CHAPTER - III

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF DISTRICT

3 -- Introduction and Regional Bet up 151

3.1 - Geographical Location 152

3.2 -- Historical Back--grouvid 15S

3.3 - Physiography 15^+

3.4 -- Climate 156

3,^.1 ~ Temperature 156

3.4.H - Rainfall 156

3.5 - Vegetation 157

3.6 Soils 159

3.7 -• A g r i c u 11 u r e 16 0

3.7.1 Distribution of Crops 160

3.8 - Demographic Characteristics of the Region 164

3.8.1 -- Distribution of Population 164

3.8.2 ” Population Density 165

3.8.3 - Se;< Ratio 165

3.8.4 ” Literacy 165

3.8.5 - Sche?dule Cast and Schedule Tribe 167

3.8.6 - Occupational Structure 167

3.9 ” Live-Stock Population 169

3.9.1 Vesterinary Facilities 172

3.10 Production and Milk Supply Zone 174

3.11" I. ndus tr i e's 176

3.12 - Transport and Communication. 179

1 5 0 CHAPTER - III

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF DHULE DISTRICT

3. Introduction and Regional Set Up

An in-depth study of any regional characteristics provide thorough knowledge of the development potentials of the

region. Such regional characteristics do have some locational advantages or disadvantages, and are bound to be reflected in

the economic activities of that particular region. Dhule district

lies in the north-west corner of staite and is covered

by the cerrtral Tapi-basin. It is one of the 30 districts of

Maharashtra state. So far as regional transport links are concerned, it has definitely a favourable location in the state.

The natural environment that corisists of relief, climate, drainage, edaphic and hydrological conditions, has a profound influence not only on the cropping pattern and biosphere taut also on the entire human life of the area. The environmental conditions decide the types and varieties of crops, timing of

ag r i cu 11 ur a 1 oper a t i ons , t Ite e t e?n t of r i sk i nvo 1 ved i vt agricultural pursuits and the ways and means of their

improvement. The economic condition is also the result of environmevital factors. The economic factors have a clear bearing

on the choicE' of farming systems, cattle rearing, and allied

agro-based industries, human activities and services, such as,

dairy-farming, poulkry-fatming etc. Agriculture is the mainstay

of the people of this district, and thus, forms the backbone of

11'i e e c o n o m y o f t h e r e g i o n .

151 3.1 Geographical Location :

Dhu.le D:i.str i.ct, which is located in the^ Nor th-W6?5tGV"n c o r n e r o f t h e? M a h a v a. s h t v ■ a s t ate, lies b e t w e e n 7 3 - 3 4 ' a n d E 0 ° - 3 ' north latitu.des and the longitudinal exterrt is between 73^ - - 3^ ' to

east. (Please refer Map no 3.1 on page 153)

The district is bounded on the West by the state of

Gujrath and in the North by the state of Madhya-Pradesh, i^nd on tl'ie East and South east by the District, while in the south-west by the Nasik District of the Maharashtra state. The

Dhule District occupies a total geographical area of 13150 sq.

Kimb, It stretches about 170 Kms from West to East and 160 Kms from North to South. The Total population of the district as per

1991 population census is 85,35,715. The District is a part of

Nasik Division for the Admiriistrat i ve purposes- It comprises 10

Tehsils namely - Akkalkuwa, Akarani, Taloda, Shahada, , lying mostly to the North of Tapi river and Nandurbar, Sindkhejda,

NaVapur , Sakr i a11d D!■ iu 1 e Tehs i 1 s lying to ttie south o f the r i vev“

Tap i .

3.S Historical Back Ground :

The Dhule, Jalgaon and the Nortltern part of Nasik

District together were kriown as '* from historical times.

Rasika was its ancient name. Later on it was known as 'Seuna- desh' during the period of 'Yadav^^s' named after the king

Seu.nachandra, who was one of the prominent rulers of the Yiidava dynasty. With the advent of the Muslim rule, the name was changed from Seuna to Khandesh and during this period it was under the rule of 'Farauqui' king, was the seat of their

1 5 E 153 capital. During the British regime, Dhule vMas the district

headquarters for Dhule and Jalgiion districts. However, ivi 1906

Khandesh was divided into E districts as Wesst and East Khandesh.

With the re-organisat ion of the States in 1956, it was include?d

in the Bombay State and subsequently ivi 1961 it became the part

of Maharasthra State. The name of tlie district after emergence

of Maharashtra was changed from West -Khandesh to Dhule District,

w i t h D h u 1 e a s it's D i s t r i c t |-1 e a d q u a r t e r .

