DOCSLIB.ORG

Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Programa De Doctorado En Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Programa De Doctorado En Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL: LIVING IN THE FAST LANE: FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus gazella) AT THE EDGE OF THEIR BREEDING DISTRIBUTION Por RENATO FRANCISCO BORRÁS CHÁVEZ Diciembre 2020 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL: LIVING IN THE FAST LANE: FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus gazella) AT THE EDGE OF THEIR BREEDING DISTRIBUTION Tesis presentada a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas mención Ecología Por RENATO FRANCISCO BORRÁS CHÁVEZ Director de Tesis: Dr. José Miguel Fariña R. Co-Director de Tesis: Dr. Francisco Bozinovic K. Comisión de Tesis: Dr. Luis Ebensperger P. Dr. Mauricio Lima A. Dr. Pablo Sabat K. Diciembre 2020 LA DEFENSA FINAL DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL TITULADA “LIVING IN THE FAST LANE: FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus gazella) AT THE EDGE OF THEIR BREEDING DISTRIBUTION” Presentada por el Candidato a Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas Mención Ecología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile SR. RENATO FRANCISCO BORRÁS CHÁVEZ Ha sido aprobada por el Tribunal Examinador, constituido por los profesores abajo firmantes, calificándose el trabajo realizado, el manuscrito sometido y la defensa oral con nota ___7.0_____ (Siete) DR. MAURICIO LIMA A. DR. JUAN A. CORREA M. Coordinador Comité de Tesis Decano Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-UC Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-UC DR. FRANCISCO BOZINOVIC K. DR. JOSÉ MIGUEL FARIÑA R. Co-Director de Tesis Director de Tesis Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-UC Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-UC ` DR. LUIS EBENSPERGER P. DR. PABLO SABAT K. Miembro del Comité de Tesis Miembro Externo del Comité de Tesis Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-UC Universidad de Chile Santiago, 26 de noviembre de 2020.- LIVING IN THE FAST LANE: FORAGING ECOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL (ARCTOCEPHALUS GAZELLA) AT THE EDGE OF THEIR BREEDING DISTRIBUTION 6 DEDICATORIA No hay nadie en el mundo que haya celebrado más mis logros académicos que mi familia, y nadie tan presente en el arduo camino que implica la obtención de este grado que mi madre y padre. La presente tesis está dedicada a: Miguel Borrás Geisse y Sandra Chávez Ordenes. Quien soy hoy, es fiel reflejo de su incondicional amor y apoyo. También dedico esta tesis a mi sobrino, Miguel Borrás Cerda. Por el sacrificio que implicó para mí alejarme tantos meses de tu lado en tus primeros años, tiempo congelado en los parajes Antárticos que nunca recuperaré… 7 ACKNOWNLEDGMENTS I first want to thank to my Ad-honorem advisor dr. Michael Goebel for the huge opportunity given when he included me as a PhD student on the pinniped program. Dr Goebel played a key role in the construction development and execution of the pinniped monitoring program of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources division (AMLR) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and was the leader of this program at Cape Shirreff for more than 20 years including the years that this thesis was conducted. “Mike” was a great mentor in this process. He was the most qualified person in the understanding of both the species and the ecosystem studied in this thesis, especially at this location. He also managed to get the funding and support necessary to conduct this research through the AMLR program. We have become friends along the way and for all of this I’m grateful with him. I would like to thank the AMLR program of NOAA for their funding and logistic support. I’m especially grateful with its director, Dr. George Watters, for allowing me to conduct my research within the program. I also want to thank all the field assistants hired by NOAA during these years: Kevin Pietrzak, Mckenzie Mudge, Tony Kroeger, Wiley Archibald, Whitney Taylor, Sam Woodman, Jesse Senzer, and especially, Dr. Douglas Krause, the new leader of the pinniped program. Furthermore, I would like to thank those who assisted me at the AMLR-NOAA laboratory facilities in San Diego, USA: Jen Walsh, Becky Nitschelm and Korrine Ettl. I want to thank the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) for the funding INACH- DT_02_15 that allowed me to do my field work at the Guillermo Mann refuge, the purchase of some instruments and the hiring of two assistants to whom I’m deeply grateful for their dedication; Camila Vargas and Eduardo Fuentes. Also, I appreciate the laboratory assistance provided at the Catholic University by Daniela Oryan. I also want to thank those that silently worked very hard for us to be safe and sound while on Antarctica: The INACH crew involved in the 8 administrative process, especially Wendy Rubio, leader or the