Briefing

The newsletter of the Archaeological and Historical Society

Issue 1, 2018 Wharram Percy - the site of a deserted medieval village on the edge of the Yorkshire Wolds. It became famous as a result of innovative excavations by Professor Maurice Beresford, of the University of and long-time Society member, and John Hurst, of the Ministry of Public Building and Works. Briefing Issue 1, 2018

Editorial

Welcome to Issue 1 of the new-style newsletter.

Briefing is the newsletter of Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society now looks rather the Yorkshire Archaeological different from what it was, say, fifty years ago, about the time I and Historical Society, joined. We are still a county society with a well-regarded Journal Stringer House, and active specialist Sections - but now we have an important 34 Lupton Street, online presence. Having re-organised our finances the future is Hunslet, no longer something to fear. We can consider our aspirations and LEEDS look forward with confidence. LS10 2QW Tel: 0113 245 7910 Communication with members is now one of the priorities - Email: [email protected] hence Briefing. A newsletter is 'a printed periodical bulletin circulated to members of a group', which sounds fine if, perhaps, President: limited. The elders among us will remember that there have been Dr Gill Cookson other newsletters but my aim with Briefing is to provide Honorary General Secretary: something a little different - something I hope you will find both Dr David Buck enjoyable and useful. Honorary Treasurer: Please do not hesitate to let me know your feelings about this Frank Jordan new venture - your suggestions are always welcome. In fact your contributions are welcome - we are fortunate in having such a Design and edit: knowledgeable membership and I hope to take full advantage of David Brear it! My email address is always open and I should like to thank all Email: those who have helped with this first edition, by writing articles [email protected] and in other ways.

Copyright ©2018 The Yorkshire Briefing will be distributed by email where possible, so if we Archaeological and Historical Society still don't have your email address, please let the office know. If you prefer a paper copy, that won't faze us - again, call the office. All rights reserved. All images by permission of the copyright owners. If I might mention some basic points - Briefing is designed to be The views expressed are those of the authors where named, and read in Two Page View, with pages presented like a magazine. otherwise of the editor. Wording in red is a link - click on it and the relevant web page will open. This does not work with printed editions!

I very much hope you enjoy Issue 1.

Front cover: one of the iconic Mesolithic antler headdresses from Star Carr © Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge From the President

It’s really good to see the relaunched newsletter – Earning a living, caring for young (and then old) something we have been thinking about for a people, have to take priority. From my place on while. I know that many members, and also non- the sidelines, the Society seemed to be doing fine members, keep in touch with YAHS news via the without any contribution from me beyond the website and Facebook page. Online, we also share annual subs. updates on associate societies and other heritage- related activities in the county. But we remain Then the call came, in 2011 when Sylvia asked me committed to producing mailings in hard copy to take over as history editor of the YAJ. This soon for members who prefer that format. Having led to joining the Management Board, where colourful material like this to give Sylvia was leading the Society into out on YAHS stalls at fairs and the biggest changes it has faced in conferences is also very useful, so its history. I took an interest in we will continue to print. how our operations could be reshaped post-Claremont, and my Of course it saves money if we can discussion document apparently email material to members. Do let acted as a manifesto for becoming us know if that’s your preference. president. And here I am. If you suspect we don’t have your current email address, please Here too are many active update us. There is so much members, supporting the work of happening right now, and we will sections and of YAHS itself. It’s enjoy sharing the news with you. thanks to them that the Society is now revived and restored – dare I The editor asked whether I would say, strong and stable. Now I do like to write about why I joined understand that, as in any the Society – my YAHS journey! I voluntary organisation, it can guessed I signed up in about 1986, and the appear that a charmed circle is managing matters earliest YAJ on my shelf is vol. 57 (1985). But I perfectly well. Indeed I believe we are doing very know exactly why I did: as many members will well, and certainly a lot has been achieved. But say, the main attraction was the Society’s there is room for more of you – and this is not a wonderful resources of archives and rare books. I closed shop. At very least, members must hold us had just graduated and was starting out in my to account at the AGM, but there are all kinds of first research post, supporting the RCHME other ways in which you can help throughout the Yorkshire Textile Mills project. I still use those year. collections, and they have not lost their allure since I first discovered them in the 1980s. If you have time, energy, expertise, ideas, or any combination of these, we would love to hear from It never crossed my mind that I might be you and talk through the possibilities. This is a President. Many of us find that life gets in the most interesting time to become more active. way of active membership, and so with me, for Please step forward if you can, by contacting several decades. either me or Dr David Buck, the Hon. General Secretary.

Gill Cookson Pamphlets pigeonholed

The Society's library is a rich resource for various volunteers came to introductory meetings and aspects of history across the county, including another joined later. A total of 432 volunteer hours family and estate papers, religious records and were dedicated to the work of sorting the papers from small local businesses. Part of the pamphlets - 4,560 items were assessed, with 2,526 collection which was transferred to the Brotherton retained, 368 archived, 831 found to be duplicates library was a large collection of pamphlets - around and 835 set aside. The duplicates and set-asides 4,500 items. Before these were transferred there was have been returned to the Society for further some preliminary sorting but if they were to be consideration as to their future retention/disposal. accessible for study they had to be readied for Further work will involve finalising the spreadsheet cataloguing and this has been the task of a small and perhaps making it available via the website, group of volunteers, under the leadership of Dr moving remaining duplicates to the YAHS store Belinda Wassell, who have been involved in what and deciding whether to retain them, making became known as the Pamphlets Project. The work digital copies which might also be made available involved is the sort of ‘background work’ which has via the website, or transferring them to local studies always gone on behind the scenes of the Society and libraries. Then the archivable material will need is central to our function but which is not, perhaps, assessing, which will require archivist input (either widely known and appreciated. YAHS or Library) and then specialist cataloguing. A spreadsheet of pamphlets was available but had Then the core collection can be moved to the not been updated to reflect the most recent Library shelves. The pamphlets will then be fully acquisitions or the removals which followed the available for study. preliminary sorting, which discarded duplicate This essential work could not have been carried out copies, reprints and journal off-prints. Staff from the without the generous commitment of the volunteers Brotherton Library met over 2016 to discuss involved. They enjoyed working with other parameters for YAHS volunteer involvement and historically-minded people in the Brotherton, our former Archivist, Kirsty McHugh, was very lunching in the cafe and meeting other Society helpful in discussing the types of tasks that members researching there, exploring the volunteers had undertaken previously and what University’s Treasures gallery and were invited to a projects she felt could be most useful. The aims of University Library social event held to thank the project were identified as de-duplication of volunteers. It has been a model for volunteer items which were already in the Brotherton, engagement, which benefits both the Society and identification of early, unique or otherwise special the people involved. The volunteers are now eager items, removal of material which was of less to continue their involvement! interest to the Library or available online, updating the spreadsheet as an accurate record and piloting a More information volunteering project with Brotherton Library/Special Collections. Brotherton Library - The Brotherton Library made available working Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society space and Tim Procter of the Library also organised Collections online H&S training. A number of potential Producing the YAJ Roger Martlew and Malcolm Chase

