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Länderreport 33 Äthiopien (05/2021) Länderreport 33 Äthiopien Allgemeine politische Lage Stand: 05/2021 Asyl und Flüchtlingsschutz Länderanalysen Länderreport Äthiopien Urheberrechtsklausel Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, die nicht ausdrücklich vom Urheberrecht zugelassen ist, bedarf der vorherigen Zustimmung des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Bearbeitungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Auszugsweiser Nachdruck und Vervielfältigung auch für innerbetriebliche Zwecke ist nur mit Quellenangabe und vorheriger Genehmigung des Bundesamtes gestattet. Die Inhalte dürfen ohne gesonderte Einwilligung lediglich für den privaten, nicht kommerziellen Gebrauch sowie ausschließlich amtsinternen Gebrauch abgerufen, heruntergeladen, gespeichert und ausgedruckt werden, wenn alle urheberrechtlichen und anderen geschützten Hinweise ohne Änderung beachtet werden. Copyright statement This report/information is subject to copyright rules. Any kind of use of this report/information – in whole or in part – not expressly admitted by copyright laws requires prior approval by the Federal Office of Migration and Refugees (Bundesamt). This applies in particular to the reproduction, adaptation, translating, microfilming, or uploading of the report/information in electronic retrieval systems. Reprinting and reproduction of excerpts for internal use is only permitted with reference to the source and prior consent of the Bundesamt.. Use of the report/information may be made for private, non-commercial and internal use within an organisation without permission from the Bundesamt following copyright limitations. Disclaimer Die Information wurde gemäß der EASO COI Report Methodology (2019), den gemeinsamen EU-Leitlinien für die Bearbeitung von Informationen über Herkunftsländer (2008) sowie den Qualitätsstandards des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (2020) auf Grundlage sorgfältig ausgewählter und zuverlässiger Informationen innerhalb eines begrenzten Zeitrahmens erstellt. Alle zur Verfügung gestellten Informationen wurden mit größter Sorgfalt recherchiert, bewertet und aufbereitet. Alle Quellen werden genannt und nach wissenschaftlichen Standards zitiert. Die vorliegende Ausarbeitung erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Findet ein bestimmtes Ereignis, eine bestimmte Person oder Organisation keine Erwähnung, bedeutet dies nicht, dass ein solches Ereignis nicht stattgefunden hat oder die betreffende Person oder Organisation nicht existiert. Der Bericht/die Information erlaubt keine abschließende Bewertung darüber, ob ein individueller Antrag auf Asyl-, Flüchtlings- oder subsidiären Schutz berechtigt ist. Die benutzte Terminologie sollte nicht als Hinweis auf eine bestimmte Rechtauffassung verstanden werden. Die Prüfung des Antrags auf Schutzgewährung muss durch den für die Fallbearbeitung zuständigen Mitarbeiter erfolgen. Die Veröffentlichung stellt keine politische Stellungnahme des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge dar. Diese Ausarbeitung ist öffentlich. Disclaimer The information was written according to the „EASO COI Report Methodology“ (2019), the „Common EU guidelines for processing factual COI“ (2012) and the quality standards of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (Bundesamt) (2020). It was composed on the basis of carefully selected and reliable information within a limited timeframe. All information provided has been researched, evaluated and analysed with utmost care within a limited time frame. All sources used are referenced and cited according to scientific standards. This document does not pretend to be exhaustive. If a certain event, person or organization is not mentioned, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organization does not exist. This document is not conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to international protection or asylum. Terminology used should not be regarded as indication of a particular legal position. The examination of an application for international protection has to be carried out by the responsible case worker. The information (and views) set out in this document does/do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Bundesamt and makes/make no political statement whatsoever. This document is public. Länderreport Äthiopien Abstrakt Dieser Länderreport befasst sich mit der aktuellen politischen Lage in Äthiopien. Die mit Amtsantritt von Premierminister Abiy im April 2018 zunächst verbundenen Hoffnungen auf eine allgemeine Beruhigung der instabilen Sicherheitslage in einigen Landesteilen haben sich nicht erfüllt. Tatsächlich kommt es in vielen Regionen zu einer Verschärfung ethnischer Konflikte mit zahlreichen Toten. Größtes aktuelles Problem in Äthiopien ist der bewaffnete Konflikt in Tigray. Aufgrund ihrer militärischen Überlegenheit erzielten die äthiopischen Streitkräfte zwar schnelle strategische Erfolge, eine Kontrolle über den gesamten Regionalstaat ist jedoch nicht in Sicht. Immer wieder kommt es in einzelnen Landesteilen zu Kämpfen zwischen der Tigray Peoples Liberation Front und dem äthiopischen Militär, dass dabei vor allem Unterstützung von eritreischen Streitkräften erhält, die von verschiedener Seite für schwerste Menschenrechtsverletzungen verantwortlich gemacht werden. Es wird der Vorwurf eines Genozides gegenüber der Zivilbevölkerung in Tigray erhoben. Belastet ist auch die Beziehung zum Sudan und Ägypten. Hintergrund ist der Bau des Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam auf äthiopischem Gebiet. Beide Länder befürchten, dass bei der Nutzung des Staudammes dem Nil dringend notwendiges Wasser entzogen wird. abstract This country report addresses the current political situation in Ethiopia. The initial hopes of an improvement in the security situation in some parts of the country, associated with Prime Minister Abiy's accession to office in April 2018, have not been fulfilled. In fact, ethnic conflicts have been intensifying in many regions, resulting in numerous fatalities. However, the most pressing issue in Ethiopia at the moment is the armed conflict in Tigray. Due to their military superiority, the Ethiopian armed forces have achieved some swift strategic successes, but there is no indication that they will gain control over the entire regional state. Battles between the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front and the Ethiopian military in certain parts of the country are continuing. The Ethiopian military is supported primarily by Eritrean forces, which have been blamed by various observers of having committed serious human rights violations. There are accusations of a genocide being perpetrated against the civilian population in Tigray. Ethiopia's relations with Sudan and Egypt are also strained. The background is the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Ethiopian territory. Both countries fear that the use of the dam will deprive the Nile of much-needed water. Länderreport Äthiopien Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Allgemeine politische Lage ............................................................................... 5 1.1. Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2015 ................................................................ 5 1.2. Protestbewegung in den Jahren 2015-2017 ............................................ 5 1.3. Wechsel im Amt des Premierministers und politische Reformen ............ 6 2. Kritische Stimmen .............................................................................................. 7 3. Sicherheitslage .................................................................................................... 9 4. Ethnische Konflikte .......................................................................................... 14 4.1. Nationalstaat vs. Föderalismus .............................................................. 14 4.2. Ethnischer Föderalismus in den Regionen ............................................. 17 4.2.1 Region Addis Abeba ............................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Afar ........................................................................................................ 18 4.2.3 Amhara .................................................................................................. 18 4.2.4 Benishangul-Gumuz .............................................................................. 19 4.2.4 Oromia .................................................................................................. 21 4.2.6 Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) ............. 24 4.2.7 Tigray ..................................................................................................... 26 5. Außenpolitische Entwicklung ........................................................................ 39 5.1. Beziehungen zu Eritrea .......................................................................... 39 5.2. Beziehungen zu Ägypten ....................................................................... 41 5.3. Beziehungen zum Sudan........................................................................ 43 Länderreport Äthiopien 1 Vorwort Äthiopien hat nach dem Sturz des stalinistischen Mengistu-Regimes im Mai 1991 mit der Einführung einer neuen Verfassung und der Bildung gewählter Parlamente auf zentralstaatlicher und regionaler Ebene den Wandel
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