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Phone (202) 872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington A LONG-HAUL FIGHT Last month's "President's Views," which dealt with the issue of political ambassadorial appointments, was a condensation of testimony I gave at a November AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION 10 hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) that considered six Governing Board such nominations. At that hearing, AFSA testified in opposition to the spoils system President: F.A. (TEX) HARRIS State Vice President: TODD STEWART by which non-career ambassadors are chosen and against the nomination of San AID Vice President: JOHN A. PATTERSON Diego hotelier M. Larry Lawrence, because in our view he lacks the necessary USIA Vice President: RAZVIGOR BAZALA Retiree Vice President: DONALD R. NORLAND qualifications to serve as U.S. ambassador to Switzerland. So meager was his Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY Treasurer: ANNE WOODS PATTERSON understanding of basic diplomatic concepts that at his hearing he referred to State Representatives: CHRISTINE FULENA Switzerland, whose name is synonymous with neutrality, as our "ally", and responded DENNIS KUX JOHN MARIZ to a question about "export controls" with an answer about export promotion. SUE SAARNIO DAVID H. SHINN Thanks mostly to our opposition, the SFRC, while endorsing the other nominees, AID Representatives: LEE ANN ROSS split 10-10 on Lawrence, whose nomination was then sent to the Senate floor without JAMES R. WASHINGTON USIA Representative. BRUCE WHARTON a recommendation. In the full Senate, a hold was placed on the nomination, Retired Representatives: KATHRYN Cl ARK-BOURNE SAMUEL F. HART suspending it until the Senate reconvenes in 1994. AFSA's success in temporarily M. BRUCE HIRSHORN blocking this high-profile nomination has focused considerable attention on the use EDWARD L. PECK FAS Representative: MAGGIE DOWLING of prestigious ambassadorships as sinecures for wealthy campaign contributors and, PCS Representative: BARRY FRIEDMAN not surprisingly, has triggered a counterattack: Staff Executive Director: SUSAN REARDON ■ Op-ed pieces by friends of the would-be ambassador have appeared in Business Department California newspapers characterizing our position as nothing more than self-serving Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Office Manager: JUDY SHINN careerism and flailing back with childish epithets like "witless," "snobs," and—no Executive Assistant: ME1KE MEISSNER kidding—"dorks." USIA Office Manager: PETER GAASERUD Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BFANE ■ Senator Harlan Mathews (D.-TN) criticized AFSA bitterly at the SFRC hearing Administrative Assistants: DIANNA DUNBRACK for challenging, as he put it, the president's "constitutional duty and responsibility to MICHAEL DAILEY Labor Management nominate people to the Foreign Service [sic]," and even questioned our "right" to do General Counsel: SHARON PAPP Director: JAMES YORKE so. So much for the First Amendment! Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON ■ In an apparently random act of retaliation, Senator Mathews put a hold on a list Representative: JULIE SMITHLINE Law Clerks: EDWIN GANIA of 27 senior USAID officers whose promotions were then before the Senate for MEGAN CHUNG routine approval. Although these officers have nothing whatsoever to do with the Member Services Acting Director: LORI DEC nomination of Larry Lawrence, they are being held hostage, according to Senator Director: JANET HEDRICK Mathews himself, until Lawrence and three other nominations on hold are approved. Representative: NORAJANE McINTYRE Grievance Counselors: DEREK TERRELL The absurdity and injustice of this action needs no comment. We have appealed JENNY NOYES to Senator Mathews and his colleagues, in the name of fairness, to stop penalizing Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON these innocent USAID officers and to approve their promotions retroactive to the day Retiree Liaison: WARD THOMPSON they were suspended. I am confident that cooler heads will prevail and that our Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS Scholarship "hostages" will be freed and duly promoted once the Senate reconvenes. Coordinator and The fate of our challenge to Larry Lawrence, however, is more problematic. Systems Administrator: THERESA AURRICHIO Speakers Bureau and Success in blocking confirmation of a manifestly unqualified ambassadorial nominee International Associates: GIL KUIICK would be an unprecedented achievement and possibly a historic turning point in the Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 192-1, is the longstanding campaign to ensure that America's diplomatic missions abroad are professional association of the Foreign Service and tlte official represen¬ tative of all Foreign Sendee employees in the Department of State, and headed by "the best qualified" persons—whether career or non-career. the United States Information Agency and the Agency for International Development under the tenns of the Foreign Sendee Act of 1980. Active It may be that that point has not yet arrived, but we intend to press forward on or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to all fronts. Win or lose, there can be no doubt that we have raised congressional and persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Sendee. .Annual dues-. Active Members—$85-188; Retired Members—$45-62; White House consciousness and gained media attention to the damage to the national Associate Members—$50. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Sendee Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund interest wrought by sending rank amateurs to fill important diplomatic posts. donations may lx* deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expease for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund Win or lose, AFSA is in this fight for the long haul. We must secure justice for donations are deductible as charitable contributions. our USAID hostages and be prepared to use our heightened credibility consistently AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION. 2101 E Street NW, Washington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, membership, professional issues, scholarship to challenge future Larry Lawrences until the political process ceases to treat programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Gov¬ erning Board, standing committees, general counsel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 6-17-8160 • FAX: (202) 647- ambassadorships as party favors for fat cats. — Tex Harris 0265 • USIA Member Services (202) 401-6405 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 FOREIGN SERVICE JANUARY 1994 JOURNAL VOL. 71, NO.l

Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE

JANET BOGUE KATHLEEN BRION JOHN ERIKSSON PHYLLIS DICHTER-FORBES SUSAN KEOGH-FISHER DANIEL O. NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH Hapless Haiti 26 HANS N. TUCH

“The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service” Speaking Out: Rome on the Potomac 9 Acting Editor BY CARLET0N C00N NANCY A. JOHNSON Advertising Manager TINA M. DREYFUS Advice for New Retirees 20 Editorial Assistant LIZ ALLAN BY HENRY PRECHT Design MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS Focus: FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E SEARCHING FOR A FOREIGN POLICY Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Intervention: The American Mood Today 23 Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent BY LEE HAMILTON the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. A Wary Bureaucracy confronts Haiti 26 JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9-50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas BY GEORGE GEDDA subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. GuyMalary 30 and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send BY STACY RHODES address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library In Search of a Foreign Policy 31 Services, Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 (October BY BOB TOTH 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. Roving Ambassador 36 BY HANK ZIVETZ © American Foreign Service Association 1994 Printed in the U.S.A. Books and the Arts 51 Peace Coips books, Andrew Steigman on South Africa, Charles Maechling Jr. on Dean Acheson.

Send address changes for the Foreign DEPARTMENTS Service Journal to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037-2990 President’s Views 2 Advertising Sections Letters 5 Classifieds Pull-out Section Clippings and Comment 12 Marketplace Pull-out Section AFSA News Pull-out Section Schools 43 The Cover: History 42 Real Estate 57 Illustration by David Chen Postcard from Abroad 60

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Dissent and resignation of the belligerents. Ethnic cleansing, as Anyone who thinks otherwise cannot Resignation over issues of principle despicable and criminal as it is, is not be said to have any appreciation of the or policy is an important and admirable quite the same thing. reality of international relations. Other practice. I have great admiration for the Gross crimes against humanity and nations or blocs do not generally wel¬ moral courage and conviction shown human rights deserve to be judged and come the intrusion of those from out¬ by George Kenney, Marshall Harris, punished, certainly, but a distinction side the neighborhood, especially when Stephen Walker and Jon Western with between ethnic cleansing and geno¬ the intruders ignore regional or interna¬ their decisions to resign over U.S. policy cide, although it may seem pedantic or tional organizations that are already in the Balkans. legalistic to some, is important in terms engaged. I see a great irony in the analogy with of law, international relations, and (I Let the State four continue arguing their the resignations during the Vietnam War: would think) one’s daily life. case, offer policy alternatives, and attempt The NSC eight resigned in opposition to Civil wars are nasty businesses, espe¬ to persuade the American public, our our involvement in what was essentially cially so when religion and ethnicity government, and other nations that there a civil war in Vietnam; the State four— fuel the fires of hatred. They are particu¬ are grave moral questions at stake. as I understand it—resigned in opposi¬ larly hazardous grounds for outsiders to This is not meant as an attack on tion to our failure to become involved tread upon. There are precious few, if those who resigned. I am respectful of in a civil war in the Balkans. any, cases where an end to civil hostili¬ their strength of conviction and salute In the interview, [November 1993 ties has been brought about by external their courage. In the long run, it may Journal both Harris and Walker con¬ force. Peacekeeping after the fighting well be their courage that will be best cede that senior department officials stops, yes, but external force to stop a remembered. And who knows, some were very open in hearing out their dis¬ civil war, no. day one of them may become our national sents, but they then suggest that these But even if the resignees are correct, security adviser. There is a precedent. officials “weren’t listening.” Perhaps they if genocide is occurring and the holo¬ Jack R. Binns weren’t. But perhaps these officials caust is being revisited, does the United Tucson, AZ understood what they were saying, but States have a unilateral obligation to weren’t persuaded—perhaps they sim¬ stop it? Or does this responsibility lie Disenchantment ply didn’t agree with their analysis! with the international community? No In the April issue of the Journal, Another statement by Harris took my one appointed the United States global Anne Stevenson-Yang wrote on team¬ breath away: He said, “If they [State policeman or moral arbiter. Indeed, work: “It will be some months yet Department officials] cannot handle a much of the world regards our pre¬ before it is possible to draw conclusions simple and straightforward case like sumptions in this direction misguided about how profoundly the new team at Serb aggression in Bosnia, there’s no and/or arrogant in the extreme. Many the State Department. . . will color the reason to think they are going to be able think we should use the forces of argu¬ conduct of foreign policy. . . so far, the to handle the more difficult problems ment, moral suasion, and other interna¬ grand policy shifts for which some had we face today.” How can anyone who tionally accepted means to bring others hoped have not been forthcoming.” regards the situation in Bosnia as “simple to our way of thinking, as we seem to be So much for “teamwork,” the con¬ and straightforward” expect to be taken doing in the Balkans, though perhaps duct of foreign policy, and grand policy seriously? not as effectively as we might. We shifts: Harris, Walker, Western and yes, Like most people, I am deeply should also stand ready to join the Deputy Secretary Wharton are gone! I troubled by charges of Serbian geno¬ international community in acting, force¬ have drawn my conclusion and I sus¬ cide and the moral equivalency many fully if necessary, to end these atrocities, pect you have too. see between Serbian ethnic cleansing although such responses seem remote. Below is an excerpt from my June 7, and the Nazi holocaust. Genocide is We do not have a writ to impose our 1993 letter of resignation: defined as “the systematic killing of, or values on the world and, most impor¬ “... I am fully disenchanted with the a program of action intended to destroy tantly, we lack the power and will to do Clinton administration: the lack of a a whole national or ethnic group.” Acts so. The latter may be unfortunate, but coherent U.S. foreign policy. . . during of genocide, as well as rape, and torture, it’s not necessarily a bad thing. my service in Belgrade I saw firsthand have clearly been committed in the No single nation can cure the ills of how Ambassador Zimmermann and the Balkans, but they do not appear to the world or end man’s inhumanity entire U.S. mission ceaselessly endeav¬ represent an overarching policy of any toward man through the force of arms. ored to promote a peaceful and demo-

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 5 LETTERS

cratic solution to the fragmentation of numbers of American ground forces— influence. The result is a widespread belief Yugoslavia. No such effort is visible the only serious hope of averting the that the United States has become a “paper today— Under Secretary of State Peter disasters which have occurred. Although tiger”—that our threats are without sub¬ Tamoff has clearly signaled that the U.S. the Clinton administration has supported stance, our pledges of support empty, and has abdicated its role of leadership in embargoes, air-delivered supplies to our loyalty fickle. From a nation which the world, the White House makes a besieged Moslems, proposed arming could organize and lead Desert Shield/ mockery of the State Department’s list them and even threatened air strikes Storm, we have devolved to a foreign of candidates for ambassadorial posts against Serb artillery positions and sup¬ policy lightweight, which is ignored by and President Clinton fails at diplomatic ply lines, it announced to the world—as murderous megalomaniacs in the Balkans, protocol by not accepting the creden¬ did President Bush—that the United savaged by rogue warlords in Somalia, tials of foreign ambassadors.” States would not share in the risks with shooed away from Haiti by shotgun-wield¬ While I may not have been as elo¬ our allies of directly intervening on the ing thugs, and openly taunted by a nuclear quent or public as Harris, Walker or ground. This removed the only real pariah in North Korea. This is not the fault Western, I do share their dislike of the deterrent to the Serbs, who could see of circumstances or fate, this is our own Clinton administration’s shameful abdi¬ that all else was bluff and gesture. doing, and it is both the fault and respon¬ cation of commitment to, or policy It is unfortunate that the FSOs did not sibility of our own leadership. initiatives in, the Balkans. [However] I pose the moral issues for the United Certainly this administration, elected on do not advocate U.S. armed interven¬ States in the Balkans in the stark terms a domestic agenda, has a host of other tion in Bosnia. Jim Anderson (Novem¬ of the American sacrifices which would priorities to attend to—health care, the ber Journal) reflects my view when have been required Until as a nation economy, the environment—and these stating: “I don’t think they (Harris, West¬ we decide to use our military power priorities demand that time and energy be ern and Walker) have taken into consid¬ effectively and are willing to pay the devoted to their resolution. What the presi¬ eration the global effects of acting with¬ costs of doing so—which will be a long dential advisers must realize is that foreign out NATO or the United Nations.” The time coming—we could have used these policy challenges which are not handled problem is by all appearances that the talented individuals more than ever. adeptly and with care have a disturbing Clinton administration hasn’t either! Charles Cross tendency to mushroom into larger crises Michael Ellis Seattle, WA which can indeed threaten our vital na¬ Elmwood, WI tional interests and divert our attention from domestic concerns. What we need Use might for right A Paper Tiger desperately is viable and credible foreign The moving interview (November The Clinton administration’s ap¬ policy which will give us the breathing Journal) of the three young FSOs who proach to foreign policy, as its adher¬ space in which to focus attention on resigned in protest over the Bush and ents would have us believe, is the pressing domestic needs. Clinton administration’s consistently cau¬ epitome of reason and rationality. Mr. FrederickJ. Chiaventone tious Balkan policies has raised ques¬ Clinton and his secretary of state, War¬ Weston, Missouri tions which go beyond the role of the ren Christopher, are men of conscience career Foreign Service in our democ¬ with a shared commitment to human rights A bureaucratic pickle racy to the national dilemma over the and dignity unmatched by any previous Ambassador Horan’s belief that “ridi¬ purposes of American military power. I presidency. That they mean well I do not cule is our anti-bureaucrat’s magic believe the two are connected in this case doubt, but commitment and compassion sword” may be right, but his aim could in ways that are not always recognized. do not necessarily translate into ability, and be better. His “Fickle Pickle Award” Those of us who have served as desk this is precisely the problem with our proposal [November 1993 “AFSANews”] officers sympathize with the frustrations foreign policy team. While the administra¬ ignores two points: the bureaucrats who these officers must have felt in being tion may not condone the slaughter in write most cables are fellow FSOs whose unable to affect policy when it really Bosnia, the lawlessness in Haiti, the chaos generally conscientious efforts would mattered to them. We can also respect in Somalia, the intransigence of North not be improved by AFSA ridicule, and the highest motives which caused them Korea, neither has it been able to do much many of their monstrous taskings origi¬ to quit their profession over what they about any of these human tragedies. If nate in legislation. assumed were disagreements in prin¬ anything, the ineffectual fumbling which Although we have all seen useless ciple with the leadership of the country. has characterized a whole series of Ameri¬ and frivolous cables, those he describes The problem is not that the last two can initiatives has exacerbated rather than seem to be poor targets: soundings on administrations didn’t agree with the ameliorated these crises. possible reactions to congressionally- urgency of the arguments against inac¬ There is a growing perception among mandated sanctions against whaling tion in the Balkans, but that they both our allies and enemies that the United violators probably should include moral lacked national support to order up big States does not possess the will to exert its bellwethers like Switzerland and the

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 Vatican; human rights reporting instruc¬ tions are the same for all posts (regard¬ less of resources) in response to just criticism that the U.S. used different standards for Bunna, Israel, the USSR, Ivory Coast, etc.; and our experience with terrorism has shown the pound- foolishness of leaving stones unturned. Obviously, improvements are needed in drafting and distribution of cables by FSO bureaucrats. Eliminating reporting requirements which support the U.S. role in protecting human rights and in combatting terrorism is not a bureau¬ cratic option. Ward Thompson Washington, DC HOME AWAY Less with less Forthepast 15years, we’ve been told by Democratic and Republican admin¬ FROM HOME istrations alike of the need to “do more with less.” I’ve given up my first and For FARA Members business class travel, the QE II and the For all FARA members we are proud to provide two-martini lunch. I’ve volunteered to the best hotel values in the Washington, D.C. take notes on the back of computer Metropolitan Area. Our housing inventory offers printout, recycle aluminum cans, and even to eat in the State Department properties featuring studios, one-bedroom, two cafeteria. bedroom apartments, spacious suites and hotel The current round of budget cuts, rooms. You make the choice. however, leads me to a modest pro¬ Each location has unique proximity to posal, “Do less with less.” There is a major federal centers around the Nation’s Capital relationship between government out¬ put and the amount of money you including FSI, State Department, the Pentagon, spend on employees, rough though it Arlington, National Airport, Old Town Alexandria, may be. Cut employees, and less gets Foggy Bottom Metro Station, Georgetown, the done. When travel hinds are cut, remind Kennedy Center and the White House. our friends on the Hill that we would love to say something authoritative about For more information on location, fea¬ human rights in the provinces, but we tures and rates of participating FARA hotels call haven’t seen them for years. When housing funds are cut, be sure to remind Direct: (703) 684-1825 the visiting firemen from Foggy Bottom Fax#: (703) 5484)266 that you’d love to throw them a recep¬ tion, but you can’t because you’re still living in a filthy TDY dump after six FREE SHUTTLE SERVICE months at post. TO N.F.A.T.C. I know this letter is not in keeping with the State Department’s “can do, hit the ground ainning,” values, but so be it. Up with “less for less!” Down with “more for less!” The revolution has rava begun. FOREIGN AFFAIRS RECREATION ASSOCIATION Ed Goff FARA HOUSING DIVISION, 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314 AmEmbassy Mexico

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have come to believe that one of at the head of the table would harrumph Washington thought was what mat¬ I the most deeply dissatisfying as¬ and say, forcefully, “Where does so-and- tered. On the most critical matters, the pects of my 36 years in the Foreign so stand5” (meaning a key Congressman, or history of American diplomacy over the Service was the lack of concern NSC staffer). The discussion would then last half century is the history of an shown by our foreign policy masters in turn away from what the foreign situa¬ imperial power that made up its mind Washington for individual country situ¬ tion demanded to what was “do-able” in what it wanted and then told everyone ations—particularly a disinterest in the the Washington context. else on the planet to do it. internal factors driving a country’s lead¬ Or perhaps our leader would say: Advancement in the Service was ers to act the way they did. This Washing¬ “Looks like the foreign secretary didn’t only loosely tied to brilliance in analyz¬ ton-centered point of view has blunted our get the message. We may have to try ing why things happened abroad, as foreign policy and undercut its ability to again, at a higher level... do you think opposed to simply reporting them. The promote America’s interests. X in the NSC would buy a presidential fast track for the junior officer was in In the countless meetings I attended letter?” Again, the central theme of the Washington, and the main road to the over the years, a Foreign Service officer discussion would change. top went through assignments that of¬ would present a summary of the foreign Washington was Rome and fered a working familiarity with Con¬ context of whatever bilateral or multilat¬ Byzantium rolled up together, the cen¬ gress and agencies like CIA, DOD, and eral issue was on the agenda. The man ter of the universe; what people in USAID. Best of all was an assignment to More than a hotel... Much more than an apartment!

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JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 SPEAKING OUT a staff job on the seventh floor, where The Foreign Broadcast Information Ser¬ this public indifference. Visible you could associate directly with our vice produces digests of what overseas assertiveness was more likely to be top “political level” masters. media are saying in quantities that would rewarded at the polls than diplomatic These are sweeping generalizations; of fill a small-town library in a week. Our subtleties that were usually carried out course, there have been many exceptions, own Foreign Service produces penetrat¬ offstage. The result, more often than where our policies toward other coun¬ ing assessments of local attitudes and not, has been clumsy initiatives, where tries have been managed with sensitiv¬ concerns. But little of this evidence pen¬ the United States has committed re¬ ity and finesse. For example, take the etrates up the ladder to the Washington sources without adequately consider¬ business of distancing ourselves from power elites who call the shots. The ing the terrain. Marcos in a timely fashion. This was a only kind of information that seems to Times are changing. The world no nuanced policy based on accurate matter is what our national security agen¬ longer resembles a football field, where knowledge of what was happening in cies have bought, stolen, or pieced there are only two teams and everybody the Philippines, and it saved our bacon together through some expensive high- knows the score. We can no longer get there. Such exceptions, however, usu¬ tech means, and such information is by with a bull-in-the-china-shop atti¬ ally occur when the issue is so obscure almost always fragmentary and episodic. tude. We need a more subtle and sen¬ that the crisis managers are content to During much of the postwar era, sitive foreign policy, based on an in¬ leave its handling to the professionals. Americans were unconcerned about formed awareness of what is driving Ironically, our leaders in Washington foreign policy issues other than winning other governments to behave as they now have more information at hand the Cold War without a nuclear ex¬ do. We have the infonnation base: will about how people in other countries change. The question of why foreigners our leaders use it? feel about current issues than is avail¬ were taking a particular position on a able anywhere else in the world. USIA problem did not concern many citizens. Carleton Coon retired in 1985. His public opinion surveys; collect informa¬ The Washington-centered views of our last assignment was as ambassador tion and funnels it back to Washington. policy-framers have accurately reflected to Nepal

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FAX OR MAIL TO: EVELYN COTTERMAN, LONG & FOSTER, 3918 PROSPERITY AVENUE, FAIRFAX, VA 22031 The players and the policy A plethora of articles has policy ... are talented, intelli¬ of U.S. foreign policy. Now recently assessed the role and gent, hardworking men who that policy must be imple¬ rationale of our foreign policy rarely backstab or second- mented and sold to a nation leaders. The resignation of guess one another. They ar¬ that enjoys being a super¬ Clifton Wharton Jr. as deputy gue correctly that they have power but is unwilling to pay secretary started off the de¬ done well enough on the is¬ the price. “The public would bate with an editorial in The sues that affect the country’s be more likely to follow,” Washington Post ( November most vital interests, including says Nelan, “if Clinton, Chris¬ 11) commenting on the man¬ Russia, the Middle East, Ja¬ topher, Aspin and Lake all ner of the departure: “The pan, and the future of NATO. marched smartly in the same problems of the Clinton . . . Yet the U.S. performance direction.” administration’s conduct of in [Bosnia, Somalia, and Haiti] Elaine Sciolino in The New foreign policy have very little has been marked by vacillat¬ York Times (November 8) to do with Clifton Wharton.. ing objectives, bad staff work, also writes about “three men .. Any frank assessment of and a reluctance by any of in search of a strategy.” She who are ‘the weak members the trio to take the lead in says that in response to criti¬ of tire lineup’ must take into shaping policy. ... Under cism that they are not doing account the Clinton team’s Secretary Christophers stew¬ well—and even calls for sac¬ failure to demonstrate that it ardship, U.S. foreign policy is rificial resignations—the three is on top of what is admit¬ being questioned from Capi¬ have begun to fight back. tedly a frazzling set of for¬ tol Hill to capitals of the Sciolino believes that the eign-policy problems. .. . world.” policy failures of Bosnia, So¬ U Secretary Christopher has yet Christopher responded to malia, and Haiti have begun to convey a convincing sense criticism that he fails to exert to expose some frssures in of what are his views on ma¬ tight enough command over the group. While Christopher jor subjects of the day.. .. his own building, by saying and Aspin say that they get Defense Secretary Les Aspin that State will have to “pull along well, they have sharply is not short on views but is la¬ up our socks, tighten up our different styles. She writes, boring to harness them to operation.” Two of State’s “Christopher is so disciplined policy. Anthony Lake is still success stories have been that he prepares and edits working on what the role of Dennis Ross’s efforts as spe¬ written remarks even for a national security adviser cial coordinator for the short encounter with a law¬ ought to be.” Middle East and Ambassador maker or a journalist, so goal- Time magazine, in a story Strobe Talbott’s consultations oriented that he sees every by Bruce Nelan (November with Russia, according to meeting as an opportunity to 22) continues the discussion, Nelan. get results.” Aspin is seen tak¬ declaring, “Christopher and Nelan maintains that Chris¬ ing a more stream-of-con- the other two members of the topher and others have ar¬ sciousness approach, and troika that run U.S. foreign ticulated the general course Lake’s National Security Council team is characterized as disorganized and highly politicized. Sciolino goes on to say that Anthony Lake’s image is “Foreign policy is like a pointillist painting. You the one being overhauled— his anonymity has evapo¬ put a bunch of dots on the canvas and when rated as he gives speeches you stand back you have a picture. But and interviews. He is por¬ [Clinton’s foreign policy team] stands back and trayed as a “stealth diplo¬ mat,” instrumental in con¬ they have a bunch of dots.” ducting a 36-hour diplomatic A former U.S. diplomat as quoted io Time, November 22. marathon with Japanese offi¬ cials at the Tokyo summit last July. Asked about his sudden role reversal, he says with a touch of irony, “A star is bom.”