Recent years have been somewhat turbulent for the Most small-scale interventions are written up for editors who are tasked with putting together the unpublished ‘grey literature’ reports, but the county Society’s flagship journal on the history and journal is seen as a desirable vehicle for publishing archaeology of Yorkshire. Changes in personnel at larger excavations that have produced results of our Leeds-based publishers, Maney, were regional significance. Tension exists between the compounded when they were taken over by Taylor professional requirement for full publication and and Francis. Not only do we have new people to the limited space in the journal, and I frequently deal with, we are also having to fit in with the have to encourage authors to provide more of a house styles and publication systems of an summary overview rather than an ‘essay on a international academic publisher. On the plus side, posthole’. A sign of how this tension might be the Journal now has a potentially global reach. resolved in future can be seen in the paper by Colin Taylor and Francis is one of the largest publishers Dobinson et al. on fieldwalking at Aldborough, within humanities and the social sciences, and from where the printed article is supported by online its headquarters in Abingdon it maintains a access to data at Cambridge University. This has to network of offices from New Delhi to New York, be an improvement on microfiche, but it has and Stockholm to Shanghai. implications for the long-term responsibility to maintain access to the archived data – and is it a While there have been some changes in the development that is welcome to our readership? appearance of the Journal, we hope that the accompanying tribulations have gone unnoticed by The biggest bane of the editorial process? our readers. With luck we should be entering a Referencing! Groans from those who have anything period of relative stability, so this is an opportunity to do with producing or marking undergraduate to explain a little of what goes on behind the scenes essays, but for publication in your journal every and to seek feedback from the Society’s members reference is checked for both accuracy and about current and future editorial policies. punctuation. We upload the plain text files with accompanying illustrations and tables to Taylor and Archaeology: Roger Martlew Francis’ online production system for typesetting: Potential articles are received from a wide range of page proofs are returned to authors for every sources, and all are peer-reviewed. My aim is to try missing reference and every misplaced font, colon to achieve not only a good chronological spread of and full stop to be corrected and then the subjects but also to include contributions from production staff at T&F assemble the volume independent authors as well as the commercial and according to our running order, including the academic sectors. Of course, since the introduction additional pages of society information. It is also of Planning Policy Guidance 16 in the early 1990s a clearly a challenge for Taylor and Francis that we vast amount of developer-funded archaeology has persist in using two different referencing styles in been undertaken in the county and, as a profession, the same journal – the author-date system for archaeologists have been agonising over the best archaeological papers and footnotes in history ways to publish their results for at least four articles – but so far we have managed to maintain decades. our traditional approaches. History: Malcolm Chase be used on a full 16-page spread rather than an The imperative to publish is less urgent in the individual image on a single page. We can therefore historical field than it is in archaeology, but the YAJ only include colour in the printed volume for an continues to attract high-quality submissions from a article which has additional funding (for example broad range of authors. Recent and forthcoming from a commercial developer or Historic ). articles have been written by senior scholars and Images are of course published in full colour online. postgraduate researchers in higher education, but In these days of high-quality digital printing it is also by those for whom historical research is an possible to make a small sacrifice in quality in absorbing leisure pursuit (sometimes, but not return for the use of colour, as in other invariably, in retirement) rather than their ‘day job’ archaeological publications in the county and – the ‘independent authors’ Roger mentions. It is indeed our own sections. Readers’ views are the quality of the research and clarity of writing that welcomed ([email protected]). counts, not the author’s pied à terre! Readers will notice that the historical content of the journal Open-access (OA) publishing is mainly of concern extends into the twentieth century. While we to authors from the Higher Education sector, where anticipate that this will continue, and may well typically Research Councils require ‘gold standard’ increase, it does not mean that the space for publication in freely-available versions of journals medieval and early modern topics is diminished. on-line. The YAJ of course relies on funding from High-quality articles in these fields are always membership subscriptions; but our publisher offers welcome, and tend to be in shorter supply. ‘gold standard’ OA publishing to those authors (or their funding bodies) prepared to pay an industry- Like the archaeology submissions, all history standard fee. Details can be accessed via the content is peer-reviewed. This is necessarily an publisher’s home page for the YAJ. We appreciate anonymous process, so thanks are due to all those that OA is at the opposite end of the spectrum to who so readily accept an editor’s plea for advice. the imposition of restrictions on authors in Over the past two years a great deal of effort by the archaeological units due to commercial sensitivity. publisher and ourselves has been invested in While we are not aware of any significant impact at referencing. While it is true that YAJ persists in either end yet, it’s something that we’re keeping an using two different referencing styles, these have eye on. now been brought into close harmony. For the technically minded (or simply curious!) we use This is the Society’s journal and it’s important that ‘Chicago Author-Date reference style’ for members share any concerns with the editors. So archaeological content, and ‘Chicago Footnotes and we would welcome your feedback on any aspect of Bibliography’ reference style for History. the above or on the Yorkshire Archaeological Journal more generally. Looking forward There are two large questions for our readers to Finally, as we both stress above, the background of consider for the future: one concerns the balance authors whose work is published in the YAJ is very between cost and quality, the other, perhaps less wide. We encourage, in the warmest of terms, immediately relevant to us, concerns the movement submissions from all who have pursued original towards open-access publishing. research in the archaeology or history of the historic three Ridings of Yorkshire. See the Journal’s home The current high-quality litho printing of the page or contact Malcolm or Roger. The editors also journal makes the use of full-colour images very have a dedicated YAHS email address: expensive, since for technical reasons colour has to [email protected]. Sections

Prehistory We meet several times a year in locations throughout Yorkshire to visit medieval sites and to The Prehistory Research Section promotes the study hear experts speak on the archaeology, history, of Yorkshire’s prehistoric past by bringing together architecture and landscape of the area in the Middle people interested in the prehistoric archaeology of Ages. Yorkshire, holding lectures addressed by some of the leading prehistorians in the county, organising Industrial History conferences and visits to sites of interest, publishing an annual journal Prehistoric Yorkshire, and The Industrial History Section (IHS) of the Society supporting research and publication through promotes and encourages the study and grants. It also supports the Yorkshire quern survey. appreciation of Yorkshire’s varied industrial heritage and industrial activity, from pre-historic to The section will visit Ingleborough on September 8ᵗffį current times. Our scope includes all types of and on September 29ᵗffį will hold its second joint industries, industrial processes, machinery and meeting with The Prehistoric Society, where products; and the infrastructure that supports Professor Ian Armit of the University of Leicester industry. will speak on a topical issue - Ancient DNA and the Our annual programme includes seven lectures, a Beaker Phenomenon: rethinking migration in British members’ meeting, site visits and guided walks to prehistory. industrial sites. Members receive three Newsletters a year and email news updates. The next event is a Roman private guided tour for members and friends to Industrial Museum in Halifax. The Roman Antiquities Section meets to enjoy lectures through the winter and enjoy site visits in In collaboration with other societies we have the summer. A colourful newsletter, Roman created a database that is an archive of members’ Yorkshire, provides articles and updates on Roman research, images and other media and gives web archaeology and history. access to information about Yorkshire’s vast range of industrial sites - Industrial Heritage Online. Most recently the section welcomed Kurt Hunter Mann who has worked on many archaeological Family History sites, including the ‘headless Romans’ in York. He spoke about the Romans in Ravenglass community The Family History Section has hundreds of archaeology project he led, which involved members worldwide. excavation, fieldwalking and geophysical survey. Visits were arranged to Hull Museum and to The section hopes to promote family and social Swaledale. history interests and assist members in their research. It does not undertake any individual The lecture programme for 2018-19 includes research but aims to help members with advice on lectures on museum research, coins, Romans in tracing ancestors and the sources available to take Ireland and excavations at two Yorkshire sites. researches forward. An annual winter programme of lectures is held, covering family history or social Medieval history related topics - the next is on September 8th: The 1939 Register. Members receive a copy of the The Medieval Section provides a lecture Yorkshire Family Historian which has articles of programme, an annual Journal Medieval Yorkshire general genealogical interest. and other activities designed to appeal to those interested in the period spanning from Anglo-Saxon The section also maintains its own website, times to the sixteenth century. http://www.yorkshireroots.org.uk. Society events

Members enjoyed a visit to Murton Park, the On October 17th East Riding Archaeological Society Derwent Valley Light Railway base, in August. welcome Tony Hunt on The utilization of drones for aerial mapping in an archaeological context. Dales Life & Tradition events continue. On October 20th the staff of the North Yorkshire County Record On October 18th Dr Victoria Spence and Dr David Office will be speaking at the Dales Countryside Johnson will speak to Olicana Historical Society on Museum at Hawes about Exploring local and village The 'lost' medieval chapel of St Helen, Malham - history. historical and archaeological investigations.

See the Calendar on the Society website for the Mike Turpin will speak to and District latest details, or your Society Programme of Events. Archaeological Society on October 19th on Antiquarians to archaeologists.

On 27th October PLACE will have an Some affiliates’ and Archaeological visit to Kildale. other events More here On November 8th Dr Steve Sherlock will address The life of the Society’s late President and, for fifty the Forest of Galtres Society on Archaeology of the years, editor of Northern History, Gordon Forster, A14 from Cambridge to Alconbury. will be celebrated with a colloquium at the , on Saturday 29th September. It The York Archaeology Conference 2018 will take place is intended to showcase new research on the on November 11th. This year’s conference will focus history of the North, drawing attention to new on Roman York. findings and approaches. More here More here From 16th to 18th November the University of On October 2nd the Middleham and Dales Local will be holding their event Celebrating Our History Group will host Anne Armstrong, with Woodland Heritage. Recording local features, part of the Vernacular More here Buildings and Maps for Local History Studies series. On 19th November Gill Hey will speak to David Joy will speak to the Upper Wharfedale Ingleborough Archaeology Group about The Heritage Group on October 4th about Men of lead - Neolithic in the North West. Miners of the Yorkshire Dales. Dr. Melanie Giles presents Wider connections? On October 5th Paula Ware will speak to Women, mobility and power in the Iron Age of East & District Archaeological Society on Yorkshire on November 21st for East Riding A new chapter in Iron Age studies of East Yorkshire. Archaeological Society

On October 11th Skipton and Craven Historical On November 26th Scarborough Archaeological Society will host Dr Ian Adams who will speak on and Historical Society will hear Clive Philps on The Municipal Grandeur - Civil architecture in the North of search for the battle of Brunanburh. England. CBA Archaeology Day at the University of York October 12th will be a Portable Antiquities Scheme Department of Archaeology on November 30th. Finds Day in York. More here More here so on red Sp P

