DOCSLIB.ORG

Richard Bartlett Gregg Papers Ms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Richard Bartlett Gregg Papers Ms Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Ms. Coll. 954 Finding aid prepared by Kevin Stuart Lee. Last updated on July 01, 2020. University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts 2014 February 4 Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Table of Contents Summary Information....................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History..........................................................................................................................................4 Scope and Contents....................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information........................................................................................................................... 5 Controlled Access Headings..........................................................................................................................6 Collection Inventory...................................................................................................................................... 7 Correspondence........................................................................................................................................7 Newsletters and reports........................................................................................................................... 8 - Page 2 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Summary Information Repository University of Pennsylvania: Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts Creator Gregg, Richard Bartlett, 1885- Title Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Call number Ms. Coll. 954 Date [bulk] 1930-1933 Date [inclusive] 1930-1938 Extent 0.4 linear feet (1 box) Language English Abstract The Richard Bartlett Gregg papers consist of letters and news reports related to the Indian independence movement collected by the American social philosopher and nonviolence theorist Richard Bartlett Gregg (1885-1974) between 1930 and 1938. Fascinated and inspired by Gandhi, Gregg lived in India from 1925 to 1929. Upon his return to the United States he promoted the nonviolence and simple living exemplified by Gandhi as tools for transforming Western civilization, and kept track of events in India by way of correspondence with Indian leaders and their Western sympathizers and subscriptions to publications supportive of Indian independence. The collection includes handwritten letters to Gregg from prominent Indian guiding lights, including Gandhi, Mahadev Desai, Jivraj Mehta, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mirabehn (Madeleine Slade). - Page 3 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Cite as: Richard Bartlett Gregg papers, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania Biography/History Richard Bartlett Gregg, Esq. (born 1885 in Colorado Springs, CO, died 1974) was an American lawyer, social philosopher, and advocate of nonviolent resistance and simple living. The son of a minister, Gregg attended Harvard where he earned his bachelor's degree in 1907 and his juris doctor in 1911. He worked first as a labor lawyer, and later as a Chicago railroad union employee until discovering literature on Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and his nonviolent resistance ("Satyagraha") to British colonial rule in India. Moved in an extraordinary manner, Gregg sailed to India in 1925 and immersed himself in the country, its culture, and independence movement, teaching in a village school, living for seven months in Gandhi's famous Sabarmati ashram, and acquainting himself firsthand with the lives and practices of the satyagrahis. Gregg returned to the United States in 1929 a disciple of Gandhi. During the 1930s, Gregg maintained a correspondence with Gandhi, as well as other leaders of the Indian nationalist movement and prominent figures of the American Left, and kept close tabs on the developments in India. Inspired by Gandhi's example, Gregg split his time between Boston and a rural farm, and wrote "The Power of Non-Violence" (1935) and "The Value of Voluntary Simplicity" (1936). "The Power of Non-Violence" is perhaps most famous as one of the five texts that influenced Martin Luther King Jr. to champion nonviolence in the civil rights movement. A modest man of deep convictions, Gregg was called "one of the quietest radicals in history" (Kosek) and advocated not for revolution, but for peaceful civil disobedience and self-sufficient, back-to-the-land living as tools for the transformation of Western civilization into what he believed would be a more humane and compassionate society. He wrote one further book, "Companion Plants" (1966). He had one wife, Nonie. Kosek, Joseph Kip, "The Power of Nonviolence" (http://hnn.us/article/62813) Scope and Contents This collection comprises two series, "Correspondence" (from 1929 to 1938) and "Newsletters and reports" (from 1930 to 1933) concerning the Indian