3.3 Physiography :

Physiographically, Dhule District can be divided into

three physical parts, namely, (1) Northern Mouvitainous region,

(2) The Central Tapi basin, (3) Southern upland area. All these

physiographic regions run from east to west in the district.

The Northern Mountainious Region :

The r-4orthem part of the district, which lies to the

north of the river Tapi is a levelled part of Northern Tapii

basin, to the north of it, the region is traversed by Satpuda

hi 11--ranges up to the Narmada Valley. Height of the Central

Ridge is about 600 meters above the sea level in which Toranmal

is the highest peak of the Satpuda (vi2 . 1106 Mt. from sea

level). Several tributaries, creeks, rivulets have their sources

ivi the Satpuda.hill ranges. Most of them are ramified and of

non-perennial nature. The eroded material brought by these

streams is deposited in the foot hill Zone and thus, forms the

fertile allunium tract. The Satpuda hilly area receives the

highest rainfall in the district, with the result of promoting

154 the dense forests in the area.

The Central Tapi Basin :

The river Tapi flows through the central part of the

district from East to West. The river receives some major

tributaries from both the sides and has strengthene?d the?

deposi t iorial power of the river Tapi_, to form the broad fertile

tract on both the side:?s. It is mostly an Alluvium plain. The

height of this fertile plain is below 150 metres from the sea

level. This rich alluni urn tract of Tapi basin ivicludes the part

of Talada, Shahada, Shirpur, on the North, and Navapur, Nandurbar and Talukas in the South. The entire region is well

drained by the tributaries of the Tapi. These streams along with

the main stream of the Tapi provide irrigational facilities which

ultimately dominate the occupations, of the people as well as cropping pattern of this region.

Southern Upland Area ;

It is mostly covered by the small hill-ranges which are

the offshoot spurs of Sahyadri. Many of these hills are scattered, denuded and hence low in height. These hills occupy

the major parts of , Sindkhedas and Navapur Tehsils and the south western parts of Dhule Tehsil. These hills are the

I 'einnan ts a f i g rieo us activity wh i ch ar e i n the form of dy k e ranges. These dyke ranges have a profound influence? on the

Geological structure of the soils, water-currents, agriculture

and travispov t system s, too. l\\e r ainfa 11 decreases from west to

east. The eastern part of this upland receives the low amount of

rainfall, which is also scanty and thus it has become a drought-

1 5 5 j:;ir a rie area , Thte 1 ow amount of va infa 11 is a charactsr ist ic

feature which gives wjay to pasture, leads to the development of

cattle-rearing as one of major occupations. Thus, it provides the

back-ground for the development of dairy industry.

3.4 Climate :

As the district lies away from the sea coast it

e;;per ienc6?s continental type of climate, with large variations in diurnail temperature as well as in the seasons. The region has a

tropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons.

1. Morisoon season from June to September.

S. Retreating monsoon from October to November.

3. Winter cold seasons from December to February.

4. Summer hot season from March to May.

3.4.1 Temperature :

Match, April and May are the months of maximum heat

that record the maximum average temperature of 4E.7° C. Average

winter temperature is while the annual range of

temperature is as high as I'V' to 15°C. The humidity remains maximum during the rainy season while rest of the. period is

mostly dry.

3.4.E Rainfall :

The region experiences a rainy season on the onset of

south-west monsoon and usually from the first week of June. The

r a j. n y s e a s o n c a n t i n la e s u p t o m i d - S e p t e m b e r . I. ri c r e a s i n g d i s t a rt c e

from the sea causes variation in the burst of monsoon. The annual

average rainfall is scanty and ranges from 15 to 75 Cms. The

156 region lies to the leeward side of western Ghats. The western

and the northern parts of Dhule district record 70 to 1S5 cms of lainfall while the south eastern portion records 60 cms. Thus

variations in rainfall amount is a noteworthy feature of climate of the district from the environmental as well as occupational

distribution of human resource point of view. The Rainfall is

just sufficient in tlie western and northern parts of the

district, and is in--sufficierrt in the? south and central part of

the district, (Please refer Map no, 3.E on page 158)

3,3 Vegetation :

T e (?) p e r a t u r" e a n d r a i n f' all d i s t r i b u t i o n h a v e a p r o f o u vi d

b e a r i n g o n t h e f 1 o r a o f t h e r e g i o n . T h e D h u 1 e d i s t r i c t a s 5903