expedition department, and the Chilean air forces and Army. I thank the Vicerectoría de Investigación of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and “The State of the Antarctic Ecosystem (AntEco)” program for funding a fellowship and a conference participation respectively. I want to thank the “Capital Humano Avanzado” program and the PhD scholarship ANID N°: 21130059 that allowed me to get my degree. I am grateful to the Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) for the opportunity to carry out this research and to ANID PIA/BASAL FB0002 for funding. I’m also grateful with every single co-author of the upcoming publications for their priceless contribution to this study: M. E. Goebel, S. Villegas-Amtmann, L.A. Hückstädt, C. Rivera-Rebella, D. P. Costa, S. M. Budge, A. Guerrero, C.J. van Calcar, F. Santa Cruz, L. Krüger, C. A. Cárdenas and especially my two advisors for trusting me and for their constant support: Dr. Francisco Bozinovic and el Dr. José Miguel Fariña. Also, I want to thank Catalina Fuentealba for creating the fur seal cover illustration, and the artist that created the illustrations of each chapter, Alejandra “Momo” Ramírez, who I have admired all my life and has participated in this thesis from digging poop (scats analysis) to revise my presentations. I appreciate the help of reviewers that provided insights on early draft of the manuscripts, research proposal and helped with the methodology: Paulina Möller, Leah Segui, Theresa Keates, and Sarah Kienle. To my dear 2013 PhD generation for many battles fought together: Bryan Bularz, Brian Latorre, Magdalena Fuentealba, Belen Gallardo, and Francisco Díaz. A special mention to my beautiful friends and family (mis negros, Pete,Magda and my great siblings, especially my sister, Alejandra Borrás, who also worked in this document), they have walked with me and support every decision along my academic journey. Finally, I would like to thank Caroline. Ik wil Caroline bedanken. Voor alle ondersteuning, ondanks onze afstand, mijn stemmingswisselingen en op het laatst ook mijn scriptie stress. Alleen jij en ik weten hoe leuk en mooi onze reis samen is. This manuscript would not have been possible if any of these pieces of the puzzle would have been missing, and for this, I am deeply grateful to all of them. 9 10 LIST OF CONTENTS DEDICATORIA _____________________________________________________________________ 6 ACKNOWNLEDGMENTS _____________________________________________________________ 7 LIST OF CONTENTS ________________________________________________________________ 10 LIST OF FIGURES __________________________________________________________________ 14 LIST OF TABLES ___________________________________________________________________ 18 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ____________________________________________________________ 21 RESUMEN _______________________________________________________________________ 22 ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________________________ 25 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________________ 28 FACTORS SHAPING FORAGING BEHAVIOR ____________________________________________________ 29 MEASURING FORAGING BEHAVIOR IN MARINE MAMMALS_________________________________________ 31 OTARIIDS FORAGING BEHAVIOR __________________________________________________________ 33 THE ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL. AN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED OTARIID ______________________________________ 34 PROJECT OUTLINE, RESEARCH OBJECTIVE, AND HYPOTHESES _______________________________________ 36 GENERAL METHODOLOGY __________________________________________________________ 39 STUDY SITE AND LOGISTICS _____________________________________________________________ 39 ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS ______________________________________________________________ 41 CAPTURE PROTOCOL _________________________________________________________________ 42 INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION AND DATA PROCESSING __________________________________________ 44 DAY AND NIGHT DIVING DIFFERENCES ______________________________________________________ 44 DIVING EFFORT _____________________________________________________________________ 45 11 CHAPTER 1. TIME AND BEHAVIORAL CONSTRAINTS OF LACTATION IN HIGHLY HETEROGENOUS ENVIRONMENTS ______________________________ 47 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________________ 52 MATERIALS AND METHODS _________________________________________________________ 55 FORAGING EFFORT ___________________________________________________________________ 56 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS _________________________________________________________________ 58 RESULTS ________________________________________________________________________
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antarctic Primer
    Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state.