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A major event - or series of events - this year has This has been a big success for the Society and our been the 'Dales Life and Tradition' Celebration. associated groups, with as many as 97 people attending the April dry-stone walling event and 55 To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the first for the talk on Keld in May. Astonishingly, the publication of Marie Hartley and Joan Ingilby's summer's drought led to the cancellation of the the remarkable book 'Life and Tradition in the river-based sheepwash reconstruction at Yorkshire Dales' the Society decided to re-publish it Ribblehead - the first for 50 or more years. There (more details here). In the words of the famous was not one drop of water in the beck. Whoever Dales historian and archaeologist, Arthur Raistrick, would have thought that possible at Ribblehead! 'You have preserved something of untold value.' A flavour of the events was given by the July day of To enhance the occasion David Johnson arranged a talks and drama provided by the Ingleborough succession of insights into the traditional Dales way Archaeology Group at the Dales Countryside of life, matching the anniversary with 50 events, all Museum at Hawes, on 'Wills and inventories in the related to chapters in the book, consisting of themed 17th-century Dales.' The walks (historical initial talk, based on the quarrying, changing Giggleswick parish farming methods, social inventories, revealed that history), talks (quarrying levels of wealth differed history, traditional dramatically in this small hayrake making, farming Dales community - in 1719 and life in the past), Stephen Carr died owning demonstrations and items worth only £1.5s.0d workshops on a range of while Maybella Lister of ‘forgotten’ crafts and The Bell had £3,158. home-based activities. We Inventories list the local are grateful to many other trades - yeoman, spinster, organisations for their linen weaver, tanner, support, too many to mercer - and throw a light Ingleborough Archaeology Group re-enact the name but including the on the economy, with a taking of an eighteenth century inventory. Dales Countryside vibrant pack-horse traffic Museum and Yorkshire supplying goods from as Dales National Park Authority, other local groups, far away as Stockport. They also illustrate the and all with financial support from the Sustainable layout of homes, listing the uses of rooms. The Development Fund. group followed this with a dramatised inventory- The events continue, with demonstrations of making in costume, demonstrating the items listed blacksmithing, rug-making, cheese-making, and with examples from the Museum - possibly actually discussions on local and village history and words collected by Hartley and Ingilby. In the afternoon and meanings, part of the YAHS-sponsored another talk detailed the interest - the 'purpose and Yorkshire Historic Dictionary Project, and finally on pleasure' - of transcribing local inventories, and 15th December, traditional Yorkshire carols. In how it was likely to lead the unwary away down parallel with the events, the Celebration’s exhibition many fascinating back roads. Local history thus will be on view at The Folly in Settle from 10 July to demonstrated emphasises that these were real 22 December. The programme is here. people, like ourselves but living in a different time. so on red Sp Anglo-Saxon skeletons P

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An extensive cemetery of between 50 and 100 Together with East Riding Archaeological Society, burials has been found at the Manor Park the Society is sponsoring Dr Peter Halkon's development in Hart village, about three and a half excavation of a possible later Bronze Age ring fort miles west of Hartlepool. The site is west of the near Middleton-on-the Wolds. church of St Mary Magdalene, whose nave represents the body of a pre-Conquest aisleless The RCHM(E) carried out a aerial mapping church. Six fragments of pre-Conquest crosses programme of the Wolds in the 1990's (Ancient carved with interlaced patterns were discovered landscapes of the the Yorkshire Wolds, 1997). A when the church was being renovated in 1884, large ovoid enclosure, appearing as a crop mark, together with an early sundial. Two lathe-turned was plotted at Kipling House Farm, Middleton on baluster shafts, similar in type to those at Jarrow the Wolds. In April 2017 this was followed up with and Monkwearmouth, have also been found. The a geophysical survey by James Lyall (Geophiz.biz) area appears to have been settled quite early: pagan with Dr Peter Halkon and Clare Whiteley, revealing Saxon material has been recovered from land just much more detail. north of the road through the village and in 2017 a fragment of an Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch, At the centre of the concentric outer ditches was a possibly dated around 500 AD, was found by a large circular central structure, possibly a large metal detectorist. records the foundation of a roundhouse. The entrances to the roundhouse and in nearby Hartlepool in 640 AD, enclosures were flanked by post settings. The by Hieu, who was the first woman to rule a double closest parallels to this feature are the later Bronze monastery. Quite widespread cemeteries have been Age ring-forts at Paddock Hill, Thwing in East found there, on the headland. Yorkshire, and Springfield Lyons and Mucking in Essex. This site therefore has the potential to be one The remains found are believed to date from the of the most important excavated in recent years Christian period, possibly between 700 and 800 AD. within the Yorkshire region and may be of at least They include adults and infants, suggesting graves national significance. of a normal secular settlement. The aim of this season’s work, from August 26th to Don O’Meara, of Historic England, said: 'Due to September 9ᵗffį, was to assess the condition of the work by Tees Archaeology around the village of monument, obtain dating evidence and “ground- Hart we know that this village was once an truth” the gradiometer survey. The field contained important regional centre for the region. This work potatoes but the farmer left a 12 metre-wide strip has the potential to add significantly to our existing uncultivated. knowledge, and will hopefully raise new questions for the archaeology of the area.' In spite of the very dry, stony soil the group were able to excavate four trenches across the inner and A spokesperson for the developers, Seymour outer enclosure banks and ditches within the Construction and Property Maintenance Ltd, said: uncultivated strip and found an entrance. Finds 'As we continue the excavation we trust that the included pottery and lots of bone, which should local community will support us to preserve the provide excellent dating evidence. integrity of the site and its archaeology for the remainder of the investigation works. We look Because of the crop, it will not be possible to forward to issuing further information on investigate the inner circular feature this year, but completion of the NAA works in the coming hopefully, in the future ... weeks.' Star Carr, North Yorkshire - the iconic site in North Yorkshire where the Mesolithic lifestyle was first recognised. © Dominic Andrews www.archaeoart.co.uk Life after the ice

Only a few centuries after the glaciers receded, the remains and further structures, platforms, people were busy making lives at Star Carr, south headdresses, and barbed points have been found, of Scarborough. As a result of the waterlogged peat including the oldest house in Europe. A pendant, which provided ideal conditions for the found in 2015, displays a sequence of engravings - preservation of organic material, the site is an icon the oldest evidence of Mesolithic art in Britain. of post-war and later archaeology. Beginning when Mesolithic archaeology was represented only by In an article published earlier this year, the team scatters of flint, Star Carr has provided extensive have described how people in the Mesolithic dealt indications of lifestyle 11,000 years ago and an with a sudden drop in temperature - climate apparently unending supply of 'oldests' and 'firsts'. change. The findings have shed new light on the sensitivity of primitive “hunter-gatherer” societies Excavations began after John Moore, an amateur to environmental change. The cold snap lasted more archaeologist, noticed flints where ditches were than a century and average temperatures dropped being dredged in 1947. He investigated a small area by more than three degrees in the space of a decade and discovered organic remains, whereupon he but life went on at Star Carr. Perhaps the iconic called in Professor Grahame Clark of the University headdresses represent part of their reaction to of Cambridge. Clark excavated from 1949 to 1951 - changing circumstances. his 1954 publication is a seminal text in the study of the British Mesolithic and prehistory generally. His The team have now published their findings via the finds included a platform that appeared to have Open Access publisher, White Rose University been made by people. On and in this platform Press. The volumes may be read online, excavators found a range of animal remains: red downloaded or purchased in hardback form. 'We’re deer, roe deer, wild boar, elk, aurochs (wild cow), very pleased to publish this prestigious work', said birds, beaver, pine marten, hedgehog, hare and Kate Petherbridge, the Press Manager. badger. There was widespread evidence for antler and bone working into tools and particularly The Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at barbed points - 193 have been found on the site, Cambridge is currently having a special exhibition which accounts for roughly 97% ever found in the of the finds from Star Carr. The Yorkshire Museum UK. He also found extraordinary skulls and antlers at York and the Rotunda Museum in Scarborough of red deer, smoothed out inside and pierced, have permanent displays of items from Star Carr. thought to be for shamans to wear during ritual. Further reading Few have been found anywhere and these are the oldest such headresses to be found. They imply Clark, John Grahame Douglas, et al. 1954 Excavations at religious feeling at a remarkably early date. Star Carr: an early mesolithic site at Seamer near Scarborough, Yorkshire. CUP Archive In 1977 archaeologists excavated Iron Age, Bronze Age and Mesolithic material from nearby Seamer Milner, Nicky, et al. 2011 Star Carr in a Postglacial Carr. The discovery of Mesolithic material led to a Lakescape: 60 years of research. Journal of Wetland new series of investigations around Lake Flixton Archaeology directed by Tim Schadla-Hall and Paul Lane, who returned to Star Carr in 1985 and 1989. They Milner, Nicky. 2016 A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr: the oldest Mesolithic art in investigated the archaeology and ecology of the Britain. Internet Archaeology wider landscape around Lake Flixton, finding several more Mesolithic sites. A trench near Clark's Blockley, Simon, et al. 2018 The resilience of postglacial excavation disclosed worked timbers - the oldest hunter-gatherers to abrupt climate change. Nature evidence of carpentry in Europe. From 2003 further ecology & evolution fieldwork has taken place, initially on a small scale. Between 2013-2015 more ambitious investigations Milner, N, Conneller, C., & Taylor, B. 2018 Star Carr followed recognition that drainage was damaging Volumes 1 & 2: A Persistent Place in a Changing World. White Rose University Press Eurpoean brown bear © Francis C. Franklin (CC BY-SA 3.0) Bears in the wild Dales!

