architecture and protocol design for networks with wireless energy harvesting and transfer capability. The topics covered in this part include relay-based energy harvesting systems and the related radio resource management issues, multiple antenna systems for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), backscattering wireless-powered communications systems, and performance modeling and analysis of dedicated wireless energy harvesting as well as ambient wireless energy harvesting-based cellular systems. Part III of the book deals with applications of energy harvesting and transfer in different wireless networking scenarios, including those in sensor networks, cognitive radio networks, and mobile ad-hoc and delay-tolerant networks. In addition to reviewing the existing approaches for design and operation of energy harvesting wireless networks, the book also outlines the open issues and research challenges in this emerging area which will need to be explored by researchers. The book provides the following. • Background on wireless energy harvesting and transfer for RF, inductive coupling, and magnetic resonant coupling methods; • Introduction to the circuit and antenna design issues for energy-harvesting devices;

Preface xiii

• Reviews of several important network architecture and protocol design issues and performance analysis models for wireless energy harvesting and transfer-based wireless networks; • Applications of wireless energy harvesting and transfer in different wireless networking scenarios; • Standardization activities on wireless energy harvesting and transfer; • A comprehensive list of references on topics related to wireless energy harvesting and transfer technology; • Potential research directions. We would like to acknowledge various grant-awarding agencies that supported part of the work reported in this book. These agencies include the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (2014R1A5A1011478) and Singapore MOE Tier 1 (RG18/13 and RG33/12) and MOE Tier 2 (MOE2014-T2- 2-015 ARC 4/15).