User Authentication and Related Topics: an Annotated Bibliography
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Analyzing Cyber Trends in Online Financial Frauds Using Digital Forensics Techniques Simran Koul, Yash Raj, Simriti Koul
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-9, July 2020 Analyzing Cyber Trends in Online Financial Frauds using digital Forensics Techniques Simran Koul, Yash Raj, Simriti Koul Online frauds refer to the usage of Internet services or other Abstract: Online financial frauds are one of the leading issues open-source software requiring Internet access to frame users in the fields of digital forensics and cyber-security today. Various or to otherwise take advantage of them. Finance-related flaws online firms have been employing several methodologies for the are becoming quite commonplace today. The most common prevention of finance-related malpractices. This domain of criminal activity is becoming increasingly common in the present types of online financial frauds include: cyberspace. In this paper, we will try to implement an online Phishing: Here, the fraudsters acquire users’ sensitive data financial fraud investigation using the digital forensics tool: such as passwords and credit card credentials through email Autopsy. A few existing cyber-security techniques for the messages, fraud websites, and phone calls. investigation of such crimes, namely the Formal Concept Analysis Card Skimming: This crime involves the illegal extraction and Confirmatory Factor Analysis; have been analyzed and of the user’s sensitive financial details on the magnetic stripe reviewed. These techniques are primarily based on mathematical cyber-security concepts. Henceforth, it has been tried to find out from ATMs, debit, and credit cards. This is usually done by whether the investigation of similar crimes can be done the installation of malware on the card reader used by the satisfactorily using the readily-accessible digital forensics tool: victim. -
193 194 Chapter 17
National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration U.S. Department of Commerce An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook Special Publication 800-12 User Contingency Assurance I & A Issues Planning Personnel Training Access Risk Crypto Controls Audit Planning Management Support Physical Program Threats Policy & Management Security Operations Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose .................................................... 3 1.2 Intended Audience .......................................... 3 1.3 Organization ............................................... 4 1.4 Important Terminology ..................................... 5 1.5 Legal Foundation for Federal Computer Security Programs . 7 Chapter 2 ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER SECURITY 2.1 Computer Security Supports the Mission of the Organization. 9 2.2 Computer Security is an Integral Element of Sound Management. .............................................. 10 2.3 Computer Security Should Be Cost-Effective. ............... 11 2.4 Computer Security Responsibilities and Accountability Should Be Made Explicit. .......................................... 12 2.5 Systems Owners Have Security Responsibilities Outside Their Own Organizations. ........................................ 12 2.6 Computer Security Requires a Comprehensive and Integrated Approach. ................................................. 13 2.7 Computer Security Should Be Periodically Reassessed. ...... 13 2.8 Computer Security is Constrained by Societal -
Cybersecurity & Computing Innovations
Cybersecurity & Computing Innovations: Notes In this lesson: - Online Security - Legal & Ethical Concerns - Computing Innovations Online Security: ● Personal identifiable information (PII) is information about an individual that identifies links, relates, or describes them. ● Examples of PII include: ○ Social Security Number ○ Age ○ Race ○ Phone numbers ○ Medical information ○ Financial information ○ Biometric data (fingerprint and retinal scans) ● Search engines can record and maintain a history of search made by users. ○ Search engines can use search history to suggest websites or for targeted marketing. ● Websites can record and maintain a history of individuals who have viewed their pages. ○ Devices, websites, and networks can collect information about a user’s location. ● Technology enables the collection, use, and exploitation of information about by and for individuals, groups and institutions. ● Personal data such as geolocation, cookies, and browsing history, can be aggregated to create knowledge about an individual. ● Personal identifiable information and other information placed online can be used to enhance a user’s experiences. ● Personal identifiable information stored online can be used to simplify making online purchases. ● Commercial and government curation (collection) of information may be exploited if privacy and other protections are ignored. ● Information placed online can be used in ways that were not intended and that may have a harmful effect. ○ For example, an email message may be forwarded, tweets can be retweeted, and social media posts can be viewed by potential employers. ● Personal identifiable information can be used to stalk or steal the identity of a person or to aid in the planning of other criminal acts. ● Once information is placed online, it is difficult to delete. -