A recent paper has drawn together the evidence for Mildenhall treasure. These items were made in the brown bear in Britain in the Holocene, including Britain but may reflect cosmopolitan tastes. Bears many sites in Yorkshire . also appear on British 'Orpheus' mosaics but are not well executed and it is likely that the mosaicists had Recent ancient DNA work on bears from North not seen the species that they were depicting. Rare Yorkshire has demonstrated that the matriline of three-dimensional representations include the seven the bears before and after the cold of the Younger jet bears from late Roman children’s graves from Dryas was the same. This implies continuity of the Colchester, York, and Malton. Jet was prized in Late Glacial brown bear mitochondrial lineages, Roman times as a magical material and bears were and probably a rapid recolonisation at the renowned for the fierceness with which they beginning of the Holocene in at least some parts of protected their offspring, so although the bear may Britain. Although there are relatively few sites with have been given to the child as an apotropaic, no bear remains from the Mesolithic, Raven Scar Cave, doubt that function would be especially important Victoria Cave and Elbolton Cave in the Yorkshire after death. Dales were home to bears and remains were found at Star Carr on the edge of the (then) Lake A bear's scapula comes from near Richmond and Pickering. Raven Scar Cave contains the remains of two tibiae and a mandible from Binchester. one adult bear and several cubs, and it has been Stallibrass suggests that the remains from Catterick suggested that these could be the remains of Bridge, Richmond and Binchester may suggest a animals that died during hibernation. The lack of cultural connection between the inhabitants of these human remains with the Mesolithic bears from three sites. Victoria Cave and Raven Scar Cave indicates that Only one Yorkshire Anglo-Saxon site has bear these specimens represent a natural accumulation remains: phalanges have been found with two of animals, without human intervention. Ritual cremations at Sancton. However, in North activity is suspected at Star Carr, where parts of a Lincolnshire they were found at both Cleatham and bear skull and of the second cervical vertebra Elsham Wold. Most interestingly, a cervical indicates that at least one head was collected. vertebra from Kinsey Cave, on High Scar above Giggleswick Scar, has been radiocarbon dated to Victoria Cave, Greater Kelco Cave and Elbolton AD 425–594. This is the latest specimen from a non- Cave have all both produced evidence of bears but anthropogenic site in Britain; the cave also has in the absence of good dating evidence these are evidence for Romano-British cultic activity and the believed to pre-date the Neolithic occupations, latest radiocarbon date for a lynx in Britain, 425-600 although they are found elsewhere in Britain on AD. Neolithic sites. Only a single British Bronze Age site has produced evidence of bears, an iconic burial at If these remains are from genuine wild animals it Whitehorse Hill on Dartmoor, where a bear-skin suggests that the Yorkshire Dales, despite being a had been wrapped around a human cremation major mining area in the Roman period, retained which was placed in a cist. some vestiges of wilderness into the early medieval period. By the Iron Age bears may have been scarce, since there are only two records, but in the Roman period Further reading bears were apparently being exported from Britain for use in the amphitheatre. Martial mentions in The presence of the brown bear in Holocene Britain: a review of the evidence Epigram 9 the presence of Caledonian bears in the amphitheatre in Rome in the late 1st century AD Bears and Coins: The Iconography of Protection in Late but it is possible that an exotic source was being Roman Infant Burials claimed to enhance the value of the bears. Bears can be seen on a vase from Colchester showing a man with a whip and a bear and one of the pieces of the

Clifford's Tower cancellation

Controversial plans to construct a new visitor centre in English history, when about 150 Jews were at the base of Clifford's Tower castle mound in York massacred after taking refuge there. have been scrapped. 'Although people love the tower, a visit is far from York City Council have announced new plans to ideal – there is an ugly shop in the centre of the re-generate the whole area and English Heritage tower and little interpretation to tell its fascinating now say that it has listened to expressions of story. We therefore remain committed to doing outrage. justice to Clifford’s Tower and we will work with our partners and the public to get it right,' says 'There are a number of things which influenced this Selley. decision. The momentum behind transforming the Castle Gateway area is genuinely exciting and it The City Council plans to make the Tower a central may open up opportunities for Clifford’s Tower part of the York Castle Gateway project, which that previously did not exist,' said EH Director for includes moving car parking from the unattractive the North of England Andrea Selley. 'We also Castle car park to a new multi-storey park on St became increasingly conscious that many people George’s Field, the construction of a large public have a deep emotional attachment towards the plaza, to be used for cultural activities, and new mound.' buildings on the back of Coppergate and the old Reynard’s site at 17-21 Piccadilly. There will be a Clifford’s Tower is revered by archaeologists new Foss riverside walk from the south of the city worldwide as an intact survival of a royal building and a pedestrian/cycle bridge connecting with from the reigns of Henry III and Edward I. In 1190 Piccadilly. it was the site of one of the most notorious incidents

York Castle Gateway Project. © City of York Council Alfredo González-Ruibal. ©Álvaro Minguito A new public archaeology?

Archaeology is wary about getting involved in liberal educators? - '... do we even know how much politics - too many archaeologists are paid with they care about heritage or archaeology? Something public money - but in a recent 'Debate' piece in seems to have gone terribly wrong and we have not Antiquity Alfredo González-Ruibal raises the issue seen it coming.' of how academics should approach the increasing inluence of populism and how that affects the We need, he urges, to dispose of the epistemic practice and theory of archaeology. populism and to deal with communities as they are - 'to face social reality as it is: complex, in that González-Ruibal is an archaeologist with the communities are extremely diverse and not always Institute of Heritage Sciences of the Spanish progressive.' He aspires to an archaeology that National Research Council. His research focuses on provokes, rather than flattering, that tells the archaeology of the contemporary past - in uncomfortable truths - 'archaeologists have to particular, the darker side of the 20th and 21st perform critical public interventions that go beyond century. His Antiquity article, 'Against reactionary the local sphere and create social links and support populism: towards a new public archaeology', collective action.' Archaeology should teach - it identifies ‘reactionary populism’ as being anti- must accept an assymetrical position which liberal in terms of identity politics (e.g. presupposes a teacher and a pupil. Heritage has multiculturalism, abortion rights, minority rights, shifted from being the preoccupation of cultured religious freedom), but liberal in economic policies. elites to become a major popular pursuit. It has His concern is that many social archaeologists and succumbed to pressure from institutions to make cultural anthropologists have been promoting an science 'useful'. Archaeology is not well placed to agenda that has left the profession politically and meet such demands. Commercial archaeology does theoretically disempowered. not create new sustainable economic activities.

Defining 'social archaeology' as all archaeology that We need to start thinking, not in terms of heritage concerns itself with the interface between the but in terms of overcoming the dichotomies discipline and society, including community and between critical and applied heritage, or even to indigenous archaeologies, and heritage studies, he start thinking outside the notion of heritage demands 'who are the "people" and in what exactly altogether. Thus released, 'we can reclaim are we inviting them to participate?' Archaeologists, archaeology as a critical form of knowledge he says, have assumed that every person, every production, capable of intervening in pressing community, can spontaneously reclaim their social issues with an original insight.' heritage. But archaeologists are disappointed when people nevertheless behave in the wrong way: 'Provocation, engagement and education, rather being greedy, patriarchal, xenophobic or than flattery and collaboration, should become the uninterested in the past. He sees this as a problem new key concepts guiding our relationship with of 'epistemological populism' - a theory of society, or at least with those sectors of society that knowledge where data and expert advice are have remained beyond our radar. ... We have too rejected in favour of general beliefs and feelings often relinquished epistemic authority, but it is not ascribed to either the whole populace or a too late to regain it.' significant portion of it. The full article, together with thoughtful critique González-Ruibal reminds us that archaeology from Reinhard Bernbeck and Susan Pollock of the emerged as a pastime for the educated bourgeoisie Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Yannis following the Industrial Revolution. What, today, Hamilakis of the University of Southampton, have populations in the post-industrial mid-West Laurajane Smith of the University of New South USA or impoverished, racially segregated suburbs Wales, Sydney and Larry J. Zimmerman of Indiana of European metropolises in common with their University–Purdue University, Indianapolis is here. The NPPF - what’s new?

