Lesson 3.Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Amphibolic Nature of Krebs Cycle
Amphibolic nature of Krebs Cycle How what we are is what we eat • In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathway, one that serves in both catabolic and anabolic processes. • Since the citric acid does both synthesis (anabolic) and breakdown (catabolic) activities, it is called an amphibolic pathway • The citric acid cycle is amphibolic (i.e it is both anabolic and catabolic in its function). • It is said to be an AMPHIBOLIC pathway, because it functions in both degradative or catabolic and biosynthetic or anabolic reactions (amphi = both) A central metabolic pathway or amphibolic pathway is a set of reactions which permit the interconversion of several metabolites, and represents the end of the catabolism and the beginning of anabolism • The KREBS CYCLE or citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that degrades acetyl CoA to yield carbon dioxide, and energy, which is used to produce NADH, H+ and FADH. • The KREBS CYCLE connects the catabolic pathways that begin with the digestion and degradation of foods in stages 1 and 2 with the oxidation of substrates in stage 3 that generates most of the energy for ATP synthesis. • The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway in the oxidation of fuel molecules. In stage 3 of metabolism, citric acid is a final common catabolic intermediate in the form of acetylCoA. • This is why the citric acid cycle is called a central metabolic pathway. Anaplerosis and Cataplerosis Anaplerosis is a series of enzymatic reactions in which metabolic intermediates enter the citric acid cycle from the cytosol. Cataplerosis is the opposite, a process where intermediates leave the citric acid cycle and enter the cytosol. -
Effects of Glucagon, Glycerol, and Glucagon Plus Glycerol On
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2011 Effects of glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in periparturient Holstein cows Nimer Mehyar Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mehyar, Nimer, "Effects of glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in periparturient Holstein cows" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11923. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11923 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in periparturient Holstein cows by Nimer Mehyar A thesis submitted to graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Biochemistry Program of Study Committee: Donald C. Beitz, Major Professor Ted W. Huiatt Kenneth J. Koehler Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2011 Copyright Nimer Mehyar, 2011. All rights reserved ii To My Mother To Ghada Ali, Sarah, and Hassan -
Fructose Metabolism from a Functional
SSE #174 Sports Science Exchange (2017) Vol. 28, No. 174, 1-5 FRUCTOSE METABOLISM FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ATHLETES Luke Tappy, MD | Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism | Lausanne University Hospital, and Cardio-metabolic Center, Broye Hospital | Estavayer-le-lac, Switzerland • Fructose was originally a seasonal natural nutrient, mainly consumed in summer and fall in fruits and vegetables. In the industrial era, it became a permanent constituent of our diet, essentially a constituent of added sugars (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup). • Fructose cannot be directly metabolized by most cells in our body. It has to be processed first in the gut, liver and kidneys, where it is converted into glucose, lactate and fatty acids. • Too much dietary fructose along with excess energy intake and low physical activity can cause hepatic insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and increased hepatic fat content. GAT11LOGO_GSSI_vert_fc_grn • In exercising athletes, net carbohydrate oxidation increases with glucose ingestion in a dose-dependent manner until a plateau is reached at about 1g/min. The addition of fructose to glucose drinks can further increase carbohydrate oxidation. • During exercise, substantial amounts of fructose can be converted into lactate in splanchnic organs if available and released in the systemic circulation to be oxidized in contracting muscles. This “reverse fructose-lactate Cori cycle” provides additional energy substrate to muscle during exercise. • Conversion of fructose into glucose and lactate in splanchnic organs is associated with enhanced splanchnic energy expenditure, while muscle energy efficiency is minimally altered. • During recovery after exercise, glucose and fructose mutually enhance their gut absorption and their storage as glycogen in the liver. -
• Glycolysis • Gluconeogenesis • Glycogen Synthesis