Sq.Kms. area under forest, v-^hich comes to per cent of the

total area. Virgin forests are almost absent due to human a c; t i V i t i e s cr. o n t i n u e d f r o m t f i e a ri c i e n t peri o d . T f i e p r e s e n t s t a t e

o f Vegetat i on i s the i”ef 1 ec t i cjn o f v oc ks, env i ronmenta 1 conditions and human imprints. The Northern most and tlie western

part of the district occupied by Satpuda ranges are under the

tropical dry deciduous forest, which are the result of a

distinctly dry season with an average rainfall of 75 to 100 cms. and less retentive soils. These yield useful timber for variety

of commercial and domestic uses along with secondary products

like Gum, Honey, Tanin, Barks, Fruits, Mahuwa flowers and fruits,

leaves useful fov biris and medicinal roots and plants. Rocha

grass is found in Dhule district which is useful for extracting

perfumed oil. Teak and Bornboo are also largely available in the

Sat p u d a f o i" e s t.

Rest of the area, is covered by tropical thorn’/ and

1 5 7 fO I a.

I5S scrub forest due to scaiity rairrfal.]. and poor soil. Acacias, neem, ber, cactus, are the most common species of thorny forest, strands of Anjan, growing on gravely soil under a moderate rainfall are a prominent feature of Dhule District. The leaves of Anjan whiclt are most suited to feed cattle. It is said that

these Anjan leaves help to increase the milk yield. These forest products fulfil the local demands and facilitate the start of some fov est-based iridustries and promote cattle rearing and dairy farming. Since the region is rich in grass production, the

Governmerrt of had established a fodder-bank at Laling near

Dhule city.

3.6 Soils :

The soils of tl'ie district are the end products of t o f:) o g r a p ht y , i • o <::: k s , 1 i m a t e a n d v e g e t a t i o n . The S o i 1 d i f f e r s depending upon physical conditicm of the places. The district has

3 types of soil s

1) Deep B 1ack soil,

E ) i um B1 ac k so i 1 ,

3 ) Stia 1 1 ow B 1 ac k so i 1 ,

1) Deep Black Soil :

Deep black soil occupies the region along the banks of the rivers, and is mostly found in the Tapi valley. This black soil hats a good underground water table, and with its water veteirbive (capacity, support irrigated crops like Bananas, Chilly,

Sugar cane and Green vegetables,

S) Medium Black Soil :

These are similar in properties to the above type but

the depth is low. These soils are derived from trap rocks and are faund D’n the hill slopes. It has a greater amount of lime a n d c a 1 c. i u m c:: a r b o n ate.

3) Shallow Black Bail :

These soils are on the steep slope of the hills and

contain grave? 1 over which mainly grass and throny scrub grows

(Please refer Map No. 3.3 on page 161)

3.7 Agriculture :

Agv iculture is the main source of livelihood for more

than 70 per ce?rit of population of the region. It plays a pivotal role in the economic development of the region. Farming for a majority of small and marginal farmers, it is mainly of s u b s i e; t e n c e t y i::) e .

Quite a few big land-lords can afford to have commercial farming. Dry farming occupies the major area under cultivation. Irrigation is also comivig up but irrigated farming

absorbs more amount of human labour and capital.

3.7.1 Distribution of Crops :

Out of t l"i e t o t a 1 g e a g r a p ti i c a 1 area o f 1 , 3 S, 0 0 0 hectors, 7,10,37E hectors, or 49.“^ per cent area is under cultivation. It is shown in table No. 3.1.

It is evident from Ihe table No. 3.1 that cereals and pulses occupy major area under cu 11 i vat iovi. Total area under

food grain in 9S-93 was 68.3 per cent, while cash crops occupied only 31.7 per cejit area uvider cultivation. Among food grains

share of cereals was 55.5 per cent and that under pulses was just

lE.l per cent. Availability of irrigation facilities encourages

Agr o-based i ndus t r i es.

1 6 0 ci

"fO yi ^ / x;in CL :d j< 3 5 '? 5 d, o O -

K\ [0 ol. c t:

161 Table 3.1 Cultivated Area Under Different Crops in Dhule Dist. for the Year 92-93.

A r e a U n d e r T o t a 1 P r o d u c t :i. o n TOTAL C u 11 i V a t i o n p e r c e n t p e r h e c a t o r PRODUCTION ( H e c t a r e s ) o f A r e a i vt K g , in Metric under Crop Tonnes