In late July the government released the first addition, 'local planning authorities should require revision of the National Planning Policy Framework an applicant to describe the significance of any since 2012, following a consultation announced in heritage assets affected, including any contribution March. The consultation was an opportunity for the made by their setting' by means of a desk-based or government to do some house cleaning, where appropriate a field assessment. Local consolidating a range of proposals raised during the authorities 'should take account of the desirability past couple of years into one place. The initial of sustaining and enhancing the significance of proposals were not universally welcomed and the heritage assets.' Again, the imperative is lacking. CBA suggested they ‘change the balance between The historic environment is seen merely as an environmental protection and development, in opportunity to enhance the new development and practice reducing protection for the historic new strategies should 'take into account' rather than environment.’ ensure 'the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and It does appear that archaeological resources are not distinctiveness.' Nevertheless, the recognition of the a priority for this government. 'Conserving and value of HERs is a gain. enhancing the historic environment' is section 16 of 17, ahead only of 'Facilitating the sustainable use of The original proposals relating to sustainable minerals'. Streamlining the planning process, development had been criticised as weakening the meeting housing demand, strengthening the previous obligation to ensure that economic, social, economy, improving transport and dealing with and environmental gains were sought ‘jointly and climate change and flooding are all ahead - simultaneously.’ The revised wording now refers to important concepts, but none concerned with the ‘three overarching objectives [economic, social, and preservation and enhancement of a unique environmental], which are interdependent and need resource. to be pursued in mutually supportive ways (so that opportunities can be taken to secure net gains The CBA had argued that proposed wording across each of the different objectives).' weakened the presumption in favour of protecting the historic environment. The new notion of 'assets Sections 195 requires planning authorities to refuse of particular importance', which might restrict consent where a proposed development will lead to development, effectively introduces a test which substantial harm to (or total loss of significance of) a will be difficult to prove in the absence of designated heritage asset; section 196 states that excavation: there is a presumption in favour of where there will be some harm to an asset the housing development unless adverse impacts planning authority must weigh the harm against outweigh benefits. The only areas protected are the public benefits for the proposal including, 'irreplaceable habitats' and 'designated heritage where appropriate, securing its optimum viable assets (and other heritage assets of archaeological use. Section 199 states that developers should be interest referred to in footnote 63)' - that is, 'Non- required to record and advance understanding of designated heritage assets of archaeological interest, the significance of any heritage assets to be lost in a which are demonstrably of equivalent significance manner proportionate to their importance and the to scheduled monuments.' impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. While the original draft had omitted the requirement for local authorities to maintain As with all legislation, its effectiveness can only be Historic Environment Records (HERs), the finalised judged when it has been used and, where Famework states 'Local planning authorities should appropriate, interpreted in court. Compared to the maintain or have access to a historic environment original proposals, however, much has been saved record' and use it to inform planning decisions.’ In and there may even be some useful new concepts. Iron Age roundabout

Work to improve the roundabout at the Wetherby Road junction with York ring road has disclosed an Iron Age settlement.

City of York Council and York Archaeological Trust are working on the site, which is part of a £38 million scheme to improve the ring road.

They have found a large ring-ditch, 16 metres across and described as 'one of the biggest to be found in York,' together with evidence of a hearth and pottery. No postholes have been preserved but intriguing finds include a piece of pumice, a volcanic rock which is not found locally, and which may point to connections with the wider prehistoric world at that time. Indications of metal-working were also found, in the form of molten slag.

To the north of the settlement a series of other ditches are thought to indicate associated field boundaries.

There is evidence of agricultural activity from later periods as well, with medieval ditches cutting through the existing ones, showing how the landscape has changed over the centuries.

Ian Milsted, Head of Archaeology for York Archaeological Trust, said 'We’re excited to have recovered this important information and will now analyse the finds to understand the story of the people who lived here before the Romans founded the city.’ Wetherby Road roundabout: ‘We’re also very pleased to have successfully Aerial view (above) recovered the archaeology without disrupting the Hearth (below) roadworks, which we will continue to monitor.' Ring-ditch (below left) © City of York Council Hungate - next steps

York Archaeological Trust is busy with an ongoing millennia. Pits and levelling deposits from the excavation at the Hungate re-development scheme Roman period were the earliest features to be in York. In Spring they moved onto Block G. observed, and were found to be overlain by Anglo- Scandinavian domestic activity. A low bank of At that point the area was the least understood part cobbles and clay was discovered, most likely of the development. It had had only limited marking the rear of a plot that would have fronted investigation in the past but the archaeological onto the Viking street of Hungate. A contemporary potential of the site was very high. Investigations refuse pit was found to contain very well preserved involved a borehole survey and an evaluation organic material. Cutting into this early medieval trench. This phase of works aimed to assess the horizon was a proliferation of medieval pits that condition and nature of deeply buried deposits and relate to the long use of the Hungate area as a to monitor the impact of the project on the site’s dumping ground in this period. A period of hydrology through the installation of a water abandonment in the 15th and 16th centuries was monitoring point. The work was funded by followed by the deposition of a thick deposit of soil; Hungate (York) Regeneration Ltd. evidence of the area’s use for horticulture. The later archaeology was typified by surfaces and buildings Astonishingly, one borehole hit an upright, well- from the 19th century, a time when the Hungate preserved, timber which, considering the depth it area was crowded with terraced houses and was struck and what we already know about industrial buildings. Hungate, is most likely to be Anglo-Scandinavian in date. Excavated to a depth of four metres, the The investigation demonstrated the excellent levels evaluation trench provided a window into a of preservation that can be found in the complex sequence of archaeology covering two waterlogged deposits beneath York.

Site ‘G’, Hungate, York: evaluation trench. © York Archaeological Trust Prison dig's last days Whitby Abbey boost

The final exploration of the former Northallerton A historic site in Yorkshire will receive a major Prison has been taking place. investment to its tourism facilities, says English Heritage. York Archaeological Trust has spent two weeks excavating an area close to the listed buildings and Whitby Abbey was built in 657 AD by Hild, the the old courthouse wall, where previous digs daughter of king Edwin's nephew Hereric, and in uncovered the foundations of a treadmill and 664 hosted the Synod of Whitby, at which King kitchen chimney. Oswy accepted the rule of Rome for the Northumbrian church. It was the home of For YAT, Toby Kendall said 'The site has already Caedmon, the first known poet of the English revealed an amazing history so we are looking language, and five Anglian bishops were educated forward to seeing what else is buried here.' there. After the Conquest it was one of the first Hoardings during this phase of digging were English abbeys to be re-founded, as a Benedictine opened up so the public could watch the excavators monastery, in 1078. The buildings were bombarded at work. by the German navy in 1914.

Built on marshland and the town’s rubbish dump in 'We want visitors to understand the significance of 1783, the 'House of Correction' accommodated 12 the site, explored through the prism of the headland prisoners in cells each measuring four square yards. - a place of sanctity, spirituality and a great source Punishments included solitary confinement and of inspiration for visual and literary figures whipping with a cat o’ nine tails. In 1821 the throughout history,' says Ruth Haycock, world’s then largest treadmill, for prisoners to grind Interpretation Manager at English Heritage. corn, was installed. The prison was extended but after repeated outbreaks of dysentery it emerged in The refurbishment has been designed by Mawson 1848 that the 298 prisoners were sharing 68 cells Kerr, who also designed the tea rooms at both and using corridors and the chapel as dormitories. Mount Grace Priory and Birdoswald Roman Fort. A three-storey prison with 40 cells on each floor, modelled on Pentonville jail, in London, was built, The proposed works will see improvements to both giving the jail 173 cells for men and 60 for women. entrances as well as to the courtyard, visitor centre and the addition of a small coffee shop. The Although the prison was closed in 1922 it was taken courtyard will be re-landscaped with a line of trees over by the Army in 1939 and became a military down the centre to frame the approach to the visitor prison. The prison was the scene of two mass centre, guiding visitors in. Contemporary seating escapes in early 1946, and a month later a unit benches will be added and the spaces will be which had mutinied in Italy burnt down a section of replanted with herbs inspired by medieval times. the jail in the 'Glass House Riot.' Sage, dill and lavender will give off the scent of a medieval monastic infirmary. The prison closed in 2013 and the site is being redeveloped by the Central Northallerton The shop in the visitor centre will be extended to Development Company Ltd – a partnership cover the ground floor allowing a better flow of between Hambleton District Council and Wykeland people and helping to prevent queues at peak times Group. - the Abbey gets over 150,000 visitors a year - and The Lodge at the north entrance at the top of the 199 Plans for the site are currently on display at the steps will become a coffee shop. Civic Centre in Northallerton – they include retail, restaurant, cinema, digital hub and public open The £1.6 million investment will begin in November space. They are expected to be submitted for 2018 and run until the spring of 2019. planning permission later this summer. New tooth research Anglo-Saxon grave-goods Finding out what our ancestors ate has just become on view a little easier. Just over a year ago, a builder was working in the An international study, led by researchers at the garden of a house in Acomb, west of York, when he University of York and the Max Planck Institute for made a discovery, remarkable even for that city of the Science of Human History, has proved for the history. first time that analysis of proteins in tooth tartar can reveal precise information about a wider range of Shown recently at the Yorkshire Museum for the food proteins, including those from plants. first time, his find was a hoard of gold jewellery from the early seventh century. Believed to have Identifying evidence of many foods, particularly come from the burial site of a woman, the items plant crops, in diets of the past is a challenge as they include an Anglo-Saxon disc brooch, broken into often leave no trace in the archaeological record. small pieces but apparently made from gold sheet, But proteins are robust molecules that can survive decorated with finely worked decoration and in tartar for thousands of years. surrounded by red glass. With the brooch were glass beads which would have originally been an Senior author, Dr Camilla Speller, from the elaborate necklace. Department of Archaeology at the University of York, said: 'This approach may be particularly 'We can assume that this would have been worn by useful in the detection of understudied vegetative a woman of very high status in life,' said Lucy crops, especially in regions where macrobotantical Creighton, curator of archeology at the Yorkshire remains are not preserved. It may offer a more Museum. 'The find of a necklace and brooch precise way of identifying foodstuffs compared to together suggest that these objects were likely other methods such as ancient DNA and isotope buried alongside an elite noblewoman.' analysis as it can distinguish between different crops and indicate whether people were consuming Ms Creighton said it was “fascinating” to see the dairy products, like milk or cheese.' fragmented parts of the brooch and its companion pieces. 'We can really see how the objects were The team analysed 100 archaeological samples from constructed. We get a sense of how beautiful and across Britain and from the Iron Age to modern complex they were,' she said. times, as well as 14 samples from living dental patients and recently deceased individuals, and The background to the burial has not been found that potential dietary proteins could be found established. in about one third of the analysed samples. 'Like other single objects from this period Modern samples disclosed proteins that reflected a discovered in different parts of York, there is no global British diet, such as those related to potatoes, context,' Ms Creighton said. 'York was an incredibly soybeans and peanuts, as well as milk proteins, important centre for religion and trade, but we whereas Victorians preferred porridge. know little about it in the period directly after the Romans left. Further reading ‘As is often the case with archaeology, we are left Proteomic Evidence of Dietary Sources in Ancient Dental guessing somewhat. Not all the avenues of research Calculus is published in the journal Proceedings of the have been possible.' Royal Society B Nidderdale partnership Trust invites help with ‘nationally significant’ museum future