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 Threadbare striped pants “In contrast to the popu¬ Mondale’s respect for lar picture of American dip¬ the Foreign Service is re¬ lomats in striped pants liv¬ flected in his words two ing the high life in Paris years ago. He continued, and London, the real world “The Foreign Service is fast of the Foreign Service is becoming the key Ameri¬ one of dangerous duty in can institution for construct- hellish places, families tom ing a post-Cold War world. apart by constant transfers, With increasing global in¬ isolation, unremitting eco¬ terdependence, diplomacy nomic hardship and official is sure to grow in impor¬ ingratitude.” So wrote tance relative to other in¬ Walter Mondale in The Los struments of national Angeles Times on January power. ... As our military 1, 1992. As ambassador in presence abroad is re¬ Tokyo, he will now have a duced, the Foreign Service first-hand look at the trials will also become the princi¬ and tribulations of the For¬ pal institution protecting eign Service. our international economic ► 50 years ago

The International Chan¬ cial value according to its cery Center on a 47-acre State Department director, The different demand plot in Northwest Washing¬ Herbert Johnson. And each The Editors' Column our Foreign Service. Wis¬ ton is finally taking shape, embassy agrees to build an in the January 1944 For¬ dom dictates that upon according to Laura Randal embassy reflecting the tra¬ eign Service Journal de¬ the existing firm founda¬ in The Washington Times ditional architecture of its scribes the “insistent” call tion we should build and (November 4). A building home country—all design for active participation in expand in preparation for resembling an ancient plans must be approved by foreign affairs—a very the wider responsibilities Egyptian temple, another the State Department. different demand than re¬ which will devolve upon looking like a tum-of-the- After three decades of flected in today’s opinion our shoulders immediately century Austrian castle, and preliminary plans, seven of polls. after the war. another suggesting the the 21 sites are occupied by “Never before has “The traditional conser¬ the chanceries of Israel, Ku¬ America displayed such vatism of our foreign wait, Jordan, Egypt, Austria, interest in the foreign policy has been reflected Bahrain, and Ghana. scene. Never has an in the administration of Singapore’s structure is al¬ American government lis¬ the Foreign Service. ... If most complete. Nine other tened to so insistent a our officers are to engage embassies have leased plots public demand for active in that broader activity and four tracts remain paiticipation in world af¬ which the conduct of our unleased. Johnson says, fairs. The government ap¬ foreign relations will re¬ “The embassies are not pears to listen sympatheti¬ quire, provision must be three-stoiy shop houses of there as a demonstration of cally, and we believe this made for modern adminis¬ Singapore are all being world harmony. They’re is good. trative practices. . . . The built in the international there because it’s cheap.” “If our so-called isola¬ opportunity to prepare the complex. Most Washingtonians tionism is a thing of the Foreign Service for its fu¬ Each embassy in the don’t even know the center past, and world affairs are ture program is directly center pays rent to the U.S. is there off Van Ness Street. our affairs, it will be the at our doorstep, for in government, averaging But the center also boasts a part of common pru¬ the post-war era events $500,000 to $600,000 for a State Department annex dence to preserve intact will already have over¬ 99-year lease—about one and the modern building of the asset we now have in taken us.” S’< tenth of the land’s commer¬ Intelsat. ^

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16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 governing foreign aid and population control. they erupt—and to prevent cials complain that neither eliminate many of the coun- ‘This is an honest attempt the outflow of money and the secretary of state nor the try-by-country disbursements to do things differently,” an troops needed to manage national security adviser has that now dominate the pro¬ administration official said. such disasters once they ex¬ much stomach for this fight. gram. While the effort is He asked tire $64,000 ques¬ plode. “Prevention is the U.S. News reports that called reform, administration tion: Does Congress, after a name of the game,” says USAID’s 1994 economic sup¬ officials acknowledge that it is decade of calling for foreign Atwood. port and development ac¬ an effort to salvage a dwin¬ aid reforms, have ‘‘the guts” The article points out that counts have already been cut dling aid budget. to go along? Congressman while the president has called 20 percent, and the White The administration is pro¬ Lee Hamilton (D.-IN), chair¬ for a shift in the nation’s for¬ House recently proposed an posing that Congress fund man of the House Foreign Af¬ eign-policy priorities, the additional $458 million in broad goals—such as stem¬ fairs Committee, promised White House budget cutters cuts, which could mean re¬ ming the threat of nuclear quick hearings on the issue, are gutting the new develop¬ ductions of 30-60 percent in weapons—that reflect the and Administrator J. Brian ment policies. U.S. Neivs says many programs. threats of the post-Cold War Atwood said he was confi¬ the result is a fierce battle Arguing that such deep period. Not just foreign aid, dent the measure would pass within the administration that cuts could kill a number of but the entire foreign affairs early next year as “a vote on pits Vice President Gore and programs, Administrator budget would be recalcu¬ reform.” other champions of develop¬ Atwood and Tim Wirth, the lated, from dues for UN U.S. News (November 29) ment policies against the State Department's point man peacekeeping to promoting emphasizes the USAID goals administration’s deficit hawks on global affairs, are fighting U.S. exports. The 33 goals of promoting open economic and the Defense Department. back. Wirth argues that sus¬ USAID must pursue by law and political systems, sound Clinton has promised, “I’ll tainable development should would be replaced by four population and health poli¬ make sure there is no cut,” be pursued with the same broad categories: democracy cies, and environmental pro¬ but he will lie hard pressed to vigor as the Cold War strat¬ building, the environment, tection as a way to prevent find more money for USAID. egy of containment. “Your sustainable development, and humanitarian disasters before Furthermore some senior offi¬ budget defines what you

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JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 clippings and comment think is important,” says shift in emphasis for the for¬ write into law the foreign tion ... of potential recipi¬ Wirth. eign assistance programs policy philosophy of the ents.” The Washington Post (No¬ would give the president Clinton administration, by The Post article further vember 27) comments on the “broad flexibility to use aid to specifying the use of aid to points out that the new ap¬ USAID overhaul with a stoiy advance his foreign policy promote democracy, liberal¬ proach would bring all fed¬ by John M. Goshko and Tho¬ goals and would jettison ex¬ ize economic markets and eral agencies and interna¬ mas W. Lippman on the “dis¬ isting programs conceived improve living standards.” tional programs, including cussion draft” now circulating primarily to combat commu¬ The USAID programs would non-govemmental organiza¬ in Congress. They say that a nism. . . . The aid bill would require the “active participa- tions, who would participate in the policy and program planning process, into a coor¬ Reaching out to all (except white males) dinated assistance effort. Richard M. Moose, un¬ 12 “Friday Report” to the male career officers.’” Goshko and Lippman say der secretary for manage¬ secretary of state describes Moose “has it back¬ that on Capitol Hill die re¬ ment, has encountered his difficulties in recruiting ward,” Bruce Lindsey, sponse to the draft was difficulties filling some for State’s chief financial White House personnel di¬ mixed. “Some members re¬ key jobs. Thomas officer. Lippman rector said. “I’m not deeply gard the proposal as a useful W. Lippman, in the \ writes, “There were entrenched against white starting point while others November 22 w candidates within males, I’m deeply support¬ have already objected to a Washington Post, the State depart¬ ive of reaching out to provision that would allow the president to waive restric¬ writes that the W ment, [Moose] indi¬ people who are not white u tions on aid to nations sus¬ problem is that the cated, but he males... We are trying to White House personnel couldn’t appoint them push the State Department pected of developing nuclear office is hostile to white because White House as well as others to seek weapons, in particular Paki¬ males. personnel is deeply en¬ minorities and women for stan.” Moose's November V J trenched against white senior positions.” The Washington Post also reports diat for die first time ^ Our Suites Feel Like Home,

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18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 since the Truman era, the a limited number of goals” in over the next three years. be closed include: Burkina United States has cut the “only about 50 countries,” re¬ Among the countries to be Faso, Botswana, Cameroon, number of nations getting for¬ lates A.D. Home (November phased out are some of the Cape Verde, Chad, Ivory eign assistance. As the first 20). Closing these posts, biggest recipients of U.S. eco¬ Coast, Lesotho, Togo, Af¬ step in the USAID which manage aid programs nomic aid since World War ghanistan, Thailand, South reorientation, Atwood an¬ for 35 countries, will elimi¬ II: Pakistan, Zaire, and Costa Pacific Islands, Belize, nounced the closing of 21 nate nearly 1,100 jobs, mainly Rica. Other countries in Chile, Uruguay, Oman, and USAID missions to “focus on of Foreign Service nationals, which USAID missions will Tunisia.

No experience necessary international experience.’... Harris said in his testimony that Wairen Christopher lias promised that political ambassa¬ ambassadorships shouldn't be handed out as capstones to dorial appointees would bring “some real expertise” to die successful business careers.” ^ job. The Washington TtovCNovember 24) reveals how two Foreign Service groups stalled die nomination of M. Lany Twisting in the wind Lawrence, a wealthy San Diego developer and hotel owner Senator Harlan Mathews (D-TN) was upset at the AFSA who had teen nominated to be ambassador to Switzerland. testimony before die Senate Foreign Relations Committee, After the testimony by Tex Harris, president of AFSA and which opposed one of President Clinton’s noncareer ambas¬ Dennis Kux, chairman of the Senior Foreign Service Associa¬ sadorial picks. As a result of the testimony, die Senate left tion, three democratic senators voted against Lawrence’s several political nominees unconfirmed, at least until it re¬ confinnation, resulting in a 10 to 10 vote that sent the nomi¬ alms in January. Sources say that in retaliation for that testi¬ nation to the Senate floor without a recommendation. mony Mathews put a hold on routine promotions of 26 Reporter Charles Babcock quoted from a letter AFSA sent USAID officials. This has some Hill and Foreign Service types to committee members, noting AFSA “had not challenged crying “foul,” arguing the hold amounts to punishing inno¬ other nominees who gave more in political donations titan cent people for others’ exercise of First Amendment rights, Lawrence because ‘they appeared to possess some relevant according to the December 3 Washington Post. a<-

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22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 But I think not only of secretaries of state. American diplomats are dedicated, hard-working men and women. Many face danger on the American frontlines of U.S. foreign policy. We spend a tiny fraction of the federal budget on the Foreign Service, yet our country is safer and more pros¬ perous, and our understanding of complex events better, because of their work. I admire U.S. diplomats, and I Intervention salute them. They are the eyes and ears of their country. I have learned to listen to them carefully —very carefully. If we do not continue to attract first-rate Foreign Service of¬ ficers— and if' we do not give them the best training— our foreign policy will fail. We all understand that our na¬ tion is redefining its foreign policy. I will not try to articulate an overarching vision of American for¬ eign policy, but instead will con¬ centrate on the question of the use of American military power to sup¬ port American foreign policy in the post-Cold War world. This is the toughest foreign policy question we face in the 1990s. I begin with my understanding of where the American people are on this question. Americans are ambivalent about their role in the world. They are proud to be the world’s superpower, whose wealth Gold War and might and culture are admired the world around. Yet they are reluctant to send their young people into places of danger, or pay the taxes to sustain them. We like the power; we do not always appreci¬ ate the responsibility. I do not sense any desire among World Americans for foreign adventure. I see little, if any, support for ex¬ tended foreign involvements, and BY LEE H. HAMILTON very few places where Americans are willing to risk the lives of their sons and daughters. They believe It bets been my good fortune to sene with ten secretaries of state: that foreign policy competes with Dean Rusk William Rogers. Henry Kissinger, Cyrus Vance. Echini nd domestic issues for both attention and resources. They do not want to Muskie. Alexander Haig. Geoige Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence be distracted from pressing domes¬ Eaglehurger, and Warren Christopher. They are all men of outstand¬ tic concerns. For them, the Cold War is over, and the economy is the ing ability and dedication to the public interest. problem at hand. They certainly

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 DIPLOMATS ing a common theme with a hundred simple set of rules for using force. U.S. variations: please help us. There is con¬ Sometimes, the answer will have to be stant pressure on the United States to “yes,” even if it is a reluctant “yes.” bring its military power to bear in every ARE THE EVES trouble spot around the globe. This is a MAKING COLLECTIVE SECURITY heavy burden. We do not want to be the WORK world’s policeman, yet we are skeptical How do we intervene when impor¬ AND EARS OF of collective action. tant, but not vital U.S. interests are at stake? The answer, I think, lies in an old CONDITIONS FOR U.S. INTERVENTION concept that is taking on new applica¬ So what do we do? Which conflicts tions: collective security—working to¬ THEIR COUNTRY. can we safely ignore, or leave to others, gether, sometimes as leader, sometimes and which compel our intervention? In as partner, with our friends and allies a few cases, the answers are straightfor¬ around the world. I HAVE LEARNED ward. We should intervene, with force, Collective security does not mean if necessary: ceding sovereignty to the United Na¬ • to defend our borders; tions or any other multilateral institu¬ • to prevent any single power from tion. Far from it. It means a pragmatic TO LISTEN TO gaining control of Europe, Japan, approach to advancing U.S. national Korea, or the Persian Gulf; and interests. Working with others, the United • to protect ourselves against terror¬ States can affect important outcomes at THEM CAREFLILLy. ism or weapons of mass destruction. a price American public opinion is Wheneverthe vital interests of the United prepared to support. States are threatened, we must be prepared There is no substitute for a hard- to use force, alone, if necessary. headed analysis of American interests have no stomach for foreign wars with The task of defining a vital interest is and no substimte for a clear cut Ameri¬ steady casualties. tougher today. It was much easier to can policy. What is at issue is whether To be sure, Americans find the world justify intervention during the struggle that policy is executed alone or with turbulent, frightening, messy, and danger¬ against communism. others. Collective action is no panacea, ous. Television has brought those ele¬ We should, of course, always try as Angola, Somalia, and Bosnia demon¬ ments into our living room. But most diplomacy first, always seek the support strate. Even the comparative success of Americans wonder whether we can or of friends and allies, but we cannot let Cambodia underscores its difficulties. should confront all the suffering, ethnic others veto our efforts to defend and We must learn from our mistakes. conflicts, humanitarian disasters, or civil advance our national interests. Collective security will have to be wars. Many believe such missions di¬ On many occasions, we will not built brick by brick at the UN, at vert the U.S. military from its central intervene. It is consistent with our deep¬ NATO, at CSCE and other interna¬ mission and purpose— defending our est beliefs to work for a liberal and open tional institutions. When healthy, vital interests. international economy, and the promo¬ these institutions can help us, and This desire to disengage is stronger tion of human rights and democracy their health depends on international, than many might think. Ifyou doubt me, around the world. But few would sug¬ especially American, support. attend some of my public meetings in gest we should use force to further these Yet the world community has all Indiana, or talk to my colleagues, or objectives. too often failed to provide the tools examine several of the votes recently Usually, of course, deciding whether to make collective security effective. cast in the Congress. to intervene is much tougher. Somalia is That’s certainly true at the United According to some voices, at least, a case in point. Ten months after Presi¬ Nations. We like to complain about we should pull out of Somalia, and dent Bush sent American troops, the the ineffectiveness of the UN—and stay out of Haiti and Bosnia. But we debate continues: Should we intervene clearly the UN has not proved itself can no more disengage from the world for humanitarian purposes? up to the task in Somalia—yet we than dispatch California into the ocean. What about civil conflicts—the civil deny it the resources to perform its We are simply too big, too prosper¬ wars in Liberia or Angola, for ex¬ difficult tasks. ous, too mighty—too engaged. We ample, or in the former Yugoslavia or At the UN, financial resources are the only power that can project the former Soviet Union—where are lacking, key nations have been and sustain military might more than whole states are breaking up? And unwilling to contribute troops, and 100 miles beyond our borders. That what about those cases where peace¬ command and control problems per¬ may be a slight exaggeration, but not keeping falls apart, or won’t work? sist. The UN is clearly struggling to much of one. These are much tougher choices, and meet its responsibilities. We are skep¬ Diplomats from around the globe our first instinct may be to say no. In tical about its ability to do the job. stream into my office every day, sound¬ our complex new world, there is no Internal reforms are badly needed.

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 CRUCIAL U.S. ROLE THE ROLE OF CONGRESS them. Limits on in¬ WE CAN It is in U.S. interests that the UN, Let me turn to the role of Congress. tervention make NATO, and other organizations suc¬ No policy can be sustained unless Con¬ sense, of course, NO MORE ceed at peacekeeping so that we do not gress supports it, and that support has to but we must be have to go it alone in the world. But be based on consent. Getting consent is carelul not to raise DISENGAGE collective security can only work with easier said than done. The War Powers the hurdles so high the strong backing of the United States. Resolution has not worked well. But we that we cannot FROM THE The United States needs both to pay its need to get beyond our disappointment clear them. peacekeeping assessments and and devise a system that works. The highest WORLD THAN arrearages, and demand more equitable To improve consultation, I and oth¬ hurdle may be sharing of peacekeeping expenses. ers have proposed establishing a stand¬ that set by the DISPATCH We need a higher level of trust and ing consultative group, comprised of American public. cooperation with our foreign military the House and Senate leadership and It has little inter¬ partners if joint operations are to be key committee chairmen and ranking est in intervention CALIFORNIA effective. The Defense Department members. We propose that the presi¬ today. When U.S. needs to integrate peacekeeping sup¬ dent meet with this group regularly on vital interests are INTO THE port into its planning and budget, and national security issues, especially be¬ at stake, the presi¬ revise and update U.S. military doctrine. fore committing troops abroad. I will dent will act and OCEAN. We should help the UN improve its soon introduce legislation establishing Congress will military capabilities through better plan¬ this mechanism. support him. But most cases in the real ning, operations, intelligence, logis¬ But consultation is not the whole of world won’t be that straightforward. tics, and communications. But even it. Congress should also act. Congress Through his leadership, the presi¬ with these improvements, Congress is often willing to let the president dent must persuade the American people and public opinion are clear on one deploy troops abroad. Then, if things to undertake missions and responsibili¬ important point: U.S. combat troops in go wrong, Congress criticizes—on two ties they are reluctant to accept. With places of danger should serve only fronts: not only has the president mis¬ our help, he must try to close the gulf under U.S. command. managed foreign policy, he has ig¬ that exists between the foreign policy nored Congress by not seeking an establishment and the American people GAINING PUBLIC SUPPORT authorization. It’s a clever approach, on questions of collective security and No intervention, whether collec¬ but not a responsible one. America’s role in the world. tive or unilateral, can succeed in the That’s essentially what we saw in The consequences of failing to win absence of public support. The presi¬ Somalia. Many in Congress, reacting to public support are stark. Without support dent must provide leadership to gen¬ the mounting casualties, and to the ugly based on a clear understanding of our erate that public support. Many of us pictures on television, withdrew then- mission and our role, the United States can help in our modest ways—but support for a mission they had en¬ cannot remain engaged. If we are not he must lead. dorsed—but not authorized in legisla¬ engaged, we cannot protect our interests. He must lead at home. Unless tion—months earlier. The United States will have to shoulder domestic problems are addressed, Congress should step up to its re¬ undue burdens for some time to come. The the public will have little patience sponsibilities and authorize at the outset end of the Cold War does not mean we can for foreign affairs. When the presi¬ the deployment of U.S. combat troops declare victory and go home. dent turns to foreign policy, he faces into situations where hostilities are im¬ We must not lose confidence in our a challenge. There is a gap between minent. Congress has a constitutional ability to lead. We are a nation of leaders and the public on foreign role to play in setting out the purposes enormous strength, and not just be¬ policy. Americans understand very of a deployment, and its limits in scope, cause of our military might or economic little about collective action. cost, and duration. clout. Our strength derives from our Those of us who work on foreign By sharing responsibility, the presi¬ democratic convictions, our optimism, policy spend too much time talking to dent and Congress share the blame if and our willingness to accept chal¬ each other, and not enough time talking things go wrong. But the purpose of lenges, even those far from our shores. to the American people. We must be this exercise is not to win the blame We must draw upon that strength as we clear about what we seek to accomplish game. When Congress and the presi¬ undertake the new challenges before and how we will proceed. Once we dent work together to make the know the goals, and the means, we toughest decisions—sending troops need to explain and defend our policy. abroad—a wiser, more durable U.S. Cotqrnessman lee H Hamilton (DL-IN) is We must articulate to the American foreign policy will emerge. chairman of the House Foreign Affairs people why their interests are at stake. The popular pastime in Washington Committee. Thisarticleisexcerptedfrom We should not wait for a crisis. Judging today is to set out tough conditions that a speech given at the opening of the new the mood of the country today, we still must be met before we intervene abroad. Nat iotialForeign Affairs Training Center have some explaining to do. I sometimes wonder if we could ever meet on October 13,1993

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 A Wary Bureaucracy Conf rants Clinton's Pnlicy BY GEORGE GEDDA

mong the brighter days of the Clinton presidency was the one lastJuly when exiled Haitian I President Jean-Bertrand Aristide agreed to a UN-brokered deal that would return him to Haiti by October 30. The agreement was worked out at Governors’ Island in New York City

by the special envoy to the United Nations and Organization of American States, Dante Caputo, and special envoy to Haiti, Ambassador Lawrence Pezzullo. President Clinton had been monitor¬ ing the negotiations closely, sensing this was a potential turning point in the drawn-out effort to reinstate Aristide.

