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PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 124, Number 12, December 1996, Pages 3637–3640 S 0002-9939(96)03584-8

ON RATIONAL INVARIANTS OF THE GROUP E6

A. V. ILTYAKOV

(Communicated by Eric Friedlander)

Abstract. We prove rationality of the field of invariants in several variables of a minimal irreducible representation of a simple of type E6 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero.

This note completes the main result of [3], where the reader can find an extensive introduction and basic notations. Let A = H(O3) be an [4, p.21] over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0. Any element x A satisfies a cubic equation over F ∈ 3 2 (1) x x t1(x)+xt2(x) et3(x)=0, − −

where e is the unit of A, t1(x)isthetracetr(x)ofxand t3(x) is the cubic norm N(x)ofx. The group of norm-preserving linear transformations

M = g End(A) g is invertible, x A N(x g)=N(x) { ∈ | ∀ ∈ · }

is a simple algebraic group of type E6 [1] and A is an irreducible M-module of dimension 27 [5, th.14]. The form tr(xy) is nondegenerate. For g End(A) denote ∈ by g∗ the transposed transformation with respect to this form. We may consider τ τ 1 A as an M-module A∗ under the action x x g ,whereg g =(g∗)− is → · → an (outer) of M [4, p.370, ex.2] (in other words, A∗ is the module contragredient to A). Let Vk,m = kA mA∗,wherekA(mA∗) is the direct sum ⊕ of k (m)copiesofA(A∗)andMacts diagonally.

M Theorem 1. For any k, m 0 the field of rational invariants F (Vk,m) is purely transcendental over F . ≥

M M Proof. Since F (Vk,m) F(Vm,k) , we can assume that k 1. Using the slice method [2] (see also, for' example, [8]), we shall show that this≥ field is isomorphic to a simple transcendental extension of F (nA)G,wheren=m+k 1andGis the group of Aut(A). Since rationality of the latter field− is obtained in [3], this will prove the statement. In particular, the transcendence degree of this

Received by the editors June 8, 1995. 1991 Subject Classification. Primary 20G15; Secondary 17C20. Key words and phrases. Algebraic groups, invariant theory. During 1993/94 a Becario de FICYT at the University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.

c 1996 American Mathematical Society

3637

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field is computed in the following way (cf. [3]): 30 + 27(m + k 4),m+k 4, − ≥ M 11,m+k=3, tr. degF F (Vk,m) =   3,m+k=2,  1,m+k=1.  Lemma 1 ([5, th.7], [4, p.244]). 1.Ifa Aand N(a)=1, then there is η M such that a η = e. ∈ ∈ 2. If φ ·M and e φ = e,thenφis an automorphism of A. ∈ · From the lemma it follows that the subspace

E = a¯ =(a1,... ,ak,b1,... ,bm) Vk,m ak eF { ∈ | ∈ } M N(E) is a slice of the M-module Vk,m [2, sect.3]. Hence, F (Vk,m) F(E) ,where ' N(E)= φ M E φ E .Also,N(E)=G C3,whereC3 is the group of { ∈ | · ⊆ } × 3 linear transformations Rx : y yx,wherex=eξ, ξ F and ξ =1. → ∈ Notice that E = eF Vk 1,m. Denote by t the coordinate function of the first ⊕ − summand and by yi (zi) the projector from kA (mA∗)ontothei-th summand (generic elements of A [3]). Consider a monomorphism ψ : F (Vk 1,m) F (E): if − → f = f(y2,... ,yk,z1,... ,zm), then ψ(f)=f(y2/t,...,yk/t, z1t,...,zmt). Since τ G N(E) Rx = Rx 1 for Rx C3, the K of F (Vk 1,m) lies in F (E) = − ∈ − (F (E)G)C3 .ObservethatF(E) can be considered as the field of rational func- tions of the G-module Vk 1,m F F (t)overF(t), where the generic elements are − ⊗ G y2/t,...,yk/t, z1t,...,zmt; hence, F (E) = K(t). Since for the extension degree N (E) G 3 N(E) M we have F (E) : F (E) =3,wegetK(t )=F(E) F(Vk,m) . | | ' It is known that the field of invariants F (kA)G is generated by trace polynomials M [3]. Working out this proof, we shall describe generators of the field F (Vk,m) in a similar way. Let N(x, y, z) be the linearization of N(x)(N(x, x, x)=3N(x)) and let x x# be a quadratic operation such that tr(x#y)=N(x, x, y) [4, 6]. Also, → # # # x y =(x+y) x y . Consider a pair of subspaces ∆, ∆∗ A F F [Vk,m] which× are minimal− with− the following properties: ⊆ ⊗

1. y1,... ,yk ∆, z1,... ,zm ∆∗; ∈ ∈ 2. if u, v ∆(u, v ∆∗), then u v ∆∗ (∆); ∈ ∈ × ∈ M Theorem 2. The field F (Vk,m) is generated by elements N(u), u ∆. ∈ By the definition of x x#, for any g M we have (x g)# = x# gτ .The next statement can be easily→ checked by induction.∈ · ·