The four-year Upper Nidderdale Landscape York Museums Trust, currently working on plans to Partnership, now coming to an end, was designed redevelop the York Castle Museum on its 80th to bring together local communities, volunteers, anniversary, wants to hear from the public about farmers, land managers and a wide range of what they want. organisations to look after, and help people get involved with, Upper Nidderdale’s historic 'This is a very exciting time for York Castle landscapes, cultural heritage and wildlife habitats. Museum. As it celebrates its 80th year as one of the best loved attractions in the country, we are hoping 'We’ve successfully worked with the local people will come forward with their ideas, thoughts community, farmers, land managers and a wide and opinions to help shape our ambitious plans for range of organisations to explore practical ways to the future,' says Helen Langwick, the interpretation safeguard and celebrate our landscape, heritage, and content manager. wildlife and rural economy. It’s vital to use this learning for the future of our countryside and to ‘To make sure we get our plans for the future right, ensure we protect it for generations to come,' says we want to include the voices of our visitors in this Louise Brown, who has managed the project. journey from the beginning so they can be incorporated into our plans.' Supported by £1.2m in grant funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Partnership has carried What would you like to put in a York Castle out conservation work at four flagship heritage sites Museum of the future? What stories should it tell? including the nationally important Prosperous Lead How should it make you feel and what would you Mine in the Ashfoldside valley. like to experience? Helen wants to know - 'We are hoping people will come forward with their ideas, There have been two community archaeological thoughts and opinions to help shape our ambitious excavations, at Lodge, above Scar House Reservoir, plans for the future.' where evidence of medieval occupation was found, and at Studfold Farm near Lofthouse, where An exhibition at York St Mary’s, Castlegate, ran children and adults gained practical archaeological throughout July and August, where people could experience although dating proved inconclusive. have a cup of tea, share their thoughts with members of the team, and take part in activities. Experts from leading environmental and landscape These included more unusual events such as ‘object organisations will contribute to the partnership’s speed dating’, where you can sit with a curator and forthcoming Landscape Matters conference. an object and decide whether it should be included Speakers include the commissioner for the Food, in the new displays. Farming and Countryside Commission, Professor David Hill, who is also chairman of the In Exhibition X-Factor, experts from near and far conservation charity, Plantlife, David Renwick, pitch ideas and themes to an audience for them to regional head of the Heritage Lottery Fund and Ken decide their importance in the museum’s plans. In Smith, chairman of the Council for British collaboration with Digital Labs, visitors will also be Archaeology. able to test the latest technology and discuss how it could create immersive experiences in the museum. ‘Whether it’s finding a space for wildlife or wildflowers, or conserving old buildings, there’s a York Museums Trust want to hear from you about real hunger for this work,’ reflects Ms Brown. ‘It’s a the future of York Castle Museum. bridge to the past which people really value, and importantly offers a road map for the future to More details ensure our Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty continues to flourish.’ Archaeology archive answers

Historic England and Arts Council England, Community archaeology groups have been told that together with a range of archaeology and museum cuts in funding mean local museums can no longer organisations, have developed an action plan to afford to store and curate their finds. Emphasising deal with the enormous number of finds from storage of finds from developer-funded digs and archaeological excavations. the 'sensible charging frameworks' proposed may mean that research excavation can no longer Last year's independent review of museums, led by proceed without funding storage. Neil Mendoza, called for Historic England to 'Work with key stakeholders to produce recommendations In Nottinghamshire the Bingham Heritage Trail for DCMS [ the Department for Digital, Culture, Association excavated some 14,000 historic objects - Media and Sport] early in 2018, which will improve Roman and Anglo-Saxon pottery, Mesolithic and the long-term sustainability of the archaeological Neolithic flints and 16th century wine bottles and archives generated by developer-funded animal bones - but was forced to return them to the excavations.' The plan has been endorsed by care of the owners of the properties where they Michael Ellis, Minister for Arts, Heritage and were found. 'This is a nationwide problem,' said Tourism. Peter Allen, the chairman of BHTA. 'Groups have England's archaeological had to throw their finds archives are the legacy of away because they could excavations and surveys, not store them. In other and include artefacts, cases the collections have samples, drawings, been thrown away by the photographs, and new owner of a property documents. They are where they were kept.' important resources for research; test-beds for Gail Boyle, chair of the new techniques; sources Society of Museum for new museum displays Archaeologists, said 'We and interpretations of our haven’t got 10 years to past, and materials for sort the problem out, lifelong education. They we’re really up against it.' need careful storage and In a survey six years ago, expert support for access. Archives to process, Leeds Discovery Centre. lack of space was the most Yet the success of © Leeds Museums and Galleries cited reason for ceasing to development-led collect archaeological archaeology has led to a archives, referenced by major increase in the quantity of archaeological 71% of respondents, but 47% of respondents cited material in museum stores across the country. shortage of staff and 34% lack of expertise. Many museums are running out of space for new Nevertheless, part of the problem might be quite finds and some already have. simply remedied - when the Museum of London looked in their storage boxes they found that over The plan hopes to investigate the potential for 10% were nearly empty, and a further 10% just half national or regional repositories, understand and full. Repacking would save space. But the idea that promote access and use of the archives, clarify some items could be safely disposed of proved issues of ownership and title transfer, explore illusory - the assumption that there are some sensible charging frameworks, increase the focus on archives for which records are either non-existent or retaining only what is truly significant and explore so poor as to be useless proved to be largely false. new technologies and methods of storage. Pontefract Museum revealed Helen Caffrey

On the 19th May Pontefract Museum re-opened and (Potovens) container, is a reminder of the economic YAHS was invited to join the celebration. To me, misery of the Civil War. A century later, domestic Pontefract already had three claims to fame: an concerns are indicated by the 1741 publication of impressive and notorious castle (scene of Richard Elizabeth Moxon’s cookbook, ‘English Housewifery II’s assassination), a plethora of small almshouses Exemplified’, re-issued in 2013. Liquorice follows, (29 at the last count including a 2017 foundation) as does another major source of employment, the and of course its world famous product, licorice (or glass industry. The visitor who is now hooked by liquorice), formerly grown here and marketed as the artefacts may read more in the relaxed and ‘boot laces’, ‘allsorts’ and pomfret cakes. accessible study room – and indeed I found several people already doing just that. So on a sunny Saturday I strolled through the Beast Fair, past the Butter Cross and several enticing But now – in the nineteenth century – I realised that Yards - of which medieval streets and eighteenth- my initial list had omitted Pontefract’s fourth claim century buildings more can be found in the to fame and its place in constitutional history. This Perambulation in Pevsner’s recent ‘Yorkshire West is the town where the first secret ballot took place. Riding: Sheffield and the South’ – to Salter Row. This keystone of democracy was enabled by the Here the former Carnegie Library inhabited a Ballot Act of 1872, and it was sheer chance that the charming single-storey Art Nouveau building, next constituency to hold a by-election happened to whose floral windows, green wall tiles and original be Pontefract. The actual ballot box is here in the door handles greet the museum visitor. Work on museum, complete with traces of the wax seal the museum has been spread over the past three showing the owl and castle, borrowed hastily for years at a cost of £120,000 with £65,000 contributed the occasion from the liquorice works. The issues by Arts Council England. These sums are during the election campaign, including attempts to chickenfeed in terms of expenditure on ‘the great repeal the controversial Contagious Diseases Acts, and glamorous’, and Pomfresians and are explained through a cartoon book. Some visitors Council have certainly got a good deal. may feel inclined to draw contemporary parallels and consider the suitability of this form of Individual visitors will find their own favourite representation of our parliamentary government, displays. I was keen to see everything, including the officially sanctioned by the Speaker’s Art Fund. locally produced interpretative films and the current exhibition on shops and shopping. This, the Local liquorice is alas no longer obtainable (and in curator explained, gave a historical perspective my home shopping centre I found some imported utilising their extensive photographic collection, from Finland as a healthy food – a reminder of its now including twenty-first century images, earlier medicinal reputation), although documenting change as well as provoking local confectionary is still made commercially. memories for future generations. Tanshelf was the Glycyrrhiza glabra, a legume with sweet rhizomes original settlement, but this was displaced by a from which the liquorice is obtained, may be Norman castle and priory leading to the noticed growing in the nearby Friarwood Valley development of Pontefract; ‘a model of the Gardens, nurtured by the Gardens’ Friends. Visitors medieval view of society’ as the labelling explains, with an appetite for more may enjoy a stroll here to in which ‘monks and priests prayed, nobles and complement the museum, market place and castle. their men-at-arms fought each other, and the mass of common people worked to support these two It is hoped that this will initiate an occasional series on elites’. The Castle was active during the 1640s and Yorkshire museums which care for the material remains the Ackworth hoard, found in a Wrenthorpe of our county’s past, too often under threat. You may be inspired to explore further! Recent finds

