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Characterization Techniques for Photonic Materials

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Characterization Techniques for Photonic Materials Characterization Techniques for Photonic Materials by Bharati Neelamraju _________________________ Copyright © Bharati Neelamraju 2016 A Thesis submitted to the faculty of College of Optical Sciences In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science In the Graduate College The University of Arizona 2016 1 Statement by Author The thesis titled Characterization Techniques for Photonic Materials prepared by Bharati Neelamraju has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Master’s Degree at the University of Arizona and in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however , the permission must be obtained from the author SIGNED : Bharati Neelamraju APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below. ___________________________ Defense date Robert A. Norwood Professor (College of Optical Sciences) 05-02-2016 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Robert A. Norwood for his continuous support and mentoring throughout my Masters Degree. I would like to give a special thank you to Dr.Palash Gangopadhyay, who always helped me with my research and guided me whenever required. I would also like to thank Dr. Gregory Cohoon for help with theLabView programming and making my experimental data acquisition system more robust. Another thank you goes to my family, specially my parents who have always supported me unconditionally in all aspects. 3 Contents List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 6 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9 Part I : Spectroscopic Ellipsometry............................................................................................... 12 1. Materials Analyzed ........................................................................................................... 13 2. Experimental Setup ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Fundamentals .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2 The Ellipsometer......................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Experimental Procedure : ........................................................................................... 17 3. Theoretical Analysis ......................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Important Observations .............................................................................................. 19 1.2 Analytic Methods ....................................................................................................... 20 2. Results And Discussion : .................................................................................................. 21 2.1 In_72 final structure .................................................................................................... 21 2.2 In_73 Final Structure .................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Ag_SiO_planar ........................................................................................................... 24 2.4 SiO_Ag_Planar ........................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 27 Part II :Magneto-Optic characterization ....................................................................................... 28 1 Magneto-optic Characterization : Materials and Properties ............................................. 29 1.1 Material overview – FePt block copolymer nanocomposites ..................................... 29 1.2 Properties of materials ................................................................................................ 31 1.2.1 General Properties ............................................................................................... 31 1.2.2 Magneto-optic properties .................................................................................... 32 2. The Experimental Setup .................................................................................................... 39 2.1 Setup Components ...................................................................................................... 40 4 2.1.1 Magnet Enclosure :.............................................................................................. 40 2.1.2 Photo-Elastic Modulator (PEM).......................................................................... 41 2.1.3 Wollaston Prism .................................................................................................. 43 2.1.4 Autobalance Differential Dual Detector (Nirvana) ............................................. 43 2.1.5 Lock-in Amplifiers .............................................................................................. 43 2.1.6 Fresnel Rhomb .................................................................................................... 43 2.2 Setup Configurations .................................................................................................. 44 2.2.1 Single pass configuration .................................................................................... 44 2.2.2 Double pass configuration ................................................................................... 45 2.2.3 Rotating polarization configuration .................................................................... 46 3. Theory : Mueller Matrix Calculus .................................................................................... 48 3.1 Mueller matrix for single pass configuration : ........................................................... 51 3.2 Mueller matrix for double pass configuration : .......................................................... 53 3.3 Mueller matrix for rotating polarization configuration .............................................. 54 4. Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 56 4.1 Morphology studies .................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Anisotropy studies ...................................................................................................... 58 4.3 Rotating input polarisation in the presence of a magnetic field ................................. 63 4.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 66 References ................................................................................................................................. 67 Part I .......................................................................................................................................... 67 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry .................................................................................................. 67 Part II : ...................................................................................................................................... 67 1. Magneto-optic Characterization ................................................................................. 67 2. Experimental Setup..................................................................................................... 68 3. Theory : Mueller Matrices .......................................................................................... 69 5 List of Tables Table 1: Minimum Beta Values Derived Using The Polar Plot ................................................... 61 Table 2: Depolarization Values With And Without Magnetic Field (B) ...................................... 65 List of Figures Figure 1: Schematic Of Ellipsometry On A Multi-Layered Thin Film Structure. ------------------ 14 Figure 2 : Schematic Of The Sopra Spectroscopic Ellipsometer -------------------------------------- 15 Figure 3: Schematic Of The Regression Procedure Theory -------------------------------------------- 18 Figure 4 : Inp Sample (In_72) Ellipsometry Data Fitting ---------------------------------------------- 21 Figure 5 : Inp Substrate (In_73) Ellipsometry Data Fitting -------------------------------------------- 23 Figure 6 : Pan Substrate (Sample 1) Ellipsometry Data Fitting --------------------------------------- 24 Figure 7: Pan Substrate (Sample 2) Ellipsometry Data Fitting ----------------------------------------
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