Lemma 2. Let u ∆ (∆∗). Then for any g M the polynomial ∈ ∈ τ τ u(y1 g,...,yk g,z1 g ,... ,zm g ) · · · · is equal to u g (respectively, u gτ ). · · M In particular, this yields N(u) F (Vk,m) for any u ∆. Since M is a simple ∈ M ∈ , the field F (Vk,m) is generated by homogeneous polynomial invariants [7, sect.3.3 ]. Take such an invariant f = f(y1,... ,yk,z1,... ,zm)and k m put p = i=1 degyi (f), q = i=1 degzi (f). Recall that E is a slice and, therefore, the mapping π : f f E is a monomorphism from the algebra of polynomial P M→ | PN(E) invariants F [Vk,m] to F (E) and its image generates this field. Denote Ω =

License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use ON RATIONAL INVARIANTS OF THE GROUP E6 3639

M algF N(u) u ∆ F[Vk,m] . To prove the theorem it suffices to show that π(f){ belongs| to∈ the}⊆ field K generated by π(Ω). 3 p q Observe that t = π(N(y1)) K.Also,π(f)=ht − ,where ∈

h=f(e, y2/t,...,yk/t, z1t,...,zmt)=ψ(f˜)

˜ G ˜ N(E) p q and f = f y1=e F (Vk 1,m) . Recall that ψ(f) F (E) ; hence, t − also lies | ∈ − ∈ p q in this field. Therefore, r =(p q)/3 is an and t − K.Inparticular, ψ(˜g) is defined and belongs to K−for any g Ω and, therefore, for∈ any g F (Ω). If ∈ ∈ we show that f˜ =˜gfor some g F (Ω), then we shall get h = ψ(˜g) K and prove the theorem. ∈ ∈ G The field F (Vk 1,m) is generated by polynomials tr(u), where u − ∈ Bk+m 1 = algF y2,... ,yk,z1,... ,zm [3]. It suffices to show that tr(u)=˜g for an− appropriate{ g F (Ω). Let ∆Ω be} the Ω-module generated by ∆. ∈

Lemma 3. For any u Bk+m 1 there is hu ∆Ω such that hu y1=e = u. ∈ − ∈ | Proof. We shall need the following identities, which follow from [6, eq.(11),(21)]:

(2) a = a e + tr(a) e, − × ·

(3) a2 =(a e)# N(a, a, e)e. × − # # # Denote ω(a, b)= a b +N(a, b ,b )b.By (2), if a ∆∗ and b ∆, then ω(a, b) ∆Ω and−ω(a,× e)=a. We assume that u is a monomial∈ and∈ carry out ∈ an induction on its degree. First, put hy = yi,2 i k,andhz =ω(zl,y1), i ≤ ≤ l 1 l m. Now, suppose that deg(u) = 2, i.e. u has the form u1 = yiyj , u2 = zsyj ≤ ≤ or u3 = zszt. Using the linearized form of (3), we may put

hu =1/2(yi y1) (yj y1) N(yi,yj,y1)y1 . 1 × × × − Next,

hu = hu ,hu=hu . 2 1 |yi=ω(zs,y1) 3 2|yj=ω(zt,y1) We can assume that the lemma holds for an arbitrary monomial u Bk+m 1 of degree

To conclude the proof of Theorem 2 we may put g = N(hu,y1,y1).

M Recall that Ω lies in the algebra of polynomial invariants F [Vk,m] , and it looks probable that this algebra is generated by elements N(u), N(v), tr(uv), where u ∆, v ∆∗. ∈ ∈

Acknowledgments The author thanks A.Elduque and the referee for a useful remark which greatly reduced the original proof of Theorem 1.

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References

1. C. Chevalley, Sur certains groups simples, Tohoku Math. J., 7(1955), pp. 14-66. MR 17:457c 2. Igor V. Dolgachev, Rationality of fields of invariants, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., 46,part2, pp. 3-16, AMS, Prov., R.I., 1987. MR 89b:14064 3. A.V. Iltyakov and I.P. Shestakov, Invariants of F4 and center of the Albert algebra,J.Algebra, 179 (1996), pp. 838–851. CMP 96:07 4. N. Jacobson, Structure and Representations of Jordan Algebras,Amer.Math.Soc.Colloq. Publ. 39, Providence, 1968. MR 40:4330 5. N. Jacobson, Some groups of transformations defined by Jordan algebras. III, Groups of type E6, J.Reine Angew. Math., 207 (1961), pp. 61-85. MR 28:3066 6. K.McCrimmon, The Freudenthal-Springer-Tits constructions of exceptional Jordan algebras, Trans.Amer.Math.Soc., 139 (1969), pp. 495-510. MR 42:6064 7. V.L. Popov, E.B. Vinberg, Invariant Theory, Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. 55 Algebraic Geometry IV, Springer-Verlag, 1994, 123-284. MR 92d:14010 (Russian original). 8. D.J. Saltman, Invariant fields of linear groups and division algebras, Perspect. in Ring Theory (Antwerpen, 1987), pp. 279-297, NATO Adv.Sci.Inst. Ser.C: Math.Phys.Sci. 233,Kluwer Acad.Publ., Dordrecht, 1988. MR 91f:20053

Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosi- birsk, 630090, Russia Current address: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia

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