    [Show full text]
  • Polskie Nazwy Obiektów Podmorskich I Z Obszaru Antarktyki Nazwy „Umykające” Definicjom Egzonimu I Endonimu
    GRUPA EKSPERTÓW ONZ DS. NAZW GEOGRAFICZNYCH (UNGEGN) 10 Sesja Grupy roboczej UNGEGN ds. egzonimów Tainach, Austria, 28-30 kwiecień 2010 Polskie nazwy obiektów podmorskich i z obszaru Antarktyki Nazwy „umykające” definicjom egzonimu i endonimu Maciej Zych, Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Polskie nazwy obiektów podmorskich i z obszaru Antarktyki Nazwy „umykające” definicjom egzonimu i endonimu Zgodnie z definicją egzonimu, przyjętą przez UNGEGN w 2007 r. na IX Konferencji ONZ w sprawie Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych, jest nim nazwa stosowana w danym języku dla obiektu geograficznego znajdującego się poza obszarem, gdzie ten język jest szeroko używany i różniąca się swoją formą od odpowiedniego endonimu (endonimów) obszaru gdzie znajduje się ten obiekt geograficzny. Jednocześnie przyjęto definicję endonimu, zgodnie z którą jest nim nazwa obiektu geograficznego w języku oficjalnym lub dobrze ugruntowanym występującym na obszarze, gdzie znajduje się ten obiekt1. Tak sformułowane definicje egzonimu i endonimu nie obejmują całego szeregu nazw geograficznych, jednocześnie w wielu przypadkach wprowadzają niejednoznaczność w zaliczeniu danej nazwy do egzonimu lub endonimu. Niejednoznaczność w zaliczeniu niektórych nazw do egzonimu lub endonimu wynika z wprowadzenia do definicji języka dobrze ugruntowanego, który różnie może być rozumiany. Czy język dobrze ugruntowany to język, którym posługuje się ludność zamieszkująca dany obszar od pokoleń, czy jest nim także język współczesnych emigrantów, np. turecki w Niemczech, czy polski w Irlandii? Czy językiem dobrze ugruntowanym będzie język, którym posługuje się duża część społeczeństwa, pomimo, że nie jest to tradycyjny język danego obszaru, np. angielski w Holandii, rosyjski w Izraelu? Czy językiem dobrze ugruntowanym musi na danym terenie mówić znaczny odsetek osób, czy też wystarczy aby mówiła nim ograniczona liczba osób? Np.
    [Show full text]
  • A.PMD Cover Photos
    Cover Photos Top Photo This photo shows the launching of a tethered, helium-filled balloon attached to an instrument that measures the characteristics of water vapor at different altitudes above the South Pole. By attaching this instrument to a tethered balloon, the instrument can be sent to different altitudes and readily recovered. The building from which the tethered balloon and instrument are being launched in this photo is a temporary facility located adjacent to the Clean Air Sector boundary at the South Pole. The trench in front of this building provides a location for the balloon to be stored between launch periods. (Photo by Jeff Inglis) Bottom Photo This photo shows the launching of a balloon and accompanying ozone sonde from the VXE-6 platform at McMurdo Station. The balloon-borne measurements provide good methods to measure the detailed altitude structure of ozone and Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) from the ground up to the lower stratosphere, where the bulk of ozone exists and where PSCs form. (Photo by Ginny Figlar) This Science Planning Summary publication was prepared by the Science Support Division of Raytheon Polar Services Company Under contract to the National Science Foundation OPP-0000373 Foreword This United States Antarctic Program (USAP) Science Planning Sum- mary contains a synopsis of the 2000-2001 season (i.e., from mid-August 2000 to mid-August 2001) for the USAP. This publication is a preseason summary (i.e., prior to the 2000-2001 austral-summer season); it contains the current information available as of early September 2000. Some of this information may change throughout the austral summer and winter-over periods as project planning evolves.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crustal Structure of Deception Island (West Antarctica) by Geophysical Data
    УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ АНТАРКТИЧНИЙ ЖУРНАЛ УАЖ, № 4-5, 97-101, (2006) THE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF DECEPTION ISLAND (WEST ANTARCTICA) BY GEOPHYSICAL DATA S. Levashov1, I. Korchagin2, Yu. Kozlenko2, V. Solovyov2 1Institute of applied problems of Ecology, Geophysics and Geochemistry, Kyiv 2Institute of Geophysics of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, [email protected] New results of the geophysical studies of deep inhomogeneities of crustal structures distribution that were obtained in the SW part of Bransfield Strait near the present Deception Island volcano are discussed. The geophysical data interpretation suggests a local character of the present submarine volcanic activity in the SE part of Deception Island. The magma source is associated with a rather local tectonic disturbance at a depth above 6km. The formation and evolution of this disturbance may caused by features of the distribution of marginal tensions during the interaction of the tectonic continuation of