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : from AT&T-Owned to Freely
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable Marshall Kirk McKusick Early History Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie presented the first Unix paper at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles at Purdue University in November 1973. Professor Bob Fabry, of the University of California at Berkeley, was in attendance and immediately became interested in obtaining a copy of the system to experiment with at Berkeley. At the time, Berkeley had only large mainframe computer systems doing batch processing, so the first order of business was to get a PDP-11/45 suitable for running with the then-current Version 4 of Unix. The Computer Science Department at Berkeley, together with the Mathematics Department and the Statistics Department, were able to jointly purchase a PDP-11/45. In January 1974, a Version 4 tape was delivered and Unix was installed by graduate student Keith Standiford. Although Ken Thompson at Purdue was not involved in the installation at Berkeley as he had been for most systems up to that time, his expertise was soon needed to determine the cause of several strange system crashes. Because Berkeley had only a 300-baud acoustic-coupled modem without auto answer capability, Thompson would call Standiford in the machine room and have him insert the phone into the modem; in this way Thompson was able to remotely debug crash dumps from New Jersey. Many of the crashes were caused by the disk controller's inability to reliably do overlapped seeks, contrary to the documentation. Berkeley's 11/45 was among the first systems that Thompson had encountered that had two disks on the same controller! Thompson's remote debugging was the first example of the cooperation that sprang up between Berkeley and Bell Labs. -
Introduction
Introduction J. M. P. Alves Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics in Parasitology Department of Parasitology, ICB, USP BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 ● Introduction to computers and computing (UNIX) ● Linux basics ● Introduction to the Bash shell ● Connecting to this course’s virtual machine J.M.P. Alves 2 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 TuxThe Linux mascot “TUXedo”... By Larry Ewing, 1996 ...or Torvalds UniX Tux's ancestor J.M.P. Alves 3 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Linux (Unix) & science Why so popular together? ● Historical reasons (programs made for Unix/Linux) ● Available on any kind of computer, especially powerful servers ● Works efficiently with humongous text files (head, tail, sort, cut, paste, grep, etc.) ● Complicated tasks can be made easy by concatenating simpler commands (piping) ● Creating new programs is easy – tools just one or two commands (or clicks) away (gcc, g++, python, perl) ● Stable, efficient, open (free software), no cost (software for free) J.M.P. Alves 4 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 What IS this Linux, anyway? J.M.P. Alves 5 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Operating system J.M.P. Alves 6 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 An operating system is a collection of programs that initialize the computer's hardware, providing basic instructions for the control of devices, managing and scheduling tasks, and regulating their interactions with each other. J.M.P. Alves 7 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 You WhatsApp Android Phone J.M.P. Alves 8 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 You MUSCLE Linux Computer J.M.P. Alves 9 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 formerly: J.M.P. Alves 10 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 History J.M.P. -
The UNIX Time- Sharing System
