DOCSLIB.ORG

Download the Full Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download the Full Report HUMAN RIGHTS “They Know Everything We Do” Telecom and Internet Surveillance in Ethiopia WATCH “They Know Everything We Do” Telecom and Internet Surveillance in Ethiopia Copyright © 2014 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-1159 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.Human Rights Watch.org MARCH 2014 978-1-62313-1159 “They Know Everything We Do” Telecom and Internet Surveillance in Ethiopia Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 To the Government of Ethiopia .................................................................................................. 5 To International Technology and Telecom Companies Serving Ethiopia ..................................... 6 To the Governments of China, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Others ............................. 7 To the World Bank, African Development Bank, and other Donors ............................................. 8 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 9 I. Background ................................................................................................................... 12 Patterns of Repression and Government Control ...................................................................... 12 Targets of Surveillance ........................................................................................................... 14 Fears of Surveillance .............................................................................................................. 19 Telecommunications and Media in Ethiopia ............................................................................ 21 State Monopoly on Telecommunication Services .............................................................. 23 History of Telecommunications in Ethiopia ....................................................................... 24 Institutions of Ethiopia’s Telecommunication and Surveillance Apparatus ............................... 27 History and Background on Communications Surveillance ...................................................... 30 II. Ethiopia’s Control over Information and Communications Technology ........................... 34 Ethiopia’s Growing Telephone Network: More Opportunities for Government Control? .......... 34 “Brute Force” Confiscation ............................................................................................... 35 Unrestricted Access to Phone Call Recordings and Metadata ............................................ 36 Targeting Foreign Communications ................................................................................... 45 Live Interception of Phone Communication ...................................................................... 46 Restricting Access to Phone Network ................................................................................ 47 Network Shutdowns ........................................................................................................ 49 Geotracking of Individual Locations .................................................................................. 51 Controlling the Internet ........................................................................................................... 53 Internet Filtering ............................................................................................................... 53 Internet Filtering Roles and Responsibilities .................................................................... 60 Email Monitoring and Forced Password Disclosure .......................................................... 60 Restricting Access to the Internet .................................................................................... 66 Internet Cafes: Rules for Cafe Operators ........................................................................... 67 Pressure to Censor: Threats to Bloggers and Facebook Users ........................................... 68 Major Internet Companies in Ethiopia: Transparency Reports ............................................ 70 New Technologies and Their Potential: Intrusive Malware ................................................. 70 Other Surveillance Technologies ..................................................................................... 82 Jamming of Radio and Television Signals ............................................................................... 82 III. Legal Context .............................................................................................................. 88 International Law ................................................................................................................... 88 Freedom of Expression .................................................................................................... 88 Right to Privacy ............................................................................................................... 90 Responsibilities of Companies ......................................................................................... 91 Ethiopian Law ......................................................................................................................... 93 Freedom of Expression and Access to Information ............................................................ 93 Right to Privacy ................................................................................................................ 95 IV. The Future of Ethiopia’s Telecommunications Surveillance Capacity ............................ 99 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 100 Appendix 1: A Sampling of Blocked Websites in Ethiopia ................................................. 