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 His attentiveness was based in large measure on volvement in the Haiti domestic political considerations. The restoration of de¬ crisis in the first place. mocracy in Haiti was a high priority of the 38-member The resolution autho¬ congressional Black Caucus, and Clinton was eager to rized the OAS to “adopt he Governors’ please. He had promised the caucus he would help any measures deemed Aristide regain the presidency. Clinton knew the caucus appropriate” to reinstate was downcast by his decision a month earlier to withdraw democracy in countries Island accord the nomination of Lani Guinier to head the civil rights where a military rebel¬ division of the Justice Department. So Clinton had been lion has occurred. If not working closely with the Black Caucus on the Haiti for that resolution, it was just the latest situation, a point candidly underscored by Congressman seems highly unlikely Donald M. Payne (D.-NJ), a key caucus member. “There’s that Haiti would have no question the Haitian policy has been driven by the become a front-burner in a series of Black Caucus,” he says. issue for the hemisphere After Aristide signed the accord late on the night of July and the United States. 3, Clinton was elated. He was so concerned about the fate The Haiti coup occurred missteps and of the talks that he was unable to sleep until he was just three months after informed late that night that Haitian Army Chief Raoul the resolution was Cedras had indeed agreed to step down along with police adopted, and failure by miscalculations. commander Joseph Michel Francois, and that Aristide the OAS to act would would be allowed to complete the remainder of his term. have sent a clear signal to military establishments every¬ The next day Clinton said it was a historic moment for the where in the hemisphere: OAS resolutions are meaning¬ Haitian people. Never before had a regime which had less. Thus, within days after the coup, OAS trade ousted an elected government been forced to surrender sanctions were imposed against Haiti. power as a result of international pressure. The issue has been a headache for U.S. policymakers ever since. Clinton took office determined to do what his PREMATURE ELATION predecessor couldn’t—get Aristide back in power. At the Clinton’s ebullience was understandable but, of course, same time, his administration has made clear that Haiti is premature. October 30 came and went, and Aristide was not a country where American national security interests still Haiti’s exiled president, still playing the waiting game are at stake. When Secretary of State Warren Christopher in his modest one-bedroom listed six priority foreign policy areas for the United States apartment in Georgetown, far during congressional testimony in November, Haiti was away from his luckless not among them. Clinton, though, has been zeroing in on homeland. The Gover¬ Haiti all the while, seeing a big political payoff at home nors’ Island accord was if he succeeded. just the latest in a series However, Clinton’s efforts on behalf of Aristide have of missteps and miscal¬ been weakened by internecine fighting between the culations in the whole Aristide camp and U.S. officials. There were bitter Haiti saga that dated arguments at Governors’ Island, with Aristide and his back to Aristide’s ouster people contending that the U.S. officials, along with in the fall of 1991. Caputo, were being too generous toward Cedras on such Haiti is not a country issues as the timing of the departure of Cedras and where U.S. national in¬ Francois. They also were extremely reluctant to submit terests have been at stake to demands for amnesty for those in the Haitian hierarchy historically. A largely un¬ who not only scuttled democracy but also inflicted noticed resolution untold abuse on the Haitian people. Lacking leverage, approved by the Aristide finally yielded. His supporters have been griping Organization of ever since that flaws in the Governors’ Island agreement American States contributed to the subsequent chaos, and the failure to (US) General As¬ meet the October 30 deadline. Indeed, politically moti¬ sembly in the vated violence in Haiti escalated shortly after the Gover¬ summer of 1991 nors’ Island accord was signed and increased further after Overthrown President Jean-Bertrand Aristide secured the the prime minister chosen by Aristide, Robert Malval, was of Haiti United States in¬ installed.

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 The recriminations between the Aristide equate. Even under the best of circum¬ camp and U.S. officials date back almost stances, the 120 days between the July 3 from the time that Aristide was forced signing and the October 30 target date for from office two years ago. U.S. officials Aristide’s return seemed too short, particu¬ reacted bitterly when Aristide said the larly when the accords called for a reshap¬ Bush administration was responsible for ing of the entire military and police. And the coup. Later some reports suggested V the circumstances were hardly ideal. With that a few of those responsible for the the Haitian military profiting off drug smug¬ coup were on the CIA payroll during the gling and other corrupt enterprises, there 1980s. It is not unusual for the CIA to were serious questions as to whether they establish links with influential players in a wanted to be retrained in the first place, a foreign government, but some Aristide fear that was borne out less than three aides felt the disclosure confirmed their weeks before the date of Aristide’s sched¬ worst suspicions about the country that Haiti's Prime Minister designate, uled return. supposedly is their principal ally. Robert Malval When U.S. officials pressed for a “broad¬ AN ABORTIVE LANDING ening” of the Malval government two weeks before the More than 200 U.S. and Canadian military trainers and October 30 deadline, some Aristide backers interpreted military construction experts tried to land in Haiti on that as a bid to incorporate representatives of the coup October 11, but their vessel, the USS Harlan County, was regime in the Malval government. The administration forced into a humiliating retreat by a gang of armed disposed of that allegation convincingly, saying a broad¬ demonstrators bought and paid for by the army and police. ening of the government referred not to the inclusion of Clinton ordered the vessel to redeploy at the nearby thugs but of democrats not allied with Aristide’s party. But Guantanamo Naval Base in Cuba, overruling some in the the suspicions of Aristide’s followers, relayed to reporters, administration who felt that an attempt to negotiate the further soured the atmosphere between the two camps. docking of the vessel should have been made. Cedras, after These suspicions were fed further by news reports that all, had seemed receptive to the idea of training for his U.S. law enforcement agencies provided the Haitian forces. (Aristide had been opposed, on grounds that there military with intelligence on narcotics smuggling despite was no justification for any dealings at all with his military charges that top commanders are tied to or are protecting tormenters; eventually he yielded.) drug traffickers. But Clinton decided to withdraw the vessel anyway, his thinking probably shaped by events thousands of miles TEPID U.S. SUPPORT away. Just a week earlier, a ferocious battle had taken place Beyond Clinton, the Black Caucus, and a smattering of in Mogadishu between U.S. troops and forces loyal to other groups in the United States, the attitude towards Somali militia leader Mohamed Farah Aideed. Eighteen reinstating Aristide seems to have ranged from tepid Americans were killed and 78 were wounded, producing support to extreme wariness about shock and outrage in the United the potential for high-cost involve¬ States, and demands for a U.S. with¬ ment. The wariest power center of drawal from Somalia. Eight days later, all has been the Pentagon, where with a potential confrontation with some officials seem to think Haiti is he attitude towards rein¬ U.S. troops looming on the shores of spelled q-u-a-g-m-i-r-e. Haiti, Clinton ordered a retreat; po¬ Part of the Governors’ Island litically, he simply could not afford accord called for retraining the stating Aristide seems to the spilling of any more American Haitian military and separating the blood for yet another cause that military from the police. There also many Americans found dubious to were provisions for U.S. military have ranged from tepid begin with. It was apparent that day help in supervising construction more than any other that the October projects. These were laudable ob¬ 30 goal would not be met, that the jectives, but the time frame allo¬ support to extreme wariness. promises Cedras made back in July cated to carry them out was inad¬ were a sham.

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 Top Defense officials were opposed to is the relative silence of the administra¬ sending the military trainers and engineers tion about the abuses committed by because of concern over their safety. And the coup regime. If the administration there was an I-told-you-so mood at the highlighted these abuses, pressure Pentagon after the mission ended in disas¬ would be created for reinstituting tem¬ ter. The episode pointed up a dichotomy in porary asylum to boat people with a the administration. On the one hand, Clinton genuine fear of persecution at the put the prestige of his office in returning hands of the regime. Thus the admin¬ Aristide to power. On the other, there was istration has been in the anomalous, a palpable reluctance within the bureau¬ yet understandable, position of routinely cracy and the public at large to pay a price sending back boat people to a country to achieve that objective, especially if that deemed unsafe for the U.S. military. price included the blood of American sol¬ The reservations at the Pentagon diers. Senator Bob Dole, (R.-KS), spoke for about involvement in Haiti are mir¬ Haiti’s Strongman Gen. Raoul Cedras many this past fall when he said, “I don’t rored elsewhere in the administration. think Haiti is worth a single American life.” Critics of Aristide dredged up a CIA Dole even led a move to require Clinton to win congres¬ profile suggesting the defrocked Roman Catholic priest sional approval before sending troops to Haiti. That bid has suffered from a series of mental disorders for which failed on constitutional grounds, not because of a burning he has required treatment. Aristide issued angry denials desire among lawmakers to dispatch the Marines to Haiti. that he had ever suffered from such problems, and Clinton raised doubts about the authenticity of the CIA’s WHY INTERVENE? information. But the net effect of the episode was further Several African-American leaders support military inter¬ dilution of support for Clinton’s policies. vention. The Reverend Jesse Jackson said the longer the Clinton’s Haiti problem all along has been that the Haitian military “stands in defiance of the U.S. and the UN, means available to him have been inadequate to achieve they weaken the U.S., they weaken the UN, they destroy his goals. As of this writing, the trade embargo and other our ability to be a force for good around the world.” He economic pressures the United States has used in believes there is a better case for invading Haiti than there cooperation with other countries have not sufficed. The was for invading Panama in 1989 and Grenada in 1983. military no doubt has paid an economic price, but the Jackson said also, “There is a moral burden to back up our steepest cost has been borne by the Haitian people, who diplomatic strength when we’ve exhausted all of our other are far poorer now even than they were when Aristide routes with our military resolve.” Randall Robinson, execu¬ left in 1991. tive director of the lobbying group TransAfrica, said During his first year in office, Clinton found the Haiti military force is the only way to neutralize the armed thugs nut much tougher to crack then he had thought. The who terrorize Haiti’s streets. Among the public, however, minimalist policies he pursued fell short, an outcome that these arguments have carried little Latin America expert Douglas weight. Payne felt was predictable. “Half¬ Controversy has also swirled way measures do not work in this around the administration’s effort kind of society,” Payne says. In to prevent another mass exodus of he administration has any case, Clinton is a lot wiser Haitian boat people. Ignoring ob¬ now than he was a year ago jections from human rights groups, about the perils and pitfalls of the administration has assiduously assiduously stuck to the trying to make a difference in stuck to the Bush policy of return¬ what for years has been one of ing all boat people—without the world’s most spectacularly screening out political refugees. To Bush policy of returning all misruled countries. do otherwise would simply en¬ courage countless Haitians to take George Gedda is a State De¬ the high-risk, 600-mile trek to south boat people. partment correspondent for the Florida. A by-product of this policy Associated Press.

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 Guy Malary, minister of Justice, under the government of President Aristide, was assassinated October 14, 1993■ In thistribute, Stacy Rhodes, a former colleague in Haiti, recalls Malary’s contributions to the rebuilding of his country. A group of Foreign Service officers haveformed a memorialfund tofurther Guy’s efforts at promoting human rights.

We met in Port-au-Prince in 1978. Like many Haitians, experts to draff and submit legislation separating the Guy was a self-made man. He was proud of his modest police from the army and establishing a new civilian police origins in Hinche, in the central plateau of rural Haiti. force under the Ministry of Justice. Guy also negotiated When I visited Hinche with Guy, he pointed out the statue and signed an agreement with USAID providing for in the central square of Charlemagne Peralte, its best support to the broad reform of the Haitian justice system. known son and Haitian patriot, who led the armed These reforms anticipated the re-training of judges, pros¬ opposition to the U.S. Marine occupation of Haiti. ecutors, and court administrators. Guy, too, was a Haitian patriot. After working his way Guy thus quickly became the avantgarde of President through the law faculty in Haiti he came to the United Aristide’s and Prime Minister Malval’s efforts to restore States and completed his legal studies at Howard Univer¬ democracy in Haiti, a democracy desired by the vast sity and George Washington University. He was dien majority of its poverty-stricken people but feared by those recruited by the general counsel’s office of the World who have monopolized political and economic power in Bank, where he worked for a brief period. But Guy, the past. Guy provided a threat to the lawless thuggery by anxious to return to Haiti to make a contribution to his which a tiny minority oppresses Haiti, a direct head-on country, left the bank and returned to serve as general challenge to a tradition of rule by fear and intimidation. counsel to the Haitian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They couldn’t buy him off and they couldn’t scare him off; Highly frustrated by his initial experience in the they tried both and failed. Then they became more afraid Haitian government, Guy resigned after a brief period of Guy then he was of them and this left them only one and began to build his own private law practice, which option. has grown to a major firm. Guy and his firm have As Guy said shortly before he was gunned down, he represented a wide variety of clients, including individu¬ did not accept the failed system of justice which he als from all sectors of society, Haitian and foreign faced on entering office. Rather he took this challenge businesses and, periodically, the U.S. Embassy and to establish a new system of justice for Haiti. He said, USAID. Guy was the consummate professional, widely “I’ve come with the intention of building something respected as a highly capable and honest lawyer. He new that this country can be proud of.” This statement remained active in the bar association, did a substantial reminds me, as Guy himself did in many ways, of amount of free legal work for individuals and groups Robert Kennedy, who frequendy paraphrased George unable to pay, and participated in a number of interna¬ Bernard Shaw’s famous words, “Some men see things tional conferences on human rights and international law as they are and say why, I dream things that never were issues. and say why not?”. Guy’s hard-earned reputation for competence, integ¬ Guy was a colleague, a confidant, and a gendeman who rity, energy, and professionalism was brought to the was also a very gende man. He was a loving father. attention of President Aristide during his exile following We must not let his dream, that courageous, bold the September 1991 coup d’etat. In seeking to establish initiative die with the terrible, violent painful death that a highly able group of trusted respected professionals Guy himself suffered in the streets of Port-au-Prince. We with broad working relationships throughout Haitian must find a way to continue and advance his brave efforts society to serve under Prime Minister Malval, the presi¬ to create in Haiti a new system of justice and the rule of dent asked Guy to become his new minister of justice. law which protects and defends the legal rights of Guy was recognized as capable of building the bridges individuals and the human rights on which a true democ¬ needed to achieve true national reconciliation and re¬ racy must be founded. That struggle must continue until spect for the rule of law. it succeeds, until Haiti can join the community of demo¬ Guy had avoided politics for years after suffering a cratic nations and the Haitian people can, at long last, live capricious arrest and solitary confinement during the in the peace and freedom that they so strongly desire and Duvalier era. With trepidation, but with even greater so richly deserve. anticipation of the possibilities for building a better future for his country, Guy decided to take the president’s Stacy Rhodes has been acting assistant administra¬ challenge. In a few short weeks, Guy worked closely with torfor the Latin American Bureau in USAID and, soon the USAID mission in Haiti and U.S. Department of Justice will be USAID mission director in Guatemala.

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 New Year's Resolutions 1994 MED backs away by Tex Harris Medical Services appears to have (A list in progress) backed away from its intention, • Be thankful for AFSA’s growing strength and the incredible contributions of reported in last month’s "AFSA its many members worldwide to improve their profession and their careers. News,” to limit the department’s • Remember the core objectives: Protection of the Foreign Service and its responsibility for hospitalization and members, * Professionalism, * Pride, * Participation, * Communications, * related outpatient treatment to reim¬ Clout, and "It’s the Congress, stupid." bursement of the co-payments re¬ • Protect retired members’ vested interests in the retirement- and health-care quired by the employee’s personal systems. health insurance policy. It seems, • Bring the entire Foreign Service together by gaining bargaining rights for therefore, that the department will FAS and FCS Foreign Service members and pushing to revitalize the Board continue to pay all costs which have of the Foreign Service. been covered under 3 FAM 685.2 ex¬ • Accept the president’s challenge to change the "we/them" workplace to one cept those paid by the employee’s of "partnership." First, convince agency leaderships that management by health insurance carrier. Responses options is out and participatory decision-making is in; second, energize from AFSA members have been very Foreign Service members to actively participate in partnership councils at helpful in demonstrating that this all levels, and jointly identify problems, alternatives, and solutions to improve broad coverage has indeed been the job performance and satisfaction. department’s past practice. • Forge new partnership-links with Civil Service employees and unions. Personal insurance questioned • Open up information and communications channels to allow employees However, State continues to insist and managers to view their decisions globally; (e.g. link the adding of "spe¬ that it has not paid, and will not pay, cial" ambassadorial assistants abroad and cutting new junior officers). for hospitalization and related out¬ • Resolve the conflicting demands of diversity and merit through an open patient benefits if an employee does process based on fairness and equity. not have personal health insurance. • Work to reverse the growing disconnect between America’s presence and AFSA is maintaining its grievance on policies abroad and the concerns of Main Street. this issue, for when 3 FAM 680 was • Represent the Foreign Service special needs in the health-care legislative negotiated, the department stated in debate. writing that these benefits would be • Ensure that employees truly participate in the dramatic reshaping of the available to uninsured employees five Foreign Affairs agencies. and their families. • Expand communications. AFSA maintains its willingness to • And finally, be of good cheer, tell each other more and better jokes. discuss the medical program with the department in the spirit of partner¬ ship. AFSA continues to recommend that all members carry personal Calendar health insurance for themselves and • January 13: Speaker Lunch: State Inspector General Sherman Funk their families. • January 20: Diversity Day, including a conference in Loy Henderson from 1 -5, on diversity sponsored by the State Department’s Equal Employment Opportunity Advisory Council, cosponsored by AFSA. • January 21: Lunch for Retiring Career Ambassador Herman J. Cohen. • January 25: Speaker Lunch: AID Deputy Administrator Carol Lancaster

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 1 from the USAID vice president Breaking Covenants Assignments its own rules. Due process is being By Pat Patterson The agency has continued to denied to a large number of AFSA’s From all over the world, AFSA is unilaterally carry out the broad reor¬ members and USAID employees as receiving E-mail, FAXes and ganization plan announced at the a whole. telephone calls about USAID chan¬ beginning of October. "Rightsizing" ges. What’s the status of new legis¬ teams have been formed which are What is to follow? lation? What do the new strategies made up of GS and FS career The administrator and manage¬ mean and when and how will they be employees. No one is yet clear what ment have repeatedly stated that implemented? What does reinventing the outcome of these exercises will they have no plans for a reduction-in¬ government mean for USAID? Why be. Management contends that cer¬ force. Management is dealing with were assignments frozen? When can tain segments of USAID will grow the looming personnel problems we expect a bid list? Why the surge while others will shrink. For many, the brought on by the budget crisis by in selection-outs? Will there be a perception is the latter. freezing assignments, denying LCEs, RIF? Why? Why? Why haven’t we As management unilaterally froze and examining both OE and pro- been consulted and informed? assignments, HRDM asked AFSA to gram-funded PSCs. What the bottom Repeatedly, we have stressed to approve "emergency” ad-hoc assign¬ line is, no one knows. USAID’s leaders that staff com¬ ments for over ten positions, including munications are poor. We have urged several highly sought-after jobs. We Conclusion In its rush to make changes, agen¬ that direct communications com¬ responded by asking the agency to lift cy programs and employees have mence with employees concerning all its self-imposed freeze and get bid list been criticized and too often ignored. these issues. The administrator has "Update 10" out immediately so that At times, it has appeared as though agreed to step up his contacts with everyone could be treated equally we were considered part of the prob¬ the staff. and fairly. lem rather than potentially part of the We have noted the frustration of We have repeatedly asked solution. posts that were not consulted before management to issue a message to Regrettably we can only conclude being identified for closing. The ad¬ the staff about the overall bid-list that the administration does not real¬ ministrator felt that he had to follow situation. We wanted to be sure that ize that covenants are being broken the course he chose in order to obtain a bid list was not issued until post over the mission, role, and conduct of State Department agreement on the closures were finalized, so that bogus our foreign assistance programs. closeout list. That does not lessen the jobs would not be included. We also Employees, the agency’s greatest pain in the affected posts-employees wanted to ensure that staffers at clos¬ asset, are not adequately taken into should have been consulted. ing posts would be eligible bidders. account. The following summary of the No one is claiming that change is more important issues is not a happy The LCE issue and selection out There is an enormous amount of not in order. But AFSA must insist picture and, in our view, shows the frustration over the surge in selec- that as changes take place, they must administration breaking a number of tions-out and the Limited Career Ex¬ be done fairly and by the rules. The covenants with employees. tension (LCE) issue this year. As administration must not forget that most employees know, out of 55 covenants do exist. In a recent ad¬ Reinventing government When President Clinton issued his Senior Foreign Sen/ice members dress the administrator spoke of a executive order concerning labor- who applied for LCEs only five were partnership with the PVO/NGO com¬ management partnerships, AFSA granted. On the GS side, five Senior munity. He has never spoken of a partnership with agency employees. had every right to expect that USAID, Executive Service staffers were given We all want the administrator to like other agencies, would enter into RIF letters. These two actions mean succeed in his efforts to "save” a new partnership and work openly in that 20 percent of our total senior staff collaboration with AFSA and AFGE. will leave at the time of wrenching USAID. Give us your ideas. Let us know when the agency is breaking We expected full consultation on such change when they are most needed. any "rules" so we can take ap¬ major issues as reorganization, as¬ Is this is an honorable way to treat propriate action. AFSA is consulting signments and new directions in devoted employees? The manner in on the Hill about the new legislation, foreign assistance. Instead, we were which this issue was handled has left the reorganization, and the staffing told that management isn’t sure that many departees embittered, and it is changes. We have also begun to brief AFSA is the appropriate organization a sad way to see careers end. to work with under the order and that It is true that the final say in these the media regarding the same issues. Let us know how you feel about what we should hold on this matter until the matters is the administrator’s. But assistant administrator for manage¬ AFSA believes that covenants are is happening. ment was confirmed. being broken as the agency violates

2 • AFSA NEWS- JANUARY 1994 Diversity, Merit, and Fairness at State A Special Section by Todd Stewart done before passing any judgment A search for three-way accom¬ State Vice President on the acceptability of these modation must begin with general ac¬ Diversity, merit, fairness: three measures. Then, assuming legal re¬ ceptance of the elements for an goals that all Foreign Service mem¬ quirements have been satisfied, we approach. Here I offer the following bers can endorse. But can we pursue will face the difficult task of reconcil¬ principles: these goals simultaneously? Can we ing the three goals of diversity, merit • First, there must be openness. All develop personnel policies to serve and fairness. Let me offer some initial pertinent elements of the status all three objectives? These are ques¬ thoughts on how to proceed, begin¬ quo must be explained to Foreign tions that AFSA members must face ning with definitiions. Service employees, including the as AFSA joins the department, as complicated legal situation, outlined in the secretary’s memoran¬ Three goals relevant statistics and the dum and cable of November 27, in at¬ To me, diversity is best reflected department’s current pro-diversity tempting to settle the women and in President Clinton’s desire to have policies. The discussions for African-American officers’ dis¬ a government which “looks like change and the relevant opera¬ crimination suits and to reform the America." More female and ethnic tions of the new personnel system Foreign Service personnel system. representation will help the Foreign must also be open. The informa¬ Work is already underway. With Service speak for America as well, tion in this "AFSA News" is a first guidance from the State Standing for, as Secretary Christopher ob¬ step in this direction, and we trust Committee, General Counsel Sharon served, these other voices cannot be the department will follow our lead. Papp and I represent AFSA in adequately represented by white negotiations to settle the discrimina¬ males. Left unaddressed, however, • Second, FS employees must be tion suits. Since the issues ad¬ are the extent of diversity and the involved through AFSA in the dressed in these suits will reappear pace of diversification. Should the search for accommodation, from in the discussion of general person¬ proportions of women and minorities initial discussions of the problem to nel reform, "AFSA News” is devoting in the Foreign Service, and in each signature of an agreement incor¬ considerable space this month to an class and cone, approximate their porating the new policies. Such a explanation of U.S. civil rights law, a shares of the U.S. population? What collaborative approach has been history of the women’s class action is an acceptable rate of progress? sadly lacking in the department’s suit, and some initial thoughts for the Merit is a basic value of the past attempts to deal with these future. Foreign Service, most recently ex¬ sensitive issues. pressed in the Foreign Service Act of Admittedly, such general prin¬ Promotion list questions 1980, which provides that “all person¬ ciples are easy to accept compared The senior promotion list has nel actions . .. shall be made in ac¬ to the hard decisions required to sparked renewed interest in these is¬ cordance with merit principles." Merit reconcile diversity and merit. Yet, I sues among AFSA members. is central to our conception of oursel¬ have faith in the power of fairness to Rumors suggested that pro-diversity ves as an elite corps, the "most bring about this reconciliation, for I measures were responsible for the professional body of diplomats in the believe that Foreign Service high proportion of women on the list world," as James Reston recently employees are exceptionally fair (women accounted for a percentage wrote. people. For example, an appeal to of generalist promotions from classes Far harder to define is fairness, fairness suffuses the thoughtful mes¬ 0-1 and OC about double their share which is a very visceral concept, a sage, reproduced in this section, of the generalist officers in those clas¬ sort of schoolyard approximation of which Lew Amselem sent to the ses). However, the director general justice. Our earliest memories of the director general in response to her affirmed in an ALDAC cable (93 State word probably involve shouting ALDAC cable refuting rumors about 339300) that the list resulted solely “That’s not fair!" at some sandbox the senior promotion list. from application of the exclusively playmate. Yet, its very visceralness Lew has begun the discussion with merit-based process and precepts makes fairness so powerful that no this valuable contribution. The State negotiated with AFSA. My com¬ accommodation between diversity Standing Committee would welcome munications with the selection board and merit is likely to be accepted un¬ your thoughts for its consideration chairs confirmed this assurance. less it is generally considered to be and (with your permission) publica¬ Ad hoc pro-diversity measures are fair. Some of the department’s pro¬ tion in "AFSA News." being employed in the assignment diversity measures have not met this process, however. AFSA is attempt¬ test, perhaps because they have ing to determine just what is being been inadequately explained.