A. Cerals

1 Rice 36179 5. 1 691 183

Wheat 12175 1.7 1299 317

3 Jawar 1371E5 19.3 1281 1826

4 Basra 177381 25.0 1089 1855

5 Mai £:e 16134 2.3 917 166

6 Nachanee 5879 0.8 1161 108

7 Other Crops 9344 1.3 898 150

B. Pulses ■

8 Gram 6098 0.9 604 171

9 Arhar 21098 3.0 885 516

10 Black Gram SI 273 3.0 834 E8S

11 Green Gram 36266 5. 1 740 359

IE Other Cereals 5991 0.8 337 119

C. Cash Crops.

13 SeaBmurn 8479 1 .2 489 64

lif Ground Nut 77581 10.9 987 813

15 E3ugar Cane 16469 2.3 70428 10212

16 Cotton Bales 83365 11.7 S40 4

17 Red Chilly 7925 1 . 1 855 53

18 Others A 1 1 31670 4.5 N.A. N.A. Crops

Total 710372 100.0 83735 16898

Source : Socio-Econamic Sur vey of Dhule dist,9E-93. Published in 1994. Page 75 to 77.

1 6 S Jawar and Bajra are the leading staple crops of the

district, in terfViiS O'f both .acreage and yield. These ci'ops are

extensively grown all over the district even in the areas of poor

soil and meager rainfall. Wheat is raised as an important rabbi crops in the region of moderate rainfall and in a fertile and

moisture retentive soil or where the well and canal irrigation is available. The Tapi valley mainly produces wheat. Rice is grown

in a very limited area of Navapur and Sakri Tehsils.

Oil seeds play an increasingly important role in tlie agricultural crops of the region. Groundnut occupies the major position amongst the oil seeds and is grown largely in the Tapi and Panzara basin, though it is mainly a rainfed crop. But, now, it is grown even in the summer, wherever irrigation is available.

It's major share comes from Dhule, Sindkheda and Sakri Tehsils.

'+0 per cent production is sold to the nearby oil mills, while 60 per cent is consumed by local oil mills. It has given a momentum to the oil extraction industry, hydrogenated oil factory and oil cake industries of the region. Being a major cotton producing area, the cotton seeds are available in huge amount and at re used for extracting oil and cattle feed. The Area under sugarcane is progressively increasing with the availability of additional irrigation facilities in the region.

In addition, use of f er t i 1 i ;'ers , co-operative finance, technical know-how, use of by products of sugar industry in other industries as well as the growth of sugar factories in the district have strengthened the position of sugarcane cultivation.

163 B a 11 a via, o n i o n , c h i 11 i e b are the o t h e v i m p o r t a n t c a s h crapB and their production fluctuates with the market price and weatlier conditions. Changing Government policies are ailso major factors which influence the land use pattern-

3.8 Demographic Characteristics of the Region :

"Spatial organisation of a any region is perceived in the occupance and nature of spread of papulation over the region, reflecting the intraregional variations of the resources based in the spatial frame".^

The study of demographic features of the region is very fascinating as it has several dynamic fetatures concerning growth, d e n Si i t y, s t r u c t u r e, c: o m p o s i t i o n e t c . T hi e s e f e a t u res i n f 1 u e n c e t h e economy of the region.

3.8.1 Distribution of Population :

The total population of the Maharashtra State was

6,H7,8'^,171 in the year 1981 axgainst the population of EO, 50, of Dhule district in the same census. The figures according to

1991 census are 7,89,38,050 and 85,35,715 respectively. The density of population is 19-'+ per sq. k.m. in Dhule district as against S 5 6 per sq.k.m. for the Mahar,asthra State as a whole.

The deceenial growth of population for the State of Maharashtra is + E5.36 while that of Dliule district is +53,37. It indicates that the rate of population growth and density of the district is below the State average. This can be considered as a sign of under“deve1opment and migration of working population to othei regions in search of jobs.

16-'-h 3.8.E Population Density ;

Taluka wise figures of density of papulation help us to understand the thickiiE^ss of papulation in various taluk as.

Dispavrities in the geographical and socio-economic conditioris are responsible for the uneven density of population. Dhule tehsil records a maKimum density of 310 persons per sq.km while it is the lowest in the Sakri Tehsil with 111 persons per sq.km. in 1991.

3.8.3 Sex Ratio :

Be;; ratio is the number of ftsmales per 1000 of male population. A high sex ratio signifies the extent of gender equality in the society. The sex ratio of the Dhule district for

19S1 was 966 as against the state se;-: ratio of 937. In 1991 the sex ratio declined to 958, The ratio for the urban and rural area is 915 and 978 respectively. This signifies that the femailes in Dhule district enjoy better social status than the females in Maharashtra as a v-jhole. (Please refer Map Mo 3.4 on

Page 166)

3.8.^ Literacy :

Literacy is closely related to the cultural and economic development of the region as well as its link with age at marriage, fertility, mortality, migration, etc.