Carbohydrate Metabolism! Wichit Suthammarak – Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital – Aug 1st and 4th, 2014! • Glycolysis • Gluconeogenesis • Glycogen synthesis • Glycogenolysis • Pentose phosphate pathway • Metabolism of other hexoses Carbohydrate Digestion! Digestive enzymes! Polysaccharides/complex carbohydrates Salivary glands Amylase Pancreas Oligosaccharides/dextrins Dextrinase Membrane-bound Microvilli Brush border Maltose Sucrose Lactose Maltase Sucrase Lactase ‘Disaccharidase’ 2 glucose 1 glucose 1 glucose 1 fructose 1 galactose Lactose Intolerance! Cause & Pathophysiology! Normal lactose digestion Lactose intolerance Lactose Lactose Lactose Glucose Small Intestine Lactase lactase X Galactose Bacteria 1 glucose Large Fermentation 1 galactose Intestine gases, organic acid, Normal stools osmotically Lactase deficiency! active molecules • Primary lactase deficiency: อาการ! genetic defect, การสราง lactase ลด ลงเมออายมากขน, พบมากทสด! ปวดทอง, ถายเหลว, คลนไสอาเจยนภาย • Secondary lactase deficiency: หลงจากรบประทานอาหารทม lactose acquired/transient เชน small bowel เปนปรมาณมาก เชนนม! injury, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease! Absorption of Hexoses! Site: duodenum! Intestinal lumen Enterocytes Membrane Transporter! Blood SGLT1: sodium-glucose transporter Na+" Na+" •! Presents at the apical membrane ! of enterocytes! SGLT1 Glucose" Glucose" •! Co-transports Na+ and glucose/! Galactose" Galactose" galactose! GLUT2 Fructose" Fructose" GLUT5 GLUT5 •! Transports fructose from the ! intestinal lumen into enterocytes! -
THE AEROBIC (Air-Robic!) PATHWAYS
THE AEROBIC (air-robic!) PATHWAYS Watch this video on aerobic glycolysis: http://ow.ly/G5djv Watch this video on oxygen use: http://ow.ly/G5dmh Energy System 1 – The Aerobic Use of Glucose (Glycolysis) This energy system involves the breakdown of glucose (carbohydrate) to release energy in the presence of oxygen. The key to this energy system is that it uses OXYGEN to supply energy. Just like the anaerobic systems, there are many negatives and positives from using this pathway. Diagram 33 below summarises the key features of this energy system. When reading the details on the table keep in mind the differences between this and the previous systems that were looked at. In this way a perspective of their features can be appreciated and applied. Diagram 33: The Key Features of the Aerobic Glycolytic System Highlight 3 key features in the diagram that are important to the functioning of this system. 1: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Notes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
Energy Metabolism: Gluconeogenesis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-8 No-09, 2020 Energy metabolism: gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation Luis Henrique Almeida Castro ([email protected]) PhD in the Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Grande Dourados Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Leandro Rachel Arguello Dom Bosco Catholic University Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Nelson Thiago Andrade Ferreira Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Geanlucas Mendes Monteiro Heath and Development in West Central Region Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Jessica Alves Ribeiro Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Juliana Vicente de Souza Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Sarita Baltuilhe dos Santos Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Fernanda Viana de Carvalho Moreto MSc., Nutrition, Food and Health Graduate Program, Federal University of Grande Dourados Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Ygor Thiago Cerqueira de Paula Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2020 pg. 359 International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ISSN 2411-2933 September 2020 Vanessa de Souza Ferraz Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Tayla Borges Lino Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. -
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
BI/CH 422/622 ANABOLISM OUTLINE: Photosynthesis Carbon Assimilation – Calvin Cycle Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Animals Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Synthesis Pentose-Phosphate Pathway Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Anaplerotic reactions Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids Fatty Acids contrasts Diversification of fatty acids location & transport Eicosanoids Synthesis Prostaglandins and Thromboxane acetyl-CoA carboxylase Triacylglycerides fatty acid synthase ACP priming Membrane lipids 4 steps Glycerophospholipids Control of fatty acid metabolism Sphingolipids Isoprene lipids: Cholesterol ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids 1 ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids 1. Biosynthesis of fatty acids 2. Regulation