independence movement. "Correspondence" - Page 4 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers consists of letters (both handwritten and typed) to and from Richard Gregg and Indian nationalist leaders (including Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mirabehn), personalities of the American Left (Roger Nash Baldwin and Scott Nearing), and associated sympathizers. It also contains one dispatch from Father Verrier Elwin on the nonviolent activities of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and his Red-Shirts in the North-West Frontier Province, and newspaper clippings from Pyarelal Nayyar on the Bombay cotton boycott. The series is organized in alphabetical order according to author's last name (i.e., Baldwin, Desai, Gandhi, etc.). Within each folder, the letters are organized in chronological order from earliest to latest. "Newsletters and reports" (from 1930 to 1933) consists of digests and circular letters from several publications allied with the Indian nationalist cause detailing protests, pickets, and police brutality towards prisoners and villagers. It also contains Mirabehn's (Madeleine Slade's) reports on the Bombay Riots of 1930. The series is organized in alphabetical order according to publication or organization name, with the exception of folder 25 ("Miscellaneous"). The contents of each folder are organized in chronological order from earliest to latest. This collection will be of use to researchers interested in the personalities and events of the Indian independence movement c. 1930-1933, the development of nonviolence theory, and figures of the American Left of the early 20th century. Administrative Information University of Pennsylvania, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts 2014 February 4 Finding aid prepared by Kevin Stuart Lee. Access Restrictions This collection is open to researchers. Use Restrictions Copyright restrictions may exist. For most library holdings, the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania do not hold copyright. It is the responsibility of the requester to seek permission from the holder of the copyright to reproduce material from the Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts. - Page 5 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Controlled Access Headings Form/Genre(s) • Correspondence • Newsletters Geographic Name(s) • India--Politics and government--1919-1947 Occupation(s) • Activists Personal Name(s) • Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869-1948 • Mirabehn, 1892-1982 Subject(s) • Nationalism--India--History--20th century • Passive resistance--India • Political science • Riots--India - Page 6 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Correspondence Collection Inventory Correspondence, 1930-1938. Box Folder Baldwin, Roger Nash, letters to and from Gregg, 1931 March-December, 1 1 undated. Boericke and Tafel, homeopathic pharmacists, letters to and from Gregg, 1 2 1931 July 9-13. Chakrararty, Amiya, extract of a letter to Horace Alexander, 1932 1 3 September 6. Desai, Mahadev Haribhai, letter to Gregg, 1931 December 3. 1 4 Elwin, Verrier, letters to Gregg and dispatch, 1932. 1 5 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, letters to and from Gregg, newsletter, 1 6 1930-1933. Holmes, John Haynes (Reverend), letter Gregg, 1933 May 1. 1 7 Laing, Mary E., letter to Gregg, 1931 October 9. 1 8 Mehta, Jivraj Narayan, letters to Gregg, 1930 May. 1 9 Mirabehn, letters from, 1930-1938 (Bulk, 1930-1933) . 1 10 Mukerji, Dhan Gopal, letters to and from Gregg, 1931 March 9, undated. 1 11 Mussey, Henry Raymond, letters from Gregg, 1931 February-March. 1 12 - Page 7 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Newsletters and reports Nayyar, Pyarelal, letters to Gregg and newspaper clippings, 1931-1932. 1 13 Nearing, Scott, letter to and from Gregg, 1930. 1 14 Nehru, Jawaharlal, letter to and from, 1931. 1 15 Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti, letter to Gregg, 1929 June 26. 1 16 Shukla, Chandrashanker, extract of a letter, 1933 January 23. 1 17 Sinha, P.N., letter from Gregg, undated. 1 18 "Sister," letter from Gregg, 1931 February 3. 1 19 Stokes, S.E., letters to and from Gregg, 1931. 1 20 Villard, Oswald Garrish, letter from Gregg. 1 21 Newsletters and reports, 1930-1933. Box Folder American League for India's Freedom, "Answers to the questions commonly 1 22 raised against freedom for India", 1932. Bombay Congress Bulletin, 1932 February-June. 1 23 Bombay University Bulletin, 1932 February. 1 24 Congress Bulletin, 1932 April 3. 1 25 India League Information Bulletin, 1932 January-February. 1 26 India News Bulletin, 1932 November 1. 1 27 - Page 8 - Richard Bartlett Gregg papers Newsletters and reports India Today, by C.F. Andrews, 1933 December. 1 28 Indian Weekly Review, 1932-1933. 1 29 International Committee for India, 1933 April-September. 1 30 Mirabehn's reports on Bombay riots, 1932 May-July. 1 31 Weekly reports, 1932 February-April. 1 32 Weekly reports, 1932 May-August. 1 33 Miscellaneous reports, many by Mirabehn, 1930-1932. 1 34 - Page 9 -.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Social Life of Khadi: Gandhi's Experiments with the Indian