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 3 U.S. Civil Rights Law Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of ful bias need not be direct. Instead, criminatory reason for its actions. Al¬ 1964, as amended, prohibits dis¬ the court may infer a discriminatory though the defendant must offer crimination in employment on the motive from circumstantial evidence. evidence to rebut an inference of dis¬ basis of race, color, religion, sex, and And, circumstantial evidence may it¬ crimination, the ultimate burden of national origin. Title VII cases consist self be entirely statistical in nature. persuading the court that the defen¬ of two types—those which involve Plaintiffs can establish an in¬ dant intentionally discriminated "disparate treatment" and those ference of discriminatory motive against the plaintiffs remains at all which involve "disparate impact." In through statistics by showing a sig¬ times with the plaintiffs. both cases, the plaintiff must bear the nificant disparity in the selection rates The second type of Title VII case, burden of establishing discrimination of the plaintiff class and comparable the disparate impact case, involves by a preponderance of the evidence qualified members of the majority employment practices that are “facial¬ (a showing that the employment prac¬ group. If the disparity is sufficiently ly neutral" in their treatment of dif¬ tice at issue was, more likely than not, large so that the probability that it ferent groups but that in fact fall more the product of unlawful discrimina¬ resulted from chance is sufficiently harshly on one group than another. tion). small, a court will infer that, more like¬ Proof of discriminatory motive is not Disparate treatment is the inten¬ ly than not, the disparity was a required in a disparate impact case. tional treatment of some people less product of unlawful discrimination. Once the plaintiffs have established favorably than others because of their The Court of Appeals for the District that an employment practice has a race, color, religion, sex, or national of Columbia Circuit has stated a dis¬ disparate impact on them, the defen¬ origin. In a disparate treatment case, parity greater than 5 percent is suffi¬ dant must rebut this showing by proof of an unlawful bias against cient to support an inference of producing evidence which shows the members of the disadvantaged group discrimination. employment practice bears a is essential. However, especially in Once the plaintiffs have estab¬ demonstrable relationship to suc¬ cases involving class-wide dis¬ lished an inference of discrimination, cessful job performance or is other¬ crimination (such as the Women’s the defendant must present evidence wise “job related" or justified by Class Action Lawsuit), proof of unlaw¬ showing a legitimate, non-dis- “business necessity." Women's Class Action Lawsuit: A History In 1976 and 1977, two groups of evidence to prove their claims of dis¬ ment. The court subsequently found female FSOs filed lawsuits in the U.S. parate treatment. They also offered that the 1985-87 written exams had district court against the department testimonial and documentary had an adverse impact on women ap¬ alleging discrimination on the basis of evidence pertaining generally to the plicants, which was not justified by sex in hiring and the subsequent existence of prejudicial attitudes business necessity and therefore vio¬ employment of female officers. The towards women in the Foreign Ser¬ lated Title VII. (The court defined "dis¬ two lawsuits were consolidated for all vice during the period 1976 to 1983. parate impact" as a discrepancy in purposes. In June 1979, the court The plaintiffs’ disparate impact claim male and female pass rates of more ruled that the cases could proceed as concerned discrimination in the initial than 5 percentage points.) a class action on behalf of all female cone assignment. As a remedy, the court ordered FSOs employed by the department at State not to count the scores in the any time since February 4,1976, and Hiring discriminatory sections (general all female applicants to become In 1983, prior to a trial, the depart¬ background and functional field) in FSOs since February 4, 1976. In ment settled that portion of the class determining an applicant’s final score compliance with the court’s order, in action relating to initial hiring. Al¬ and rank and to submit for the court’s June 1989 State issued a department though State did not admit that it vio¬ approval a new methodology for notice advising class members, as lated Title VII, it formally agreed to ranking applicants. State was also or¬ defined above, that they could affirm¬ permit plaintiffs who had unsuccess¬ dered to submit for court approval a atively "opt out" of the lawsuit or be fully applied to become FSOs be¬ method for scoring future exams until represented by their own counsel by tween 1976 and 1983 to compete for a new, non-discriminatory exam was so notifying the court within a 75 priority appointments to the approved. The department recently specified time period. Those mem¬ Foreign Service. The department designed a new written examination bers who elected not to opt out would also agreed that it would not dis¬ designed to eliminate any disparate be bound by the terms of any settle¬ criminate against future female ap¬ impact on women. However, accord¬ ment or court order. plicants. Four years later, however, ing to an expert hired by the plaintiffs, Most of the suit was tried under the the plaintiffs sought a ruling from the this new exam is also not free from disparate treatment theory. The court that the department had not bias. The parties are still discussing plaintiffs relied heavily on statistical complied with the settlement agree¬ the issue.

4 • AFSA NEWS* JANUARY 1994 Coning, assignments, potential ratings in 1977 EERs as Remedies include permanent evaluations, awards, promotions compared to men; and cone transfers for 23 applicants, Following a trial on the merits, the • disproportionately fewer women in priority at-grade assignments, and District Court found that the plaintiffs (old) classes 1 to 5 received Su¬ priority stretch assignments, and had failed to prove discrimination in perior Honor Awards between retroactive promotions. No class the above-listed areas. The plaintiffs 1976-83. member is entitled to more than two appealed and in 1987, the court of ap¬ Following a second reversal and assignment remedies under the peals reversed the lower court and remand by the court of appeals, the decree. Negotiations on the in¬ remanded the case, holding that the district court also found discrimina¬ dividual remedies are continuing. district court’s decision was premised tion in promotions from (old) class 5 The consent decree also on errors of law and that several of to 4. prohibited the department from dis¬ its critical findings of fact were er¬ criminating in the future against roneous. Upon remand, the district women in the employment practices court held that the department had FYI listed above. To measure its perfor¬ discriminated on the basis of sex in Representatives are elected to mance, State was required to file that: represent AFSA membership at semi-annual reports containing • the political function field segment post. However, in some large posts, statistical information relating to the of the written FS exam had a dis¬ an AFSA rep from one agency may areas of discrimination identified in parate impact on women resulting not fully understand and communi¬ the consent decree. A variance be¬ in disproportionately more women cate the views of other agency con¬ tween men and women of more than being assigned to the consular stituents. It is at the post’s discretion 5 percentage points triggers cone and disproportionately fewer to elect an AFSA post rep for each suspicion of unjustifiable dis¬ women being assigned to the of the bargaining units, i.e., one rep criminatory practices. political cone; each for State, USAID, and USIA. In June 1993, the plaintiffs moved in (old) classes 4, 5, and 7, dis¬ If the post decides to elect in district court for an order holding proportionately fewer women had separate reps, members may only Secretary Christopher in contempt for been assigned to stretch assign¬ vote in their constituency election. the department’s failure to meet this ments, and disproportionately AFSA still needs to certify all post 5 percent standard in the areas of more women had been assigned reps, and newly elected reps should EER potential ratings, superior honor to downstretch assignments be¬ cable or fax (202-338-6820) the awards, and out-of-cone assign¬ tween 1976-81; results of their election to AFSA’s ments to the consular cone. This mo¬ • disproportionately more women in Member Services Department. Post tion was suspended when State the political, economic, and ad¬ reps serve one year terms. signalled its intention to negotiate a ministrative cones had been given settlement of charges and, if pos¬ out-of-cone assignments to the sible, of the entire Women’s Class consular cone; As a result of these findings, the Action Suit, along with a parallel suit • disproportionately fewer women parties entered into a court-approved brought more recently by African- had received program-direction consent decree in May 1990, which American officers. assignments; determined that class members These negotiations have begun • disproportionately fewer women would be compensated for the dis¬ with the participation of AFSA as rep¬ had received DCM assignments; criminatory treatment they had suf¬ resentative of all employees in the • in (old) classes 5 and 6 women fered. Foreign Service. were underevaluated on their

Foreign Service bias, just rumors? A cable (slightly edited) to the cable is absolutely correct that such general for having the courage to office of the director general a perception left unchallenged cor¬ take this issue on, I must also note from W. Lewis Amselem, rodes confidence in the selection November 18,1993. that her cable suffers serious flaws As a 15-year veteran of the process. The cable is a good start in which undermine its credibility and Foreign Service I was pleased to see sparking a debate over whether there cause it to fail in its goal, to restore the director general’s cable (93 State is gender-based favoritism in promo¬ confidence in the personnel system. 339300) addressing an issue that tion: this is a topic discussed in While the director general’s cable threatens the morale and efficiency of whispers in hallways and behind seems convincingly to refute allega¬ the career Foreign Service: The per¬ closed doors. It is time to face it open¬ tions that senior promotion lists were ception that factors other than profes¬ ly, learn the facts, and do away with altered at the request of the White sional performance help determine misinformation. House, it does not deal convincingly promotions. The director general’s While applauding the director with the fundamental issue concern-

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 5 ing seemingly large numbers of of¬ the "Open Forum” discussion seems tism, and sexism. In my view, the ficers: does an officer’s sex and/or to substantiate the reasons for that struggle has been successful: I cer¬ race affect his or her chances to be perception. Relying on the apparent tainly have never suffered what I felt recommended for and receive logic of the original lawsuit, solid and to be discrimination or disdain be¬ promotion and other sought-after convincing evidence, statistical and cause of my "classification" or my recognition? other, must be produced showing religion (Jewish). I have found the It deals only with one issue: al¬ these concerns have no basis. The vast, overwhelming majority of my leged gender-based favoritism in cable does not do that. colleagues to be intelligent, hard¬ determining senior promotions. The Frankly, my view (subject to cor¬ working, and fair individuals who do concerns I have detected go much rection) is that the department will not not judge each other’s worth on the beyond that. be able to produce convincing basis of race, sex, religion, etc. In addition, quite frankly, even if evidence that race and gender biases My worry is that in an eagerness the intention was only to assure us do not exist—if for no other reason to correct injustice, the Service is in¬ that gender does not enter into deter¬ than the department and AFSA have flicting injustice on persons whose mining senior promotions, the cable as a goal to promote "diversity" within only "flaw" is not to be in the "right" does not do that. The statistics its ranks. Whatever its "merits,” diver¬ ethnic or gender group. As budget provided are incomplete and seem to sity, by definition, involves taking into cuts and restructuring limit the num¬ support the argument that gender account factors such as sex, race, ber of good jobs, and political appoin¬ does affect promotion possibilities— nationality, regardless of individual tees continue to take over 30 percent particularly when read with the report merit. There is no way around that. of senior slots, the perception that a (93 State 340838) on an Open Forum During this current assignment chunk of remaining jobs and promo¬ dealing with the Women’s Class Ac¬ process and a previous one, I was tions is "set aside" for certain groups tion Suit. told point-blank by honest folks in is very destructive to the morale of The cable tells us that female of¬ personnel and regional bureaus that the career Service. I certainly hope I ficers comprised nearly 41 percent of three jobs in which I was interested— have not gotten jobs, awards, and the total number of FS-1 promotions just because generalists recommended somebody decided that "The only thing as destructive to cohesion and for promotion into the this is the year for an morale as appearing to deny jobs because of race or senior service. That leads Hispanic to get the job, sex is to appear to give them because of race or sex." to an obvious question: award or promotion. But What percent of FS-1s given the apparent “diver¬ DCM slots and a principal officer job eligible for promotion were female? sity" policy, that suspicion will always —were, ahem, "reserved" for a As I see it, statistics alone do not remain in the minds of others as well woman or a member of a minority "prove" discrimination for or against as (every so often) in my own. group. I doubt if I am unique in that any group. But as I recall, the legal I am concerned that the apparent experience. As ambassadors can tell argument against the department policy of playing gender and racial you, the department requires them to was that it discriminated against favorites poisons the atmosphere justify why they have not selected a women with the "evidence" consist¬ and greatly complicates working and woman or a minority for a DCM job. ing largely of statistics showing ap¬ inter-personal relations among col¬ In other words, the growing per¬ parent underrepresentation. In order leagues. All of us have heard com¬ ception is that white males or those to refute claims that men are now ments that so-and-so got this or that belonging to minority groups not deliberately underrepresented on job because of the officer’s race recognized as such (e.g. Jews and senior promotion lists, the depart¬ and/or sex. The only thing as destruc¬ Mormons), get what’s left over. As we ment must show complete stats on tive to cohesion and morale as ap¬ all know, certain assignments are such promotions over, say, the past pearing to deny jobs because of race critical for promotion, particularly into two years, including data on time in or sex is to appear to give them be¬ the senior service, and it would seem class of male vs. female officers. cause of race or sex. white men are at a relative disad¬ [Note: AFSA has requested these Colleagues of mine, upon learning vantage in competing for them. statistics.] I was sending this message, told me I say the above as a political officer As stated at the outset, however, I was "committing suicide.” I don’t classified by the department as the unease within the ranks I detect believe that. Whatever its flaws, the "Hispanic." I certainly do not want to is caused by more than just promo¬ Service still remains an organization see the Foreign Service return to the tion into and within the senior service. where we can discuss ideas and "old days" of the "old boys." There is There is a strong perception that race policies in a collegial manner. I look no doubt the Foreign Sen/ice has had and gender affect entry into the ser¬ forward to an open and honest to struggle against a tradition of sick¬ vice, promotion throughout the ranks, debate on these issues. ening and blatant racism, anti-semi¬ time-in-class, and assignments, and

6 • AFSA NEWS* JANUARY 1994 from the USIA vice president

Just Do It, Part II: We Did It! suggestion. We did so only after unions and management "jointly by Raz Bazala receiving assurances that they would resolve to seek a new professional On December 2, 1993, AFSA not be bound by the director’s Oc¬ relationship as partners in transform¬ signed a resolution establishing a tober 6 proposals. We also agreed to ing USIA into an agency that is more Partnership Council between USIA continue efforts toward conclusion of efficient than ever before.” management and its labor unions as a partnership resolution before the A long road lies ahead of us. mandated by the president’s execu¬ team’s reports were due. Partnership was intended to ensure tive order. While AFSA and AFGE Both unions worked hard to sell the survivability of the called on management immediately partnership to an initially reluctant administration’s National Perfor¬ after the order was signed to discuss management. mance Review objectives of "rein¬ a partnership resolution, there was lit¬ But why should I quibble? Just two venting" the federal government. At tle progress during October. months into the partnership era, the same time, partnership will also Conclusion of such a resolution USIA has become one of the first ex¬ establish frameworks throughout the became imperative government for the when on November 5 process of downsizing Director Duffey estab¬ the federal budget and lished four working workforce. It is a mixed groups to review blessing, but through proposals for restructur¬ partnership all federal ing USIA. Those employees will have a proposals, presented to voice in decisions that OMB director Panetta may substantially on October 6, were con¬ reshape the federal tained in the director’s workplace and the jobs concept paper "U.S. they perform. At USIA, Foreign Policy in an In¬ From left to right: President of AFGE Local 1812 Stacey Rose- AFSA is committed to formation Age,” and Blass, Director of USIA Dr. Joseph Duffey, and AFSA USIA Vice President Razvigor Bazala sign the Labor-Management Partnership participation in the were not widely con¬ Resolution in the director’s office. agency’s Partnership sidered in the agency, Council over the long term. nor was there consultation with the ecutive agencies to have complied The next major task in the partner¬ unions. In November, with manage¬ with the president’s partnership direc¬ ship agenda will be to address a tive. Director Duffey and Deputy ment proposals for agency restructur¬ broad range of issues raised by the ing already tabled at OMB, and with Director Penn Kemble appear to ap¬ "Just Workplace" task force, which management-appointed working preciate that partnership, and the in¬ submitted a 106-recommendation groups beginning to review (rubber- formation sharing, transparency, and report to the director at the end of stamp?) them, it was clear that the openness that undergird it, will serve September. In consultations with train had left the station and the USIA well in a period of transition, un¬ management, AFSA and AFGE have unions were not on board. certainty, downsizing, and beyond. agreed to the establishment of seven Faced with the reality of the In the language of the resolution, sub-partnership councils to review December 10 deadline for the review, partnership for USIA means that "the the report and develop consensus- both unions ultimately accepted managers, the employees, and their based approaches to their effective management’s invitation to the unions will work together to identify implementation. They will begin unions to participate in reorganization problems facing the agency in the working early in January. AFSA will only after overcoming considerable workplace.. .seek solutions to those require volunteers to serve on them. concern expressed by our members. problems. . .and implement [them]." Please let me know if you are inter¬ On November 22, both unions The Partnership Council will also ested in this effort to sustain partner¬ authorized representatives to join the "seek consensus on matters con¬ ship as a way of substantively four working groups, which were cerning strategic decisions affecting involving employees in reshaping the renamed Partnership Teams at our the agency’s work." Finally, both the agency.

GW TO HOST ALL-SPOKTS SUMMER CAMP The George Washington University Dept, of Athletics & Recreation will host a summer sports camp for girls and boys ages 7-12 These four, one-week sessions will begin on Tues., July 5 at the GW Smith Center on the corner of 22nd and G Streets, just two blocks from State. These multi-sport camps will permit each camper to participate in a variety of sports activities daily. The camp hours are 8:30a.m.-5:30p.m., Monday through Friday. To register or for more information, contact Aubre Jones—Recreational Sports Director at (202) 994-7546.

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 7 from the retiree vice president

by Don Norland endows them with the added • The Legislative Action Fund One of the more challenging tasks authority that comes from familiarity (LAF) drive and survey. Nearly here at AFSA is to convey to others with both the legal and political 1000 responses have brought in the new sense of urgency that sur¬ aspects of ambassadorial appoint¬ over $50,000 and a strong recom¬ rounds much of the current AFSA ments, and second, because their mendation that AFSA work to agenda. In less than six months, Tex status as articulate (and potentially) maintain retirement benefits and Harris’ leadership has, with the activist voters gives them dispropor¬ strengthen the State Department Governing Board’s full endorsement tionate influence. in foreign policy deliberations. and approval, heightened AFSA’s At a time when critical resource • Health Care Reform. A consen¬ visibility and has given it a new and foreign policy issues are being sus emerged that our basic objec¬ profile. This new public image is an debated anew, there is no viable al¬ tive should be to assure that any essential step in our drive to gain ternative to committing AFSA’s ener¬ future system will retain the greater recognition at a time of gies in an effort to influence the present level of benefits. tremendous budget constraints and outcome. We’re convinced that • World Issues Forum (WIF). All bureaucratic competition. AFSA’s message is of critical impor¬ present were urged to make a spe¬ We believe that with an organized tance and interest to the nation. It fol¬ cial effort to generate requests for attempt we can convince people and lows that we must seek to mobilize WIF speakers to interested the media that AFSA can be rightly influence in each of the 50 states and audiences throughout the country. seen as an ally in the struggle against 435 congressional districts. AFSA retirees offer a special inefficiency, waste and mismanage¬ One concrete result: beginning in dimension of credibility as the ment. AFSA’s opposition to un¬ mid-January I994, the AFSA staff will public debate becomes increas¬ qualified ambassadorial nominations be expanded to include the services ingly negative and contentious. should be seen in that light. of a former USIA officer, Bob Chat- • Foreign Affairs Reserve Corps. As you are aware by now, AFSA’s ten. His mandate, inter alia, will be to Discussion focused on identifying principled, forthright stand has met identify retiree participants the sources of resistance and how with almost universal approval. Reac¬ throughout the country to serve in a to overcome them-in the interests tion to the impact of Tex Harris’ new AFSA "Legislative Alert Net¬ of economy and efficiency. November 10 testimony includes work." • Economic Sanctions Con¬ retaliation by one senator who put a You can accelerate the success of ference. AFSA’s next major "hold" on 27 pending senior USAID this process by calling AFSA’s 800 foreign policy conference is promotions (it was the shortest number (1-800-704-2372) and volun¬ scheduled for March 29,1994, and Foreign Service list) until the can¬ teering to help be a critical part of this will focus on "Economic Sanctions didate AFSA testified against was Retiree Legislative Network. and Trade Policy Controls." confirmed. • AFSA Speaker Lunches. Plans In responding to this action, we Report on Retiree Standing call for a series of luncheon turned to the retiree constituency for Committee Meeting speakers including members of assistance, especially to retirees will¬ The 20-member Retiree Standing Congress and key officials of other ing to contact senatorial offices in Committee met December 7 to con¬ foreign affairs agencies address¬ their home state. sider priority issues of interest to ing the new challenges in foreign This call on retirees can be seen members. Following is a summary of affairs. as recognition of the unique role they the principal agenda items: can play in the political arena: first, because Foreign Service experience Health Care Reform Update Despite the tabling of President Present retirees are treated dif¬ FEHBP. Clinton’s new health care reform bill ferently than future retirees and 3) Coverage of grown children of there is continued doubt about the present employees regarding employees and retirees who are not final scope of coverage and impact guaranteed benefits. Other features now covered. on Foreign Service employees and of the plan include: 4) Different dental and eyeglass retirees. The new bill will make pos¬ 1) Payments of 80 percent for the benefits, with emphasis on children’s sible, but does not mandate, a sup¬ employer, rather than the 72-75 per¬ needs and prevention. plemental health-benefits level, cent on average now paid by the 5) Coverage of retired members which can be contributed to by the federal government. under 65. Those over 65 would lar¬ federal government and the 2) 100 days of long-term care that gely be part of Medicare coverage employee. is not now covered by the existing with the option of supplemental

8 • AFSA NEWS* JANUARY 1994 coverage. would require [OPM] to develop through wrap-around policies or 6) For those who opt for the fee- plans, with appropriate government through managed care plans with for-service option, hospital coverage contribution, to preserve the level of medicare risk contacts." is planned for only 80 percent, rather benefits that such individuals pre¬ Needless to say, more was left out than the 100 percent now paid by the viously had available under FEHBP of this brief statement than was in¬ standard option Blue Cross/Blue or under combined medicare and cluded. At this moment how exactly Shield plan. The latter provision may FEHBP coverage. The act would fur¬ the system would work and what sup¬ be the most serious and costly gap ther permit OPM to offer one or more plemental benefits might be available between what we have now and and at what terms and costs have not would be getting under the proposed AFSA Awards: been fully considered or worked out. Clinton Plan. For FEHBP enrollees abroad, the These and other aspects of the Recognize Outstanding bill mandates that they would be reform are up for debate and change Achievement! eligible for health insurance as equal in the congressional process. Already Has one of your colleagues as possible to domestic coverage. there have been hearings by the challenged conventional wisdom, The program is to be established by House Committee on Post Office and or demonstrated extraordinary ac¬ OPM, by regulation. How this is to be Civil Service led by its Chairman Wil¬ complishment? Nominate him or done is not clear. liam L. Clay (D-MO). The first two her for one of the prestigious AFSA The largest federal employee hearings were the opening guns of a awards. Prizes are conferred on a group (AFGE) supports the idea of a long debate over the relationship be¬ Foreign Service senior officer, a national health program which can in¬ tween the existing system and the mid-level officer, a junior officer, clude federal employees, if the reform package. Chairman Clay and and a Foreign Service secretary or benefits are no less than under other members of Congress have group of secretaries. Also, a FEHBP. Some other groups still hope voiced their skepticism about abolish¬ Foreign Service family member is it is possible to maintain a totally ing the existing federal program, but honored for volunteer service, and separate federal program. Opinion most also support the goal of univer¬ awards are given for achievement polls show strong support for a na¬ sal health care for all Americans. in the study of hard languages. tional health program and it is likely At the first hearing, the administra¬ The deadline for nominations is we will see it enacted within the next tion sent Office of Personnel January 31,1994. Further details year or so. There is still a long way Management Director James B. King, may be obtained from AFSA, to go from the initial proposal to the whose main point was that the exist¬ Richard Thompson, 2101 E Street final legislation. ing program would continue until NW, DC 20037, tel: 202-338-4045, AFSA will work for the protection 1997, and afterwards it would be part FAX: 202-338-6820, of our interests in any health care pro¬ of the regional alliances set up by the supplemental health plans to current gram that might develop and will Health Security Act. If individuals employees and future retirees (with shortly be examining a policy position were no longer employed by the or without medicare eligibility) on the on this issue to enable its repre¬ federal government, they would still same basis. Both current and future sentatives to work effectively in as¬ have health insurance for themselves medicare eligible retirees would have suring good health coverage. and their families. the choice of receiving benefits either For retirees, King said "The act

Congressional update

by Rick Weiss Free Asia, TV Marti and Radio Marti. As the legislative branch returns for the second ses¬ • Senate consideration of the president’s recision sion of the 103rd Congress on January 25, the agenda proposal with cuts recommended in the Kerrey Alter¬ will focus on health care reform, balanced budget and native. The Nebraska Senator is recommending that deficit reduction proposals and re-election campaigns. Federal retirees receive a 1.3 percent COLA, rather Immediate concerns confronting the Foreign Service than the 2.6 percent with the three-month delay. A as Congress returns are: deeper deficit reduction package, the Penny-Kasich • Re-write of the Foreign Assistance Act "rightsizing" proposals, lost in the House by a vote of 213-219 and redirecting USAID. before Thanksgiving. AFSA wrote 180 members of the • Senate floor debate on the State Department House strongly opposing the harmful amendment. Authorization Bill for FY94 and 95 limiting the number • Downsizing the Federal work force. What is the of Senior Foreign Service officers. "share" for the international affairs agencies of the • Reorganizing International Broadcasting (Biden 250,000 civilian personnel reduction agreed to by the Amendment) impacting USIA, VOA, RFE/RF, Radio administration and the House?