According to 1981 census only 37.51per cent of the total population of the district was literate. It was 41.94 per cent according to 1991 census. This marginal improvement over the decade can hardly be said to be satisfactory.

1 6 5 3" 1

DHULE DISTRICT POPULALAIION MALE / FEMALE (1991)

INDEX Z o MALE D Q. g f e m a l e ro CO 5 00

AGO

I/) X X< 3 00 K m CO >» m (D Ml in m fMO' rvj fN fN| s z o tv < 2 00- to in

o IN rJ a. o «n o <0 ui to in

t/1 < K < z U < Q □: 5 o Q (U o : X P 3 SC < CO (JLI < a Q. < o -J or X a < o Q Sf < g iC o x X z I < a lO X (fl in IZ < o

IC6 3.8.5 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes :

T hi e d i 31 r :i. c: t c o i» p r i s e s 1 a i ■ g e p r- o p a r t i o vi o f b a c k w a r d

population. Dhule is one of the notified tribal districts of

Maharashtra. The district ranks first in the state by the

percentage of tribal people?. The highest concentration of tribal

pcjpulat ion is found in the Western and Northern sections of the

district comprising Sakri, Nawapur, Akkalkuwa, Akrani and Taloda

tehsils. S.C. and S.T. population together constitute A-6.2 per

cent of total population o f the district according to 1991

census. Such a burden of backward population is a drain on the

scarce resources avatilable for development. A sizable amount of

public funds is required for the upliftment of scheduled caste

and scheduled tr ibe populat ion.

3.8.A Occupational Structure :

The occupational structure of population in a

i;:;i ar t i c u 1 ar r eg i on speaks ab oi..i t 111e stage of economic deve 1 opmen t

c:)f tl"ie area . 0c:cupat ioria 1 struc ture of the popu 1 at ion genera 11 y

changes over a period of time due to structural changes in the

economic activities. For the purpose, the researcher has used

the official data available in population census for Dhule

district in 1961, 1971 and 19S1. The occupational structure of

V nr a 1 p o p 1.11 a t i o n in Dhule cJ i s t r i c t is c o tn p a r e d over t h r e e

decades. In addition, the existing occupational structure of

sample villages according to 1981 census figures is also

compared, with Dhule district's rural to taxi papulation. The

secondary data so collected has been presented in table No 3.S.

1 6 7 Table 3.S : Occupational Structure of Rural Population of Dhule District 61-81 and Sample Villages Population 1981

T o t a 1 Total Cu11 i- A r g i . House Other Marg i na1 Mon -■ Year Popu- worker vators labo holds work­ workers i-jor ke 1a t i on U I" s labo ers

1961 135536 ^+7.3 El ,8 17.E 1.7 3.5 3.3 5E.7

1971 166E187 3 5 . 8 13, a 15.7 0.9 3. 1 E.9 64. S

1981 1650113 4 7 . 5 17.1 18.7 0 . 7 4 . 3 6 . 7 5E„5 (Dhu1e Dist. Rural )

1991 E'f49835 4 9 . 9 1 1 .8 18.6 8 . 5 5 . 7 5 . 3 50. 1 Sainp 1 e vi. 1 lages

Source : Campilled from Census hand-book 1961, 1971, 1981, published b y G o v t- o f Mah a r ash t r a .

Table 3.2 shows the per centage of distribution of population as workers and non-workers. The workers are further classified by occupations. The category of marginal workers has been added in the population census of 1981. As such the per

centage distribution of marginal workers in 1961 and 1971 are adjusted figures of workers who were deemed to bepartially

employed.

There seems to be at major difference in defining

v-gorkers and non--worke^rs between 1961 and 1971. The proportion of i ion- wo r k e r s s eem t o b e a b nor ma 11 y hi i g h i n 1971 as c ompi a r ecl t o

1961 .

Table 3.E skiows that there has been a substantial

decline in the ratio of cultivators and fairly steady proportion of agriculture labourers in the total population. There has been

a steady rise in the proportion of marginal and other workers in

1981 over 1961, At the same time the proportion of population

1 6 8 depend6?nt upon household work., household work for district as a whole seems to be contittuously declining from 1.7 per cent in

1961 to just 0„7 in 1981. The relaitive proportion of working arid non-working population in 1961 and 1971 is nearly similar. The reliitive proportion of workers and non-workers in 1971 are strangely erratic.