    The Social Life of Khadi: Gandhi’s Experiments with the Indian Economy, c. 1915-1965 by Leslie Hempson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Farina Mir, Co-Chair Professor Mrinalini Sinha, Co-Chair Associate Professor William Glover Associate Professor Matthew Hull Leslie Hempson [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5195-1605 © Leslie Hempson 2018 DEDICATION To my parents, whose love and support has accompanied me every step of the way ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF ACRONYMS v GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS vi ABSTRACT vii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL DIVIDE 23 CHAPTER 2: ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS 53 CHAPTER 3: WRITING THE ECONOMY 89 CHAPTER 4: SPINNING EMPLOYMENT 130 CONCLUSION 179 APPENDIX: WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY 184 iii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 Advertisement for a list of businesses certified by AISA 59 3.1 A set of scales with coins used as weights 117 4.1 The ambar charkha in three-part form 146 4.2 Illustration from a KVIC album showing Mother India cradling the ambar 150 charkha 4.3 Illustration from a KVIC album showing giant hand cradling the ambar charkha 151 4.4 Illustration from a KVIC album showing the ambar charkha on a pedestal with 152 a modified version of the motto of the Indian republic on the front 4.5 Illustration from a KVIC album tracing the charkha to Mohenjo Daro 158 4.6 Illustration from a KVIC album tracing
    [Show full text]
  • Friends of Gandhi
    FRIENDS OF GANDHI Correspondence of Mahatma Gandhi with Esther Færing (Menon), Anne Marie Petersen and Ellen Hørup Edited by E.S. Reddy and Holger Terp Gandhi-Informations-Zentrum, Berlin The Danish Peace Academy, Copenhagen Copyright 2006 by Gandhi-Informations-Zentrum, Berlin, and The Danish Peace Academy, Copenhagen. Copyright for all Mahatma Gandhi texts: Navajivan Trust, Ahmedabad, India (with gratitude to Mr. Jitendra Desai). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transacted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Gandhi-Informations-Zentrum: http://home.snafu.de/mkgandhi The Danish Peace Academy: http://www.fredsakademiet.dk Friends of Gandhi : Correspondence of Mahatma Gandhi with Esther Færing (Menon), Anne Marie Petersen and Ellen Hørup / Editors: E.S.Reddy and Holger Terp. Publishers: Gandhi-Informations-Zentrum, Berlin, and the Danish Peace Academy, Copenhagen. 1st edition, 1st printing, copyright 2006 Printed in India. - ISBN 87-91085-02-0 - ISSN 1600-9649 Fred I Danmark. Det Danske Fredsakademis Skriftserie Nr. 3 EAN number / strejkode 9788791085024 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ESTHER FAERING (MENON)1 Biographical note Correspondence with Gandhi2 Gandhi to Miss Faering, January 11, 1917 Gandhi to Miss Faering, January 15, 1917 Gandhi to Miss Faering, March 20, 1917 Gandhi to Miss Faering, March 31,1917 Gandhi to Miss Faering, April 15, 1917 Gandhi to Miss Faering,
    [Show full text]
  • Exercises Final Edit
    _______________________________________________________ THE SIMPLICITY EXERCISES A SOURCEBOOK FOR SIMPLICITY EDUCATORS Mark A Burch Simplicity Institute Report 12k, 2012 SPECIAL ISSUE ____________________ SIMPLICITY INSTITUTE PRAISE FOR THE SIMPLICITY EXERCISES: Mark Burch is the real deal—it’s evident from The Simplicity Exercises that he’s spent a lifetime integrating simple living principles into his own life, and luckily for the rest of us, has developed and honed exercises to help others do the same. Seasoned voluntary simplicity facilitators will appreciate how thorough and well-presented these activities are. In fact, the material is so well-thought out that informal educators new to simple living could use Mark’s book with confidence. If you’re ready to change your game plan or help others do so, this book ofers real transformative opportunities. C. Jones, M. Div., Adult Educator and Simple Living Enthusiast Refraining from adding to the critique of current social, economic and ecological challenges, Burch makes a notable shift towards positive social transformation, opting to share the rewards and potentials of simple living with others rather than additional criticism and analysis of contemporary problems. … The sourcebook is therefore an important and valuable resource for all educators or individuals interested in exploring simplicity further,.. Natalie Swayze, Research Associate, Centre for Indigenous Science Education, The University of Winnipeg In The Simplicity Exercises, Burch provides us with a path through that mental barrier [to transformative change] with comprehensive and well-thought-out group thought- experiments and exercises. Drawing from years of real-world experience, the book provides us a path beyond fear, critique and common despair-ridden questions about how to move forward to solve the challenges of our time.
