From Marginality to Resurgence: Irish Islands
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Royle – From Marginality to Resurgence: Irish Islands FROM MARGINALITY TO RESURGENCE: The case of the Irish Islands STEPHEN A. ROYLE Queens University Belfast <[email protected]> Abstract The islands off the coast of Ireland declined after the Irish famine of the 1840s. The number inhabited and the size of the population on those that remain populated both fell dramatically, faring worse collectively than the Irish mainland to which they were marginal in every sense. The reasons for this decline are examined. In the early 20th Century there are some signs of resurgence. The article considers that this might be put down to the efforts of islanders themselves, coupled with state and European Union support. There is an interest in and regard for the islands associated with their being seen as repositories of Irish culture and heritage. This has had positive benefits regarding the attitude of the state agencies and also for tourism, which is an important factor in many contemporary island economies. In fact, some of the resurgence as measured by population totals can be put down to people having holiday cottages on the islands rather than an increase in the size of traditional communities. Keywords Islands, Ireland, population, tourism, culture Away with that camera Off Ireland, the world’s twentieth largest island, lie several hundred small islands, especially around the west coast (Figure 1).1 The author has been researching these islands since the early 1980s and in 1984 visited one, the name of which will not be mentioned for reasons that will become obvious. The journey was difficult, requiring a long wait at a mainland quay for a small, rather battered, launch to appear for the journey out to the island. The island was rundown, with poor infrastructure, a declining population and a general air of dereliction. A photograph was taken of rickety wooden sheep pens to symbolise the state of affairs. In 2007 the author revisited, on his bicycle, carried aboard a proper ferry. The island, whilst not transformed totally, had certainly been the recipient of much investment. Again, the sheep pens were symbolic for now they were now metal and in good condition. Another photograph was required to capture this change, and, unlike in 1984, it would be an action shot for in the pens working with the sheep was an elderly farmer, his back to the road. Braking quietly, the author photographed the scene. The noise of the camera disturbed the farmer, who was furious at being photographed carrying out his work without having granted _________________________________________________________ Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures Volume 2 Number 2 2008 - 42 - Royle – From Marginality to Resurgence: Irish Islands permission. “Away with that camera”, was the gist of the message transmitted. The story is retold, even though it demonstrates unethical conduct by the author, again because of the symbolism of the situation. The farmer’s island had been changed and for the better, his new pens witnessed that. However, the engine driving that change was not fuelled by the farmer’s efforts alone - a traditional enterprise such as keeping sheep on an Irish offshore island remains challenging - rather by what the author’s camera represented, namely the engagement of the islands in recent years with the outside world through tourism and a newly minted regard for them by people who do not have to make a living from the local resources. Figure 1 – Ireland and its main offshore islands The contribution of tourism to the islands is obvious; visitors support the ferries (and the three airstrips to the Aran Islands, County Galway) and play a part in the insular economies by paying for accommodation or, if not staying, they at least buy refreshment, goods and services onshore or take a trip round (Figure 2). The role of _________________________________________________________ Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures Volume 2 Number 2 2008 - 43 - Royle – From Marginality to Resurgence: Irish Islands the ‘regard’ is less straightforward as will be seen, but can have direct impacts and contribute to population growth on some of the islands after over a century of decline as both outsiders and returned migrants invest in island property and, occasionally, businesses. These trends have helped some of the Irish islands to move “from marginality to resurgence” to use the title of the conference at Macquarie University at which a PowerPoint version of this paper was presented as a keynote address2. Figure 2 – Tourists take a trip around Inisheer, County Galway Marginality Ireland as a whole has had an unusual population history in the last couple of centuries and consideration of any aspect of its social or economic history over time must take cognizance of that. Prior to the 1840s the still largely rural, peasant society was growing quickly. Pockets of industrial development, especially in the northeast around Belfast, contributed to the overall growth, but were unusual. Most people on the island of Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, lived on (and from) the land. The potato was key here. Productive and nutritious, it supported the bulk of the population. Then in the 1840s Ireland was devastated by a blight, Phytophtera infestans, which caused failure of the potato crop over large areas. Relief measures were inadequate and the result was an increased death rate: malnourished people usually succumbing to disease -‘famine fevers’ - rather than dying directly of starvation. The birth rate fell and these elements of natural population change were accompanied by a massive pulse of emigration as Irish people fled the poverty at home to the promises of the new world, especially, but not exclusively, to North America (Mokyr, 1985; Kennedy et al, 2000). The total population having been counted at 8,175,233 in 1841 fell to 6,552,115 by 1851 and continued to fall for over a century, as emigration became an established life cycle stage for many Irish people. Ireland’s lowest population was recorded in the 1961 censuses at 4,243,983 (2,818,341 in the Republic of Ireland and 1,425,642 in Northern Ireland, the island having been _________________________________________________________ Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures Volume 2 Number 2 2008 - 44 - Royle – From Marginality to Resurgence: Irish Islands partitioned in 1921 when 26 of 32 counties left the UK to become an independent state). The total population of the island is now growing strongly but is still well below the 1841 total. It is against this background that the situation in the islands must be measured. If the offshore islands were subject to marginality this would imply that they would have fared worse than the mainland and thus their population totals should have declined even more precipitously. From this point the paper will focus on the Republic of Ireland (the 26 counties) and not Northern Ireland. This is because of data inconsistencies, censuses being taken at different dates and different frequencies in recent decades in the two polities. Northern Ireland anyway has few offshore islands: the Copeland Islands, County Down long depopulated, Rathlin, County Antrim with about 100 people and a handful living on islands, many of them bridged, in the almost totally enclosed Strangford Lough. The analysis also excludes some insular pieces of land never regarded as true offshore islands in Ireland, such as Great Island in Cork Harbour, which has the substantial port of Cobh (formerly Queenstown) and is about as insular as Manhattan. Another island excluded here is Haulbowline, County Cork, which is a navy base (analysis of island population trends should not be affected by the number of seamen in the Irish navy). A prison island (Spike, County Cork) and those occupied just by lighthouse keepers (Krauskopf, 2001) and/or coastguards are also excluded. The remaining islands are compared to the situation in what is (or became) the Republic of Ireland in Table 1: Year Inhabited Island % annual Ireland’s* % annual islands population change population change 1841 176 35,362 6,528,913 1851 182 27,693 -2.17 5,111,550 -2.17 1901 119 24,553 -0.27 3,221,823 -0.74 1961 89 13,922 -0.72 2,818,341 -0.25 2002 57 8758 -0.90 3,917,203 +0.68 2006 62 8807 +0.14 4,239,848 +1.90 *The 26 counties that are or became the Republic of Ireland Table 1 - Island and Ireland’s population, selected years 1841-2006 It is clear that the islands’ population decline was more benign than that of the 26 counties in the 19th Century perhaps given their access to the resources of the sea, although there was a precipitate fall in the number of inhabited islands as the smaller and most marginal were deserted. In the 20th Century when subsistence primary production from sea or land fell away as a way of life, the islands fared relatively worse than for the Republic of Ireland as a whole. The decline became steeper throughout the century and the lowest total occurred in 2002, four decades later than the lowest total for the nation. There was a differentiation between islands in that those that were linked to the mainland fared better than true, unlinked islands. The author has written in detail on this elsewhere and there is no need to repeat the work here (Royle, 2007). All that is necessary is to confirm that in a situation of national decline, the islands fared worse than the mainland, the lowest total compared to 1841 being 24.77% in 2002 compared to the national minimum, which was 43.17% in 1961.