Gold is always a thrill but in mid-July an unusual Gold items are often difficult to interpret since they coin, found in Stapleton near Pontefract and have intrinsic value as well as functional marked (*) on the map, was brought in to the significance. These gold coins may be payment for, Portable Antiquities Scheme Finds Liaison Officer eg. slaves or wheat, or a marriage gift or dowry, or for identification. It is a Frankish tremissis, a coin dress ornaments (gold coins are often found pierced struck between 534 and 680 in Gaul in imitation of as pendants), or political propaganda. And it is true the Byzantine tremissis and worth one-third of a that for a long time these have been collectable solidus. items, and therefore some may be modern imports lost by Victorian gentlemen. These coins are of great interest not only for their rarity (a simple search on the PAS database finds There are, nevertheless, some points which are of only 94 in the whole of England) but as potential obvious interest in the Yorkshire distribution. The indicators of overseas trade at an early date in Stapleton coin was found near Pontefract, where an Anglo-Saxon economic development, possible gift- old find of a coin from Dorestad, probably by the exchange suggesting diplomatic contacts, and of moneyer Madelinus, was found. There are also models for the nascent Anglo-Saxon coinage. The coins from Thirkleby and Borrowby, about 8 miles Merovingians produced apart. Given the overall tremisses, valued at one- rarity of these items, do third of a solidus, in large Frankish tremisses they indicate local wealth numbers, sometimes Previous PAS finds centres? A more obvious calling them triens, and Previous finds centre is of course York, the English name was ? from where there may be thrymsa. Numerous as many as four tremisses. moneyers were involved - All these are close to or on the 37 coins in the Sutton Roman roads, as is the Hoo king's purse came otherwise anomalous coin from 37 different mints - from Skipton. Even the * and the gold content fell Osmondthorpe find might over the period of use. be close to Margary 712. Frisian moneyers also copied Merovingian The Bulmer Beck find, with its obverse design tremisses and so did Anglo-Saxons. Gold coinage 'unparalleled in coinage of the period', is close to, if circulated widely around the North Sea in the not on, Margary 815 and the finds from North Cave seventh century, suggesting already the 'monetary and Cawood may also be associated with water union' which is later indicated by the use of transport. interchangeable sceattas from England, Francia, Frisia and Denmark. This alone indicates that trade Yorkshire is well provided with Roman roads but must by then have been on a scale which surely there are too many coincidences here? It necessitated acceptable coinage. seems very likely that the pattern might legitimately be seen, at least, as indicative of regular The dozen coins shown on the map are not all of the seventh century routes. The pre-eminence of York is tremisses found in Yorkshire: some records are underlined, and the coin from Skipton indicates inadequate - one record states only 'Yorkshire' - and cross-Pennine travel - a tremissis found at Burton-in there may be two more from York. One 'coin,' from Kendal might confirm this. Ainderby Steeple and shown (?), might perhaps not be a coin at all - it is so heavily worn that any Further reading design, if there was one, is totally illegible. The John Naylor, The Circulation of Early-Medieval latest, Stapleton, find, although 'extremely fine', has European Coinage: A Case Study from Yorkshire, c. 650– a design which is quite degenerate and might be a c. 867 poor copy. Another recent early medieval record, from Raskelf listed in Bruce-Mitford's 2005 survey. They cluster near Easingwold, is a mount from a hanging-bowl. around Sutton Hoo and in Lindsey and are Much studied, since in many cases the decoration of dispersed in the Midlands, with the most northerly these originally-Roman bowls appears Celtic in example from near Newcastle. An addition to spite of many having been found in Anglo-Saxon Bruce-Mitford's list is a bowl found in fragments graves, and the use is not obvious, these bowls are together with a skillet at Ravensworth, north of not uncommon - a search on the Portable Richmond, which has hook-escutcheons designed Antiquities Scheme database found nearly 200 as birds' heads and in excellent condition. They, and records throughout England - but there have been the circular mounts also found, are decorated with no PAS finds north of Yorkshire so we may be on millefiori and are difficult to parallel but make an some sort of boundary. In spite of this, hanging interesting comparison to the Raskelf find, which is bowls were made in thus a useful addition to Scotland (a mould was this esoteric group. found at Craig Phadrig near Inverness) and are Although found three found in Ireland, although years ago, an earlier find manufacture there is from North Elmsall is controversial. A bowl in newsworthy because it excellent condition, found has recently been at Castleyard in York in acquired by Wakefield 1829, has delightful 'duck' Museum. The ‘Brookfield hooks. The observed hoard’ is a group of Iron distribution may be Age objects which were complicated by Viking actually found at a dispersal since these were detectorist ‘day-out’. often luxury objects.

In fact, the area around The finds included a Easingwold has produced hemispherical copper other hanging-bowl alloy ‘wine strainer’, a mounts, from pottery vessel, and five Thormanby, and Sessay, Raskelf: Hanging-bowl mount. copper alloy bracelets - a © Portable Antiquities Scheme (CC BY 2.0) while an impressive single wire piece and two assemblage from pairs in more robust Middleham included not only some attractive open- ribbed designs. The work mounts and other parts from a hanging-bowl strainer was inverted on top of the pottery vessel, but other items in Anglo-Saxon style, including a with the five bracelets underneath the pot. gold filigree-decorated sword pommel, a sword, a seventh-century gold coin, spearhead and knife. This type of strainer is rare. The closest parallel to These must represent grave goods dispersed by the the Brookfield hoard strainer is one from the plough. Langstone, Newport, hoard. The Brookfield strainer’s design seems to fit best with a group of However, there is more to make this mount early strainers including one from Thorpe in memorable. The decoration incorporates millefiori - Suffolk, suggesting a date of manufacture around a high-quality type of decoration. A piece was the mid-first century AD. The two other northern found in the purse at the early 7th century Anglo- strainers, from Marston Moor and Helmsdale, Saxon burial site at Sutton Hoo. Hanging-bowls Sutherland are probably of later date. Their bowls using millefiori decoration are rare, with just are decorated with Romano-British -style flower eleven, dated from the fifth to the seventh century, patterns and probably date to around AD 80 -120. Setting thought free

The Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference has been part of the Roman academic world since 1991. The Proceedings have long been available gratis online three years after the conference date and now TRAC has announced the launch of a fully open-access online journal, the Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal (TRAJ). It is published by the Open Library of Humanities, an academic-led, gold open-access publisher with no author-facing charges and is available here.

The launch reflects a growing tendency towards open-access publishing in the humanities. The move is driven, not only by the expectations of a generation brought up on a cost-free internet, but by increasing costs - since 1986, subscription costs for academic journals have risen by 300% above inflation. Major publishers, including Elsevier and Taylor & Francis, have profits in the range 25-35%. In 2010, Elsevier’s scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue - a 36% margin. publishing, and also to the rise of the Russian 'free access' website Sci-Hub, which offers over 69 In the U.K. universities paid an average of nearly £4 million academic papers and articles and bypasses million for journal subscriptions last year, with publisher paywalls. most going to five academic publishing companies: Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, Taylor & The controversy has led to battles in academia. The Francis and Sage. Dutch publishing company Elsevier has cut off access to its publications for thousands of German Costs are minimal, revenue high. Raw material - scientists following a breakdown in negotiations articles - are provided free via university academics, over the cost; researchers in Sweden recently lost having often been subsidised by governments, are access for the same reason. In Austria, the judged, through the peer review system, by other Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden and academics on a voluntary basis and then the Finland library consortia have struck deals whereby published journals are then bought by (government publishers, including Wiley, Springer Nature and funded) state libraries. A 2005 Deutsche Bank report Taylor & Francis, provide open-access deals offset referred to it as a “bizarre” system, in which “the by profits from paywalled journals. state funds most research, pays the salaries of most of those checking the quality of research, and then Whether this approach will be enough remains to buys most of the published product”. be seen. In spite of barriers, including the perceived value to academia of major established journals, the At the same time, the amount of research has been open-access movement has now become established increasing and publishers have been increasing the and, with pressure on universities to minimise costs number of journals available. Library budgets now and maximise revenue, it seems likely that we have find it difficult to keep pace with the prices set by seen the gilded age of academic publishing. publishers. There has been an increasing awareness that putting research behind paywalls is both Worryingly for the publishers, last year more than unjust, especially if research is taxpayer-funded, 97% of Elsevier's articles were accessible free on and also unhelpful. This has driven open access Sci-Hub’s servers anyway. Published articles