    [Show full text]
  • Kelly Rae Chi a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of North
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE MOTIVATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF LIVING SIMPLY IN A CONSUMING SOCIETY Kelly Rae Chi A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication. Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Professor Jan Johnson Yopp, adviser Professor Barbara Friedman, reader Professor Stephen Birdsall, reader ©2008 Kelly Rae Chi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT KELLY R. CHI: The Motivations and Challenges of Living Simply in a Consuming Society (Under the direction of Jan Yopp, Barbara Friedman and Stephen Birdsall) Voluntary simplicity, a cultural movement that focuses on buying less and working less, blossomed in the mid-1990s as increasing numbers of Americans voiced dissatisfaction with excessive consumerism and working long hours. While the movement is not formalized today, many Americans do live simply, according to some of the simplicity literature. Practices range from buying only environmentally friendly products, following religious guidelines, or living in communal settings. Though the weakening U.S. economy makes simplicity an attractive or necessary way of life, the daily lives of simplifiers are underreported in the mainstream media. Since 2003, newspaper articles on simplicity have diminished, and existing articles lack context on the varied motivations and challenges of the simplicity movement and how some Americans live simply. This thesis and its series of articles aims to fill that gap by looking at simplicity research as well as the stories of local people in family and community settings.
    [Show full text]
  • GLC Newsletter2.Pdf
    The Good Life Center Newsletter Spring 2015 Simple Living, Sustainability, Intellectual Freedom Issue #2 OUR MISSION To uphold the legacy of Helen and Scott Nearing through preservation of the Historic Forest Farm Homestead and educational programs that teach skills in sustainable living, social justice, organic gardening and vegetarianism. Greetings from the Good Life Center! We hope you enjoy reading the second issue of our e newsletter. Featured articles include a tribute to the late Bill Coperthwaite by John Saltmarsh, a review by Jennifer Adams of the 1915 University of Pennsylvania firing of Scott Nearing, and Clark Pomerleau’s re-cap of the 2014 sixtieth anniversary of “Living the Good Life”. Please make a special note of the upcoming musical performance by Masanobu Ikemiya, on Sunday, August 23rd, at 3 pm at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Ellsworth to benefit the programs of the Good Life Center. Mr. Ikemiya will present his popular program "Classics to Ragtime" a piano recital with commentaries. Please get in touch if you would like to write an article or share a photo for the next issue. We welcome your feedback! Happy Spring! Greg Joly & Bob Jones, Co-Chairs OPENING DAY JUNE 18, 2015 The Good Life Center is open Thursdays through Mondays from 1 to 5 pm. For tours, individual appointments and group visits call 207. 374. 5386. Volunteers of all ages are welcome for garden, homestead maintenance and library tasks. Come visit us! ~~~ SUNDAY, JULY 26 IS OPEN FARM DAY ! 10AM – 5PM at Forest Farm Workshops ~ Special Events~ Tours of the Historic Gardens and Stone Buildings ~ Yummy Refreshments! A Maine Department of Agriculture Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power (Three Case Stories)
    Gandhi wields the weapon of moral power (Three Case Stories) By Gene Sharp Foreword by: Dr. Albert Einstein First Published: September 1960 Printed & Published by: Navajivan Publishing House Ahmedabad 380 014 (INDIA) Phone: 079 – 27540635 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.navajivantrust.org Gandhi wields the weapon of moral power FOREWORD By Dr. Albert Einstein This book reports facts and nothing but facts — facts which have all been published before. And yet it is a truly- important work destined to have a great educational effect. It is a history of India's peaceful- struggle for liberation under Gandhi's guidance. All that happened there came about in our time — under our very eyes. What makes the book into a most effective work of art is simply the choice and arrangement of the facts reported. It is the skill pf the born historian, in whose hands the various threads are held together and woven into a pattern from which a complete picture emerges. How is it that a young man is able to create such a mature work? The author gives us the explanation in an introduction: He considers it his bounden duty to serve a cause with all his ower and without flinching from any sacrifice, a cause v aich was clearly embodied in Gandhi's unique personality: to overcome, by means of the awakening of moral forces, the danger of self-destruction by which humanity is threatened through breath-taking technical developments. The threatening downfall is characterized by such terms as "depersonalization" regimentation “total war"; salvation by the words “personal responsibility together with non-violence and service to mankind in the spirit of Gandhi I believe the author to be perfectly right in his claim that each individual must come to a clear decision for himself in this important matter: There is no “middle ground ".