the Hero Fracture Zone and the tectonic disturbances of Bransfield Strait Fracture Zone in the area of Deception Island. Дані електромагнітних зондувань, отримані під час сезонних робіт 9-ї Української антарктичної експедиції у внутрішній бухті о. Десепшн, виявили наявність значної області прогріву в кальдері неподалік від підводних вулканів у південно- східній частині острова. На глибинах 1,4–2,8 км можлива наявність інтрузивного тіла, яке створює джерело прогріву у верхній частині розрізу. Подібні тіла виявлені також у більш глибоких горизонтах. Джерело магми пов’язане із локальним тектонічним порушенням на глибині більше 6 км. Формування і розвиток цього порушення можуть бути обумовлені особливостями розподілу граничних напруг під час взаємодії тектонічного продовження зони розломів Хіро і тектонічних порушень рифтової зони протоки Брансфілд.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Geographical Names of Undersea and Antarctic Features the Names Which “Escape” the Definition of Exonym and Endonym
    UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 10th Meeting of the UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Tainach, Austria, 28-30 April 2010 Polish geographical names of undersea and Antarctic features The names which “escape” the definition of exonym and endonym Prepared by Maciej Zych, Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland Polish geographical names of undersea and Antarctic features The names which “escape” the definition of exonym and endonym According to the definition of exonym adopted by UNGEGN in 2007 at the Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, it is a name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is widely spoken, and differing in its form from the respective endonym(s) in the area where the geographical feature is situated. At the same time the definition of endonym was adopted, according to which it is a name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is situated1. So formulated definitions of exonym and endonym do not cover a whole range of geographical names and, at the same time, in many cases they introduce ambiguity when classifying a given name as an exonym or an endonym. The ambiguity in classifying certain names as exonyms or endonyms derives from the introduction to the definition of the notion of the well-established language, which can be understood in different ways. Is the well-established language a
    [Show full text]
  • 11. Geomorphology of the Pacific Continental Margin of the Antarctic Peninsula J.R
    11. GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC CONTINENTAL MARGIN OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA J.R. Vanney, Universite de Paris-Sorbonne, Institut de Geographie, 191 rue Saint-Jacques (F) 75005 Paris and G.L. Johnson, Office of Naval Research, Code 461, Arlington, Virginia INTRODUCTION graphic provinces is also discussed in this volume by Tucholke and Houtz. The region covers 1.5 × 106 km2, The marine geomorphology of high latitude regions is an area comparable to the Atlantic continental shelf of especially complex in contrast to temperate regions, the United States or the northwestern Europe epi- because of the presence of glacial activity. A particularly continental seas as a whole. well explored region of Antarctica is along the western border of the Antarctic Peninsula. Because there is an MORPHOLOGY adequate data base for the area, the present study was initiated to investigate the marine geomorphology of the Antarctic Peninsula sea bed in this dynamic region. As is evident in Figures 1 and 2, the Antarctic The region, shown in Figure 1, stimulated exploration "Panhandle" is a peninsular arc bordered by numerous due to its proximity to logistic bases (ports) in South archipelagoes which extend as lineaments southward America, "relatively" mild climate (Rouch, 1957), from the main islands of South Shetland, Palmer, accessibility due to lack of ice barriers, and the high Biscoe, Adelaide, Alexander, and Charcot. The coastal marine biologic productivity with resultant marine lands are elevated generally more than 2000 meters with mammals. British and American whalers and sealers a maximum of 2820 meters on Anvers Island (Figure 3). (Palmer, Biscoe, Bransfield), and Th.