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Committee on Children and Young People PARLIAMENT OF NEW SOUTH WALES Committee on Children and Young People REPORT 2/56 – NOVEMBER 2016 SEXUALISATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE New South Wales Parliamentary Library cataloguing-in-publication data: New South Wales. Parliament. Committee on Children and Young People. Sexualisation of children and young people / Committee on Children and Young People. [Sydney, N.S.W.] : the Committee, 2016. 90 pages ; 30 cm. (Report ; no. 2/56) Chair: Melanie Gibbons MP “November 2016” ISBN 9781921012402 1. Children in advertising—New South Wales. 2. Sex in advertising—New South Wales. 3. Mass media and children—Moral and ethical aspects—New South Wales. 4. Social media—Moral and ethical aspects—New South Wales. I. Title. II. Gibbons, Melanie. III. Series: New South Wales. Parliament. Committee on Children and Young People. Report ; no. 2/56 (DDC22) 362.760994 SEXUALISATION OF CHILDREN Contents Membership _____________________________________________________________ v Terms of Reference ________________________________________________________vi Chair’s Foreword _________________________________________________________ vii List of Recommendations ___________________________________________________ ix CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION ________________________________________ 1 Terms of reference ___________________________________________________________ 1 Conduct of the Inquiry _________________________________________________________ 1 Calling for submissions ________________________________________________________ 1 Submissions _________________________________________________________________ 1 Public hearings _______________________________________________________________ 1 This report __________________________________________________________________ 2 CHAPTER TWO – WHAT IS SEXUALISATION? _______________________________ 4 Definitions of sexualisation _____________________________________________________ 4 Committee comment: _________________________________________________________ 6 Effects of sexualisation ________________________________________________________ 6 Evidence of harm _____________________________________________________________ 9 Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 12 CHAPTER THREE – SEXUALISATION IN ADVERTISING _______________________ 13 Regulation of advertising in Australia ____________________________________________ 13 Complaints about advertising __________________________________________________ 14 The complaints process _______________________________________________________ 15 Feedback from stakeholders ___________________________________________________ 17 Criticisms of regulatory arrangements ___________________________________________ 18 Proposed changes to regulation of advertising ____________________________________ 20 Out-of-home advertising ______________________________________________________ 21 Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 25 CHAPTER FOUR – EXPOSURE TO PORNOGRAPHY ___________________________ 26 What is pornography? ________________________________________________________ 26 Evidence of current levels of exposure to pornography _____________________________ 27 Harms caused by exposure to pornography _______________________________________ 29 Possible benefits ____________________________________________________________ 31 Possible solutions: Internet filtering _____________________________________________ 32 Background ________________________________________________________________ 32 United Kingdom _____________________________________________________________ 33 SEPTEMBER 2016 i COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE Evidence from Inquiry participants ______________________________________________ 34 Limitations of internet filters ___________________________________________________ 35 Other measures _____________________________________________________________ 35 Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 35 CHAPTER FIVE – TELEVISION, PRINT MEDIA AND MUSIC _____________________ 37 Current regulatory regime _____________________________________________________ 37 Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995 ____________________ 38 Children’s Television Standards (CTS) ____________________________________________ 39 Television __________________________________________________________________ 39 Changing patterns of media consumption ________________________________________ 41 Print publications ____________________________________________________________ 42 Girls’ magazines _____________________________________________________________ 43 Music _____________________________________________________________________ 44 Music videos________________________________________________________________ 44 CHAPTER SIX – SOCIAL MEDIA, SEXTING AND REVENGE PORN ________________ 46 Use of social media __________________________________________________________ 46 Regulatory framework ________________________________________________________ 47 Sexting ____________________________________________________________________ 48 Positive aspects of social media and sexting ______________________________________ 48 Revenge pornography ________________________________________________________ 49 Legal implications ___________________________________________________________ 51 Providing assistance to young people ____________________________________________ 52 Other measures _____________________________________________________________ 53 Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 54 CHAPTER SEVEN – SAFE SCHOOLS ______________________________________ 57 The Safe Schools program _____________________________________________________ 57 Concerns about Safe Schools___________________________________________________ 58 Safe Schools resources _______________________________________________________ 58 Links available through Safe Schools_____________________________________________ 60 The Louden review___________________________________________________________ 61 Responses to the Louden review _______________________________________________ 62 Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 64 CHAPTER EIGHT – EDUCATION STRATEGIES ______________________________ 65 The role of education _________________________________________________________ 65 Personal Development, Health and Physical Education in NSW schools _________________ 66 Other programs _____________________________________________________________ 69 Vulnerable young people______________________________________________________ 70 Supporting parents __________________________________________________________ 71 ii REPORT 2/56 SEXUALISATION OF CHILDREN Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 74 The role of the Advocate for Children and Young People ____________________________ 74 Committee comment: ________________________________________________________ 75 APPENDIX ONE – LIST OF SUBMISSIONS _________________________________ 77 APPENDIX TWO – LIST OF WITNESSES ___________________________________ 79 APPENDIX THREE – EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES ____________________________ 80 SEPTEMBER 2016 iii COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE Figures Figure 1: Media consumption by children and young people ______________________ 27 Tables Table 1: Classifications for Films and Computer Games ___________________________ 38 Table 2: Comparison of previous and current television codes of practice ____________ 39 Table 3: National Classification Code for publications ____________________________ 42 iv REPORT 2/56 SEXUALISATION OF CHILDREN Membership CHAIR Ms Melanie Gibbons MP, Member for Holsworthy DEPUTY CHAIR Mr Damien Tudehope MP, Member for Epping MEMBERS Ms Jodie Harrison MP, Member for Charlestown Mr Michael Johnsen MP, Member for Upper Hunter The Hon. Greg Donnelly MLC The Hon. Paul Green MLC The Hon. Bronnie Taylor MLC (until 25 August 2016) The Hon. Ben Franklin MLC (from 15 September 2016) CONTACT DETAILS Committee on Children and Young People TELEPHONE (02) 9230 2096 FACSIMILE (02) 9230 3309 E-MAIL [email protected] URL http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/childrenyoungpeople SEPTEMBER 2016 v COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE Terms of Reference That the Joint Committee on Children and Young people inquire into and report on the sexualisation of children and young people, with particular reference to: i. The sexualisation of children and young people in electronic, print and social media and marketing; ii. The exposure of children and young people in NSW to sexualised images and content in public places, electronic, print and social media and marketing; iii. The impact on children and young people of growing up in a sexualised culture; iv. Adequacy of current measures at state and federal level to regulate sexualised imagery in electronic, print and social media and marketing, and effectiveness of self-regulation measures; v. Measures to assist parents in fulfilling their responsibility to protect and educate children; vi. Measures to educate children and young people and assist them in navigating the contemporary cultural environment; vii. Possible measures that the Children’s Advocate can take to assist children and young people to navigate the cultural environment successfully. viii. Any other related matter. vi REPORT 2/56 SEXUALISATION OF CHILDREN Chair’s Foreword The Committee views the development of our children and young
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