    [Show full text]
  • Volume Ninety-Four : (Feb 17, 1947
    1. A LETTER DEVIPUR , February 17, 1947 My reply to your previous letter was still pending when I got this second one from you. But there was nothing in your first letter that needed immediate reply. At present there is great strain on me, both physical and mental. My work here instead of getting easier is becoming more difficult each day, as oppsition is increasing. All the same, my faith and courage are steadily growing. After all, I am here to do or die, am I not? There is no middle course here. .1 It is not certain when the third stage of my tour will begin. I have to reach Haimchar on the 24th. .2 The further programme will depend on how exhausted I feel. I shall be satisfied if God sustains me through the programme even up to the 24th. [From Gujarati] Eklo Jane Re, p. 144 2. ADVICE TO A CONGRESS WORKER3 DEVIPUR , February 17, 1947 Did you realize that by indulging in this vain display you would acerbate communal passions? This display means nothing to me. .4 but it will leave a legacy of ill-will behind which will continue to poison the communal relations in this village for a long time to come. You are a Congressman. Did not it occur to you, knowing my strong views on khadi, that ribbons and buntings made of mill cloth would only hurt me? I wouldn’t have felt so hurt if, instead of floral decorations, you had presented me with garlands of yarn. They are decorative, and 1 Omissions as in the source 2 Ibid 3 A grand reception had been arranged for Gandhiji at Devipur.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GREAT MADNESS. a Victory for the American Plutocracy
    THE GREAT MADNESS. A Victory for the American Plutocracy By SCOTT NEARING Publirled by THE RAND SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE New York City THE RAND SCHQOL OF SCiCIAL SCIENCE Local Department Correspondence Dept. Full-Time Department Research Department Library and Reading Room ALGERNON LEE, BERTHA f-f. MAILLY Educational Director Executiw Secretary Courses in Industrial and Political History, Civics, Economics, Labor Problems, Social Legislation, Socialist Theory, and Practical Organization Methods, Public Speaking, English, etc., etc. Established in 1906 Write for Bulletin and full information Enclosure of stamps for reply will be greatly appreciated. Address: 7 East 15th Street, New York City THE GREAT MADNESS A Victory for the American Plutocracy BY SCOTT NEARING Author of “Income ” “Wages in the United Stata” “Anthracite,“’ “Poverty and Riches,” etc. “Paradise is under the shadow of swords.” -Mahomet. “I know what war means. I have been with the armies of all the belligerents except one, and I have seen men die, and go mad, and lie in hospitals suffering hell; but there is a worse thing than that. War means ugly mob-madness, crucifying the truth-tellers, choking the artists, side-tracking reforms, revolutions and the work- ing of social forces.” -John Reed in the Musses, April, 1917. “Whose war is this? Not mine. I know that hundreds of thousands of American workingmen employed by our great finan- cial ‘patriots’ are not paid a living wage. I have seen poor men sent to jail for long terms without trial, and even without any charge. Peaceful strikers, and their wives and children, have been shot to death, burned to death, by private detectives and militiamen.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics and Ethical Leadership in Literature K.L
    InTERnationAl JouRnAl of BuSInESS fRom BharatiyA VIDyA Bhavan'S m. P. BIRlA InSTITuTE of mAnAGEmEnT, BEnGAluRu Vol.10, #2 (2016) pp 27-33 ISSN 0974-0082 Ethics and Ethical Leadership in Literature K.L. Ramadas & Sudhindra Gargesa* Abstract The law of the land describes and prescribes the code and role of ethics in any civilised society. Conversely the life and times of the society in turn is reflected in the literature, folklore, drama and other forms of expression. The issues of ethics and ethical leadership exist probably in every society on this planet. This paper is a humble attempt made to cull out only a few representative reflections of the past to get a feel of the society in respect of ethics, ethical practices and leadership of some of the societies to get a feel of the practices. Introduction: which cover the political, social, and/or economic