The occupational distribution of 100 sample villages has been compared with the rural population of Dhule district in

1981. The sample villages in which the dairy business is practiced had a relatively large proportiovi of working population at ^9.9 per cent as against A-7.5 per cent for the district as a whole. However, the strange feature of occupational cultivators to the total population is significantly lower than the district average, but the persons engaged in household industries occupy a much higher proportion of B.5 per cent as against 0.7 per ceent of the district average. Similarly, the relative proportion of non­ workers and marginal workers is signif icant ly less thari the district average. It is thus clear that due to the impact of dairy business in sample villages, there is a significant divergence in the occupational structure of the population.

Furthermore, around E.5 per cent of non workers could be employed in a gainful occupation of dairy business.

3.9 Live Stock Population : Live stock papulation, which can be treated as an occupational resource, plays an important role in operating the rural economy, particularly in the case of poorly endowed, small

and marginal farmers and an agricultural labourers. Animal

169 husbandry is treated as the most essential and important componerit of agricultural. sector. The total live stock

papulation related to dairy farming in the district of Dhule was

1,75,100 in the year 1987, which seems to have increased to

3,03, 1S6 in the live stock census year 199S. The Devisity of Live

Stock Population was 110 per Sq.Mt. in the year 199E. The

following table No. 3.3 shows some important figures related to

the live stock accordirug to the live stock census of 1987.

Table 3.3. Dhule District Selected Lives Stock Indication in Maharashtra State 1987.

R'ank in 8.No. Particulars Value Maharashtra state.

1 D e n s i t y o f L. i v e S t o c k Population (Per Sq.Mt) 108 18

S AVe)■■■ age L.ive Stock perVi 1 1 age 899 IE

3 No.of Live Stock per 1000 Human Popu1a t i on 609 14

^ No.of Milk Cows per 1000 Human Population 36 SS

5 No.of Buffaloes per 1000 Human Population 14 SI

6 No.of Cow and Buffaloes per 1000 H u m a n P o p u 1 a t i c:> n 5 0 E 5

Source : All India Live Stock Census 1987 Published in Sept.1991

The density of live stock population per sq. km. is 108 and the district ranks ISth in the State of Maharashtra. Since

independence the^ State as well as Central Government have

launched several developmental schemes and programmes in order to

improve the farmer's position as well as the live stock position

in the district. As a result of these attempts, the position of

the district in the state has improved and acquired a leading

1 7 0 position among the milk producing districts ivi the State. The district has received financial aid both from the State and

Centrail Government as well as from the Governments of New-

Zeeland, U.K., U.S.A. and from the programmes of UNICEF.

Consequently, the position of the district has considerably improved which can be v i isua 1 i i'^ed from the following table 3.'+.

Table 3.^ - Tehsilwise Total Live Stock of Dhule Dist. 1987

Sr.No. Tehsils Types of cows Buffaloes

Improved breeds : Ividigenous breeds

Male Female Total Ma 1 e Female Tota 1 Female

1 Dhu 1 e E998 6579 9577 9336 1044E 19798 E09E1

E Sakr i 36E 7E6 1 139 9816 1 0836 E065E 9435

3 Nawaf^ur 72 155 SS7 7675 8066 15741 4800

ii- Nandurbar 794 1498 EE9E 7057 SSE9 15E86 8109

5 Taloda 81 405 486 4745 4649 9394 E999

6 Akk£A 1 kuwa £(, 1 1 15 5377 6S46 116E3 3448 1—j / Akran i NA NA NA E740 3305 6045 34S9

8 Shahada 1EH6 345E 4678 1030S 1E534 ES836 13496

9 Sh i rpur 1831 3001 4S3S 9745 1 079S E0537 11586

10 Sh indkheda E519 7704 10EE3 6454 7010 13464 8084

Dist Total 9887 E5531 33469 73E47 8E109 155376 86307

Rural 8847 S4067 30914 7ES68 B0833 153101 81996

Urban 1040 1464 E555 979 1E76 EE75 4311

Source ; All India Live Stock and Farm equipment Census 1987, published in 1991 by Govt, of India.

171 From the above table it becomes cleav" that in respect

□f the population of improved breeds of cows, Dhule tehsil ranks first, followed by Shirpur, Shahada and Sindkheda. As regards, the strength of indigenous cows, Sakri, Shirpur, Dhule tehsils occupy the prime position. So far as the buffaloes population is concerned, Dhule outnumbers the other tehsils followed by

Shahiida and Bhirpuar. The number of live stock is more? in the rural areas as fodder is easily available and dairy farming is a supplementary occupation of the farmer.