1. Introduction There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest version (circa 1969–70) ran on the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second version ran on the unprotected PDP-11/20 computer. This paper describes only the PDP-11/40 and /45 [l] system since it is The UNIX Time- more modern and many of the differences between it and older UNIX systems result from redesign of features found Sharing System to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-11 UNIX became operational in February Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; they Bell Laboratories are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from various switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly for research in operating sys- tems, languages, computer networks, and other topics in computer science, and also for document preparation. UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive Perhaps the most important achievement of UNIX is to operating system for the Digital Equipment Corpora- demonstrate that a powerful operating system for interac- tion PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number tive use need not be expensive either in equipment or in of features seldom found even in larger operating sys- human effort: UNIX can run on hardware costing as little as tems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorpo- $40,000, and less than two man years were spent on the rating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, main system software. -
Arxiv:2106.11534V1 [Cs.DL] 22 Jun 2021 2 Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China 3 University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Turing Award elites revisited: patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact Yinyu Jin1 · Sha Yuan1∗ · Zhou Shao2, 4 · Wendy Hall3 · Jie Tang4 Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The Turing Award is recognized as the most influential and presti- gious award in the field of computer science(CS). With the rise of the science of science (SciSci), a large amount of bibliographic data has been analyzed in an attempt to understand the hidden mechanism of scientific evolution. These include the analysis of the Nobel Prize, including physics, chemistry, medicine, etc. In this article, we extract and analyze the data of 72 Turing Award lau- reates from the complete bibliographic data, fill the gap in the lack of Turing Award analysis, and discover the development characteristics of computer sci- ence as an independent discipline. First, we show most Turing Award laureates have long-term and high-quality educational backgrounds, and more than 61% of them have a degree in mathematics, which indicates that mathematics has played a significant role in the development of computer science. Secondly, the data shows that not all scholars have high productivity and high h-index; that is, the number of publications and h-index is not the leading indicator for evaluating the Turing Award. Third, the average age of awardees has increased from 40 to around 70 in recent years. This may be because new breakthroughs take longer, and some new technologies need time to prove their influence. Besides, we have also found that in the past ten years, international collabo- ration has experienced explosive growth, showing a new paradigm in the form of collaboration. -
An Introduction to Computer Security: the NIST Handbook U.S
HATl INST. OF STAND & TECH R.I.C. NIST PUBLICATIONS AlllOB SEDS3fl NIST Special Publication 800-12 An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards Barbara Guttman and Edward A. Roback and Technology COMPUTER SECURITY Contingency Assurance User 1) Issues Planniii^ I&A Personnel Trairang f Access Risk Audit Planning ) Crypto \ Controls O Managen»nt U ^ J Support/-"^ Program Kiysfcal ~^Tiireats Policy & v_ Management Security Operations i QC 100 Nisr .U57 NO. 800-12 1995 The National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering, and develops measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303. -
Turing Award • John Von Neumann Medal • NAE, NAS, AAAS Fellow
15-712: Advanced Operating Systems & Distributed Systems A Few Classics Prof. Phillip Gibbons Spring 2021, Lecture 2 Today’s Reminders / Announcements • Summaries are to be submitted via Canvas by class time • Announcements and Q&A are via Piazza (please enroll) • Office Hours: – Prof. Phil Gibbons: Fri 1-2 pm & by appointment – TA Jack Kosaian: Mon 1-2 pm – Zoom links: See canvas/Zoom 2 CS is a Fast Moving Field: Why Read/Discuss Old Papers? “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” - George Santayana, The Life of Reason, Volume 1, 1905 See what breakthrough research ideas look like when first presented 3 The Rise of Worse is Better Richard Gabriel 1991 • MIT/Stanford style of design: “the right thing” – Simplicity in interface 1st, implementation 2nd – Correctness in all observable aspects required – Consistency – Completeness: cover as many important situations as is practical • Unix/C style: “worse is better” – Simplicity in implementation 1st, interface 2nd – Correctness, but simplicity trumps correctness – Consistency is nice to have – Completeness is lowest priority 4 Worse-is-better is Better for SW • Worse-is-better has better survival characteristics than the-right-thing • Unix and C are the ultimate computer viruses – Simple structures, easy to port, required few machine resources to run, provide 50-80% of what you want – Programmer conditioned to sacrifice some safety, convenience, and hassle to get good performance and modest resource use – First gain acceptance, condition users to expect less, later -
Corbató Transcript Final