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 9 In Memory of Perry Shankle In his modesty as in so many other ways Perry the AFSA presidency, Perry continued to devote his Shankle was the paradigm of a Foreign Service officer. talents toward making the system work better, both in Committed to the meaning of the title, he took on difficult his tour with OIG and in his last assignment as director and often thankless assignments because he was asked of recruitment for the department. to do so. He performed them with talent and vigor be¬ I was fortunate to have the opportunity to work with cause Perry, a superb officer, never did anything Perry both overseas in Bolivia, and on the AFSA Board. halfway. He was my professional mentor and a personal friend. I Perry’s commitment to AFSA was an integral element will miss him more than words can say, and I only hope of his commitment to the Foreign Service. Long active that in these few lines I can help my colleagues under¬ in the association, he accepted the urging of colleagues stand how much he meant to the Foreign Service and to run for the presidency in 1987 with some trepidation. to AFSA and how much we all will miss his good humor What convinced him to run, I believe, was the belief that and wise counsel. —Michael Cotter the association needed to move in new directions, and others felt that he was the one to lead the way. His Arthur Perry Shankle Jr., 63, who served in the presidency was marked by the same virtues Perry Foreign Service for 37 years before retiring in October showed throughout his career: style, love of life, and love with the rank of minister counselor, died of lung cancer of our profession, and a firm conviction that we as in¬ November 27 at his home in Bethesda. dividuals and as an association can His first post after joining the make a difference. Foreign Service in 1956 was as an The problems Perry confronted in economic officer in Ecuador. Later as¬ AFSA are still with us today: budget signments took him to Spain and Latin cuts, unqualified ambassadorial America. In 1968, while serving on the nominations, concerns about the fu¬ Chile desk, he traveled to Antarctica. ture of the Service. Then they were He was chief of mission in the new. Secretary Shultz’s proposed Bahamas from 1978-81, and then budget reductions and the first round spent four years in Mexico City, where of the Bush Administration ambas¬ he was deputy chief of the political sadorial nominations bracketed section. In Washington, his assign¬ Perry’s tenure. He and others had the ments included director of the Office of vision that in order to deal with these Mexican Affairs, senior inspector in the challenges AFSA had to go beyond its Office of the Inspector General, and traditional activities and become an ef¬ director of the Office of Recruitment, fective advocate for the Service. He Examination and Employment. led efforts to improve AFSA’s ad¬ He received both the Presidential vocacy effort on the Hill and to reach Meritorious Service Award and State’s out to our "constituencies," the public John J. Rogers Award. affairs and business communities interested in foreign Mr. Shankle, who has lived in Washington, D.C. since affairs, expanding AFSA’s professional activities. 1956, was born in Worcester, MA. He was a graduate The presidency of AFSA is a mixed blessing for most of Texas Christian University and had attended the Na¬ incumbents as advocacy of Foreign Service professional tional War College. He was an Air Force veteran. interests inevitably puts one on a conflict course with Survivors include his wife of 39 years, JoAnne department management. Perry made the tough per¬ Shankle, his daughter, Susan Gordon, both of Bethesda; sonal decision to pursue our common interests, perhaps his two sons, Steve, of Kennewick, WA., and Joe, of at the expense of his own. Bethesda; his mother, Dorothy Shankle, and a sister; and Yet like the absolute professional he was, after leaving three grandchildren.

Helping hand I want to let you know how much I appreciate the help given me in a recent security clearance case. . . .My clearance will be restored.. .I am elated. To say that [Colleen Fallon of AFSA] just helped me is an understatement. She accompanied me to one of the most important meetings I had with DS. She kept the meeting respectful on both sides and I feel because of her I have come out a winner in the case. The free advice she gave me would have cost me thousands of dollars outside of AFSA. She never quit on me and I am most appreciative of her efforts. I would recommend AFSA’s legal services to anyone.

10 • AFSA NEWS* IA Nil ARY 1994 Applying for Federal and 3. Complete and return the • cross out or write over information School Financial Aid? FAFSA and FAF at the same time. • abbreviate or use symbols. 1994-95 tips This will ensure consistency and ex¬ • leave blanks. If an answer is zero, by Theresa Auricchio pedite processing. enter 0. 1. Know which forms to file. If 4. Return FAFSA and FAF in • forget to sign your materials!. applying for federal financial aid or provided preaddressed envelope. • mail materials before January 1, AFSA scholarships, you MUST com¬ DO NOT return these forms 1994. plete a Free Application for Federal together in the same envelope! • send damaged forms or Student Aid (FAFSA). A Financial The FAF and the FAFSA are photocopies of forms. Only Aid Form must also be completed if processed in different locations. originals will be accepted. you are applying for an AFSA Failure to send forms to the correct • send additional materials such as scholarship or a school that requires location will cause great delay in letters and tax forms. one. Check with your school Finan¬ processing. DO: cial Aid Office for their requirements. 5. If you are a New York State • Follow instructions exactly; take NOTE: There are several versions of resident, you should complete a time to read the form. the Financial Aid Form out there. You New York Financial Aid Form. This • Ask your financial aid counselor if application will be processed much form includes application for the Tui- you have a question about com¬ faster if you file the College Scholar¬ tion Assistance Program (TAP), as¬ pleting your forms. ship Services (CSS) version of the sistance exclusive to New York • Include correct school codes form. This can be identified by the State. listed in FAF instructions. (AFSA "CCCC" across the top of the form. 6. Some people may receive scholarships code is 0540) 2. When completing the FAF FAFSA and/or FAF renewal forms • Complete forms with a sharp No. and FAFSA, be sure that names, in the mail. If you complete a 2 pencil. Forms completed in pen social security numbers and dates renewal form, DO NOT complete a are not processed. of birth are exactly the same on new FAF or FAFSA. • Round financial figures to the both forms. These fields are used to nearest dollar. Do not use cents. match and process the separate AVOID ERRORS • Enclose correct fees. forms. If they are not able to be DO NOT: • Use an eraser (gently). matched, your institution will receive • write in margins, in spaces or out¬ • Do not use white out. a blank information sheet. side boxes. AFSA Legislative Action Fund Contributors I want to thank each of you who contributed to AFSA's 1993 Legislative Action Appeal. Clearly, th legislative issues we faced in the autumn and anticipate in the coming Congressional session are of critica importance to you.

Aandahl, Frederick Andrew, Robert Bagnal, John Bean, Diane Betancourt, Antonio Bogardus, George Brown, Donald Abidian, John Andrews, Maria Bakey, Charles Beaudry, Robert Betts, Timothy Bolen, David Brown, Keim Achilles, Norman Andrews, Thomas Balabanis, Gordon Beck, Niels Beyer, F.W. Bollman, Elizabeth Brown, Lawrence Adamek, Lottie Aragones, Marybel Banfield, John Becker, David Beyer, Gordon Borup, Edgar Brown, Vincent Adams, Isabel Archibald, John Banks, Dolly Beers, W. Elizabeth Bialek, Peter Bovey, John Brundage, Stephen Adams, Lucie Arenales, Alfonso Bardos, Arthur Beers, Robert Bigler, Gene Bowes, Maijorie Bruno, Marilyn Adams, Michael Arias, Julio Barich, Ann Behrens, Charles Binda, Jeffrey Boyatt, Thomas Brush, Jennifer Adamson, David Armitage, John Barile, Gina Bel, Marianne Binger, Lawrence Boynton, Alice Bryant, Bunyan Alarid, Joe Arnold, Henry Barnes, Robert Bell, Chester Binns, Jack Branch, Opal Garnet Bryant, Daisy Alexander, Martha Arnold, Terrell Bamsdale, W.J. Bell, Francis Binns, William Bravo, Paula Bryza, Matthew Alexandria, Marie Aroian, Lois Barrera, Alba Bell, Genevieve Bishton, Robert Brayshaw, Charles Buck, Stephen Allen, Arthur Arp, Merl Bartlett, Samuel Bell, Thomas Bisk, Norma Breer, William Bullock, James Allen, Burton Arvizu, Alexander Barton, John Belton, William Black, Dorothy Breitenbach, C.A. Bumbesti, George Allen, Charlotte Askew, Laurin Bastek, John Benefiel, Michael Black, Robert Brewer, William Bumgardner, E.F. Allen, Stephen Atherton, Alfred Bastianello, Raymond Bennett, David Blackerby, William Bridges, Lena Burgess, Denise Allitto, J. Anthony Atkins, Marshall Bateman, Edward Bennett, Lowell Blackiston, Slator Briggs, David Burgess, Harold Amstutz, J. Bruce Ausland, John Bates, Quinton Bennington, James Blake, Robert Brilliant, Leigh Burnett, S.H. Anderson, David Aylward, Robert Bathnick, D. Bennsky, George Blankinship, Byron Brock, Lawrence Bums, Findley Anderson, Dexter Babin, Anthony Baudrano, Lou Ann Benoit, John Bleecker, David Broderick, William Bums, Norman Anderson, Grant Bache, Michael Bauer, Robert Benson, Dolores Bloom, Peter Brooks, Anne Marie Bums, Richard Anderson, Mark Bacon, Leonard Beach, Teresa Berry, Ann Bloomfield, Richard Brown, Dean Bums, Robert JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 11 Burt, Alanson Creagan, James Edlefsen, John Gomez, Ana Hess, David Keane, John F. Lilienfield, Lee Burton, Bruce Crimmins, John Hugh Edmonds, Scott Goodenough, Audrey Hickerman, Martin Keene, Douglas Lillico, Stuart Bushnell, John Crockett, Kennedy Edmondson, William Gowen, George Higgins, Peter Keiter, Samuel Linch, Russell Busser, William Cronin, Ellen Edward, Elizabeth Graham, Nannette Hill, Lillar Kelley, Martha Lindberg, Rosemary Butrick, Richard Crowley, John J. Elliott, Martha Grande, George Hills, Carter Kelly, William Lindhal, Eric Butterfield, Samuel Cruit, Michael Ennis, David Grant, William Hines, Jon Kennedy, John Lindstrom, Herman Buttles, Mrs. Bruce Crumpton, Sandra Epstein, Sharon Grawe, Jeannie Hines, Richard Kennon, Lawrence Linehan, John Buzbee, Corinne Cuadrado, Joseph Erickson, Daniel Gray, Gordon Hitchcock, David Kerlin, Judy Linstad, Albert Byington, James Currie, Leah Ernst, Roger Green, Charles Hoctor, Thomas Kerrigan, William Linville, D. Thomas Byrd, William Curry, Harriett Esterline, John Green, Elinor Hoffman, Rose Keskinon, Viola Littell, Wallace Byrne, Patricia M. Curtis, Ronald Estes, Thomas Greene, Ernest Hoffman, William Kibble, Stepney Lobenstine, James Byrnes, Paul Cushing, John Allen Evans, Asa Greenwald, Joseph Hoh, Christopher Kilitull, Raymond Lockard, James Byrns, Kenneth Cyr, Leo Everill, Florence Gren, Morley Holbrook, Wallace King, Richard Locke, Robert Cacciatore, Giacomo D'Amato, Joseph Ewing, John Gribbin, Robert Holloway, Phillip Kinney, Jeanne Loftis, Robert Caldwell, John Daggett, Antoinette Fabricatore, Luch Griffin, Patrick Holmes, Donna Mae Kinney, Robert Long, Guy Caldwell, Robert Daniels, Marion Fairley, E. Lee Griffith, John Holmes, Henry Kinsey, R. & E. Looram , Matthew Calfee, Richard Dankert, Roger Falzone, James Groot, Kathryn Holton, David Kinzer, George Lotsberg, Roman Calloway, Lucy Datta, H.J. Fantozzi, Daniel Gross, Clifford Holtz, Nancy Kipp, Edward Low, Stephen Campbell, Francis Davis, Guy Farmer, Guy Grossman, James Homziak, Jurij Kiss, Anne Lowenthal, William Campbell, William Davis, Maxine Fawcett, Philip Guerra, Oscar Hood, Nancy Klanderman, Eric Lukens, Alan Carbone, Martha Davis, Nathaniel Fearey, Robert Gustafson, Thomas Horan, Helen Klaus, Stephen Lutkins, Larue Cargo, William Davis, Robert Featherstone, Robert Gustin, James Houdek, Robert Klein, John Lyons, Helen Cariddi, Charles Dawson, Richard Fejfar, Oldrich Gutman, Harvey Hougen, Edward Klotzbach, Lester MacCarthy, Shane Carlson, Elroy Day, Frank Feldman, Harvey Guy, Davis Hougen, Lee Knowles, John Mack, David Carpenter-Yaman, Carol Day, Robert Few, Lyne Gzehoviak, Ronald Houlahan, Michael Kobayashi, Miriam Mack, James Carr, Dolores De Marcken, Baudouin Fidanza, Sylvester Haase, Leona Howatt, Edward Kobler, Arthur MacKellar, Margaret Carter, James Deal, Elva Fina, Thomas Hafenrichter, John Howell, Frances Kocher, Wilma MacKenzie, Donald Carter, Landon Deal, J. Michael Finan, Charles Haffey, Daniel Hubbard, Peter Koeuder, David MacQueen, John Carver, Hubert Deane, Ruth Finberg, Donald Hagemann, C. & P. Huber, Joseph Kohan, Maurice Maerkle, Frederic Casey, Amy Dearborn, Henry Fine, Susan Hagemann, John Huffman, Robert Kraichman, Samuel Maestrone, Frank Catey, Mary Jane DeFossett, William Finney, Dean Hall, Francis Huhn, Louis Kramer, Garnetta Mahoney, Mary Cavanaugh, Louis Deikun, George Fischer, Richard Hall, Winifred Hulen, Elmer Krausse, Henry Mahoney, Thomas Cecil, Charles Delaney, Peter Fisher, Sarah Hallman, William Hunter, Timothy Kreisher, Gloria Maish, James Cefkin, Judith DelGigante, Norman Fisher, Weston Halsema, James Hurd, James Kridek, John Maleady, Thomas Celhay, Emma Deming, Olcott Fitzgerald, Linda Hambleton, Eleanor Hussey, W.B. Krieg, William Malick, Jeffrey Chalker, Robert Denlingery, Theresa Fleischer, Jack Hambleton, Stanley Hussman, Margaret Krohn, Henry Malone, Gifford Chandler, James Depp, Rose Marie Flemister, Zandra Hambley, Mark Hutchinson, Owen Krumm, Donald Mango, Cecily Chaplin, Stephen Derrick, James Flora, Stephen Hamby, Thomas Hutchinson, William Krussell, V.J. Manley, C. Conrad Chapman, William DeThomas, Joseph Florence, Jane Hamilton, Mary Hylaman, Roy Kuhn, Louis Manning, Arthur Chatak, Julia Dickey, Colette Fluker, J. Robert Hancock, Robert Uling, Robert Kuigel, Ridgway Manrique, Carmen Chatman, Melvin Dicke, Alexander Folan, Patrick Handleman, Stanley Ingersoll, John Kursch, Donald Manzano, Jaime Chevoor, William Dickinson, Dwight Fonfries, Ruth Hansen, Ruth Isaacson, Paul Lacey, John Maddux, John Chillura, Anthony Dieterich, William Forman, Douglas Hardy, Howard Ivanich, Donald Lagoda, Carl Mahoney, Haynes Christensen, Margaret Dietz, Carolyn Fortunato, Louise Harger, Richard Jackson, Richard Lambrakis, G.B. Marburg, Mrs. Jean Christensen, William Diggins, John & Gisela Foster, John Harlan, Robert Jacobs, J. Roland Lane, James Margolis, Daniel Chruton, George Diggle, Arthur Foucher, Mr. & Mrs. G. Harmon, William Jacoby, Peter Lane, Lyle Marlin, E.R. Chun, G. Dille, Benjamin Fowler, Alta Harrel, Raymond Jaeger, George Lange, Howard Marquis, Mr. & Mrs. T. Church, Rosa Ditter, Wilma Fraleigh, Bert Harris, Daniel James, Thomas Langhorst, Jean Marshall, Gene Cira, Carl Dixon, Ben Freund, Richard Harris, F. A. (Tex) Jarrett, Kenneth Lapka, Anthony Marshall, Robert Clark, Harlan Dobrenchuk, S.A. Fritts, Robert Harshbarger, Jake Jeffrey, James Larsen, Charles Marthinsen, Charles Clark, Lois Dodds, Alan Fritz, Carl Harter, John Jelich, John Lau, Milton Marti, Fred Clark, Mark Dodge, Mr. & Mrs. R.B. Futatsugi, Jux Niki Hartwick, Tobias Jenkins, Walter Laurie, Annie Marti, Leona Clark, Robert Dolce, Robert Gabor, Anne Marie Haselton, Mary Jensen, Blaine Lawrence, Myron Martin, Calvin Clark-Bourne, Kathryn Donovan, Mary Gall, Pirie Hasenkamp, Caroline Joffe, Harry Layman, Dorothy Martin, James Claus, Bernice Dorman, John Gallas, V.H. Hastings, Norman Johansen, Lucy Layton, Richard Martin, Robert Claussen, Dean Domheim, Arthur Galli, Michael Hauber, Edele John, John St. Leach, F.D. Martin, Thomas Clement, Carl Dorros, Leon Gannett, Michael Haviland, Guy Johnson, Alexis Leary, Josef Martinez, Carmen Clifton, Joann Doscher, Marguerite Garcia, Daniel Hayden, Walter Johnson, Jay Leathermare, Frederick Martinez, Edward Cochran, D.M. Douglas, Kent Garzon, Jose Hayne, William Johnson, Joel Lebaron, Richard Maskell, George & Anne Coerr, Wymberley Dragnich, George Gasparini, Nancy Hayward, Martha Johnson, Muriel Ledsky, Nelson Masters, Edward Coffey, Fred Drechsler, Gerhard Gates, Charles Hazel, George Johnson, Robert Lee, Armistead Matheron, Richard Cohen, Herman Dress, Alice Gatti, Coradino Healy, Theresa Johnson, Shelley Lee , Brenda Mathes, Donald Cohen, Richard Drexler, John Gaudin, Daniel Heard, John Johnston, Laurie Lee, Mr. & Mrs. Guy Matthias, Charles Cole, Mark Drexler, Liliane Gay, Jennie Heatley, George Johnston, Marion Louise Lee, Mary Maule, R.W. & S.M. Collins, Frank Droullard, Maurice Geen, Helen Heck, Cathem Jones, Ellis Lemmo, Charles May, John J. Conrad, Robert Duckett, Chloe Geigan, Louise Heckmann, Elizabeth Jones, J. Wesley Lenderking, William May, Lee Conroy, John Duke, Angier Getz, John Heise, Charles Jones, Sheila Leon-Guerrero, Jennie Mayer, Margaret E. Cook, Eiler Duly, Gilda Giamporcaro, Louis Heiskanen, Piltti Jones, William Leonard, James Mays, James Cook, John Dunlap, James Gibson, Lee Held, Mrs. Colbert Jordan, Kathleen Leonard, William Mazzocco, William Coontz, Gustaf Dunnigan, Thomas Gibson, Stephen Hellwig, Gordon Joyce, Richard Lett, Merrill McAleer, Walter Cootes, Merritt Dur, Philip Gicon, Charles Helman, Gerald Judd, T. M. Leveille, Phyllis McCarty, Paul Corbett, Michael Durbrow, Elbridge Gifford, Roger Helmer, Colin Junior, Lewis Levin, Herbert McClain, Anita Corr, Edwin duRette, Jean Gildea, Jean Helms, Sherwin Junk, C. Patricia Levin, Ronald McCleester, Paul Cotter, Michael Durling, Fred Gildner, Jay Henderson, D. & M. Kaeuper, David Levy, Eleanor McClelland, Clyde Cotterman, M. Lee Dustin, Eben Giovanni, Ray Henderson, James Karp, Sam Levy, Howard McClelland, Roswell Cowles, Leonard Dux, Michael Glascoe, Paul Henderson, John Kaska, Edward Levy, Ira McClelland, Walter Craig, Thomas Dwelley, Robert GLIFAA Henderson, Ruth Kastens, Royal Lewis, George McClure, A. Marvin Cramer, Dwight Dyels, Jake Godson, Ruth Henze, Christopher Kaufman, Robert Lewis, Hazel McColaugh, Robert Crandall, David Eakin, Frank Goldman, Heather Hernandez, Robert Kautsky, Richard Libert, Orion McCrory, Janet Crane, Maurine Easum, Donald Goldman, William Herrick, Lee Kean, John H. Lijek, Mark McDonald, John