“Stokesley Books”: John Slater Pratt and Early Newcomen-type pumping engines in collieries and Victorian Publishing ironworks on the north side of the Don valley in the Malcolm Chase, International Journal of Regional Rotherham area of South Yorkshire in the and Local History eighteenth century John Hunter, The International Journal for the Aelred of Rievaulx and the Saints of Hexham: History of Engineering & Technology Tradition, Innovation, and Devotion in Twelfth- Century Northern England Bradford’s Jewish history: A reconsideration, part Lauren L. Whitnah, Church History one Grace Idle, Jewish Historical Studies Yorkshire’s influence on the understanding and treatment of mental diseases in Victorian Britain: ‘It’s about giving yourself a sense of belonging’: The golden triad of York, Wakefield, and Leeds community-based history and well-being in South Henry R. Rollin & Edward H. Reynolds, Journal of Yorkshire the History of the Neurosciences Alison Twells et al., People Place and Policy online Charlotte Brontë and the Politics of Cloth: The ‘vile Iron Dukes and Naked Races: Edward Carpenter's rumbling mills’ of Yorkshire Sheffield and LGBTQ Public History Deborah Wynne, Brontë Studies Alison Twells, International Journal of Regional and Local History The English Medieval First-Floor Hall: Part 1 – Scolland’s Hall, Richmond, North Yorkshire Secrets for Sale? Innovation and the Nature of Nick Hill & Mark Gardiner, Archaeological Journal Knowledge in an Early Industrial District: The A Re-Reading of the Gest of Robyn Hode Potteries, 1750-1851 R. W. Hoyle, Nottingham Medieval Studies Joseph Lane, London School of Economics and Political Science Working Papers The Fortifications of Hull between 1321 and 1864 D.H. Evans, Archaeological Journal The Discovery of Mesolithic Red Deer at Skipsea Withow Survey and Excavation at the Henges of the Wharfe Sheila Cadman et al., Yorkshire Archaeological Valley, North Yorkshire, 2013 – 15 Journal Alex Gibson, Archaeological Journal Subsistence, Environment and Mesolithic The Annexe of the Roman Fort at Slack, West Landscape Archaeology Yorkshire: Excavations by B.R. Hartley in 1968–9 Barry Taylor, Cambridge Archaeological Journal P. Bidwell et al, Britannia Being Ritual in Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: The Origin, Development and Decline of Back-to- Identifying Ritual Behaviour Within an Ephemeral Back Houses in Leeds, 1787–1937 Material Record Joanne Harrison, Industrial Archaeology Review Edward Blinkhorn, Aimée Little, Journal of World Prehistory Cottages and the Country House: Power, Paternalism and Protest in Elsecar Lives before and after Stonehenge: An Nigel Andrew Cavanagh, Industrial Archaeology osteobiographical study of four prehistoric burials Review recently excavated from the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Restoring the Elsecar Newcomen Engine—High S. Mays et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Ideals, Deep Mysteries Reports, Volume 20, August 2018 Geoff Wallis, The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology Retracing the footsteps of H.H. Thomas: a review of Christopher Booth, Journal of Medieval Monastic his Stonehenge bluestone provenancing study Studies Richard Bevins and Rob Ixer, Antiquity John Gower, Squire of Kent, the Peasants' Revolt, The Social Role of Non-metal ‘Valuables’ in Late and the Visio Anglie Bronze Age Britain Michael Bennett, The Chaucer Review Joanna Brück, Alex Davies, Cambridge Archaeological Journal Bees in the medieval economy: religious observance and the production, trade, and consumption of wax The presence of the brown bear Ursus arctos in in England, c. 1300–1555 Holocene Britain: a review of the evidence Alexandra Sapoznik, The Economic History Review Hannah J. O'Regan, Mammal Review London and England's early modernity: A review of Twelve Augusti recent scholarship Penelope J. Goodman, The Journal of Roman William M. Cavert, History Compass Studies Social Reform and the Pressure of ‘Progress’ on Arable weed seeds as indicators of regional cereal Parliament, 1660–1914 provenance: a case study from Iron Age and Roman Lawrence Goldman, Parliamentary History central-southern Britain Lisa A. Lodwick, Vegetation History and Conversations with Parliament: Women and the Archaeobotany Politics of Pressure in 19th-Century England Sarah Richardson, Parliamentary History Clarity and brilliance: antimony in colourless natron glass explored using Roman glass found in Late marriage as a contributor to the industrial Britain revolution in England Sarah Paynter and Caroline Jackson, Archaeological James Foreman-Peck and Peng Zhou, The Economic and Anthropological Sciences History Review

Henry II and the ideological foundations of Writing History from Below: Chronicling and Angevin rule in Ireland Record-Keeping in Early Modern England Colin Veach, Irish Historical Studies Brodie Waddell, History Workshop Journal

“All the Way to the British Isles”: Ayyubid-English Post-fordist death: A comparative ethnographic Diplomatic Networks in an Early Thirteenth- analysis of milling and mining in Northern England Century Exchange Andrew Dawson and Bryonny Goodwin-Hawkins, Ilan Shoval, Speculum Death Studies

Edward I, Exodus, and England on the Hereford A Tribute to David Hey World Map Andrew Walker, International Journal of Regional Debra Higgs Strickland, Speculum and Local History

The Literacy of English Nuns in the Early Dendrochronological assessment of British veteran Thirteenth Century: Evidence from London, British sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) trees: successful Library, Cotton MS Claudius D. ii cross-matching, and cross-dating with British and Sara Charles, Journal of Medieval Monastic Studies French oak (Quercus) chronologies Holy Alchemists, Metallurgists, and Pharmacists: Rob Jarman et al, Dendrochronologia The Material Evidence for British Monastic Chemistry Recently published books

First and foremost, a book written by one of our In Search of Vikings: Interdisciplinary own members and published very recently. Approaches to the Scandinavian Heritage of North-West England Stephen E. Harding (Ed.), CRC Press

The elite household in England, 1100-1550 Christopher Woolgar (ed.), Shaun Tyas

Fashioning England and the English Rahel Orgis and Matthias Heim, Springer Nature

The North Through its Names: A Phenomenology of Medieval and Early-Modern Northern England David Postles, Oxbow Books

Maryport: A Roman Fort and Its Community David Breeze, Archaeopress Archaeology

Early Medieval Britain: The Rebirth of Towns in the Post-Roman West Pam J. Crabtree, Cambridge University Press The Medieval Clothier John S. Lee, Boydell Press Recent reviews This book offers the first recent survey of this hugely important and significant trade, which Hayton, East Yorkshire: Archaeological Studies of formed the backbone of late medieval England’s the Iron Age and Roman Landscapes, Peter economy, and of its practitioners, examining the Halkon, Martin Millett, Helen Woodhouse whole range of clothiers across different areas of D. H. Evans, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal England, but particularly in parts of Yorkshire. George Errington and Roman Catholic identity in The author explores their impact within the nineteenth-century England, Serenhedd James industry and in their wider communities as Jonathan Bush, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History entrepreneurs and early capitalists, employing workers and even establishing early factories. He Cartimandua’s Capital? The Late Iron Age Royal also looks at their family backgrounds and their Site at Stanwick, North Yorkshire, Fieldwork and roles as patrons of church rebuilding and charitable Analysis 1981-2001, Ed. Colin Haselgrove activities. Sophie Krausz & Ian Ralston, Archaeological Journal The book is completed with extracts from clothiers’ wills and a gazetteer of places to visit, making the Thwing, Rudston and the Exploitation of the book invaluable to academics, students, and local Yorkshire Wolds, Ed. Rose Ferraby et al. historians alike. Patrick Ottaway, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal

The author has kindly arranged that entering the Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain, code BB125 at the Boydell & Brewer checkout will Caitlin C. Gillespie entitle fellow members to a 25% discount. Bryn Mawr Classical Review Learning

WEA courses Northallerton Discovering House History The WEA is the largest voluntary sector provider of Pickering adult education in the country. There are classes in Early Medieval Studies almost every area - no previous knowledge or Medieval Studies 1066 - 1485 qualifications is needed to join most courses, only a The Bayeux Tapestry willingness to share with others your curiosity, Hadrian's Wall ideas and experience. Go to WEA - Find a course Roman Invasion to Cawthorn Camps AD43-71 and search for History, Archaeology or Family History. Classes in Yorkshire include - Pudsey House History Barnsley Family History Family History Update day Sheffield Bradford Know Your Sheffield : A Local History of the City An Introduction to the History and Heritage of The Sceptered Isle-Medieval Britain 1086-1314 Bradford Shipley Castleford Decoding Britain's Ancient Landscapes The Medieval World on our Doorstep, Bradford's Industrial Revolution 'Village to City' Peasants,Lords and the Church The Vikings are Coming! Raiders, Invaders, Settlers Thirsk & Rulers House, Hearth & Home The Development of Working Communities in Easingwold Yorkshire Thieves, Scholars & Dilettante- the beginning of archaeology Georgian York & the Wider World University of York Centre for

Goole Lifelong Learning The Fighting Monks/The Archaeology of Lincolnshire Part 1 Courses are listed here and include: The Archaeology of Lincolnshire Part 2 George Clifford – Tales of Bravery and Piracy Harrogate St. Cuthbert: the Life and After-life of a Northern Family History - Manorial Records Saint Was Arthur a 'Yorkshireman'? Helperby Medieval Textiles and Fashion Passion for Collecting Bede’s England York Minster: Architecture, Artisans and Accounts Family History - Developing the Jigsaw Family History - Manorial Records University of Sheffield

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