Ethical leadership is determined by respect for ethical spheres. beliefs and values and for the dignity and more Prof Ram Nidamolu in his book ‘Two Birds in a Tree importantly rights of others. It is thus related to concepts Timeless Indian Wisdom for Business Leaders’ such as trust, honesty, consideration, charisma and legitimately feels- fairness. It is also entwined with a concern for nurturing the environment that has to be sustained in order to be ‘After three decades of observing, teaching, passed on to the coming generations. Ethical Leaders and participating in business and business know what they value. leadership, I have come to the conclusion that something tremendously important has been John Rawls, one of the most significant ethical missing all along.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandhi Intro
    Addendum A: Historical Context for Gandhi's Thoughts and Actions Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist movement and known in his later life as Mahatma ("great soul"), was one of the greatest national leaders of the 20th century. His methods and philosophy of nonviolent confrontation, or civil disobedience, not only led his own country to independence but also influenced political activists of many persuasions throughout the world. His mother was a devout adherent of Jainism, a religion in which ideas of nonviolence and vegetarianism are paramount. Gandhi stated that he was most influenced by his mother, whose life "was an endless chain of fasts and vows." When, in the company of boyhood friends, he secretly smoked, ate meat, told lies, or wore Western clothing, he suffered intense feelings of guilt. These feelings forced him to make resolutions about his moral behavior that were to remain with him. Married by arrangement at 13, Gandhi went to London to study law when he was 18. He was admitted to the bar in 1891 and for a while practiced law in Bombay. From 1893 to 1914, he worked for an Indian firm in South Africa. During these years, Gandhi's humiliating experiences of overt racial discrimination propelled him into agitation on behalf of the Indian community of South Africa. He assumed leadership of protest campaigns and gradually developed his techniques and tenets of nonviolent resistance known as satyagraha (literally, "steadfastness in truth"). Returning to India in January 1915, Gandhi soon became involved in labor organizing. The massacre of Amritsar (1919), in which troops fired on and killed hundreds of nationalist demonstrators, turned him to direct political protest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commune Movement During the 1960S and the 1970S in Britain, Denmark and The
    The Commune Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s in Britain, Denmark and the United States Sangdon Lee Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2016 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement ⓒ 2016 The University of Leeds and Sangdon Lee The right of Sangdon Lee to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ii Abstract The communal revival that began in the mid-1960s developed into a new mode of activism, ‘communal activism’ or the ‘commune movement’, forming its own politics, lifestyle and ideology. Communal activism spread and flourished until the mid-1970s in many parts of the world. To analyse this global phenomenon, this thesis explores the similarities and differences between the commune movements of Denmark, UK and the US. By examining the motivations for the communal revival, links with 1960s radicalism, communes’ praxis and outward-facing activities, and the crisis within the commune movement and responses to it, this thesis places communal activism within the context of wider social movements for social change. Challenging existing interpretations which have understood the communal revival as an alternative living experiment to the nuclear family, or as a smaller part of the counter-culture, this thesis argues that the commune participants created varied and new experiments for a total revolution against the prevailing social order and its dominant values and institutions, including the patriarchal family and capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Why I Became a Hindu
    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
    [Show full text]