101 Appendix 2: Correspondence ........................................................................................... 105 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS BPR Business Process Reengineering CALEA Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CITCC China International Telecom Corporation CSO Law Charities and Societies Proclamation CUD Coalition for Unity and Democracy DPI Deep Packet Inspection DW Deutsche Welle EDF Ethiopian Defense Forces EICTDA Ethiopian Information and Communication Technology Development Agency EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRP Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party ESAT Ethiopian Satellite Television ETA Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency ETC Ethiopia Telecommunications Corporation GPS Global Positioning System ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICS Intelligent Charging System ICT Information and Communications Technology IM Instant Message INSA Information Network Security Agency ITU International Telecommunication Union MCIT Ministry of Communications and Information Technology NGO Nongovernmental organization NISS National Intelligence and Security Services OLF Oromo Liberation Front ONC Oromo National Congress ONI Open Network Initiative ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front OPC Oromo People’s Congress PID Project Information Document PSCAP Public Sector Capacity Building Program SIM Subscriber Identity Module SMS Short Message Service TPLF Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UDJ Union for Democracy and Justice VOA Voice of America VOBME Voice of the Broad Masses of Eritrea VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal WTO World Trade Organization ZTEsec ZTE Special Equipment Company Summary One day they arrested me and they showed me everything. They showed me a list of all my phone calls and they played a conversation I had with my brother. They arrested me because we talked about politics on the phone. It was the first phone I ever owned, and I thought I could finally talk freely. — Former member of an Oromo opposition party, now a refugee in Kenya, May 2013 Since 2010, Ethiopia’s information technology capabilities have grown by leaps and bounds. Although Ethiopia still lags well behind many other countries in Africa, mobile phone coverage is increasing and access to email and social media have opened up opportunities for young Ethiopians—especially those living in urban areas—to communicate with each other and share viewpoints and ideas. The Ethiopian
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Managing Ethiopia's Transition
    Managing Ethiopia’s Unsettled Transition $IULFD5HSRUW1 _ )HEUXDU\ +HDGTXDUWHUV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULVLV*URXS $YHQXH/RXLVH %UXVVHOV%HOJLXP 7HO )D[ EUXVVHOV#FULVLVJURXSRUJ Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Anatomy of a Crisis ........................................................................................................... 2 A. Popular Protests and Communal Clashes ................................................................. 3 B. The EPRDF’s Internal Fissures ................................................................................. 6 C. Economic Change and Social Malaise ....................................................................... 8 III. Abiy Ahmed Takes the Reins ............................................................................................ 12 A. A Wider Political Crisis .............................................................................................. 12 B. Abiy’s High-octane Ten Months ................................................................................ 15 IV. Internal Challenges and Opportunities ............................................................................ 21 A. Calming Ethnic and Communal Conflict ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia’S Standing As Strategy and Commercial One of the Fastest Growing Economies in the World
    E THIOPIA: A NEW DAWN? J UNE 8, 2018 SUMMARY ABOUT ASG • As the first member of the Oromo ethnic group to serve as Prime Minister, Abiy Albright Stonebridge Group Ahmed, only 41 years old, faces the dual challenges of building national (ASG) is the premier global reconciliation while pursuing economic policies to sustain Ethiopia’s standing as strategy and commercial one of the fastest growing economies in the world. He’s off to a strong start. diplomacy firm. We help clients understand and • The new prime minister’s first efforts at reconciliation and reform appear to have successfully navigate the calmed much of the social unrest which marred the final years of the tenure of intersection of public, private, and social sectors in former Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn. The state of emergency the international markets. government had imposed in the face the unrest was lifted two months ahead of ASG’s worldwide team has schedule. served clients in more than 110 countries. • The Ethiopian government has focused on transforming the country into one of Africa’s manufacturing hubs by developing infrastructure and sector-specific ALBRIGHTSTONEBRIDGE.COM industrial parks. These industrial zones have attracted a good amount of foreign direct investment (FDI), primarily from China, India, and Turkey. U.S. companies are also present. • This month, the government announced the privatization of state-owned enterprises, including the telecommunication and airline sectors. Successful implementation of these efforts, coupled with resolution of the issue of foreign exchange shortages, would increase Ethiopia’s attractiveness as a FDI destination and boost its economic growth rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17785-7 — the Politics of Technology in