As per 199S Live Stock Census of Dhule district, the total number of indigenous caws was 1,91,307 and the number of

improved breed C9WS is 16,017. The number of buffaloes is 95,80S.

These figures clearly indicate the substantial increase in their number, may be as the result of the increasing trend of dairy farming in the district and improved veterinarv' services.

3.9.1 Veterinary Facilities/Services :

Cattle r ear i ng f or'ms ano ther i mpor tant si.ibs i d i ar y occupation of the farmers. Milking animals is the major basis of dairy ividustry.If proper care of the health of animals is taken, it will enhance milk production and the income of the farmers. The Veterinary and Animal Husbavidry Department of Zilla

Perished takes proper care of the animals and provides necessary facilities to the farmers. Hence it is essential to take into account the role and function discharged by this Department in the district. Vetei'inary services include artificial

insemination centres, Vetei inary dispensaries, hospitals and also mobile veterinary clinics. It also ivicludes key villages

1 7 E centres, regional animal insemination centres and district animal insemination centres, Veterinary services performed by veterinary aid centres, dispensaries and hospitals which are ru.ri by Zilla Perished, or Municipal authorities. They are found at three levels.

A) Veterinary Aid Centres.

E) Veterinary D i spevisar i es .

C ) Veterinary Hospitals.

The important function of all these c.ei*itres are as follows s

1.) Tre?atment of ailivtg animals.

E) Preventive vaccination to animals.

3) Con t r o 1 c:)f ep i derci i c.s a f 1 i ve s toc; k .

Artificial insemination of cows and buffaloes for the

i (IIpor t a VI t 1 oca 1 b i • eed .

5) Castration of Bcrula bulls.

c>) 0 r g a i t i sat i o n o f w o r I-:;.

7) Organisation of mass-training programme for farmers.

S) Implementation of various Animal Husbandry Schemes.

There are two Bulkandi Check posts located at Akkalkuwa and Pala\sner. The important function of such check posts are as follows ;

1. Preventive vaccination to animals.

R. Check on the movement and transportation of animals.

3. To pi epare immun--be 11 on the interstate border.

There is only one veterinary polyclinic at Dhule v-jhich

is run by th€3 State Governmevrb. There are veterinary aid

173 centres and 51 veter inary dispensar ies. Regional Animal

Insemiviat ion Centres are located at Dhule, Sakri, Shir pur,

Bhindkheda, Shahada and Nandurbar having key villages centres.

Improvement of local breeds, fodder development, disease control, mass training programme, milk competition and

milk recording are the important functions of Animal Insemination centre. The picture of veterinary facilities available in Dliule

district becomes clear from Map No 3.5 on Page 175.

3.10 Production And Milk Supply Zone :

It is essential to take into account the milk production and supply 2one in order to understand the development

of co-operative dairy farming in the district. From the historical times, it is said that the region is inhabited by the

'Abhirs' the de?scendants and followers of Lord Krishna, who were mainly catt1e-herders and milk producers. Since then the

residents of this district are engaged in producing milk. With the development of agriculture, it has become a subsidiary and s I..! p p 1 e m e n t a r y o c c u p a t i o n o f t li e f a r m e r s . I n t h e post independent period, co-operative movemevrlvs have promoted dairy farming to a considerable extent among the farmers. With the growth of urbanization in the district, the increasing urban demand for milk proved to inspire many small farmers, landless labourers and unemployed persons to switch over to dairy farming.

Milk is such a commodity that establishes a strong functional link between the urban and rural sectors. Urban

centres in the Dhule district as well as the large municipal

towns and metropolitan city of Bombay have ever increasing demand

for milk, which promoted dairy training. As a result, supplying

17^ I7S- milk to such centre has become the main activity in the district.

The rural society in Dliule District took interest in increasing

the milk praducation and supply. At present the milk supply

zarie nearly covers 75 per cent area of the district excepjt

Akkriini tehsil and some parts of Nawapur and Akkalkuwa tehsils.