12 • AFSA NEWS- JANUARY 1994 McElhoe, Chester Neighbour, Hugh Pollock, Ronald Rosholt, Jack Sims, Harold Taylor, Clyde Walters, Frank McFarland, James Nelson, David Pond, Anne Ross, Lee Ann Sleeper, Louis Taylor, Henry Wanamaker, William McGovern, Robert Nes, David Pons, Robert Roundtree, William Slemons, A.T. Taylor, Lois Ward, Alice McGrory, Elizabeth Nial, L.M. Pooley, Robert Rowberg, Brynhild Sloat, Jewell Taylor, Philip Wardlaw, Andrew McGuire, Kevin Nixon, Jack Popper, David Roy, Frederick Smail, Robert Taylor, T.E. Washburn, Ban- McGuire, Ralph Norms, Jeanne Porter, George Rubottom, R. Richard Smart, Philip Teil, Kurt Washer, Frederick McHale, Judith Norland, Donald Porter, Leonard Ruffner, B. Winfred Smith, Barbara Telleen, David Watson, James McKemese, Joan Norton, Kenneth Potter, Marian Ryan, Helen Smith, Douglas Tenney, W. Davidson Watson Family McLaughlin, Anita Nugent, J.L. Potts, J. David Ryan, Robert Smith, Glenn Lee Tepas, Lois Watts, Doral McMahon, Ellen Nunez, Bernice Povenmire, Dale Saccio, L. Smith, Jackson Terzuolo, Eric Wayker, Charles McManaway, Clayton O'Brien, J. Michael Pratt, A. Dean Sacksteder, Frederick Smith, Joseph Thai, Dan Weathersby, William McMurtry, Penny O'Donnell, John Prentice, Colgate Sale, William B. Smith, Matthew Thayer, Harry Weaver, Clare McNair, Jane O'Donnell, Thomas Price, Emily Samuels-Quinton, Joann Smith, Melba Thayer, Yvonne Webb, Henry McNamara, Francis O'Sullivan, James Price, Norma Sandman, Leonard Smith, R.A. Thomas, Agnes Weihrauch, Dorothy McNeil, Frank Ockeg, William Prieto, Dorothy Sandrolini, Chris Smith, Rebecca Thomas, Garnett Weiner, Herbert McSweeney, Lois Ode, Robert Prince, J.S. Sargent, William Smolik, Michael Thomas, Isabell Weinhold, William Mears, Thomas Okami, K. Pringle, Robert Sartori, Ellen Smyth, Richard Thoman, Joseph Wellborn, Alfred Meehan, Mr. & Mrs. F. Oleson, John Pringle, Sandy Sauls, John Snead, Jack Thomasson, Larry Wells, Walter Meek, Anna Oliver, John Prior, Bruce Sause, Oliver Snelling, Annie Thompson, Mr. & Mrs. J. Wendel, Clarence Meek, William Oliva, Geraldine Proctor, John Sayre, Abbott Snow, Stephen Thompson, Richard Wentworth, John Meeks, Dora Olson, Clinton Proctor, Robert Scerback, Clement Snyder, Byron Thompson, Tyler Wesoloski, Elizabeth Meisenzahl, Anne Olson, Lynn Proctor, Robert W. Schafer, Virginia Sober, Sidney Thomson, David West, Gordon Meister, Jean Olson, Russell Prokofieff, Vladimir Scharfman, Susan Sohlin, D.A. Thomson, Laveme West, Terrence Melbourne, Roy Oppen, Ronald Propst, Sharon Schlaikjer, Stephen Solh, Celia Thoren, Margaret Westerdale, Neill Melby, E.K. Ostertag, F. Samuel Quast, Necia Schmidt, G. Lewis Solomon, G.R. Thornburg, Sam Wheeler, Shirley Melton, Richard Otey, Elizabeth Quigley, Patrick Schmidt, Judith Somers, Harvey Thurston, Patricia White, Elizabeth Mendenhall, Edwin Overturf, R. Quintus, John Schneider, David Sowash, William Tidball, Alyce White, Lona Metcalf, Nancy Owen, Robert Radday, Harold Schodt, Eddie Spear, MJ. Tifft, T.R. White, Raymond Metzner, Cliff Owen, William Raine, Philip Schofield, Kenneth Speers, Francis Tobler, John White, Robert Meyer, Armin Oyloe, Turner Randall, Thomas Schoonover, N. Spittle, David Tonkin, Thomas White, Robin Meyer, Charles Paciorka, Joseph Rathner, Herb Schott, Robert Spooner, John Clark Torbert, Horace Whitfield, Mai Meyers, Wilfred Paganelli, Robert Raven, R. R. Schraud, Myron Stahlman, John Townsend, Lewis Whiting, Thomas Meysenburg, Mary Ann Pagenhardt, Robert Reardon, James Schreiber, Joseph Stahnke, Paul Tracey, Margaret Widenhouse, Thomas Michalka, Earl Palmer, Mark Reddington, John Schute, Norman Stanback, Barbara Tracy, Thomas Wiggins, Guy Midura, Christopher Pancoast, Edwin Reed, Dr. & Mrs. James Scott, Harry Stanger, Ernest Tragen, Irving Wight, Audrey Miller, Alwin Pappano, Albert Reich, M. Arthur Scott, Marc Stan turf, M.A. Trattner, John Wiitala, Greg Miller, Ardith Parent, Ruth Reilly, Charles Scruggs, Norma Steelman, Richard Trebbe, F. Donley Wilds, Charles Miller, F. Brett Park, Deborah Reilly, Thomas Sedgwick, Cabot Steeves, John Trueworthy, Orson Willems, Leonard Miller, Margaret Parker, Barrett Reiner, Herbert Seefeldt, Raymond Stegelmann, Ingrid Tuch, Hans Wilson, Arlen Mills, Henry Parker, M. Jane Reinstein, Jacques Seelye, Talcott Steins, Kenedon Tucker, John Wilson, D.E. Minnick, Ray Parsons, Donald Relph, James Selcke, B. Stephens, Bart Tukey, Moorhead Wilson, David Mitchell, Lois Parsons, Marselis Rennie, Carol Semmerling, Helen Stephens, Elizabeth Tull, James Wilson, Ernest Moffitt, Dorothy Patterson, John Renteria, Herminia Sen, Dev Stevens, Maria Tunell, A.W. Wilson, Jackson Moller, John Patterson, Mary Repka, Florence Sena, Ray Stewart, Eldon Turk, Lynn Wilson, James Moller , Joyce Patterson, Sue Rewinkel, Milton Senger-Imwold, Dorothy Stewart, John Todd Tuthill, John Wills Witherow, Boyd Monk, Amy Patterson, Wilma Reynolds, Charles Service, John Stier, Victor Twohie, George Wolf, Joseph Montenegro, Daniel Pattison, Hal Reynolds, G. Edward Service, Richard Stingle, Howard Tynes, Robert Wollam, Park Moore, Kathleen Paulson, Henry Ribble, Ralph Service, Robert Stoddard, John Underwood, Kathleen Wolters, Curt Moore, Sandra Paulson, Lawrence Rice, Edward Sestanovich, Stephen Stofko, James Urioiarine, Mary Wong, Arthur Moot, Edwin Pavich, Frank Richards, D. M. Shaffer, Harrison Stoltzfus, William Ursey, Gary Woodruff, Neal Morales, Luis Pavlovski, Chester Richards, Lois Shalala, Fred Stone, Galen Usher, Richard Woods, Wilbert Moran, Brian Peake, J.H. Cameron Richmond, Addison Shannon, Thomas Stoneman, Walter Vaivada, Anthony Woodward, Paul Moreno, Ofelia Pearson, W. Robert Richmond, Yale Sharp, Wayne Strachan, Robert Valas, Robert Wright, Thomas Moriarty, James Pekmezian, Naomi Riggs, Ronald Sharp, Frederick Strasser, Daniel Valenzuela, M.L. Wuertz, Robert Moriarty, Lauren Pelletier, Robert Riley, John Shaw, C. Grant Straus, Ulrich Vance, Sheldon Yacenda, Frank Morin, Laurent Pelletreau, Robert Riley, Russell Shaw, Richard Strauss, Erwin Vedeler, Harold Yaeger, William Morris, Charles Penner, Vernon Roach, Constance Shearer, Eric Strong, Robert Veith, Rose Yager, Joseph Morris, Robert Perkins, Raymond Roberts, Emory Sheinbaum, Gilbert Struck, William Verona, Edward Yang, John Morrow, Michael Perlman, Alvin Roberts, George Shepherd, Carl Stuart, John Victor, Matthew Yearns, Ruth Mowinckel, John Peters, Richard Robertson, Eloise Sherlock, Francis Stuart, Richard Viles, John Yodis, Sophia Mueller, Claire Petersen, Ernest Robinson, Brandon Sherwin, Walter Stumpf, Edward Villard, Henry Young, Ella Muhonen, Neil Peterson, Ivan Robinson, James Shields, Paul Sullivan, Joseph Vlahovich, D.S. Young, Everett Murphey, William Peterson, L.L. Robinson, Jayne Shinn, David Sulser, Jack Vogel, Patricia Youngs, Kenneth Murrie, Hilda Petree, Richard Robinson, John Shippy, A. Ellen Sumka, Howard Voorhees, Jacqueline Yun, Joseph Murtha, John A. Phillips, Christopher Robinson, Lawrence Shoesmith, Thomas Surfsor, Robert Vraniac, Louis Zachary, Dan Murtha, John F. Phillips, George Roche, William Shonk, Sara Sutherland, Peter Waddell, Harold Zilveti, Vita Musser, Ruth Phippard, James Rockwell, Stuart Showalter, Melvin Svoboda, Mrs. Josef Wajda, Thomas Mustard, Ruthe Pierson, Gordon Rodokanakis, Phillip Shurtleff, Leonard Swiers, Peter Walker, Byron Myers, Walter Pifer, Marshall Rogers, James Sibley, George Swigart, Frances Walker, Julius Myerson, Jacob Pinard, Isabelle Rogers, Ronald Sievering, Nelson Switt, Frances Walker, Peter Nakamura, George Pinder, Jean Rogers, Stephen Silver, Warren Swope, Mary Elizabeth Wall, John Navarro, Edmundo Pinney, John Rosapepe, Carl Simcox, David Tagis, Margaret Walls, Phillip Naylor, William Pitkin, Genevieve Rosdahl, Lyle Simpkins, Leroy Tatum, Margaret Walsh, Kathryn Needham, Howard Polakoff, Paul Rosenberg, Richard Simpson, Robert Taylor, Carl Walsh, Thomas

Please note: All 1993 contributors to the AFSA Scholarship Fund and AFSA Fund will be acknowledged with AFSA's upcoming 1993 annual report in the Foreign Service Journal.

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 13 MARKETPL ACE MCG FINANCIAL FOREIGN VOLVO SERVICE PLANNING Factory-Set Discounts To Diplomats Posted ORALS? Former State Department Stateside and Abroad Job cuts have caused the State Employee Stationed Overseas U.S., U.K., European, or Department to significantly reduce the Understands Unique Financial Orals pass rate. Knowledge and Situation of Foreign Service Overseas Specs education are now less important than Overseas and Domestic presentation skills. The content Services Include: questions have been removed and Deliveries replaced by scores which rate such Retirement Planning things as resourcefulness, composure, Tax Preparation and Strategies judgement, and cultural adaptability. Analysis: Insurance and JERRY GRIFFIN We can help. Last year our candidates Investments DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST had almost twice the pass rate of Lump Sum Retirement Options 12 TEARS EXPERIENCE unprepared applicants. Two-day Orals workshops will be held MARY CORNELIA GINN in Washington, DC (Jan. 8-9, 12-13, 1231 W. Broad Street 4550 Montgomery Avenue 15-16, and in April), Austin, TX Falls Church. VA 22046 (March), and a West Coast location Suite 442N Washington, D C. Metropolitan Area (April). Sessions are limited to 10 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 students. The cost is $395. For further (301) 961-8500 (703) 237-5020 information call (703) 892-9242. Fax: (703) 938-2278 Fax: (703) 237-5028 Foreign Service Review, Inc. POB 1575 Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis Arlington, VA 22210 Securities, Inc. Member NASD &S1PC JbDon Beyer Volvo

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14 • AFSA NEWS* JANUARY 1994 C L A S S I F I E D S

PROPERTY MGMT. 22101. Tel (703) 448-9652, FAX SIEGEL, 202/647-2130 (ARA/CAR), RETURNING TO D.C.? Real (703) 448-9652. 703/455-8735. estate prices are where they were in J.P. PROPERTIES, LTD.: WASHINGTON FALLS CHURCH, beautiful 3BR the late 80's, interest rates the Complete professional dedication to MANAGEMENT SERVICES: brick Cape Cod on large comer lot, lowest in 20 years-now may be a the management of residential Residential property management is fenced yard, enclosed porch, quiet good time for you to buy. I have property in Northern Virginia. Allow our only business. Call, write, or fax area, new appliances, gas heat, provided exclusive representation to our multi-faceted professionals to MARY BETH OTTO, 2015 Q St. NW, CAC, fireplace, walkout basement, many Foreign Service employees offer personal attention to your Washington, D.C. 20009. Tel. (202) near metro, shops, schools and as a buyer agent. For important home, careful tenant screening, and 462-7212, Fax (202) 332-0798. park. $1050/mo. 703/237-8862. information on the benefits of buyer video inspections of your property. NORTH ARLINGTON CAPE: agency send for a free report We are equipped to handle all of REAL ESTATE Sundrenched 3BR, 2BA, FP, CAC available from MARILYN CAWTRELL, your property management needs. and garage; 1 mile to Ballston GRI, Associate Broker at Mary Over 15 years real estate FLORIDA: Enjoy the best of Metro, 2yr lease, avail. September Price-Howell Properties, 6402 experience and Foreign Service living all year. Former FSO PAUL 94. KATE & CHARLIE BRANDEIS, 2011 Ariington Boulevard, Falls Church, overseas living experience, JOANN BYRNES, PRUDENTIAL FLORIDA N Utah St, Ariington, 22207 (703) VA 22042. (703) 533-3333, Fax PIEKNEY, 301 Maple Ave. W, 4-G, REALTY, 100 N. Tamiami Tr., 522-8486. (703) 538-6092. Vienna, VA 22180. Tel (703) Sarasota, FL 34236, can help with SHORT TERM RENTALS ELEGANT APARTMENTS AT 938-0909 FAX (703) 281-9782. property anywhere in Florida, CALL Foreign Service Associates can RIVER PLACE Ariington, VA; FAHEY & ASSOCIATES. PAUL toll free, 1-800-766-1610. provide fully furnished apartments Efficiencies one-, two- bedrooms, Professional, residential, property INTEREST AND PRICES ARE just 5 minutes from the new FSI two blocks from metro, FSI. Bike or management service for Northern LOW!!! Buy now...our firm can facility and one block from SA-15. Metro to Pentagon. Superior Virginia properties. Expertise and manage your property until you We have efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, furnishings, immediate phone and personal attention to detail are the return. and some 2 bedrooms, usually well CATV, microwave, linens and many hallmarks of our established firm. N.W. DC: Large 1 BR. + den, within your per diem. They are fully amenities. Site has spa, rates within References provided, JIM FAHEY, great location $99,500 furnished with kitchens, cable TV, your per diem. Call (301) 279-6392 9520 B Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA S.W. DC: 3 level, 2 BA, TH, 3 telephone, linens, and all utilities or fax SOJOURNER HOUSING at (301) 22031 (703) 691-2006, Fax (703) blocks to metro $129,000 included. Write FOREIGN SERVICE 762-7692 for brochure or 691-2009. ARLINGTON: 1 BR W/FP., ASSOCIATES, P.O. Box 12855, reservations. MANOR SERVICES: Former Catherdral ceiling, walk metro Arlington, VA 22209 or call or FAX BACK FOR TRAINING? federal law enforcement agent $99,000 1-703-636-7606. Children are LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? We are the letting his 10-year residential ARLINGTON: Historic Maywood always welcome. Send us your Washington Metro Area short-term management company expand renovated 4BR Colonial $269,000 dates. rental specialists. Excellent upon retirement Best tenant VIENNA: Walk Metro - 4 BR, WHATCOM COUNTY, locations. Wide price range. In screening. Frequent property 3BA, TH $202,000 WASHINGTON; The perfect Virginia walk to FSI. In D.C. and inspection. Mortgages paid. Repairs. ALEXANDRIA: Beautiful 10yr. old 4 retirement locale, located halfway Maryland walk to Metro. Large Close personal attention. We're BR Colonial w/garage $349,900 between Seattle and Vancouver, selection of furnished and equipped small but very effective. FS and Call or write PROPERTY BC in dazzling scenic setting with efficiencies, one-bedrooms, military references. Lowest rates. SPECIALISTS INC., 4600-D Lee Hwy. islands to the west and mountains two-bedrooms and some furnished Best service, TERSH NORTON, BOX Arlington, VA 22201. (703) 525- to the east. Whether your pursuits houses. Many welcome pets. For 7010 FAX (703) 525-0006. are physical or intellectual, brochures & info: EXECUTIVE SHORT OR LONG-TERM Whatcom county can provide them: HOUSING CONSULTANTS, INC., Short RENTAL MOREHEAD, NC golf, tennis, boating, fishing, biking, Term Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., RESORT: 4 BR, 4 BA, furnished skiing, theater, university courses, Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, MD townhouse, 3 levels, on inland etc. Contact Kathy Shropshire of 20814. (301) 951-4111. Reserve waterway. Family environment. FAIRHAVEN REALTY for information at early! Avoid disappointment! Pool, tennis, private pier with slip. 592 Trout Lake Dr., Bellingham, WA WASHINGTON D.C., Near golf courses. Weekly $800 98226 Tel: (206) 676-4683. ARLINGTON: Personalized Monthly $1500 Lease, Deposit, No AUSTIN, TX: Lakeway homes relocation, short, or long term. We pets. (919-781 -1778) SARANTOS, PO and homesites outside of Austin on specialize in walk-to-Metro sales Box 18842, Raleigh, NC 27619. 65-mile-long Lake Travis. Three and furnished rentals. Ariington WASHINGTON BOUND? Uke 18-hole golf courses, World of Villas, 1-1/2 blocks from Metro, new Springfield Townhouse Tennis Center, 400-slip marina, luxurious studio, one, two, three available 6/94. 3BR.2.5BA, 2100 4000 ft. airstrip. Contact ROY & bedroom. Fully furnished, Sq.Ft. end unit, walkout basement, ASSOCIATES, 2300 Lohmans washer/dryer, microwave, cable, yard. Outstanding neighborhood, Crossing, Suite 122, Austin, TX, linens. AMERICAN REALTY GROUP, excellent schools. Easy commute 78734 (800) 513-4455. 915 N. Stafford St., Ariington, VA State, Petagon. $149,000. ANDREW 22203. (703) 524-0482 or (703)

JANUARY 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 15 C L A S S I F I E D S

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Box 1144 Vienna, D.C. area, offers design, additions, Suite 1100, Chevy Chase, MD Dussell(ex-A.I.D.) at tax work both VA 22183. electrical, plumbing, renovations, 20815. (301) 652-6880. within and without I.R.S. since 1937. carpentry. Licensed, bonded, WILLS/ESTATE PLANNING: Now solely in practice to assist PURCHASES insured. Call RICHARD MERLO (301) by attorney who is a former Foreign Foreign Service employees and 585-0914 or fax (301) 588-9019. Service officer. Have your will their families. Also lectures on TAX AVON: For free catalog mailed reviewed and updated, or a new LAW at FSI every month since to you, write: STEPHANIE Y. HUGHES, BOOKS one prepared. No charge for initial 1970 at Rosslyn, VA. BOB DUSSELL 713 Grandview Drive, Alexandria, consultation. M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, (703) 841-0158, FAX (703) BORING, PARROTT & PILGER, Suite D, VA 22305. BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS: We 522-5726. 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16 • AFSA NEWS* JANUARY 1994 IN SEARCH OF A

BY ROBERT C. TOTH

The United States faces an identity crisis in part, reflects the common focus of strengthening its foreign policy for the post-Communist the domestic economy, but beyond that reflects

world. A new survey of opinion leaders neither the elites’ nor the public’s agenda.

and the general public by the Times Mirror Historically, American elites have been more inter¬

Center has found a division of opinion on what nationally minded than the public. For a half century

America’s role should be in the new world. The or more, they have molded and led public attitudes opinion leaders’ (“the elites”) views are fragmented in support of internationalist policies. Whether elites on what foreign policy initiatives America should enjoy the same degree of influence today is pursue and where our national interests lie. The debatable. But the splintered opinion of the U.S. general public is more focused but also more elites found by the survey will clearly not help isolationist; its top foreign policy goal is protect¬ the administration rally the public behind any ing U.S. jobs. The Clinton administration, for its new policies.

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 In the largest survey of its kind since the Soviet Union nation’s opinion leaders are dubious about whether many of collapsed, nine groups of 649 opinion leaders from outside the ideals that have guided U.S. foreign policy for half a the federal government were polled in July and August 1993 century can still do so today. Fewer than half the groups by the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press. The believe America should promote democracy if this goal results were published as a report, “America’s Place in the risked electing a totalitarian, anti-American government. World.” Fewer than one in three would promote human rights abroad Members of the nine groups were chosen in different if such support risked antagonizing friendly nations with ways: The foreign affairs group consisted of a random sample different traditions. Support for promoting free market eco¬ of members of the Council on Foreign Relations, and the nomics was even less, and the least backing came for security-defense group consisted of a sample of American promoting self-determination of ethnic groups if the conse¬ members of the International Institute of Strategic Studies. quences risked the break-up of established nations. Other groups, with respondents of comparable stature, came Even when the questions about promoting democracy from the business community (industrial and financial CEOs), and human rights were asked in the abstract, i.e., without the media, government (state and local), religion, science, culture, mention of the undesirable consequences, support for these and academia and think tanks. Respondents were over¬ principles was lukewarm at best. Of 11 possible foreign whelmingly white males with an average age of 57; 70 policy goals offered to them, the elites put promoting human percent had advanced degrees, 40 percent of them doctor¬ rights seventh, and promoting democracy ninth. ates. The public was even more opposed to promoting most of In addition, two similar nationwide polls of the public these values except, curiously perhaps, ethnic self-determi¬ were conducted of 2,000 adults in early September and 1,200 nation. Significantly more non-whites than whites in the adults in late October (the second to determine any opinion general populace (23 percent to 14 percent) were willing to changes in the wake of the traumatic American deaths in risk this goal, although the public, like the elites, were still Somalia and the confrontation with the Haitian military). All hugely opposed to pushing self-determination abroad. polls were conducted by telephone. The margin of error is In this new reluctance to stand behind its long-standing plus or minus 3 percent. ideals, ideals that underlaid the claim to “exceptionalism” in its foreign policy, America emerges much like the Europe KEY GROUP SCHISM described by Czech President Vaclav Havel in a recent Developing and implementing a new U.S. foreign policy speech: “Many of the great supranational empires or alliances may be particularly difficult, in fact, because two key in history . . . not only had strong guiding ideas and were groups—foreign affairs and security-defense—have parted centers of intellectual and spiritual advancement,” he said, company on such issues as whether Japan and Germany “they were also remarkably determined to stand behind these should play a larger military role in the world (foreign affairs ideas and willing to make great sacrifices to bring them to said yes, security, no) and on the relative importance of Asia fruition, since it was clear to everyone that those sacrifices and Europe to the United States (foreign affairs said Asia, were worth it. It was more than just a belief in certain values; security said Europe). Overall, these former bedfellows, it was a deep and generally shared feeling that those values traditionally the most internationalist oriented, differed sig¬ carried with them moral obligations. This, I fear, is precisely nificantly on six of the 13 foreign policy problems, as well as what is critically lacking in the Europe of today.” seven of the 11 foreign policy goals in the questionnaire. In today’s world, respondents implicitly said, American The most disturbing finding of the survey was that the foreign policy should serve the U.S. domestic agenda rather

INFLUENTIALS FORECAST WORLD EVENTS (Top 5 "Certain" + "Probable" Mentions)

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Media China Germany Int'l terrorism Western Europe Jap. economic emerges Dominates in US rises unifies power wanes

Business China Germany Jap. economic Iran-lraq war Israeli-Arab war emerges Dominates power wanes* resumes reoccurs

Foreign Affairs China Germany N. Korean Int'l terrorism Iran-lraq war emerges Dominates communism ends in US rises* resumes

Defense/Security China Germany N. Korean China uses Russia retakes emerges Dominates communism ends force* empire Int'l terrorism Western Europe Germany Iran-lraq war Government China emerges in US rises unifies dominates* resumes

China Int'l terrorism Germany Jap. economic Iran-lraq war Religion emerges in US rises Dominates* power wanes resumes •indicates this item is tied with the following item for this particular group.