Africa Iginio Gagliardone Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17785-7 — The Politics of Technology in Africa Iginio Gagliardone Index More Information Index African Information Society Initiative Eskinder Nega, 123 (AISI), 26 Ethiomedia, 47, 122 African studies, 9 Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX), 2, All Amhara People’s Organization (AAPO), 136, 143 60 Ethiopian Diaspora, 45, 122 All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement Ethiopian ICT Development Agency (MEISON), 47 (EICTDA), 30, 85 Anti-Terrorism Proclamation, 135, 137, Ethiopian Information Technology 151 Professional Association (EITPA), 42 Arab Spring, 2, 126 Ethiopian People Revolutionary Party Associative clusters, 19, 126 (EPRP), 47 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Blogs, 121–4 Democratic Front (EPRDF) Bringing Internet to Ethiopia (BITE), 42 Rise to power, 5, 53 Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), 61 Ethiopian Peoples’ Democratic Movement (EPDM), 53 Censorship, 124 Ethiopian Review, 47, 122 Charities and Societies Proclamation, 137 Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation China (ETC), 40 Aid policy, 146 Ethio-Telecom, 141 As a model for Ethiopia, 142 Ethio-Zagol, 122 Investments in ICT, 1, 136 Ethnic federalism, 51 China Development Bank, 142 Influence on ICTs, 65, 90 Civil war, 50, 52 Origin, 53 Culture of communication, 71, 77 Resistance to, 54 Export-Import Bank of China (EXIM Debretsion Gebremichael, 35, 39 Bank), 142 Decentralization, 63 Extraversion, 134 Declared policy and enacted policy, 107 Democratization, 28 Free and Open Source Software, 44 in Ethiopia, 37 De-politicization of technology, 23 Globalization,
    [Show full text]
  • The Internet and Regulatory Responses in Ethiopia: Telecoms, Cybercrimes, Privacy, E-Commerce, and the New Media
    The Internet and Regulatory Responses in Ethiopia: Telecoms, Cybercrimes, Privacy, E-commerce, and the New Media Kinfe Micheal Yilma . and Halefom Hailu Abraha.. Abstract Whilst Ethiopia has telephone services since 1894 − not long after its invention−, the history of the Internet in Ethiopia is less than two decades old. The prototype Internet with limited accessibility was introduced only in 1997, and broadband Internet was not widely deployed until recently. This slow pace in the proliferation of the Internet has delayed the legislative responses of the country to the brave new worlds of the Internet. Despite a few laws currently in operation namely the cybercrime and telecom fraud offence laws, most areas of the online environment needs the attention of the Ethiopian legislature. Nonetheless, there are few draft cyber laws that are in the pipeline. This article briefly reviews major legislative developments in telecoms, cybercrime, privacy, e-commerce and the new media. It sketches legislative responses of the Ethiopian legislature to the advent of the Internet by outlining major sources of Internet law and their defining features. The article further considers the salient features of the major draft pieces of cyber legislation that await enactment. Key terms Internet, information technology, telecommunications, cyber law, Internet law, e-commerce, Ethiopia DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v9i1.4 Acronyms CA Certification Authority DESL Draft Electronic Signature Law DETL Draft Electronic Transactions Law DoS Denial of Service Attacks . Kinfe Micheal Yilma (LLB, Addis Ababa University; LLM, University of Oslo; LLM, Brunel University London). The author was formerly a Lecturer-in-Law at Hawassa University.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia
    / w / %w '* v *')( /)( )% +6/& $FOUFSGPS*OUFSOBUJPOBM)VNBO3JHIUT-BX"EWPDBDZ 6OJWFSTJUZPG8ZPNJOH$PMMFHFPG-BX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared by University of Wyoming College of Law students participating in the Fall 2017 Human Rights Practicum: Jennie Boulerice, Catherine Di Santo, Emily Madden, Brie Richardson, and Gabriela Sala. The students were supervised and the report was edited by Professor Noah Novogrodsky, Carl M. Williams Professor of Law and Ethics and Director the Center for Human Rights Law & Advocacy (CIHRLA), and Adam Severson, Robert J. Golten Fellow of International Human Rights. The team gives special thanks to Julia Brower and Mark Clifford of Covington & Burling LLP for drafting the section of the report addressing LGBT rights, and for their valuable comments and edits to other sections. We also thank human rights experts from Human Rights Watch, the United States Department of State, and the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office for sharing their time and expertise. Finally, we are grateful to Ethiopian human rights advocates inside and outside Ethiopia for sharing their knowledge and experience, and for the courage with which they continue to document and challenge human rights abuses in Ethiopia. 1 DIVIDE, DEVELOP, AND RULE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ETHIOPIA CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW & ADVOCACY UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING COLLEGE OF LAW 1. PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 3 2. INTRODUCTION 3 3. POLITICAL DISSENTERS 7 3.1. CIVIC AND POLITICAL SPACE 7 3.1.1. Elections 8 3.1.2. Laws Targeting Dissent 14 3.1.2.1. Charities and Society Proclamation 14 3.1.2.2. Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 17 3.1.2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Invest in Ethiopia: Focus MEKELLE December 2012 INVEST in ETHIOPIA: FOCUS MEKELLE