of fatty acid degradation and synthesis 3. Assembly of fatty acids into triacylglycerol and phospholipids 4. Metabolism of isoprenes a. Ketone bodies and Isoprene biosynthesis b. Isoprene polymerization i. Cholesterol ii. Steroids & other molecules iii. Regulation iv. Role of cholesterol in human disease ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids Lipid Fat Biosynthesis Catabolism Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Degradation Synthesis Ketone body Isoprene Utilization Biosynthesis 2 Catabolism Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Anabolism • Contrast with Sugars – Lipids have have hydro-carbons not carbo-hydrates – more reduced=more energy – Long-term storage vs short-term storage – Lipids are essential for structure in ALL organisms: membrane phospholipids • Catabolism of fatty acids –produces acetyl-CoA –produces reducing -
Cori Cycle Activity in Man
Cori cycle activity in man Christine Waterhouse, Julian Keilson J Clin Invest. 1969;48(12):2359-2366. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI106202. Research Article 12 subjects have been studied after an overnight fast with trace amounts of pyruvate-3-14C and glucose-6-14C. Blood disappearance curves and incorporation of the pyruvate-3-14C label into blood glucose have been determined. By the use of transfer functions which allow processes with many different chemical steps to be examined as a unit, we have determined the per cent of pyruvate and presumably lactate which is regenerated into glucose. 8 of the 12 subjects showed that 7-23 mg/kg per hr are recycled, while 4 subjects fell well outside this range. Correlation of increased activity was not good with any demonstrated metabolic abnormality (diabetes or obesity), and it is suggested from clinical observation of the subjects that anxiety may play a role. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/106202/pdf Cori Cycle Activity in Man CHRISTIE WATERHOUSE and JULLAN KEISON From the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and the Department of Statistics, University of Rochester College of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York 14620 ABSTRACT 12 subjects have been studied after an glucose derived from lactate and pyruvate. The analysis overnight fast with trace amounts of pyruvate-3-'4C and itself also views glucose as distributed in a homogeneous glucose-6-'4C. Blood disappearance curves and incorpora- pool within the body, thus neglecting the early portion tion of the pyruvate-3-14C label into blood glucose have of the glucose 'C disappearance curve. -
Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer
H OH metabolites OH Review Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer Elizabeth L. Lieu †, Neil Kelekar †, Pratibha Bhalla † and Jiyeon Kim * Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; [email protected] (E.L.L.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (P.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: History suggests that tasteful properties of sugar have been domesticated as far back as 8000 BCE. With origins in New Guinea, the cultivation of sugar quickly spread over centuries of conquest and trade. The product, which quickly integrated into common foods and onto kitchen tables, is sucrose, which is made up of glucose and fructose dimers. While sugar is commonly associated with flavor, there is a myriad of biochemical properties that explain how sugars as biological molecules function in physiological contexts. Substantial research and reviews have been done on the role of glucose in disease. This review aims to describe the role of its isomers, fructose and mannose, in the context of inborn errors of metabolism and other metabolic diseases, such as cancer. While structurally similar, fructose and mannose give rise to very differing biochemical properties and understanding these differences will guide the development of more effective therapies for metabolic disease. We will discuss pathophysiology linked to perturbations in fructose and mannose metabolism, diagnostic tools, and treatment options of the diseases. Keywords: fructose and mannose; inborn errors of metabolism; cancer Citation: Lieu, E.L.; Kelekar, N.; Bhalla, P.; Kim, J. Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer. -
Carbohydrate Metabolism I & II Central Aspects of Macronutrient