A. M. Turing Award Oral History Interview with Fernando J. (“Corby”) Corbató by Steve Webber Plum Island, Massachusetts April 6, 2018 Webber: Hi. My name is Steve Webber. It’s April 6th, 2018. I’m here to interview Fernando Corbató – everyone knows him as “Corby” – the ACM Turing Award winner of 1990 for his contributions to computer science. So Corby, tell me about your early life, where you went to school, where you were born, your family, your parents, anything that’s interesting for the history of computer science. Corbató: Well, my parents met at University of California, Berkeley, and they… My father got his doctorate in Spanish literature – and I was born in Oakland, California – and proceeded to… he got his first position at UCLA, which was then a new campus in Los Angeles, as a professor of Spanish literature. So I of course wasn’t very conscious of much at those ages, but I basically grew up in West Los Angeles and went to public high schools, first grammar school, then junior high, and then I began high school. Webber: What were your favorite subjects in high school? I tended to enjoy the mathematics type of subjects. As I recall, algebra was easy and enjoyable. And the… one of the results of that was that I was in high school at the time when World War II… when Pearl Harbor occurred and MIT was… rather the United States was drawn into the war. As I recall, Pearl Harbor occurred… I think it was on a Sunday, but one of the results was that it shocked the US into reacting to the war effort, and one of the results was that everything went into kind of a wartime footing. -
Alan Mathison Turing and the Turing Award Winners
Alan Turing and the Turing Award Winners A Short Journey Through the History of Computer TítuloScience do capítulo Luis Lamb, 22 June 2012 Slides by Luis C. Lamb Alan Mathison Turing A.M. Turing, 1951 Turing by Stephen Kettle, 2007 by Slides by Luis C. Lamb Assumptions • I assume knowlege of Computing as a Science. • I shall not talk about computing before Turing: Leibniz, Babbage, Boole, Gödel... • I shall not detail theorems or algorithms. • I shall apologize for omissions at the end of this presentation. • Comprehensive information about Turing can be found at http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/ • The full version of this talk is available upon request. Slides by Luis C. Lamb Alan Mathison Turing § Born 23 June 1912: 2 Warrington Crescent, Maida Vale, London W9 Google maps Slides by Luis C. Lamb Alan Mathison Turing: short biography • 1922: Attends Hazlehurst Preparatory School • ’26: Sherborne School Dorset • ’31: King’s College Cambridge, Maths (graduates in ‘34). • ’35: Elected to Fellowship of King’s College Cambridge • ’36: Publishes “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheindungsproblem”, Journal of the London Math. Soc. • ’38: PhD Princeton (viva on 21 June) : “Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals”, supervised by Alonzo Church. • Letter to Philipp Hall: “I hope Hitler will not have invaded England before I come back.” • ’39 Joins Bletchley Park: designs the “Bombe”. • ’40: First Bombes are fully operational • ’41: Breaks the German Naval Enigma. • ’42-44: Several contibutions to war effort on codebreaking; secure speech devices; computing. • ’45: Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) Computer. Slides by Luis C. -
Linux Internals
LINUX INTERNALS Peter Chubb and Etienne Le Sueur [email protected] A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY • Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1967–70 • USG and BSD • John Lions 1976–95 • Andrew Tanenbaum 1987 • Linux Torvalds 1991 NICTA Copyright c 2011 From Imagination to Impact 2 The history of UNIX-like operating systems is a history of people being dissatisfied with what they have and wanting to do some- thing better. It started when Ken Thompson got bored with MUL- TICS and wanted to write a computer game (Space Travel). He found a disused PDP-7, and wrote an interactive operating sys- tem to run his game. The main contribution at this point was the simple file-system abstraction. (Ritchie 1984) Other people found it interesting enough to want to port it to other systems, which led to the first major rewrite — from assembly to C. In some ways UNIX was the first successfully portable OS. After Ritchie & Thompson (1974) was published, AT&T became aware of a growing market for UNIX. They wanted to discourage it: it was common for AT&T salesmen to say, ‘Here’s what you get: A whole lot of tapes, and an invoice for $10 000’. Fortunately educational licences were (almost) free, and universities around the world took up UNIX as the basis for teaching and research. The University of California at Berkeley was one of those univer- NICTA Copyright c 2011 From Imagination to Impact 2-1 sities. In 1977, Bill Joy (a postgrad) put together and released the first Berkeley Software Distribution — in this instance, the main additions were a pascal compiler and Bill Joy’s ex editor.