    Mekelle Invest in Ethiopia: Focus MEKELLE December 2012 INVEST IN ETHIOPIA: FOCUS MEKELLE December 2012 Millennium Cities Initiative, The Earth Institute Columbia University New York, 2012 DISCLAIMER This publication is for informational This publication does not constitute an purposes only and is meant to be purely offer, solicitation, or recommendation for educational. While our objective is to the sale or purchase of any security, provide useful, general information, product, or service. Information, opinions the Millennium Cities Initiative and other and views contained in this publication participants to this publication make no should not be treated as investment, representations or assurances as to the tax or legal advice. Before making any accuracy, completeness, or timeliness decision or taking any action, you should of the information. The information is consult a professional advisor who has provided without warranty of any kind, been informed of all facts relevant to express or implied. your particular circumstances. Invest in Ethiopia: Focus Mekelle © Columbia University, 2012. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada. ii PREFACE Ethiopia, along with 189 other countries, The challenges that potential investors adopted the Millennium Declaration in would face are described along with the 2000, which set out the millennium devel- opportunities they may be missing if they opment goals (MDGs) to be achieved by ignore Mekelle. 2015. The MDG process is spearheaded in Ethiopia by the Ministry of Finance and The Guide is intended to make Mekelle Economic Development. and what Mekelle has to offer better known to investors worldwide. Although This Guide is part of the Millennium effort we have had the foreign investor primarily and was prepared by the Millennium Cities in mind, we believe that the Guide will be Initiative (MCI), which is an initiative of of use to domestic investors in Ethiopia as The Earth Institute at Columbia University, well.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 WITFOR 2007 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 24-26 August 2007 Report
    WITFOR 2007 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 24-26 August 2007 Report to the IFIP General Assembly meeting of 12-13 September 2008 1. General With 1255 registered participants from 82 countries, WITFOR 2007 was a big success. Even if the no- shows are taken into account, the number has been over 1000 participants over the three days of the event. The rich program and the hospitality of the hosts have made this event one to remember. A lot of lively discussions took place and many people have gotten involved in WITFOR and will continue to do so. For a more elaborate general report see the article in the IFIP Newsletter of September 2007. 2. Deliverables • Presentations / speeches. Unfortunately only a few presentations have been made available. This is a lesson for the next editions, a mechanism must be created to ensure that presentations and speeches are made available on the website. • Book with work of commissions. The original plan was to publish a pre-conference book with the IFIP Press. Because of timing problems eventually this was not possible. The manuscript has been finalized. The book (with ISBN number 978-3-901882-23-4 from IFIP Press) is available online (via both the IFIP and WITFOR websites) as a downloadable pdf. It will be included in the IFIP Digital Library. A sponsor has been found to print the book in Ethiopia. The printed version is expected to be available end of August. For next editions of WITFOR, the aim should be a pre- conference book, this will save considerable time, efforts and money.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of ICT Access and Usage in Ethiopia
    ICT POLICY BRIEF NO.1 A Survey of ICT Access and Usage in Ethiopia: Policy Implications Executive Summary This policy brief presents a synthesis of the results of household survey on ICT access and usage that was conducted in Ethiopia and other 16 African countries at the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2008. The data were collected from a national sample of 2100 households. The survey covered 84 Enumeration Areas (EA) that were randomly selected based on the data available from the Central Statistics Agency. Major urban, urban and rural areas from Tigray, Amhara, SNNPR, Somali, Afar, Benshangul Gumuz, Oromiya, Hareri, Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa regions were covered to provide an overall picture of the state of ICT access and usage in the country. The paper synthesises the results of the ICT access and usage survey in comparison to other African countries and provides policy recommendations for actions. households that dwell in the same compounds; that has 1. Introduction inflated the figure slightly. Notwithstanding the relatively The Government of Ethiopia has made a significant progress high level of penetration, there is still a long way to go in in increasing access to the ICT in the recent years. The fixed bridging the access gap to fixed line network in the country, line penetration has reached 1.2% with mobile penetration in particular in rural areas. well above 3% in 2008. Progress was also made in the rural access front, particularly in connecting rural towns that did not have access to modern information and communication technologies. The incumbent’s (Ethiopian Telecommunica‐ tions Corporation) stations were expanded to 936 places mostly in rural towns.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia COI Compilation
    BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Ethiopia: COI Compilation November 2019 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared within a specified time frame on the basis of publicly available documents as well as information provided by experts. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord This report was commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 4 1 Background information ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Geographical information .................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 Map of Ethiopia ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia Signs Mobile Expansion Deal with China's ZTE 19 August 2013
