Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. WEC237 Florida's Environment - Southeast Region1 Martin B. Main and Ginger M. Allen2 Florida's Environment Series Introduction Southeast Florida (Fig. 1) has more than 50 percent of the region in conservation lands, which includes the Everglades, the largest and most well known wetland ecosystem in Florida (Table 1). Despite these protective measures, few natural areas remain in coastal areas of Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties where coastal populations are concentrated. Wetlands in the region have been significantly altered to meet the needs of agriculture and the sprawling urban areas that dominate this region. Figure 1. Southeast Florida region with counties. Credits: Included in this region are the unique Florida UF/IFAS Keys, the most tropical of Florida's environments. Tropical hardwood hammocks in the Keys are home on other regions in Florida refer to "The Florida to a number of endangered plant and wildlife species. Environment: An Overview", and the other seven The Keys is also one of the most exciting locations in regional profiles available online the country to watch the annual migration of raptors, (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu). including falcons. This document summarizes major rivers, lakes and estuaries, featured natural areas, and cultural aspects of Florida's southeast region. For information 1. This document is Fact Sheet WEC 237, one of the Florida's Environment series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: July, 2007. Reviewed November 2010. Please visit the Edis website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Martin B. Main, associate professor, wildlife extension specialist, and Ginger M. Allen, senior biologist, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0304. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer-Chancy, Interim Dean Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. Florida's Environment - Southeast Region 2 Major Rivers, Lakes, Wetlands, and freshwater area is dominated by saw grass, saw Estuaries marsh and deeper sloughs, but also includes wet prairies, ponds, and cypress wetlands. Upland The Everglades ecosystem is one of the largest habitats include pine rockland communities on and most unique wetland ecosystems on Earth. shallow lime rock soils, tropical hardwood Described by Florida writer and environmentalist hammocks, and tree islands. Tree islands are a unique Marjorie Stoneman Douglas as a "river of grass" due feature in the Everglades and provide important to the vast expanses of saw grass through which upland habitats in the wetland landscape. The surface water traveled to the Gulf of Mexico, the Everglades drains into Florida Bay along Florida's Everglades is far more ecologically complex than this southern coast, which is dominated by mangroves. metaphor suggests. Many small islands occur throughout the area. Historically, the Everglades was connected The Everglades has over 350 species of ecologically to the Kissimmee River and Lake birds and 50 reptiles. It is home to a variety of Okeechobee and the ecosystem encompassed more mammals, including the endangered Florida than 4,000 square miles. In geologic terms the panther and American crocodile. Plant life is diverse Everglades is young. It was formed approximately in the Everglades, with more than 1,000 seed-bearing 5,000 years ago when rising sea levels created plants, some of which are found nowhere else. sufficient pressure to contain freshwater within the shallow bedrock trough in south Florida. For more A number of marshes are hydrologically linked than 5,000 years seasonal flooding flowed southward to the Everglades and Lake Okeechobee; the through the Everglades in a slow moving sheet up to Allapattah Marsh, the Loxahatchee Marsh, the three feet deep and 50 miles wide, stretching from Hungryland Slough, and the Hillsborough Lakes Lake Okeechobee to the Gulf of Mexico. However, Marsh, together covering over 200,000 acres, all during the last century drainage projects, agriculture, drain into the northern Everglades. and urban development reduced the extent of the Loxahatchee Marsh, in Palm Beach County, is Everglades and modified seasonal flooding critical to in the northeastern portion of the Everglades (Fig. 2). the ecosystem. Today, the Everglades is undergoing As many as 250 species of birds use the the largest ecological restoration project ever Loxahatchee for breeding, foraging, or migratory attempted to restore natural cycles of flooding and habitat, including the endangered Everglades snail drying. kite. Everglades National Park (ENP) was created in The Big Cypress Swamp is on the western 1934 in response to public pressure to preserve "an boundary of the Everglades. Big Cypress is untouched example of the Everglades of Florida." At topographically higher than the Everglades, and approximately 1.5 million acres, the ENP is the much of its water historically flowed west into the largest subtropical wilderness in the continental Everglades. Big Cypress National Preserve (729,000 United States, and in the top ten of the nation's acres) was created in 1974 to protect the cypress largest national parks. The ENP is also of swamps, wet prairies, pine flatwoods, and tropical international significance, having been designated as hardwood hammocks found there. Big Cypress a World Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage stretches into southwest Florida. Site, and a Wetland of International Importance. It is the only wetland in the western hemisphere to Lake Okeechobee is the only major lake in the receive these multiple designations. southeast region and is the lifeblood for all of south Florida. Lake Okeechobee is approximately 700 mi2 The Everglades ecosystem includes both the and is the largest lake in Florida and one of the largest temperate and tropical flora in a widely shifting freshwater ecosystems in North America. It is unique collection of habitats within a vast wetland landscape because of its shallowness (average depth < 15 feet) that includes smaller upland features. Most of the and expansive littoral zone (shoreline) of Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. Florida's Environment - Southeast Region 3 There are few major rivers in the southeast Region of Florida. Those that do exist have been radically altered by humans. Many rivers have been straightened and made into canals to move water to or from developed and agricultural areas more efficiently. In fact, southeast Florida has one of the most extensive canal systems in the world designed to drain and manage the Everglades and Lake Okeechobee. The Loxahatchee River drains the Loxahatchee Slough, which is north of and disconnected from the Loxahatchee Marsh. The river drains to the north and runs into the Loxahatchee River Aquatic Preserve and Jupiter Inlet on the Atlantic coast. The Loxahatchee River was designated as Floridas first National Wild and Scenic River. Although it has been extensively diked, channeled, and drained, it still is one of Florida's most beautiful rivers. Figure 2. Southeast Florida's major conservation lands The New River is more of a canal than a river for Credits: UF/IFAS most of its course, from the southeast side of Lake Okeechobee in Palm Beach County to Ft. Lauderdale approximately 170 mi2. Essentially, Lake in Broward County. Only five miles of the river Okeechobee is a large shallow depression that remains in a semi-natural state. The New River was receives water primarily from the Kissimmee River, channelized to carry agricultural runoff from the Taylor Creek, and Fisheating Creek basins to the Lake Okeechobee region to the Atlantic Ocean. Many north and northwest. Lake Okeechobee is also a part rare and endangered plants and animals historically of the central east region of Florida. occurred along the river; most are now gone due to Lake Okeechobee was formed over 6,000 years urban development. Manatee, wood storks, and ago and was historically the liquid heart of the American crocodiles are a few of the larger animals Everglades, providing the primary source of water of note remaining in the river basin. that fueled the sheet flow that sustained the Everglades and nourished Florida Bay and coastal Featured Natural Areas th th estuaries. During the late 19 and early 20 centuries, (see Table 2 for detailed list of natural areas) canals and dikes built for flood protection altered the hydrology of the lake, resulting in a much shallower Everglades National Park encompasses lake with increased nutrients and a littoral zone approximately 1.5 million acres (Fig.