The dearth of good trarisport facilities, illiteracy, are mainly

responsible for their backwardness. The Government started the milk schemes at Dhule in the year 196S, to procure and process milk, to provide chilling and pausturisat ion facilities, to set up milk collection centres, artificial insemination centres, veterinary hospitals, introduction of improved cattle breeds ar\d

to offer easy loan facilities etc. The development of the dairy activity would not have been possible but for the favourable

natural conditions. Fortunately, the district is endowed with several small streams, r i ver-~va 11 eys, rich forests and grass

land. The enhancement of dairy farming helped to start manufacturing of cattle feed plants at Borvihir and the machinery has been set up at Dhule in the co-operative as well as in private sectors. These plants use waste material from crops, cottonseeds oilcakes, and sugarcane fodder. Thus, physiography, transportation facilities, the milk supply zone and people's active participation have been responsible for considerable

increase iv> the milk supply 2ov\e iv> the district.

3.11 Industries :

The district as a whole has potentiality mainly in

agro-based industries. Agro-based industry at work in the

district are ginning and pressing factories, Cotton textile

1 7 6 mills, o.i.1 e;;traction plants, soap making industries, oil mills, sugar and alchohol factories. With the improvement in irrigation

■facilities, mamy more sugar factories are coming up in the district. It has also promoted some by-product industries, such as wine, e-ilchahol, paper, cattle feed etc. Recently ca--operat i ve spinning mills are also started at Dhule and Shahada. Dal-mills particularly at Dhule, Nandurbar, Navapur and Dondaicha could be developed with the availability of local raw material.

The ever rising demand for milk has been helpful for the development of dairy industry in the district. It enabled establishment of cattle-feed manufacturing plants, milk powder manufacturing plants that are likely to emerge in the near future at Dhule™

E-iesides these, forest based industries are also started in some nearby forest areas, i.e. at Navapur, Taloda and Akkrani tehsils. It includes grass cutting, bamboo cutting, collection of gum, flowers of Mahuwa, kath, medicinal and herbles.

With the ever growing rapid Urbanisation in

Maharashtra, processed foods and beverages such as Biscuits,

Breads t i nned--f oods and battling of non-a Ichohol ic beverages are the main agro-based products in the district. Bidi Industries manufacturing EUdis and processing of tobacco gained considerable importance in the area. Other cottage industries include hand-looms, basketry, honey processing rough woolen blarikets, indigenous wo lien blankets, carpets, etc. Though the region is still industrially backward, introduction of industrial estate^s particularly at the district place as well as at tehsil places has helped industrial development in this region. An

1 7 7 industrii^l estate at DHULE is already set up, though the number

of units established is small at present, Nandurbar, Shindkheda avid Nardhavia are planned far setting-up of new industrial estates.

3.IS Transport and Communication :

The role of transport is vital ivi developing the e?conomy as well as the rural-urban interaction and thus has a

profound influence upon the internal area of the district. The pattern of communication links in the area under study comprises

Railway and Roadways. The Airline services have not yet started

in the? region, tliough an air strip is built at Gondur which is 8

kms. from Dhule city. The actual rail and road communication can be seen from Map No 3.6 on Page 179.

Rail Transport -

The area under study has a total railway route length of 171,6 kms and is mainly operated by Central Railway division.

There is one broad-gauge route from Dhule to Chalisgaon and another is from Surat to Bhusawal line which starts from Navapur to Eetiwad. The Railway net work is not properly spread over the district. Due to paucity of railways, the economic development can not take place rapidly.

Road Transport -

It plays a major part in the deivelopment of the district. Dhule is situated at the junction of two National Highways namely (1) Bombay-Agra (N.H.5.) and -Surat(N.H.6>.

The State roads are the main arteries of the region. National highways and State highways have pvomoted some nodal centres such

178 u 1—1 cr I- yj I—I Q

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173 as Dhule, Shirpur, Sakri, Mavapuv, . The district and village roads v-Jhich cover more than SO per cent of the total area though ivi a state of neglect, are conducive in promotiYig the rural-urban interaction and development of the economy..

Communication -

A network of communication services such as post offices, telephone exchanges with STD facilities, FAX are widely spread over thes district. Tele;-; facilities available in the city, bring Dhule closer to Bombay, Bhusaval, Jalgaon, Poona, Nasik,

Surat, Ahmedabad. AS, -'+1S line telephone exchanges cater to the i'i e e d s o f t h e i n d u s t r i a 1 units.

Banking Facilities -

The banking needs of the district are met by SO branches of Nationalised Banks and the Commercia1/Co-operative banks in the district.

What lacks in Dhule district is extensive employment opportunities for rural and urban unemployed, partially unemployed persons needs ■ employnient opportunities. Such employment potentialities with available infrastructure facilities have been discussed in the later part of this work.

1 8 0 References

(1) C.D. Deshpande

Impact of a Metropolitan City on the surrounding region Concept, Publication. Delhi. 1982

1 8 1