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Thermal Stress and Chemicals Knowledge Review and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec

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Thermal Stress and Chemicals Knowledge Review and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec Chemical and Biological Hazards Prevention Studies and Research Projects S REPORT R-834 Thermal Stress and Chemicals Knowledge Review and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec Ginette Truchon Joseph Zayed Robert Bourbonnais Martine Lévesque Mélyssa Deland Marc-Antoine Busque Patrice Duguay The Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), established in Québec since 1980, is a scientific research organization well-known for the quality of its work and the expertise of its personnel. OUR RESEARCH is working for you ! Mission To contribute, through research, to the prevention of industrial accidents and occupational diseases and to the rehabilitation of affected workers; To disseminate knowledge and serve as a scientific reference centre and expert; To provide the laboratory services and expertise required to support the public occupational health and safety network. Funded by the Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail, the IRSST has a board of directors made up of an equal number of employer and worker representatives. To find out more Visit our Web site for complete up-to-date information about the IRSST. All our publications can be downloaded at no charge. www.irsst.qc.ca To obtain the latest information on the research carried out or funded by the IRSST, subscribe to Prévention au travail, the free magazine published jointly by the IRSST and the CSST. Subscription: www.csst.qc.ca/AbonnementPAT Legal Deposit Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec 2014 ISBN: 978-2-89631-746-2 (PDF) ISSN: 0820-8395 IRSST – Communications and Knowledge Transfer Division 505 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2 Phone: 514 288-1551 Fax: 514 288-7636 [email protected] www.irsst.qc.ca © Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, July 2014 Chemical and Biological Hazards Prevention Studies and Research Projects REPORT R-834 S Thermal Stress and Chemicals Knowledge Review and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec Disclaimer Ginette Truchon1, Joseph Zayed2,3, The IRSST makes no guarantee as to Robert Bourbonnais4, Martine Lévesque3, the accuracy, reliability or completeness 3 2 of the information in this document. Mélyssa Deland , Marc-Antoine Busque , 2 Under no circumstances may the IRSST Patrice Duguay be held liable for any physical or psychological injury or material damage 1Chemical and Biological Hazards Prevention, IRSST resulting from the use of this information. 2Scientific Division, IRSST Document content is protected 3Université de Montréal by Canadian intellectual property 4Consultant legislation. A PDF version of this publication is available on the IRSST Web site. This study was funded by the IRSST. The conclusions and recommendations are solely those of the authors. This publication is a translation of the French original; only the original version (R-799) is authoritative. PEER REVIEW In compliance with IRSST policy, the research results published in this document have been peer-reviewed. IRSST - Thermal Stress and Chemicals - Knowledge Review i and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Daniel Drolet for his contribution in the selection of the experts as well as in the development of the Excel file used in the consultation. The authors also thank the 13 consulted experts for their collaboration in the occupation ranking. IRSST - Thermal Stress and Chemicals - Knowledge Review iii and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec SUMMARY Cold or heat exposure triggers a series of compensatory physiological responses that enable the human body to maintain its internal temperature despite thermal stress. These thermoregulatory mechanisms are well documented, and the physiological changes that they involve can modify the functions of several organs related to the absorption and metabolism of chemicals. Pharmacological and epidemiological studies have reported an increase in the absorption and effects of certain medications as well as in the human mortality rate associated with air pollution, during simultaneous exposure to heat and xenobiotics. By extrapolating these data to occupational health, it is reasonable to conclude that simultaneous exposure to thermal stress and chemicals is likely to increase the absorption of certain xenobiotics as well as their effects. The first objective of this study was to find all of the data published in the recent scientific literature. The second objective was to identify those chemical-exposed Québec workers who could be most affected by thermal stress. Particular attention was paid to the presence of chemicals likely to affect thermoregulatory mechanisms. The literature review was carried out by querying the Medline, Toxline and Chemical Abstracts bibliographic databases for the January 1990 to June 2012 period in order to document the physiological changes associated with thermal stress, concomitant exposures to thermal stress and chemicals as well as their effects, those chemical-exposed workers most likely to be affected by thermal stress, and the chemicals that can affect thermoregulatory mechanisms. A process relying on professional judgement was subsequently used to identify Québec workplaces where thermal stress exposure was likely to lead to a change in the toxicokinetics of the chemicals. Hence, 13 experts in the thermal stress field or industrial hygiene were individually consulted to rank the 136 chosen occupations in relation to the importance of the studied problem. The collected data show that the impact of cold exposure on the toxicokinetics and effects of chemicals has not been extensively studied. The few studies identified have reported that exposure to cold thermal stress generally leads to a reduction in the toxicity of chemicals. Heat exposure, however, is associated with an increase in the pulmonary and skin absorption of xenobiotics, with this often being linked to an increase in their toxicity and concentration in biological fluids. Biological exposure monitoring can be used to show the increase in pulmonary or skin absorption with heat exposure. The degree of the increase depends on the intensity of the thermal stress, the exposure levels, and the physicochemical characteristics of the chemicals. Of the occupations most affected by this problem in Québec, 20 are in the non-metallic mineral manufacturing/primary metal manufacturing/fabricated metal product manufacturing sector, as well as roofers and firefighters. These work environments should be given priority in future studies aiming to better characterize the risk associated with simultaneous exposure to thermal stress and chemicals. More specifically, exposure to certain contaminants can affect thermoregulatory mechanisms and thus reduce workers' capacity to adapt to heat. The workers primarily affected by this problem are those exposed to lead and its inorganic compounds (dusts and fumes), to certain pesticides (organophosphorus compounds and carbamates), and to metal oxide fumes (zinc, aluminum, antimony, cadmium, copper, magnesium, manganese, tin). iv Thermal Stress and Chemicals - Knowledge Review - IRSST and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec This review will provide occupational health practitioners with a guide in their risk assessment procedures for situations of simultaneous exposure to thermal stress and chemicals, mainly by having identified certain higher risk occupations. The data compiled in this report can also be used to develop toxicokinetic models for a better risk assessment. Workplace studies could also be conducted to document, in a real situation, the impact of heat exposure on the absorption and toxicokinetics of chemicals, with biological monitoring being a tool of choice in studying this problem. IRSST - Thermal Stress and Chemicals - Knowledge Review v and the Highest Risk Occupations in Québec TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1 2. OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................3 2.1 General objective ...........................................................................................................3 2.2 Specific objectives .........................................................................................................3 3. METHOD ...............................................................................................................................5 3.1 Literature review ............................................................................................................5 3.2 Identification of workers simultaneously exposed to thermal stress and chemicals .....5 3.2.1 Assessment of thermal stress factors and measurement criteria ........................5 3.2.2 Evaluation of chemical exposure .......................................................................8 3.2.3 Number of potentially exposed workers ............................................................9 3.2.4 Consultation of experts and final occupation ranking .......................................9 4. RESULTS .............................................................................................................................11 4.1 Literature review ..........................................................................................................11 4.1.1 Thermal considerations ....................................................................................11
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