Carbohydrate Metabolism I & II - General concepts of glucose metabolism - - Glycolysis - -TCA - FScN4621W Xiaoli Chen, PhD Food Science and Nutrition University of Minnesota 1 Central Aspects of Macronutrient Metabolism Macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid, protein) Catabolic metabolism Oxidation Metabolites (smaller molecules) Anabolic metabolism Energy (ATP) Synthesis of cellular components or energy stores Chemical Reactions Cellular Activities 2 Central Aspects of Macronutrient Metabolism High-energy compounds ◦ ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ◦ NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) ◦ NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) ◦ FADH2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) Oxidation of macronutrients NADH NADPH FADH2 ATP and NADPH are required ATP for anabolic metabolism 3 1 Unit I General Concepts of Glucose Metabolism Metabolic pathways of glucose Glucose homeostasis Glucose transport in tissues Glucose metabolism in specific tissues 4 Overview Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Carbs ◦ Final products of digestion: ________, ________, and ________ Cellular fuels ◦ Glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids, other gluoconeogenic precursors (glycerol, lactate, propionate) Glucose: primary metabolic fuel in humans ◦ Provide 32% to 70% of the energy in diet of American population All tissues are able to use glucose as energy fuels ◦ Glucose has different metabolic fate in different tissues Physiological states determine glucose metabolic fate ◦ Fed/fasted – glucose is metabolized through distinct -
Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations Giuliano Ciarimboli Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; [email protected] This editorial summarizes the 13 scientific papers published in the Special Issue “Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations” of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. In this Special Issue, the readers will find integrative information on transporters for organic cations. Besides reviews on physi- ology, pharmacology, and toxicology of these transporters [1–3], which offer a concise overview of the field, the readers will find original research work focusing on specific transporter aspects. Specifically, the review “Organic Cation Transporters in Human Physiology, Phar- macology, and Toxicology” by Samodelov et al. [1] summarizes well the general as- pects of physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology of transporter for organic cations. The other review “Organic Cation Transporters in the Lung—Current and Emerging (Patho)Physiological and Pharmacological Concepts” by Ali Selo et al. [2] focuses on these aspects of transporters for organic cations in the lung, an important but often ne- glected field. In the paper “Systems Biology Analysis Reveals Eight SLC22 Transporter Subgroups, Including OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs”, by performing a system biology analysis of SLC22 transporters, Engelhart et al. [4] suggest the existence of a transporter–metabolite network. They propose that, in this network, mono-, oligo-, and multi-specific SLC22 transporters Citation: Ciarimboli, G. Physiology, interact to regulate concentrations and fluxes of many metabolites and signaling molecules. Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of In particular, the organic cation transporters (OCT) subgroup seems to be associated with Transporters for Organic Cations. -
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR the Biochemistry Major Is Offered Through the Department of Chemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR The Biochemistry major is offered through the Department of Chemistry. This sequence is recommended for students planning entry into graduate school in Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or related subjects. It is also strongly recommend for those desiring to pursue medical or dental school. NOTE: This course sequence may be modified to include a Senior Capstone Experience. FIRST YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits General Chemistry I for Majors (CHE111) 3 General Chemistry II for Majors (CHE112) 3 General Chemistry I Lab for Majors (CHE111L) 1 General Chemistry II Lab for Majors (CHE112L) 1 General Chemistry I Récitation (CHE111R) 0 General Chemistry II Récitation (CHE112R) 0 Precalculus (MAT116 or MAT120) 3-4 Calculus I (MAT231) 4 First Year Composition (ENG103) 4 Foreign Language (FL201) 4 African Diaspora/World I (ADW111) 4 African Diaspora/World II (ADW112) 4 First Year Experience (FYE 101-Chemistry) 1 First Year Experience (FYE 102-Chemistry) 1 First Year Seminar in Chemistry (CHE101) 0 Big Questions Colloquia (BQC) 1 TOTAL HOURS 16-17 TOTAL HOURS 18 SOPHOMORE YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits Organic Chemistry I for Majors (CHE231) 4 Organic Chemistry II for Majors (CHE232) 4 Organic Chemistry I Lab (CHE233L) 1 Organic Chemistry II Lab (CHE234L) 1 Organic Chemistry I Récitation (CHE233R) 0 Organic Chemistry II Récitation (CHE234R) 0 Biology of the Cell (BIO120) 4 Organismal Form and Function(BIO115) 4 Calculus II (MAT 232) 4 Physics I: Mechanics & Lab (PHY151) 4 Foreign Language (FL202)