    Ethiopia signs mobile expansion deal with China's ZTE 19 August 2013 the capital Addis Ababa. Ethio Telecom, the country's only phone and Internet provider, aims to increase mobile coverage to 80 percent of Ethiopia with the expansion project. Andualem said the expansion is part of Ethiopia's "growth and transformation plan," an economic blueprint that aims to boost growth and help Ethiopia reach middle-income status by 2025. Less than one percent of Ethiopia's 85 million people have access to mobile Internet and 23 percent of its population subscribe to mobile Mobile devices are displayed on a ZTE sales counter in phones, according to the International Wuhan, central China's Hubei province on October 8, Telecommunications Union (ITU). 2012. Ethiopia signed an $800-million (600-million-euro) agreement with Chinese telecom giant ZTE Sunday to © 2013 AFP expand its telecommunications network, national operator Ethio Telecom said. Ethiopia signed an $800-million (600-million-euro) agreement with Chinese telecom giant ZTE Sunday to expand its telecommunications network, national operator Ethio Telecom said. "The expansion project is vital to attain Ethio Telecom's objective of increasing telecoms service access and coverage across the nation as well as to upgrade the existing network," chief executive Andualem Admassie told reporters at a signing ceremony. The agreement is part of a telecommunications expansion project worth $1.6 billion, which is shared with China's Huawei Technologies. Huawei and ZTE have split the cost of the scheme. The expansion project aims to increase mobile phone and 3G Internet access throughout the country and introduce 4G broadband Internet in 1 / 2 APA citation: Ethiopia signs mobile expansion deal with China's ZTE (2013, August 19) retrieved 1 October 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2013-08-ethiopia-mobile-expansion-china-zte.html This document is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Ethiopia
    RETHINKING ETHIOPIA With the world’s help, one of Africa’s rising stars is changing perceptions, making progress, and fulfilling its potential, despite tough challenges ETHIOPIA IN FIGURES 9 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, more than any other African nation n times of economic uncertainty, “By 2025, Ethiopia will be Home to around 100 million, 13 months in every year, Inations tend to focus on a middle-income economy Ethiopia has slashed poverty levels according to Ethiopia’s Julian domestic concerns and lose sight of with zero net growth in from 39% in 2004 to be on target for calendar issues of global importance. This carbon emissions” 22.2% by the end of last year. It has 80 ethnic groups that make March, Ethiopia’s Prime Minister, Hailemariam Desalegn, Prime Minister also made major strides towards its up the nation’s population Hailemariam Desalegn, called on Millennium Development Goals, 85 percentage of water the world not to forget his country one of the world’s fastest growing reducing child mortality, rolling out supplied to the Nile River as it faces its worst drought in 50 economies over the past decade primary education, doubling access 200 dialects spoken years, which has put more than 10 and secured significant human to drinking water in just five years, throughout the country million people at risk of famine development gains. According to the and extending its Productive Safety 597 estimated GDP per and could erode the remarkable World Bank, it boasts ‘strong, broad- Net Program to cover eight million capita, in US$, in 2015 (IMF) achievements Ethiopia has made based growth’, expanding by a mean vulnerable citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Account Receivables and Payment Defaults in Ethio Telecom with Reference to Mekelle Branch, Ethiopia Mohan.M.P Asst.Professor, Dept
    G.J.I.S.S.,Vol.2(6):1-11 (November-December, 2013) ISSN: 2319-8834 Analysis of Account Receivables and Payment defaults in Ethio Telecom with reference to Mekelle Branch, Ethiopia Mohan.M.P Asst.Professor, Dept. Accounting and Finance, Adigrat University, Ethiopia. Abstract The starting period of the Telecommunication Industry in Ethiopia goes back to the reign of Emperor Menilik in 1894, during the construction of the capital city, Addis Ababa. This was followed by the Inter urban network construction to connect many important centre of the empire by 1930. Ethiopian telecommunication joined ITU (International Telecommunication Union) in 1932 and was showing good progress in the area until the Italian Acceptation. During 1932 – 1942 the network was seriously damaged because of the consecutive wars. Currently, the state monopolyTelecommunication service provider in Ethiopia, Ethiopian TelecommunicationsCorporations re-born on December2, 2010 as Ethio-Telecom after France Telecom takes themanagement contract. The company maintains proper records of the receivables by strictly following the credit policies. It grants a total of 45 days credit to the subscribers. The credit payment system is mainly allowed to Government Organizations and NGOs. Key words: Account receivables, Trend analysis, Ratio Analysis. Introduction Background of the study From the employee point of view, pay is a necessity in life. Few people are so wealthy they do how not accept financial remuneration for there work. The compensation received for work is one the chief reason people seeks employment. Pay is the means by which employees satisfy their own and their family needs. Compensation may be the only (or certainly reward factor) to their effort.
    [Show full text]