Epinephelus Marginatus (LOWE, 1834) (TELEOSTEI: SERRANIDAE) SELVAGEM E CULTIVADA EM UBATUBA, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

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Epinephelus Marginatus (LOWE, 1834) (TELEOSTEI: SERRANIDAE) SELVAGEM E CULTIVADA EM UBATUBA, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE AQUICULTURA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AQUICULTURA VARIAÇÃO SAZONAL DOS PARÂMETROS PARASITOLÓGICOS E HEMATOLÓGICOS DA GAROUPA VERDADEIRA Epinephelus marginatus (LOWE, 1834) (TELEOSTEI: SERRANIDAE) SELVAGEM E CULTIVADA EM UBATUBA, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Aquicultura. Orientador: Maurício Laterça Martins Co-orientadora: Mônica Yumi Tsuzuki KATINA ROUMBEDAKIS RAMOS FLORIANÓPOLIS/SC 2011 Variação sazonal dos parâmetros parasitológicos e hematológicos da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe,1834) (Teleostei: Serranidae) selvagem e cultivada em Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil Por KATINA ROUMBEDAKIS RAMOS Esta dissertação foi julgada adequada para a obtenção do título de MESTRE EM AQUICULTURA e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura. _____________________________________ Prof. Evoy Zaniboni Filho, Dr. Coordenador do Curso Banca Examinadora: __________________________________________ Dr. Maurício Laterça Martins – Orientador __________________________________________ Dr. José Luis Fernando Luque Alejos __________________________________________ Dr. José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño Dedico esse trabalho à minha família, Iolita, Alexandros (in memorian) e Juliana e ao meu marido Cassio que sempre me incentivaram, por todo o amor e dedicação. Amo vocês! AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr. Maurício Laterça Martins pela orientação, por todo empenho, sabedoria, compreensão e, amizade. Por ser um orientador sempre presente (mesmo passando um ano fora!), pelo auxílio em todas as etapas desta dissertação, desde as coletas até a finalização, por todos os churrascos de abobrinha e quiabo e pela companhia até na cervejinha. À Profa. Dra. Mônica Yumi Tsuzuki pela co-orientação no trabalho. Ao Dr. José Luiz Fernando Luque Alejos pela participação na banca examinadora e no artigo científico, além da colaboração juntamente com Patrícia Barizon Cepeda na identificação de parasitos monogenóideos. Ao Dr. José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño pela participação na banca examinadora. A Natalia Marchiori, minha companheira de muitas horas no lab, um agradecimento especial, pelo apoio em muitas etapas deste trabalho, pelo auxílio na identificação de parasitos, pelas caronas, pela participação nos artigos científicos e discussão dos resultados e, acima de tudo, por ser uma grande amiga. Ao Eduardo Luiz Tavares Gonçalves pela agilidade na realização das análises estatísticas deste trabalho e pela amizade. Valeu Duduzinho! Ao Dr. Eduardo Gomes Sanches pelo apoio deste projeto desde o início, pelo fornecimento dos peixes e infraestrutura local da coleta e pela amizade e companheirismo em muitas disciplinas. Ao Prof. Dr. Joaber Pereira Jr. pelo auxílio na identificação de parasitos e no artigo científico. À Ágata Paseto pela participação em coleta e quantificação de parasitos monogenóideos. Ao Renan Pirath pelo auxílio na leitura das extensões sanguíneas. À Patrícia Garcia pelo auxílio nas análises histológicas. Ao Luis Antônio Suíta pela realização das fotomicrografias de varredura. Aos amigos do laboratório AQUOS pelos momentos agradáveis e pela amizade. Ao secretário do Programa de Pós Graduação em Aquicultura da UFSC, Carlito, por solucionar quase todos os meus problemas acadêmicos, sempre com bom humor. As agências de fomento que foram fundamentais para realização deste trabalho: CNPq e FAPESC pela concessão de bolsas. Aos amigos Beto e Wesley pela colaboração durante a terceira coleta e pela amizade. A todos os colegas e professores da pós-graduação em Aquicultura pelo convívio e aprendizado. Ao “Seu Keka” por sua alegria, carinho e preocupação. Aos meus sogros, Rosa e César, por sempre me apoiarem, estarem sempre presentes e pelo carinho. À minha mãe e minha irmã, Iolita e Juliana, pelo amor incondicional, por fazerem parte da minha trajetória e por serem meus exemplos de vida. Laço eterno! Em especial, ao meu marido Cassio, meu companheiro de todas as horas, durante a dissertação e a vida, pela longa caminhada e todas as nossas conquistas juntos, por todas as madrugadas em claro, pelo apoio e bom humor, nos momentos que mais precisei e por todo amor. Sem você nada disso seria possível! A todas as pessoas que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para a execução dessa dissertação de mestrado, o meu muito obrigada! RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da sazonalidade nas características hematológicas e parasitológicas da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus selvagem e cultivada em Ubatuba, SP, Brasil. Foram realizadas análises hematológicas e parasitológicas de 159 peixes, sendo 20 espécimes selvagens e 20 cultivados em cada estação do ano. Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae foi o parasito mais abundante, com as maiores intensidades e dominância relativa média em todas as estações. Neobenedenia melleni foi observado em todas as estações, com aumento gradativo do número de parasitos das estações mais frias para as mais quentes e maiores prevalências e intensidades médias no verão. Helicometrina nimia, com exceção dos peixes selvagens no verão foi encontrado em todas as estações. Pseudempleurosoma sp. e larvas de Contracaecum sp. apresentaram prevalências baixas e ocorreram em peixes selvagens e cultivados no outono e primavera, respectivamente. Os maiores valores no percentual de hematócrito em peixes de cultivo, contagem total de eritrócitos e leucócitos nos peixes de ambas as origens, redução no número de trombócitos em peixes selvagens e de linfócitos nos peixes cultivados, além das maiores prevalências e intensidades médias de infecção por N. melleni ocorreram no verão. No outono, ocorreram as maiores intensidades médias de infecção por P. beverleyburtonae nos peixes de ambas as origens, além da maior contagem total de trombócitos em peixes selvagens, redução no número de linfócitos e aumento no número de monócitos nos peixes cultivados. Estes resultados sugerem que N. melleni possui maior influência sobre as características sanguíneas da garoupa verdadeira quando comparado a P. beverleyburtonae e que altas intensidades de parasitos potencialmente patogênicos podem favorecer surtos de doenças em condições de cultivo desta espécie. Palavras-chave: Serranídeos, piscicultura marinha, sangue, parasitos, saúde. ABSTRACT Seasonal variation in parasitological and hematological parameters of wild and cultured dusky-grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Teleostei: Serranidae) in Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of seasonality on haematological and parasitological characteristics of wild and cultured cultured grouper Epinephelus marginatus from Ubatuba, SP, Brazil. Haematological and parasitological analysis of 159 fishes, 20 wild and 20 cultured in each season of the year were determined. Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae was the most abundant parasite with the highest intensities and mean relative dominance during the whole seasons. Neobenedenia melleni was observed in all seasons, with a gradual increase in the number of parasites for the coldest to the hottest seasons and the highest prevalence and mean intensities in summer. Helicometrina nimia was found in all seasons, except summer in wild fish. Pseudempleurosoma sp and Contracaecum sp. larvae showed low prevalence and occurred in wild and cultured fish in autumn and spring, respectively. The highest values in the percentage of hematocrit in cultured fish and total count of erythrocytes and leukocytes in fish from both origins occurred in summer, reduction in the number of thrombocytes in wild fish and in lymphocytes in cultured fish, beyond the highest prevalence and mean intensities of infection of N. melleni. In autum, occurred the highest mean intensities of infection of P. beverleyburtonae in fish from both origins, beyond the highest total count of thrombocytes in wild fish, the number of lymphocytes decreases and the monocytes increase in cultured fish. These results suggest that the parasite N. melleni has a greater influence on the blood characteristics of dusky grouper when comparison to P. beverleyburtonae and high intensities of infection by potentially pathogenic parasites can favor disease outbreaks in culture conditions of this species. Keywords: Serranid, marine fish farming, blood, parasites, health. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES INTRODUÇÃO Figura 1: Garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus........................ 20 CAPÍTULO 2 Figura 1: Características parasitológicas da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus selvagem e cultivada em Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil durante as estações do ano. A. Parasitismo por Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae e B. Parasitismo por Neobenedenia melleni. Letras distintas indicam diferença significativa nos índices parasitológicos entre as origens dos peixes (P<0,05) ................................................................................................ 56 Figura 2: Características hematológicas da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus selvagem e cultivada em Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil durante as estações do ano. A. Percentual de hematócrito e número total de eritrócitos; B. Contagens totais de trombócitos e leucócitos e C. Contagem diferencial de leucócitos: linfócitos, neutrófilos e monócitos. Letras distintas indicam diferença significativa nos parâmetros hematológicos
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