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    RESEARCH/REVIEW ARTICLE Environmental influences on the at-sea behaviour of a major consumer, Mirounga leonina, in a rapidly changing environment Trevor McIntyre,1,2 Horst Bornemann,1 P.J. Nico de Bruyn,2 Ryan R. Reisinger,2 Daniel Steinhage,1 Maria E.I. Ma´ rquez,3 Martha´ n N. Bester2 & Joachim Plo¨ tz1 1 Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fu¨ r Polar-und Meeresforschung, Postfach 120161, DE-27515, Bremerhaven, Germany 2 Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa 3 Instituto Anta´ rtico Argentino, Departamento Biologia de Predadores Tope, Balcarce 290 (C1064AAF), Buenos Aires, Argentina Keywords Abstract Southern elephant seals; foraging ecology; satellite-relay data loggers; King George Understanding the distribution and foraging ecology of major consumers within Island; Isla 25 de Mayo; at-sea behaviour. pelagic systems, specifically in relation to physical parameters, can be important for the management of bentho-pelagic systems undergoing rapid change Correspondence associated with global climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances Trevor McIntyre, Mammal Research such as fishing (i.e., the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Sea). We tracked 11 Institute, Department of Zoology and adult male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), during their five-month Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private post-moult foraging migrations from King George Island (Isla 25 de Mayo), Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] northern Antarctic Peninsula, using tags capable of recording and transmitting behavioural data and in situ temperature and salinity data. Seals foraged mostly within the WeddellÁScotia Confluence, while a few foraged along the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf of the Bellingshausen Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potter Cove Coastal Ecosystem, Antarctica
    The Potter Cove coastal ecosystem, Antarctica Synopsis of research performed within the frame of the Argentinean - German Cooperation at the Dallmann Laboratory and Jubany Station (King George Island, Antarctica, 1991-1 997) Das Kustenokosystem der Potter Cove, Antarktis Eine Synopsis der Forschungsarbeiten im Rahmen der argentinisch - deutschen Kooperation im Dallmann-Labor und an der Jubany-Station Christian Wiencke, Gustavo Ferreyra, Wolf Arntz & Carlos Rinaldi Ber. Polarforsch. 299 (1998) ISSN 01 76 - 5027 Christian wienckel 3 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Gustavo ~erreyra~ Research, Colurnbusstrasse, Wolf ~rntzl 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany Carlos ~inaldi~ 2 Institute Antartico Argentino, Cerrito 1248, (Editors) 1010 Buenos Aires, Argentina The joint research at the Dallmann Laboratory was supported by: Bundesrninisterium füBildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF), Ref. 126, Bonn, Gerrnany Ministerio de Defensa, Buenos Aires, Argentina Internationales Bürdes BMBF Nord- und SüdamerikaBonn, Germany Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnologia (SECyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, Germany Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Alfred-Wegener-Institut füPolar- und Meeresforschung, Brernerhaven, Germany Instituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1. THE ENVIRONMENT OF POTTER COVE C. MüllerA. Eckstaller, Seismological observations at JubanyIDallmann W. Jokat & A. Zakrajsek M. Pohl, T. SchöneA. Global positioning System (GPS) observations at Zakrajsek & H. Schenke Jubany/Dallmann T. SchöneM. Pohl, A. Tide gauge measurements, a contribution for the long term Zakrajsek & H. Schenke monitoring of the sea level S. Wunderte, H. Sauer & Meteorological conditions and snow Cover dynamics on the H. Goßman Potter Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica J.B.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quarkexpeditions.Com
    QuarkExpeditions.com QUARK EXPEDITIONS® ANTARCTIC READER A B QUARK EXPEDITIONS® ANTARCTIC READER TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 SECTION 3 32 Geology 2 Conserving the Antarctic 19 Explorers and Scientists 34 Climate 2 Guidance for Visitors 19 Terra Australis Exploration 35 The Antarctic Circle 4 Antarctica’s Historic Heritage 20 The Age of Sealers 35 Icebergs, Glaciers and Sea Ice 22 The Heroic Age and 37 The Ozone Hole SECTION 2 Continental Penetration 37 Climatic Change 5 Places You Might Visit 24 Mechanical Age and Whaling 5 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Period SECTION 6 6 South Georgia 26 Permanent Stations 40 The Biological Environment 8 South Sandwich Islands 27 Pax Antarctica: The Treaty 40 Life in Antarctica 9 South Orkney Islands Period 41 Adapting to the Cold 9 Weddell Sea 43 The Dominance of Krill 10 South Shetland Islands SECTION 4 44 The Krill Predators 11 Antarctic Peninsula 28 The Antarctic Treaty (or Other Wildlife) 13 The Historic Ross Sea Sector 28 Origin and Members 44 Antarctic Squids, Fishes, 16 New Zealand’s Subantarctic 29 Scientific Stations Birds, Seals and Whales Islands 17 Macquarie Island SECTION 5 SECTION 7 30 The Physical Environment 60 Wildlife Checklist 30 The Antarctic 31 The Southern Ocean 32 The islands of the Southern Ocean QUARK EXPEDITIONS® ANTARCTIC READER 1 Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on Earth. SECTION CONSERVING THE ANTARCTIC Many governments, most non-governmental organizations and all the leading companies arranging expeditions to Antarctic regions are working together to ensure that Antarctica’s spectacular scenery, unique wildlife and extraordinary wilderness will be protected for future generations to enjoy.
    [Show full text]