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 TOP FIVE goal. The elite group whose views coincided most often with FOREIGN POLICY GOALS the general public was that of state and local government officials. Nawi Madia Stato/Local Government Preventing spread of nuclear weapons Preventing spread of nuclear weapons Insuring adequate energy supplies Insuring adequate energy supplies SHARED LEADERSHIP Improving global environment Reducing trade deficit At least one-third of the opinion leaders in eight of the nine Protecting jobs of American workers Protecting jobs of American workers Reducing trade deficit Improving global environment groups believe the United States is less important today than a decade ago. Feeling the U.S. decline most clearly were the Business/ Finance Think Tanks/Academics Preventing spread of nuclear weapons Preventing spread of nuclear weapons foreign affairs, security, media, and business groups. More Insuring adequate energy supplies Insuring adequate energy supplies of the general public believes the United States plays a more Reducing trade deficit Improving Global environment Aiding interest of U.S. business abroad Reducing trade deficit important and powerful role today than do the elites. Protecting jobs of American workers Strengthening the U.N. Fewer than one in ten of all elites said the United States should be the single leader of the new world. Most favor a Cultural Religion Preventing spread of nuclear weapons Preventing spread of nuclear weapons shared leadership role for the country, but at the same time, Improving Global environment Insuring adequate energy supplies they want America to be the most assertive of the nations at Insuring adequate energy supplies Promoting/defending human rights Protecting jobs of American workers Protecting jobs of American workers the top table. Overall, more than two-thirds of the elites want Strengthening the U.N. Reducing trade deficit America to be either the world’s single leader or its most Foreign Affairs Science/ Engineering assertive nation, a role that Paul Nitze once termed its Preventing spread of nuclear weapons Preventing spread of nuclear weapons “preponderant power.” They seem reluctant to concede the Insuring adequate energy supplies Improving global environment Strengthening the U.N. Insuring adequate energy supplies passing of U.S. dominance, or more concretely, refuse to Improving Global environment Reducing trade deficit believe that leadership role can be shed as long as America Reducing trade deficit Strengthening the U.N. remains the sole military super power. Security General Public The public again has another view. It would have America Preventing spread of nuclear weapons Protecting jobs of American workers Insuring adequate energy supplies Preventing spread of nuclear weapons withdraw even further from world leadership. Of those Strengthening the U.N. Insuring adequate energy supplies supporting a shared leadership role for the nation, two out Promoting democracy Improving global environment Improving Global environment Reducing trade deficit of three said the United States should be “no more or less active” than other countries. And the public was equally divided as to whether America should play any leadership than attend to traditional internationalist problems. Asked role at all—or be the single leader. specifically which foreign policy problem should get top priority, both the elites and the general populace responded THE WORLD IN 2000 with a domestic issue: strengthening the U.S. economy. Asked about the most likely developments affecting world peace and stability by the year 2000, the elites were most A DIFFUSE SET OF INTERESTS united on expecting China’s emergence as an assertive world Beyond this goal, the opinion leaders put forward, in power; majorities in every group said this development was effect, a new and diffuse set of national interests as the certain or probable. Next most likely was that Germany will foundation for a cautious and minimalist U.S. foreign policy. dominate the political and economic life of Europe. But it Halting nuclear proliferation received the most top priority appears that the elites do not particularly fear that China will votes among all groups, and insuring energy supplies for the use force to win disputed territory (such as the oil-rich Spratly country was next for seven of the groups. But after that, pri¬ orities were widely scattered. In fact, the science and culture groups felt that protecting the global environment was more important than insuring en¬ ergy supplies. Strengthening the United Nations was em¬ phasized by the foreign affairs and security groups. Reducing the trade deficit was high among the business and gov¬ ernment groups. The general public gives even higher priority for strictly domestic concerns: Protecting jobs of American workers was the number one foreign policy

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 without Russia, the security group saw Asia, where the SUPPORT FOR AMERICAN FORCES SERVING United States has fought three UNDER UN COMMAND wars in half a century, as the greatest danger. Whether the world is closer to using nuclear weapons or not is an open question to the elites. Based on the doomsday clock developed by the Bulle¬ tin of the Atomic Scientists, four

25 in ten respondents said the danger of a nuclear Armaged¬ don is less today because the Soviet Union no longer exists. But an equal number say the News Media Bus/Finance Cultural Foreign Aft. Def/Security Stjlocal Govt. Think Academ Religion Sci/Engineers 0 chance that a nuclear weapon will be used is either un¬ changed or greater today be¬ Islands); they gave only modest priority to vigilance toward cause of proliferation of knowledge and materiel to Third Beijing. Even lower priority was give to guarding against a World nations and terrorist groups. resurgent Germany. On foreign economic aid, the elites were most supportive Asia has replaced Europe as the most important region to of increased help for the former Communist states—Russia, the United States, the elites said, by a narrow plurality, as well EastemEurope, and other former Soviet republics. Somewhat as the source of high concern. This was a choice between less support was given to more assistance to the underdevel¬ hearts and wallets. Of those chosing Asia, three-fourths cited oped nations of Latin America and Africa, and least for economic reasons directly or indirectly. Of those choosing increased aid to the underdeveloped nations of Asia. Opinion Europe, a variety of ethnic and cultural, as well as political leaders called for less foreign aid for Egypt and Israel. The and military reasons, were given. security group was most emphatic in this respect, with two For the public, however, Europe remains the most out of three respondents favoring cuts, followed by majorities important region. Fully half selected the Old World, while among the foreign affairs, academic, and business respondents. fewer than one-third chose Asia. Even in the western part of the United States, a plurality chose Europe over Asia. UN DISENCHANTMENT No single nation has replaced the former Soviet Union as The public’s neo-isolationism is addressed in a final the greatest danger to the United States, although Iran and group of survey results. The public is again growing Iraq were most often cited by the opinion leaders. When disenchanted with the United Nations. Reversing a trend aggregated by region, the Mideast nations constituted the since the Gulf War, in October only 64 percent thought area of greatest concern, with those of East Asia—China, that the United States should cooperate fully with the Japan, Korea—a close second. If Russia is considered a UN, down from 77 percent in 1991- Pacific power to any extent, and the Kurile Island dispute Additionally, putting American forces under UN command between Moscow and Tokyo suggests it must be, then the is not supported—in September, before the tragedy in Asian region becomes the most threatening overall. Even Somalia, the public overwhelmingly opposed putting Ameri¬ can troops under permanent UN command. However, this is THE UNITED STATES SHOULD COOPERATE the opposite view of the elites— FULLY WITH THE UNITED NATIONS. a majority of every elite group (General Public) (again, before Somalia) were 77 willing to put U.S. troops in a peimanentforce under UN com¬ mand. Nonetheless, after Somalia and despite those American deaths, the public was willing to send U.S. troops to the Third World to prevent mass starva¬ tion; 56 percent supported send¬ ing U.S. forces to Africa and Asia to prevent famine. But it

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 would not send them to police foreign nations where the Times Mirror polls gave much higher prominence. governments breakdown; only 40 percent would use U.S. Former Secretary of State Lawrence S. Eagleburger has forces to restore law and order in Africa and Asia, and 47 contended that the fragmentation of attitudes among elites is percent would use them in Latin America and the Caribbean. both inevitable and understandable, and that absent a But perhaps surprisingly, a large majority (63 percent) consensus on fundamental goals, the United States will approved use of U.S. military force to show dictators that practice ad hoc foreign policy for the rest of the century. If so, the United States will meet its commitments. this and subsequent administrations will be forced to build “a new domestic consensus” (in Mr. Christopher’s phrase) for POLICY VS. PEOPLE each new international venture. More broadly, historians may The bottom line, however, and one that has been cited by wonder whether the much heralded American principles— the administration to justify its record, is that the public wants support for democracy and human rights around the world— the president to stay focussed on domestic issues. In October, were really only ploys in the Cold War if they are now put on after Somalia, the public agreed that foreign news had been the shelf in favor of pragmatic economic goals. most important. But it was most attentive to domestic news, following health care reform more closely than Somalia, for Bob Toth is a former national security and diplomatic example. And most specifically, by almost six to one (76 correspondent of the Los Angeles Times, and is now percent to 13 percent), the public said it was more important Senior Associate at the Times Mirror Center. He is also for the president to concentrate on domestic rather than a member of the Journal’s Editorial Board. foreign policy. However, except for the focus on the U.S. economy, the America’s Place in the World: An Investigation of the Attitudes Clinton administration’s foreign policy does not overlap of American Opinion Leaders and the American Public about noticeably with the agendas of either the elites or the public. International Affairs is available in limited number from the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press, 1875 I St., NW., The findings on support for democracy and human rights, in Washington DC 20006. November, 1993. 96 pages. particular, suggest that the administration was misdirected in September when Anthony Lake, national security adviser, proposed a new “strategy of enlargement” to replace the post- World War II policy of “containment.” In a speech at Johns Six Goals of Clinton's Hopkins University, Lake laid out four components of such Foreign Policy a strategy. The first three dealt with free market democracies: strengthening those which exist, fostering and consolidating Economic security through tree trade those that are emerging, and protecting all of them against aggression. His fourth item covered humanitarian items. This Reform in Russia “enlargement” strategy has largely disappeared from admin¬ istration statements, much as has the earlier phrase, “assertive A new framework for NATO multilateralism.” A “new Pacific community” of trade Most recently, Secretary of State Warren Christopher proposed a foreign policy of “active engagement.” First Mid-East peace among its six “current top priorities,” he said, was economic policy. The next four focused on specific geographic areas: Nuclear non-proliferation Russia, Europe and NATO, Asia and the Pacific, and the Mideast. Last was non-proliferation, as well as the global *Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, November 4. 1993. environment, goals which the elites and the public in the

Group Dynamics Most groups were selected at random, including the business group, from the Fortune 1,000 listing of chief executive officers of industry and of finance, the science group, from the membership of the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering, and the government group from among all 50 state governors and a random sample of mayors of cities with populations over 80,000. The foreign affairs group consisted of a random sample of members of the Council on Foreign Relations and the security-defense group included members of the International Institute of Strategic Studies. The academic and think-tank group was chosen from among all presidents and academic deans of the “most difficult” schools and of the “very difficult” state universities; and top officials, typically the president, of major think tanks. The religion group came from among the top two officials in each of the Protestant denominations with membership over 700,000; and from the top officials in each of the Roman Catholic Church’s archdioceses, the three main Jewish persuasions, and the two largest Muslim organizations. The media group was a systematic sample of the key editors, Washington bureau chiefs, columnists, anchor persons, and producers in print and broadcast journalism. Finally, the entertainment group was a random sample of artists, writers critics and musicians outside of Hollywood as listed in Who’s Who in America.

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35

BASSAOOft Nicholas Gheorghe works to overcome discrimination for Romania’s Gypsies

BY HANK ZIVETZ

icholae Gheorghe lives a peripatetic life. One day he is in Warsaw at a human rights conference. The next day he might be in Paris meeting with interna¬ tional scholars, or in New York at the United Nations. Finally, at the end of the week he returns home to Bucharest.

It is a Gypsy existence. And, not surprisingly, Nicholae >»(Pfe.*#" Gheorghe is a Gypsy, or as labeled in Romania, a Tsigani. About 8 percent of the country’s population are Gypsies, making the Tsigani one of Romania’s two largest minority groups, the other being the Magyars, or ethnic Hungarians. Gheorghe recently led a demonstration in Bucharest to protest the pogrom-like violence inflicted on his people in retaliation for the murder of a Romanian, allegedly by Gypsies. While some senior Romanian politicians ridi¬ culed the rally’s small turnout, none deprecated the power and influence, particularly outside of Romania, of Nicholae Gheorghe.

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 I met Gheorghe soon after arriving in his continual association with our family, Bucharest in 1977 as the Cultural Attache. our foreign friends, and American My wife Evelyn, a gerontologist, arrived Fulbright scholars. We offered him a to research Romanian policies and pro¬ window to the world beyond the books grams for senior citizens. Gheorghe, who he had been borrowing from the Ameri¬ held a position with the Romanian Soci¬ can library in Bucharest. ology Institute, was assigned by the gov¬ He recalls, with a wry smile, the wel¬ ernment to assist Evelyn in her inter¬ come he received at parties of foreign views. In reality, he was her “policeman,” friends. He was an oddity, a real live charged with reporting on whom she saw Gypsy—and a literate one at that. “To¬ and what was said. Nicholae Gheorghe, leader of the day,” he laughs, “I have lots of competi¬ Gheorghe, a “true believer” in Marx¬ Ethnic Federation of Romanies. tors.” ism, was the paradigm of that fanciful Communist goal— These contacts provided a broader, freer intellectual the “new socialist man.” The son of a poor Gypsy truck base from which his developing ideas could resonate. driver from Rosiori de Vede, a village southwest of Some of these ideas concerned his own roots. Intrigued by Bucharest, Gheorghe transcended his hated minority America’s civil rights movement, Gheorghe couldn’t avoid status and humble beginnings to complete his studies at the obvious similarities between the history and current the University of Bucharest, first in philosophy and then status of America’s African-Americans and Romania’s in a new discipline for Romania, sociology. He was the Gypsies. only one of the three Gheorghe children to receive an Gheorghe’s conversion to a human rights advocate was education beyond the fifth grade. completed when the American scholar Lawrence Guttman, author of a definitive work on the African-American FROM BELIEVER TO ADVOCATE family, came to Romania as a USIS guest lecturer. Apart But around 1978, Gheorghe was transformed from from Guttman himself, the star of the program was party loyalist (he had become a Communist Party member Gheorghe. His probing questions and critical comments while at the university) to political advocate—largely from made it apparent that Gheorghe was the only Romanian

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38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 present who had not only read the Guttman book but agenda and was received with cold silence by the also a wealth of related material. Romanians. The contact with Guttman as well as with other Gheorghe arrived late to the party and could barely foreign and American scholars led to offers to attend conceal his excitement. I was the first familiar face he conferences, present papers, and teach courses outside saw and without care or caution he began to spill out of Romania. As regularly as these invitations were the triumph of his day. That day he had challenged received, Gheorghe’s applications to leave the country authority by insisting on equal treatment for Gypsies. were rejected. Even after he married, and had two In a neighboring town, he and a leader of the Romany children (providing him with hostages to insure his community accompanied a small group of colorfully- return) he was refused an exit visa and passport. clad Gypsies into a first-class restaurant. As expected Bolstered by the affirmation of the international they were refused service because, as the restaurant community, Gheorghe became more aggressive and manager said, Gypsies were not allowed in that kind overt. At cocktail parties he confronted Romanian artists of establishment. After some argument, Gheorghe and intellectuals and fellow Gypsies and openly solic¬ went to an authority in municipality headquarters who ited support in his emerging crusade on behalf of the promptly disputed the account, accusing Gheorghe of Romany people. exaggerating. Gheorghe then produced a tape of the Borrowing from the American civil rights movement, entire discussion at the restaurant. This evidence Gheorghe challenged accepted forms of anti-Gypsy embarrassed the city officials and pressed them to discrimination. I vividly remember a conversation in the promise further discussions on a host of complaints. living room of a ranking Communist Party official In order to be heard over the cacophony of during a party given in honor of the participants in a conversations, Gheorghe had to shout out his story. I Romanian-American history conference. surreptitiously peeked around the living room to see Gheorghe had been conspicuously absent from the if anyone was listening. I knew that the ubiquitous conference when an American Fulbright scholar read security police were never far from any occasion that Gheorghe’s paper on the problems of Romanian Gyp¬ mixed Romanians with foreigners. As I listened to my sies. The paper had not been part of the scheduled friend, I feared for his safety.

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JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 PROGRESS IN INCHES Above all, he works to counter racism by holding Today, this 57-year-old demonstrations to draw at¬ crusader is working in the tention to its existence. De¬ villages as well as in the spite the small turnout in a world’s power centers, tilt¬ recent demonstration in ing at the windmills of preju¬ Bucharest, his efforts have dice and measuring progress gained notice, even among in inches. his critics. Some opponents In Romania, Gheorghe’s charge that his activities fo¬ colleague Gheorghe ment racism and are paid for Raducanu is the sole Gypsy by the Americans. He is now member of Parliament. The planning another demonstra¬ government awards this one- tion in Tirgu Muresi where a seat stipend to each ethnic violent confrontation in 1990 minority unable to meet the between Romanians and three percent voter require¬ Hungarians resulted in gra¬ ment necessary for a party to tuitous violence against Gyp¬ hold seats in the Parliament. With a young child in hand, two Gypsy women walk through the streets sies. To Gheorghe, this “gift” of a ot the old town ot Sibiu in the Transylvania section of Romania. His greatest strength is as single parliamentary seat is a meaningless sop that only reinforces the division between the a lobbyist for Romany causes in the international arena. Romanian ethnic majority and the many other minorities. Gypsies, he points out, are a transnational minority and not Gheorghe uses grass-roots education and recruitment the minority of a single nation. Therefore, Gypsies must be to reach his aim of creating a sense of strength and seen in an international context, and not solely as Hungarian common cause among disparate Romany groups. He or Romanian. disagrees with the tactic of developing a single Romany One of his major accomplishments has been the political party as has been done in the large Magyar passage of a 1992 resolution by the United Nations community. Commission on Human Rights for the protection of “I wanted to create a power base, as have many Blacks in Gypsies. Through personal representation before interna¬ America,” he said. “But instead of trying to accomplish this tional bodies, and through his efforts at organizing confer¬ through a single political party, I decided early on to work ences and seminars, he has successfully raised the con¬ from the grassroots by stimulating many local community sciousness of many world leaders on the issue of human associations. Once established, these communities become rights for Gypsies. part of our larger federation. It is a slow, laborious process. Since the collapse of communism, the Romany Interna¬ “I am by profession and temperament, a social worker. I tional Union has been accredited to the UN Economic and am project-oriented. I started working in those communities Social Council as a Non-Govemmental Organization (NGO), where there was violence, where houses were destroyed, and in November 1990, the European Parliament of where Gypsies were expelled.” Romanies (EUROM) was established. Gheorghe helped these people rebuild their burnt-out homes, rejecting government offers of money and relying AMBASSADOR AND SCHOLAR instead on international sources such as the World Council of These are important steps, says Gheorghe, because Churches. He also created schools and organized small, they have helped Romany people gain political and social profitable businesses where both Romanians and Gypsies power to move from being considered a despised, mar¬ might work together. ginal people to a recognized status as a genuine ethnic

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 His greatest strength is as a lobbyist for Romany causes in the international arena. Oypsies, he points out, are a transnational minority and not the minority of a single nation. Therefore, Oypsies must be seen in an international context, and not solely as Hungarian or Romanian.

minority. Despite his current role as an international were mostly non-existent. ambassador for the Romanies, Gheorghe is always the Gypsies have always been in business, said Gheorghe. sociological scholar. As a result, Gheorghe has critiqued Under the Communists, this was considered the “grey the evolution of his culture in sociological terms and market.” Today, it’s legitimized as “capitalism.” At the named the process “ethnogenisis.” same time. Romania is basically a peasant society. And just Gheorghe believes that the nationalistic basis for all of as Jews in other peasant cultures were persecuted be¬ the new governments in eastern and central Europe cause they were involved in commerce, so too are precludes any real change in attitudes or behavior vis-a- Gypsies singled out as evil speculators. For the Romanian, vis the Romany people. As long as Romania, for example, making a profit without back-breaking work is equivalent looks upon all minorities, from the large Magyar popula¬ to stealing. This attitude was reinforced under Commu¬ tion, to the smaller German, and tinier Greek, Armenian, nism. And today the Gypsy who increases his wealth Turkish, and Albanian communities, as distinct ethnic through trade is labeled a thief. Romanians say they value groups, then Romania will continue to be a nation ruled decent people who work. There are sizeable numbers of by one favored majority, sometimes tolerating and some¬ decent Gypsies who work, he said, but these are the times intolerant of its various minorities. people who are not only rejected by the majority Roma¬ The answer he sees is in building a nation-state nians but who have had their homes burned, and have wherein all peoples are equal citizens, albeit some hold¬ been driven out of their villages because they are Gypsies. ing on to their own special ethnic or religious practices. We concluded our conversation on an incongruous, In such a state, it would not be a question of combatting but humorous note, when I elicited the admission that anti-Gypsy behavior, but of enforcing the same civil laws under certain circumstances, Nicolae Gheorghe might and civil rights that protect all of the nation’s citizens. even be a monarchist. Using Max Weber’s concept of the Crime and other wrongdoings would not be an identified legitimacy of power, he said that Romanians have three Gypsy phenomena but anti-social behavior, punishable options for leadership: the traditional, the charismatic, or by laws that are applicable to everyone. the bureaucratic-rational. The latter is a product of de¬ When Gheorghe recently spurted out these ideas to mocracy and is obviously not yet adaptive to Romanian me, I found it difficult to keep up. The elegance of his political predilections. He sees most of his countrymen prose and his academic references acted as an intellectual more amenable to a Ceausescu-type of charismatic lead¬ bubble, isolating us from the bustle, noise, and smoke in ership. The other option is the traditional, characterized the seedy lobby of Bucharest’s Dorobanti Hotel where we by the monarchy. If given an option between another were meeting. This time however, neither of us was charismatic leader and a king, Gheorghe unhesitatingly concerned about who might be listening. Four years would choose the king. Actually, he has met the exiled earlier, the revolution overthrew the Ceausescu regime. King Michael and most of the royal family in trips abroad Our hotel meeting was the first time we had a chance to and genuinely likes them. talk at length since the historic event. It was late Saturday night, and as we prepared to part, last- I mentioned that in other interviews, some political minute questions and bits of personal trivia passed between leaders contended that Gypsies had done quite well us. The din, the smoke and smell of the tacky hotel lobby under the Communists. Others, mainly opponents of the reimposed tawdry reality on the previous two hours of current government, charged that today Gypsies were passionate discussion. I bade Nicolae farewell assured that benefitting more than ordinary Romanians because Presi¬ this man has still to write the definitive chapter on the fate and dent Iliescu had Gypsy parentage. future of his people. Gheorghe ignored the contention about Iliescu but acknowledged that under the Communists, Gypsies were Hank Zivetz was CAO in Romania from 1977 to 1980 integrated (often by force) into the economy and, thus, and now is an adjunct professor at San Diego State many benefitted from factory and other jobs which today University.

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: JOHN C. SUNBBERG

It’s Never Been Easy to Serve in Baghdad Despatches from U.S. Consul in Baghdad, John C. Sundberg

Persian Rugs: A Health Hazard The United States opened itsfirst consulate in Baghdad in January 1889■ Consul Baghdad, October 25,1894 John Henry Haynes traveled overland by caravan from Constantinople to Sir: Alexandretta to reach hispost, ajourney of over three months. After Haynes resigned With regard to invoice No. 181 of 15 to join the University ofPerinsylvania's archaeological excavations in the region, bales of old and new Persian mgs, shipped he was replaced byJohn Sundberg, a physician. Sundberg chose the ocean route to to New York, it was found impossible to Baghdad, traveling by steamer to Hong Kong then to India. From Calcutta, he particularize contents of each bale as re¬ reported that he would be delayed several weeks because his wife had contracted quired. As the goods, however, were pneumonia, leading to premature childbirth, while sailing around Singapore and packed in the custom house, it is ^pot through the Straits. From Calcutta the Sundbergs traversed India by train then took probable that other and more valuable passage on a boat to Basra. Sundberg’s official despatches from Baghdad provide goods could be secreted in the bales—at a fascinating insight into life in this region a century ago. least not without bribing the custom house officers who, by the way, are not incorrupt¬ Epidemics I walked home again.... A caravan ible in this city. Baghdad, June 20,1894 of Persian pilgrims bound for Kerbelah I desire to point out—nay, I consider it Sir: and Nedjef, holy shrines venerated by my duty to do so—that Persian mgs, I beg to report that... a malignant the Shiah sect of Mohammedans, was whether old or new—and in this shipment and very fatal fever has prevailed in just arriving, and many of the mules are both—are a menace to public health. the city and suburbs, more especially were loaded with coffins containing Even new mgs may have lain years in among the Fellahs (tillers of the soil) corpses that had been dead for months, dwellings so filthy that no American down along the river; and these poor some perhaps for years. The immigra¬ who has not resided in the Orient and people are left to die without the aid tion of defunct Persians having just been associated intimately with the natives, of doctor or medicine. Having lost all reopened, many thousand corpses will can form any idea thereof. There they their crops, I also fear the survivors of pass through Baghdad this summer for receive bacteria-laden dust many of the fever will soon be starving. I their final resting place. It is a source of which possess great vitality. On the learned only yesterday of this sad both revenue and pestilence. journey from Persia to Baghdad they state of affairs, and this morning, be¬ During the feast of the sacrifice, prob¬ have also in all probability been ex¬ fore sun rise, I embarked in a kuffah ably not less than 20,000 sheep were posed to the exhalations of putrid (a circular boat made of wicker work sacrificed, besides buffaloes and cam¬ corpses, as all caravans from Persia and coated with bitumen) armed with els. This wholesale slaughter which is bring defunct immigrants for interment two ounces of quinine, some calomel, done with barbarous cruelty, will not at the sacred shrines of Kerbelah and Dovers powder and Epsom salts, for a improve the sanitary condition. Last Nedjef. reconnoitering tour among the huts of year it was followed by an epidemic of I would not have a Persian carpet in my the Fellahs .... I salaamed and homicides which preceded the out¬ house except after the most thorough enquired about their health, and was break of cholera. disinfection by hot steam and S02, or chlorine gas which no doubt would de¬ told they were nearly all sick. I then Great floods, such as we have wit¬ stroy the color. I regard them as very said that I was a physician. ... On nessed this year, are usually... followed dangerous and I doubt not but the surgeon being told that I would treat them, not by the plague, and a visitation of this general of the Marine Hospital Service as for money, but for Allah’s sake, the dreaded scourge is expected next win¬ well as Surgeon General Sternberg ... or sound of their voices changed to shouts ter. anyone else who has devoted his life to of jubilation. Alas that their momen¬ If I had a large supply of quinine and sanitary science, will agree with me. tary hopes and rejoicing should be so other remedies, I might be able to save groundless! The fever, of paludal ori¬ the lives of some of the fever sufferers; I have sounded the warning note and with that done my duty.... Your obedient gin, as the surroundings fully showed, but with no salary and but a trifling servant, was mostly of a continued type. As income from fees, what can I do? Shall —John C. Sundberg soon as the purpose of my visit was we shut our eyes and ears and hearts, known, crowds began to gather from and let our fellow beings perish without neighboring huts begging me to come an effort to save? Peter D. Eicher, political counselor in and see their sick, and I continued my . . . Your obedient servant, Geneva, has generously contributed visits . . . —John C. Sundberg these histories.

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 CHOOSING A BOARDING SCHOOL

The following checklist on choosing a school has been made available to the Foreign Service Journal through the Family Liaison Office (FLO) at the Department of State. If you would like additional information on the application process, please contact the FLO office at (202) 647-1076.

•/ PICKING A SCHOOL A RESIDENTIAL • Geographic distribution of students? • Rooms: Shared or single? • International student program? What countries? • Faculty in dorm? • Any Foreign Service students? Who/where from? • Meals? • Special programs for those coming from abroad? • Telephone policy? • How is level or placement determined? • School observed holidays? • Weekend activities? • Policy if F.S. student can't go home? • Leave policy? Open/closed weekends? Saturday classes? • Extra tutorial help/study skills/reading Jfr EXTRA-CURRICULAR development available? Fees? • Is discipline done by faculty/staff or in • Weekend activities? conjunction with students? • Types of clubs available? • Profile of faculty: qualifications, length of tenure? • Drama/musical productions? • Special programs? Emphasis? • Sports offered? • What makes school different from others? • Why would a F.S. student want to come to this — Kay Branaman Eakin school? Education Counselor, FLO • How is communication maintained with parents? Special efforts to maintain quick communications ( FAX, longdistance calls)? • Uniforms or dress code?

CURRICULUM

• Range of courses? • Track system? • Special or unique courses? Make An Investment in • Class size? • Honors classes offered? Academic Excellence • Fine arts offerings? • Coeducational college preparatory day/boarding • Semester(s) abroad programs? school for students, grades 9-12 • The world is your classroom - students from 9 • Study policy? countries and 15 states • Student-faculty ratio 8:1, average class size is 15 • Minnesota’s oldest high school - founded in 1857 • College credit opportunities/varsity & club sports SCHOOL ADVERTISING SECTION • Financial aid available • Exchange program with Melk, Austria • One of the few high schools in the country to be Army and Navy Academy Pg. 49 Northfield Mt, Hermon Pg. 47 directly linked to a university computer system Blue Ridge School Pg. 45 Pennington School, The Pg. 49 • 98% College placement Calvert School Pg. 50 Phillips Exeter School Pg. 48 Tradition, Christchurch School Pg. 49 Pine Crest School Pg. 46 Fay School Pg. 44 Salem Academy Pg. 46 Learning, Florida Air Academy Pg. 47 St. George's School Pg. 48 Leadership, Leysin St. John's Preperatory Pg. 45 Pg. 43 Values... MacDuffie School, The Pg. 48 St. Johnsbury Academy Pg. 49 Master’s School, The Pg. 48 Westtown Academy Pg. 50 An Investment For The Future Mercersburg Academy Pg. 44 Call Ruth Testa, Director of Admissions (612) 3633321 • Fax (612) 363-3513 St. John’s Preparatory School Box 4000 Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-4000

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 A sense of belonging. A sense of self.

Fay School, a coeducational junior boarding and day school (day: grades 1-9; boarding: grades 6-9), is com¬ mitted to providing an outstanding education in a structured environ¬ ment for students with diverse back¬ grounds and abilities. Its program emphasizes values, and recognizes both effort and achievement in all facets of campus life. Fay School offers small classes, comprehensive programs in academics, the arts, and athletics, and caters to children of all ability levels. Its programs are enhanced by excellent facilities situated on an attractive semi-rural Come to American campus 28 miles west of Boston. Service Center for diplomatic immunity from high prices. If you are on an overseas assignment, and carry a Lois V. Poirot, Director of Admission, diplomatic or official passport, FAY Fay School, 48 Main Street, SCHOOL Southborough, MA 01772-9106 you can save on the purchase Est. 1866 (508) 485-0100 Fax: (508) 481-7872 of a new Mercedez-Benz with U.S. equipment, shipped directly to the United States or for pick up in Stuttgart*. If you're serious... Contact Erik Granholm, our Diplomatic and Tourist ...about your education, the Mer- ...but not too serious, Mercers- Sales Manager. cersburg Academy offers out¬ burg’s 300-acre campus is standing college preparation home to 350 energetic high combined with attention to each school students from 27 states student’s personal and and 24 foreign countries, 59 ethical development. ilk lively faculty mem- Our graduates have a bers, 32 faculty chil- long record of sue fl? dren, and 16 playful cess in the na¬ / 11 cats and dogs. For tion’s most selec¬ more information tive colleges and call 800/772-2874. universities. rvice 585 North Glebe Road Arlington, Virginia 22203 703/525-2100 FAX: 703/525-1430 *Gir must be imported into US within 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. MERCERSBURG 0 Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany Mercersburg, Pennsylvania 17236

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 / x ‘ A PeaVe your A ■;'V (j J most

important An International Education for the 21st Century ♦ Coeducational, boarding, grades 9-12, PG 13th grade investment ♦ University-preparatory studies: International Baccalaureate, Advanced Placement, and US High School Diploma ♦ Excellent US and International university/college placement With the ♦ Full US and European Accreditation ♦ Caring family atmosphere in comfortable residences ♦ Recreation, Europe-wide educational cultural excursions ♦ Summer and winter sports; "Skiing at the LAS Doorsteps!" management ♦ Located in beautiful, peaceful Alpine resort, above Lake Geneva, close to metropolitan Lausanne, Geneva, and Montreux

Leysin American School in Switzerland projessionals Thomas F. Rouillard, Admissions PO Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 Tel: 603.431.7654 Fax: 603.431.1280 you trust.

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•College Preparatory •Student Centered Executive Housing •Supportive Environment •Personal Attention Consultants, Inc. •Well Supervised •Excellent Facilities 7315 Wisconsin Avenue •1000 Mountain Acres •Small Classes Suite 603 East Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Winter School Summer School 301/951-4111 Admissions Admissions 804-985-2811 804-985-7724 “We care for your home FAX 804-985-7215 Dyke, Virginia 22935 as if it Were our oWn. ”

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 • 45 PINE CREST SCHOOL Fort Lauderdale, Florida

• We welcome the children of Foreign Service families into our coeducational, college preparatory, all-faith boarding school program for grades 7-12. • Your children will benefit from our accelerated academic curriculum, includ¬ ing 15 Advanced Placement courses. We also encourage our students to participate in over 50 sports teams and a wide selection of fine arts courses and activities, including drama, ballet and jazz dance, studio art, chorus, bands, political party activities, and forensics. • Families living abroad appreciate our planned weekend recreation activities, sensitivity to communication needs, and easy travel arrangements through either the Fort Lauderdale or Miami International Airport.

• For our comprehensive Academics and Activities catalog and Boarding Life Viewbook, and a copy of our video, please contact

Dr. John T. Harrington Director of Admission Pine Crest School 1501 Northeast 62nd Street Fort Lauderdale, Florida 53334 Telephone: (305) 492-4103 FAX: (305) 492-4167

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A college preparatory boarding and day school for girls

• Music • Theatre • Athletics • January Term • Located in Historic Old Salem

For information, please contact: Director of Admissions, 910/712-2543, Salem Academy, Winston-Salem, NC 27108 Qualified students are admitted to Salem Academy without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 At Florida Air Academy, young men learn to display those traits which create a leader. From our classrooms to our athletic fields, discipline, respect and traditional values are the keys to success. • Fall, Mid-Term & Summer Session Enrollment Available • Outstanding Weather/Location On Florida’s Space Coast • Safe, Structured Environment • 100% College Acceptance Rate Since 1978 • Low 18:1 Student/Teacher Ratio • Air Force JROTC Honor Unit • Optional Flight Training • Full Athletic Program The Men Of • Unique Reid Trips To Popular Central Honda Attractions Our six week Summer Session begins on July 2; Fall Term for Tomorrow 1994-1995 begins on September 10. Enrollment at other times contingent upon availability. A promising future, full of Private Military School opportunity, begins with self-discipline, motivation and a sense of self-worth. At Florida Air Academy, we help young For Young Men (Grades 7-12) men prepare for such a future. For more information on the educational opportunities available for your son, please contact our Admissions Office at (407) 723-3211. Or write: Honda Air Academy, FLORIDA AIR Dept. MD, 1950 South Academy Drive, Melbourne, FI. ACADEMY 32901. FAX (407) 676-0422.

NORTHFIELD MOUNT HERMON One of the world's top college-preparatory schools: ■ An extensive curriculum with more than 300 courses ■ More than 200 teachers, 75% of whom hold advanced degrees ■ A student-teacher ratio of 7.6:1, and an average class size of 13 students ■ Advanced Placement courses in every discipline ■ Highly regarded counselors who help seniors gain admittance into over 150 colleges and universities annually, including the country's most selective and rigorous ■ A cluster-based dormitory system for close attention to each student « A complete array of academic, fine arts, and athletic facilities ■ Two modem library/media centers with a total of 100,000 volumes ■ Students from 45 states and more than 60 countries ■ A Work Program that teaches responsibility and the honor of service ■ Approximately 70 teams competing interscholastically in 25 sports And more: For more information, contact: ■ More than a century of experience in working with international students and their parents Eleanor Johnson, Senior Admission Officer ■ A $2,000 travel grant for State Department families residing for International Students overseas Box 103 ■ Charter buses to and from airports for major vacations Northfleld Mount Hermon School ■ Fax machines in both mailing centers for easy communication Northfield, Massachusetts 01360 1 Assistance with vacation planning. PHONE (413) 498-3227 PAX (413) 498-3152

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 • 47 THINKERS Classrooms to playing fields, 150 college prep courses. Make MacDuffie The Masters School student AP sections, all subjects. is challenged to strive, Fine visual and to achieve, to lead, performing arts. to win, and above all, Many sports, clubs, to think. She learns that cultural and community her greatest competition service activities. is within herself - to grow 7:1 student/faculty ratio. mind, skills and talents. Boarding and Day home We provide the tools, on Hudson River campus away from home teachers, support and in Westchester County. encouragement. Catalog. Challenging academics and cultural exchange in gracious homes within a family setting is what makes our Ames Hill Scholars boarding program unique. American and international students enjoy an extensive arts program, sports, trips and activities. Come and see for yourself! MacDuffie School Coed, college preparatory day & boarding (gr. 9-12, postgrad)

THE MASTERS SCHOOL Fora brochure phone 413-734-4971, fax 413-734-6693, or write to us at AT DOBBS FERRY Ames Hill Drive, Springfield, MA 01105 Setting the standard since 1877. 49 Clinton Avenue, Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522 (914) 693-1400

PHILLIPS EXETER St. George's Summer SUMMER SCHOOL Session Newport, Rhode Island ♦ Coeducational, grades 8-12 July 3-August 13, 1994 June 25 - August 4 Thomas E. Evans, Jr., Director Six weeks of intensive academic (401) 847-7565 recreation. Learn for the fun of it! Call today for a catalog, (603) 772-4311, ext. 3488. Located on a hilltop overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, the St. George's Summer Session offers challenging AP level programs in English, calculus, physics, biology, and modem languages, as well as a variety of enhancement electives including oceanography, astronomy, SAT preparation, Latin, computer sciences, and English as a Second Language. St. George's also offers a strong support program for younger students and those taking foundation and review courses. Activities include sailing, windsurfing, soccer, tennis, and basketball. The residential experience at St. George's is rooted Phillips Exeter Academy in cooperation and respect for all members of the community. Summer School Exeter, NH 03833-2460 50 years of Academic Summer Sessions 1944 -1994

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 r ■N

ST. JOHNSBURY „ ACADEMY CHRISTCHURCH Hviid Tradilidn A Br#hl Fulurr SCHOOL • V IR QIH I A 1842-1992 St. Johnsbuiy Academy, an independent day and boarding school enrolling 800 students in Dedicated to promoting self esteem and grades 9-12 and a postgraduate year, provides each of its students with a unique educational academic confidence since 1921 opportunity. We have developed a comprehensive curriculum offering instruction at several levels of Episcopal College Preparatory difficulty, including 12 A.P. courses, as well as ❖ extensive technical and pre-engineering programs. ❖ Grades 9 through 12, plus PG We provide our students with extracurricular ❖ Boys boarding, coed day opportunities in athletics, drama, filmmaking, and the fine aits. We invest heavily in faculty research ❖ Located on the Rappahannock River and study. As teachers we are committed to just off the Chesapeake Bay student-centered instruction, small classes, personal attention, and authentic student assessment. ❖ Easy access to Washington, D.C. Most important, St. Johnsbury Academy ❖ Marine science St sailing programs provides each of its students with the opportunity to live and leam in this safe, stable, and supportive ❖ Learning skills program environment ❖ Hon-discriminatory ST. JOHNSBURY ACADEMY ST. JOHNSBURY, VT 05819 Tel. (802) 748-8171 Fax (802) 748-5463 Admissions Office, Christchurch School Winner of the 1991 U.S. Department of Christchurch, Virginia 23031 Education Exemplary School Award 1-800-296-2306 or FAX 804-758-0721 J The Academy . . . The Pennington School Since 1838, college-bound stu¬ . . . for an exceptional dents at The Pennington School have learned in small classes educational experience. where inspiring teachers provide a rigorous education that fosters Carlsbad’s private, ocean front, college academic excellence, indepen¬ preparatory boarding school for boys grades 7-12 dence, moral growth, and a warm sense of community. offers a stimulating environment inspiring leadership, self-esteem, and camaraderie. Young men become crucial members of a tightly knit team.

For more information, a color brochures or video, call or write:

ARMY AND NAVY ACADEMY Stephen L. Bowers Headmaster P.O. BOX 3000-84 Diane Monteleone Admission Director CARLSBAD, CA 92018-3000 Pennington, NJ 08534 - 609-737-8215 (619) 729-2385

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 • 49 Westtown, Pennsylvania — Founded in 1799

A QUAKER BOARDING SCHOOL OFFERING: • Small, academically challenging, coed classes • A commitment to the boarding experience with full week activities and adult supervision • A diverse community with students from 31 states and 23 countries • A nurturing environment which emphasizes individual achievement and community development • Outstanding facilities including a science center, arts center, fieldhouse, and 25-meter swimming pool • A beautiful 600-acre campus in a safe, suburban community, convenient to transportation and major metropolitan areas. Visitors welcomed. For more information, please contact: Sarah J. Goebel Director of Admissions and Financial Aid tel: 215-399-0123 fax: 215-399-3760

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50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JANUARY 1994 Yoknapatawpha County. Milkweed National Fiction Prize in Peace Corps Paul Theroux, the most famous Peace 1989. Science fiction writer Carol Sev¬ Writers Corps writer, used his African experi¬ erance served in Micronesia and placed ence, first as a volunteer in Malawi and her science fiction novel, Reefsong, by John Coyne later as a contract teacher at the univer¬ on a pacific coral atoll. Kathleen I once asked a New York book editor sity in Kampala, Uganda, as the source Coskran, a volunteer in Ethiopia, won out and she replied, “I’ll have dinner material for his early novels, Waldo, the Minnesota Book Award in 1988 with you, but I won’t read your Peace Fong and The Indians, Girls at Play, and for her collection, The High Price of Corps novel.” Such was the fear and later in My Secret History. Everything, which included several loathing that the publishing world had The gifted writer, Maria Thomas, stories set in East Africa. for Peace Corps books. That editor is my who was tragically killed in August Several other Peace Corps writers wife now, but she still refuses to read my 1989 in a plane crash when she and have published literary non-fiction Peace Corps novel. accounts of their Peace Corps experi¬ While my wife hasn’t changed, I am ence. The best of these are: Leonard happy to say the publishing world has. In the last few years, a dozen Levitt’s An African Season, about his In the last few years, a dozen books time in Tanzania; Mortiz Thomson’s have been published about the Peace Living Poor: A Peace Corps Chroniclex Corps experience, all written by former books have been published his account of Peace Corps farming in volunteers. Ecuador; Mike Tidwell’s The Ponds of Richard Wiley, author of Soldier In about the Peace Corps Kalambayi—An African Sojourn, re¬ Hiding, winner of the 1986 Pen/Faulkner porting his service as a fish culture Award, was a volunteer in Korea. Of his extension agent in central Zaire; and Peace Corps experience he has said; “It experience, all written by George Packer’s The Village of Waiting, was the single most important ‘event’ of the story of his year in the Togolese my life. It saved me, teaching me that all former volunteers. highlands. reality is not English-language based Several years ago, Bob Shachochis and that the world isn’t America. I’m summed up what we can expect from sure that my belief that fiction ought to Peace Corps writers: “We are torch be global came directly from my Peace other government officials were visit¬ bearers of a vital tradition, that of Corps experience.” ing Ethiopian refugee camps, set her shedding light in the mythical heart of P.F. Kluge, author of five books, books, Antonia Saw the Oryx First, darkness. We are descendants of Jo¬ among them The Edge of Paradise, nomi¬ Come to Africa and Save Your Mar¬ seph Conrad, Mark Twain, George nated for a 1992 Robert F. Kennedy riage, and the posthumously pub¬ Orwell, Graham Greene, Somerset Award, was a volunteer in Micronesia. lished African Visas, in Africa, where Maugham, Ernest Hemingway, and He, too, was influenced by his time in she spent the last 18 years of her life. scores of other men and women, the Peace Corps. “It took me to a place Many other Peace Corps writers expatriates and travel writers and I’d never been, islands I’ve kept return¬ have called upon their volunteer ex¬ wanderers, who have enriched our ing to. My life was changed. And the perience for inspiration or setting. domestic literature with the spices of Peace Corps was my ticket to ride.” Mary-Ann Tirone Smith, author of Cathay, who have tried to communi¬ Peace Corps writer Bob Shachochis, Lament for a Silver-Eyed Woman, cate the ‘exotic’ as a relative, rather a volunteer in Barbados, won the Ameri¬ wrote a story that is partially set in the than an absolute quality of human¬ can Book Award a few years ago for his Cameroon. Lauri Anderson’s Hunting ity.” first collection of stories, Easy in the Hemingway’s Trout includes stories All of the current Peace Corps writ¬ Islands. Recently, his novel Swimming about a Peace Corps volunteer in ers were too young to have been in in the Volcano, also set in the Carib¬ Biafra, and Karin McQuillan has writ¬ Paris during the 1920s or to have bean, was nominated for the 1993 Na¬ ten two mysteries set in Africa. Ron written the great World War II novel. tional Book Award. Norm Rush, author Arias used his Peruvian experience in But now, three decades after the Peace of a collection of stories, Whites, and the The Road to Tamazunchale, which Corps began, they are creating a body 1991 National Book Award winner, was nominated for the 1975 National of writing that has been shaped by Mating, used Botswana, the country of Book Award. Eileen Drew’s stories, their overseas experience. Having his Peace Corps assignment, as his Blue Taxis, set in West Africa, won the lived and worked at the edges of the

JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 BOOKS AND THE ARTS Brown’s earth and on top of the world, their service provided them with fascinat¬ ing experiences and wonderful tales. VOLVO These stories are now being retold in their novels, and, in time, this body of work will find its rightful place on the of bookshelf of American literature.

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JANUARY 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 Communications: Kirkuk BY LEE DINSMORE

infrequently for us to ever get the hang he year was 1957. Kirkuk’s able to send a driver and vehicle of our T communications reflected the own every time we had a bundle of of the device. In the short year-and-a- area’s history. The first lan¬ material for distribution in the hinter¬ half the single-side band was in opera¬ guage of the city was Turkish. lands. A simple solution was found with tion, our only successful contact was made with a U.S. Navy ship somewhere Our landlord was a Turkish citizen who the drivers of the local taxis and buses. in the Mediterranean. We never did also owned and farmed land nearby. Periodically, we assembled pack¬ hear Embassy Baghdad, not they us, Municipal records were traditionally in ages of printed material, addressed them and when we had to close the post in Turkish, changing to Arabic and written to libraries, newspapers, schools, and November 1958, the iron radio had to in Arabic script. Turkish was spoken individuals in a variety of northern Iraqi exclusively by the old families, a dwin¬ towns. We took them to a bus or taxi be crushed into a small enough dimen¬ sion to fit in the mail pouch. dling local social and political elite. The driver, and made the simplest of finan¬ Telegrams were another matter. second language was Kurdish, the cial deals for the delivery service. Abun¬ While the embassy in Baghdad sent tongue of the street. Arabic, the lan¬ dant evidence filtered back to us that the us pouches of unclassified paper, since guage of the country, was known and recipients received the information. we had no radio for other official spoken and taught in the schools, but it The consulate was connected to the correspondence, the occasional coded was not the language of choice. When telegram was decoded by one-time one would join a late afternoon gather¬ pad. It would too often reveal itself, ing in any one of dozens of gardens, the letter by letter, to be one of those language of one’s nearest seated neigh¬ multi-departmental instructions—ad¬ bors would switch from Turkish to vice announcing an arcane change in Arabic in deference to the foreigner. procedures or a bulletin regarding the Kirkuk was a long and dusty train handling of visa requests by astro¬ ride from Baghdad. Much of our com¬ physicists—matters of undoubted ur¬ munications with the embassy was gency to some office in Washington, through the local mail system. One but foreign to preoccupations in Kirkuk. morning I was in the Kirkuk post office We also sent infrequent messages by waiting to collect our consulate mail, way of the pad. The messages, in five- when the postmaster suggested that letter groups, were taken to the local maybe I would like to join him in outside world with a radio, a “single¬ telegraph office, which was prepared to sorting. It might be quicker for us, he side band type,” a designation without accept telegrams in the evenings. We said amiably. From then on our local meaning for any of us. It was heavy, sent them for overnight transmission— assistant was in the postoffice early each with a metallic housing and tubes, and a cheaper rate. We came to know the day, sorting through the pile of mail for needed an aerial. We erected one, draw¬ telegrapher, who would shake his head mail to the consulate. ing intense curiosity from the Iraquis in pained amazement at the work rep¬ Earlier in Kirkuk, we had established who watched us, the intelligence net¬ resented by several pages of type he another communications innovation work, who were convinced that the was going to have to send Morse Code. when we opened our USIS regional aerial was conclusive evidence we were Our coding had taken several hours, library in 1953- Much of the program up to no good. first by pencil, then copied on the activity involved the presentation and It was to have been the lifeline in typewrtiter. distribution of publications, announce¬ case of riot, flood, or locusts. We were ments or film showings, VOA sched¬ given instructions that seemed simple Lee Dinsmore, a retired FSO, served ules, and the like. Although we went to enough, and we awaited the date of the as regionalPAO in Kirkuk froml952- Sulaimaniya, Erbil, Mosul, and surround¬ next test, eager to try out the wonders of 54. He returned as consul in 1957. ing villages often, it would be unreason¬ the wireless. But tests occurred too

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